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- Newsgroups: sci.electronics
- Path: sparky!uunet!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!cs.utexas.edu!torn!mcshub!cebnet!mike
- From: mike@CEB.McMaster.CA (Mike Anderson)
- Subject: Re: HDTV Question
- Message-ID: <1993Jan12.175757.12124@mcshub.dcss.mcmaster.ca>
- Sender: usenet@mcshub.dcss.mcmaster.ca
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- Organization: McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- References: <1993Jan8.055618.24902@mtu.edu> <1iqoofINNmek@gvgspd.gvg.tek.com> <1is3e2INNrvq@rave.larc.nasa.gov>
- Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1993 17:57:57 GMT
- Lines: 71
-
- >Bzzt, try again. Being digital does indeed limit the number of available
- >pitches. There is quite a variety of them, and certainly more than the ear
- >can pick out, but it's not continuous, since time is being quantized when
- >the sampling is taking place.
-
- According to Nyquist's sampling theory: If a signal that is band limited to
- frequencies of less than f is sampled discretely at a frequency of 2f then
- the original (analog) bandwidth limited signal can be EXACTLY reproduced from
- the discrete samples.
-
- This is the basic theory that CDs, digital telephone systems, etc. are
- designed around, and will apply to any new digital HDTV system.
-
- For example if a voltage signal represents a HI-FI audio passage that
- contains frequencies less than 20 kHz, then if we "sample" the signal by
- taking discrete voltage measurements at intervals of 40kHz. The theory
- says that the discrete bundle of samples we have measured contain
- ALL THERE IS TO KNOW about the original continuously varying "infinite
- resolution" analog signal.
-
- Since the original analog signal can be EXACTLY reproduced from its samples,
- then there is no theoretical obstacle to infinitely fine (continuous) tonal
- reproduction.
-
- In practice, as always, there are practical engineering considerations that
- limit the performance of actual devices. These are due to the crudeness of
- our devices rather than due to theoretical limitations. The main limitations
- are:
-
- 1. Filters. Perfect filters are required for perfect reconstruction of
- the signal from the samples. Filters are used both before the original signal
- is digitized and during playback to reconstruct the original signal. The pre-
- filtering is required to ensure that the signal to be recorded is indeed band
- limited as required by sampling theory. Any "leak through" of higher
- frequencies by these pre-filters will result in what is called "aliasing".
- These high frequencies will show up as frequency shifted images in the
- baseband area of the signal, thus causing interference. The post filtering
- is required to eliminate spurious high frequency images of the baseband signal
- that are present in the sampled version of the signal.
-
- Assuming linear filters, which is reasonable, the filtering issue in no way
- detracts from out ability to reproduce infinite range of tone with the
- digital system. We have to live with some level of additional tones or
- "noise" introduced into the signal due to aliasing, and some leak through of
- high frequency modulation images due to non ideal filtering.
-
- 2. Quantization errors. To store or transmit the samples, they are digitized.
- A limited precision is used to represent the sample value. Such as 16 bits
- for CD audio. In this case there is a +- 1/2 Least Significant Bit uncertainty.
- So, for example, to digitize a signal that is 1V peak to peak with 16 bits,
- there will always be +-7.63 micro Volt uncertainty in the sample values.
- Most analysis treat this uncertainty as a small noise signal due to
- quantization. So the CD system is said to reproduce the analog signal that
- was recorded EXACTLY but in addition it introduces a small noise signal.
-
- In fact, I would argue, that the quantization error is not "white" noise, as
- it is correlated to the input signal. In any case it can be treated an
- unwanted signal that is unfortunately introduced by the digitization process.
-
- Again, this in no way interferes with the ability to produce any desired
- range of continuous pure tone, or any arbitrary signal that is within the
- bandwidth of the system. One just has to live with the small noise signal
- that is introduced.
-
- AND this noise signal is EXTREMELY small! In CD audio the oft quoted figure
- can be derived from the previous example:
-
- 1V signal, quantization "noise" is +- 7.63E-6V or 1.53e-5 V peak to peak.
- SNR = noise/signal = 1.53e-5
- the power dB ratio is 20 log(1.53e-5) = -96.33 dB
-
-