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- From: morrison@vxprix.cern.ch
- Subject: Bubble Chambers
- Message-ID: <9301111134.AA25044@dxmint.cern.ch>
- Sender: scott@zorch.SF-Bay.ORG (Scott Hazen Mueller)
- Organization: At Home; San Jose, CA USA
- Date: Mon, 11 Jan 1993 17:38:02 GMT
- Lines: 55
-
- Tom Droege raised the possibility that Terry's ideas could be tested by
- looking at bubble chamber photographs where the liquid used was deuterium
- and he asked me for comments. I replied briefly to Tom privately - he found
- it too brief, so sent him a second longer private message, hoping to end the
- discussion. However Steve Jones raised the issue based on his own experience of
- bubble chambers and Terry has also mentioned the possiblility. Hence enclose
- a modified version (reference added) of what I sent to Tom.
- Douglas R.O. Morrison.
-
-
- Dear Tom, 6 January 1993.
- Yes, you are right, I did work on Bubble Chambers, starting when
- I arrived in CERN where I spent the first four years building chambers.
- Have been busy with them since, though after the Fermilab 15-foot chamber
- closed down have not done any running, but as spokesman for E632 am still
- busy with the analysis which is now being done in Russia so will go there
- in 10 days. There are no bubble chambers that I know of operating recently.
- Let me try and explain better about bubble chambers.
- First you keep the chamber under pressure so that it cannot boil. Then you
- release the pressure so that it wants to boil but does not know where. But if a
- charged particle passes, then it gives lots of low energy delta rays (electrons)
- along its path. As these electrons stop, they make many collisions which give
- a local heating in a radius of about a micron. This is the nucleus that
- starts the bubble. In a microsecond, the bubble centre is formed and and then
- the growth follows a (time) to the power one-half law as more liquid evaporates
- into the bubble. Essentially there is a competition between the surface
- tension trying to crush the bubble and the evaporation of heated liquid. This
- is described by Seitz in an easy to remember reference - Physics of Fluids,
- Vol. 1 page 1.
- Suppose the maximum movement (ie expansion) of the piston is 100 units. It
- is normally arranged that the particles enter at about 95 units and an equal
- time after the lowest pressure, the flash is triggered and this is long enough
- for the bubbles to be big enough to be photographed. This time is about
- 1 to 10 milliseconds. Now suppose that the extraction of the beam from the
- accelerator is not too good and some particles escape early and enter the
- bubble chamber, say at 50 units. Then the chamber is not fully sensitive and
- only a few of the delta rays will have enough concentrated energy to heat the
- liquid locally to give a nucleus and then a bubble. Thus on these early
- tracks, there will be very few bubbles per cm. But since they have much longer
- to grow before the flash, these bubbles will be bigger than the later ones.
- Often the chamber is not quite perfect and there are currents that will show
- as distortion on the early tracks. But there is another more striking effect.
- As these very early bubbles are bigger than the good beam ones, they will be
- brighter. Now in almost all chambers it is not possible to illuminate all
- the volume of the chamber efficiently. So very high or very low in the
- chamber there are regions out of focus. If an track passes there, it will not
- be seen or only very poorly - unless it is an early one that is very bright when
- it will appear as a broad diffuse track (especially if high and near the
- cameras as in the 15-foot chamber). No doubt this is what you were remembering.
- Another point, as you will have realised from my description, once the
- chamber is recompressed, the energy from the stopping of the delta rays will
- have been disappated long before it is possible to start a new cycle.
- The conclusion is that it would not be profitable to study old bubble
- chamber photographs.
-
-