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- Newsgroups: sci.logic
- Path: sparky!uunet!stanford.edu!CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU!Sunburn.Stanford.EDU!pratt
- From: pratt@Sunburn.Stanford.EDU (Vaughan R. Pratt)
- Subject: Re: Multiple Truth Values
- Message-ID: <1993Jan12.083955.19685@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU>
- Sender: news@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU
- Organization: Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
- References: <1993Jan9.191854.10303@dcs.qmw.ac.uk> <1993Jan10.005215.13278@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU> <1993Jan11.194737.11729@dcs.qmw.ac.uk>
- Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1993 08:39:55 GMT
- Lines: 45
-
- In article <1993Jan11.194737.11729@dcs.qmw.ac.uk> arodgers@dcs.qmw.ac.uk (Angus H Rodgers) writes:
- >In <1993Jan10.005215.13278@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU>
- >pratt@Sunburn.Stanford.EDU (Vaughan R. Pratt) writes:
- >>[...] double negation
- >>served to retract a Heyting algebra onto a Boolean subalgebra of it
- >
- >Is this by any chance related to the construction of the regular open
- >algebra of a topological space?
-
- I haven't heard of that construction. The retraction is the model
- theoretic equivalent (i.e. the effect on the models) of the proof
- theoretic statement that Boolean algebras can be axiomatized by adding
- ~~x = x to an axiomatization of Heyting algebras. Any two distinct
- elements x and ~~x of a given Heyting algebra are forced into
- coincidence by this additional requirement. The effect is to retract
- that Heyting algebra (model of intuitionistic logic) H onto the largest
- Boolean algebra (model of classical logic) embedded in H.
-
- The result of the identification is to reduce the variety of truth
- values in one's logic. In intuitionistic logic not not x is in general
- a weaker statement than x. (It even *sounds* weaker, one respect in
- which natural language seems to be intuitionistic rather than
- classical. This furnishes some evidence against two-valued logic,
- necessarily Boolean, as the logic of natural language.) That is, x
- implies not not x but not necessarily the converse. So if you
- truthfully 'fess right up with "I broke the vase" then it cannot be
- that you did not break the vase. But if you say "I didn't not break
- the vase" then while this tips us off to some degree of culpability on
- your part it does not permit us to infer intuitionistically that you
- actually broke the vase.
-
- The passage from intuitionistic to classical logic erases this
- distinction.
-
- A common misconception is that eschewing the axiom ~~x = x deprives us
- of part of mathematics. As Goedel showed, every classically valid
- theorem of mathematics has its intuitionistic counterpart, differing at
- most in having a few double negatives sprinkled through it. I like to
- read "not not" as "surely." All that adding ~~x=x to logic does to
- mathematics then is to erase all instances of "surely" from theorems.
- That is, the nuance expressed by the difference between the truth of
- "x" and that of "not not x" is simply suppressed by Boolean logic,
- which with only two truth values cannot "hear" the difference.
- --
- Vaughan Pratt There's safety in large condition numbers.
-