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- From: MCINTOSH@unamvm1.dgsca.unam.mx ("Harold V. McIntosh")
- Subject: Universal Cellular Automata.
- Message-ID: <9301100317.AA01184@Early-Bird.Think.COM>
- X-Unparsable-Date: Sat, 09 Jan 93 21: 11:59 MEX
- Sender: root@athena.mit.edu (Wizard A. Root)
- Organization: The Internet
- Distribution: inet
- Date: Sun, 10 Jan 1993 03:20:17 GMT
- Lines: 70
-
- Hassan Masum <hmasum(at)ALFRED.CCS.CARLETON.CA> asks:
- >
- > What classes of 1-dimensional CAs have been shown to be capable of
- > supporting universal computers? I've read about 2 or 3 specific
- > examples, but I'm more interested in any general results. Also it
- > would be nice to know the 'simplest' 1D CA so far discovered with this
- > property.
- >
- That depends somewhat on how you define a universal computation. If you
- follow Turing's line of thought, that you have a specific algorithm or
- process or concept that you call computation in mind, and then set out to
- design a mechanism which will realize that computation, then you have one
- point of view.
- -
- On the other hand if you have some natural (or artificial) phenomonon which
- either looks or is provably complicated, you may conclude that you need an
- artifact at least as complicated as Turing's Universal Computer to analyze
- it. You might then say that your phenomonon was participating in a univerasl
- computation, or performing one, or whatever.
- -
- Taking the first point of view, it is not hard to conjure up a one dimensional
- cellular automaton which follows the lines of Turing's original design; this
- was already done back around the fifties, as von Neumann's ideas about cellular
- automata began to circulate.
- -
- There is also a famous result of Shannon, concerning the tradeoff between
- states and symbols in a Turing machine, whence one concludes that their product
- ought to be constant, whose minimal value has been a result of a certain amount
- of speculation. Marvin Minsky discusses the issue in his book, 'Computation:
- Finite and Infinite Machines.'
- -
- In recent times attention has again been paid to the issue. Karel Culick III
- and collaborators have discussed some tradeoffs in cellular automata, wherein
- the size of a neighborhood may be compensated by an increase in states. Other
- authors have pondered such issues as the effect of an infinite number of read
- heads on the automaton, or of guaranteeing an infinite supply of tape.
- -
- Specific results would not seem to go much beyond those reported by Minsky.
- In general, even a radius 1/2 automaton can model a Turing Machine, but the
- Universal Machine needs a certain minimum of states, whose exact value is not
- known.
- -
- If a cellular automaton cannot be modelled on a Turing Machine that is only
- because it operates in parallel and is infinite. So if you want to suggest
- that cellular automata are more powerful than Turing Machines, you are talking
- about models of infinity and may have an opportunity to do something original.
- Otherwise Turing's thesis, or Church's thesis, or whatever, is that everything
- that we are accustomed to call computing, can be modelled on a Turing Machine.
- -
- Stephen Wolfram, among others, has poetically referred to processes performing
- 'universal computations,' and we come to the second point of view mentioned
- above. But, in a supplement to one of A.K. Dewdney's articles in Scientific
- American, he states that to establish the universality of a cellular automaton
- it would be necessary to relate its activity to a Turing Machine, or some other
- model which has been shown equivalent.
- -
- One of these would be a Post Tag System, whose equivalence was established by
- Minsky; there is also Minsky's Register Machine, which was used by Berlecamp,
- Conway and Guy to prove Life universal. And of course, WireWorld would let you
- build a General Purpose Computer, although maybe it wouldn't have infinite
- memory.
- -
- Of course, you could always show that a given automaton was NOT universal
- by solving its halting problem. That usually takes care of very, very small
- automata.
- -
- Harold V. McIntosh |Depto. de Aplicaci'on de Microcomputadoras
- MCINTOSH@UNAMVM1.BITNET |Instituto de Ciencias/UAP
- mcintosh@unamvm1.dgsca.unam.mx |Apdo. Postal 461
- (+52+22)43-6330 |72000 Puebla, Pue., MEXICO
-