NetNews Usenet Archive 1993 #1/NN_1993_1.iso/spool/comp/os/minix/5085/man1.Z/man1

Text File | 1993-01-07 | 86.8 KB | 2,518 lines

echo x - animals
sed '/^X/s///' > animals << '/'
X.CD "animals \(en twenty-questions type guessing game about animals"
X.SX "animals\fR [\fIdatabase\fR]"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "animals" "Start the game"
X.PP
X\fIAnimals\fR is a guessing game.  The user picks an animal and the
Xcomputer tries to guess it by posing questions that should be answered by
Xtyping \*(OQy\*(CQ for yes and \*(OQn\*(CQ for no.
XWhenever the computer loses, it asks
Xsome questions that allow it to improve its database, so as time goes on, it
Xlearns.  The default database should be in \fI/usr/lib/animals\fR.
X
X
X
X.SP 0.3
/
echo x - anm
sed '/^X/s///' > anm << '/'
X.CD "anm \(en print name list [68000]"
X.SX "anm \fR[\fB\(engnoprus\fR] \fIfile\fR ..."
X.FL "\(eng" "Global symbols only"
X.FL "\(enn" "Sort numerically"
X.FL "\(eno" "Prepend the filename to each line"
X.FL "\(enp" "No sorting\(emuse symbol table order"
X.FL "\(enr" "Sort in reverse order"
X.FL "\(enu" "List undefined symbols only"
X.FL "\(ens" "Sort in section order"
X.EY "anm  \(engn  test.o" "Print global symbols in numerical order"
X.PP
X.I Anm
Xprints the name list (symbol table) of each ACK format object
X.I file
Xin the argument list.
XIf no file name is given, \fIa.out\fR is used.
XEach symbol name is preceded by its value, a section indicator
Xand a type indicator.
XThe section indicators are:
X.SP 0.7
X.HS
X.ta 0.25i 0.50i
X.nf
X    \fBU\fR    Undefined symbol
X    \fBA\fR    Absolute symbol
X    \fB\(en\fR    Other symbol
X.sp
XThe type indicators are:
X.HS
X    \fBF\fR    Filename
X    \fBM\fR    Module name
X    \fBS\fR    Section name
X    \fBE\fR    External (global) symbol
X    \fB\(en\fR    Local symbol
X.fi
X.PP
XThe output is sorted alphabetically, unless otherwise specified.
XNotice that \fIanm\fR can only be used on ACK format object files
X(that is: \fI.o\fR and \fI.out\fR files).
XIf you want to get the name list of an executable program use
X.I nm
Xinstead.
X
X
X
/
echo x - aoutdump
sed '/^X/s///' > aoutdump << '/'
X.CD "aoutdump \(en display the contents of an object file [68000]"
X.SX "aoutdump \fR[\fIfile\fR [\fIabcdef\fR] ]"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "aoutdump test.o 000010" "dump the symbol table records of \fItest.o\fR"
X.PP
X.I Aoutdump
Xgives a complete dump of each ACK formatted object
X.I file
Xin the argument list.
XIf no
X.I file
Xis given, \fIa.out\fR is displayed.
XThe parameter following the file name is a bit map that
Xcan be used to specify a partial dump.
XEach bit must be 0 or 1.
XThe 6 bits in the map have the following meanings:
X.HS
X.ta 0.25i 0.50i
X.nf
X    \fIa\fR    Display the header record
X    \fIb\fR    Display the section records
X    \fIc\fR    Display the code bytes
X    \fId\fR    Display the relocation records
X    \fIe\fR    Display the symbol table records
X    \fIf\fR    Display the string area
X.fi
X
X
X
X.SP 1.5
/
echo x - ar
sed '/^X/s///' > ar << '/'
X.CD "ar \(en archiver"
X.SX "ar\fR [\fBdmpqrtx\fR][\fBabciluv\fR]\fR [\fIposname\fR] \fIarchive \fIfile ..."
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "ar r libc.a sort.s" "Replace \fIsort\fR.s in \fIlibc.a\fR"
X.EX "ar rb a.s libc.a b.s" "Insert \fIb.s\fR before \fIa.s\fR in \fIlibc.a\fR"
X.PP
X\fIAr\fR allows groups of files to be put together into a single archive.
XIt is normally used for libraries of compiled procedures.  The following keys
Xare allowed:
X.HS
X.ta 0.25i 0.50i
X.nf
X    \fBd\fR:    Delete. \fIAr\fR will delete the named members.
X    \fBm\fR:    Move named files. \fIAr\fR expects \fIa\fR, \fIb\fR, or \fIi\fR to be specified.
X    \fBp\fR:    Print the named files (list them on \fIstdout\fR)
X    \fBq\fR:    Quickly append to the end of the archive file.
X    \fBr\fR:    Replace (append when not in archive).
X    \fBt\fR:    Print the archive's table of contents.
X    \fBx\fR:    Extract
X.fi
X.HS
X\fBThe keys may optionally concatencated with one or more of the following\fR:
X.nf
X.HS
X    \fBa\fR:    After \fIposname\fR
X    \fBb\fR:    Before \fIposname\fR
X    \fBc\fR:    Create  (suppresses creation message)
X    \fBi\fR:    Before \fIposname\fR
X    \fBl\fR:    Local temporary file for work instead of \fI/tmp/ar.$$$$$\fR
X    \fBu\fR:    Replace only if dated later than member in archive
X    \fBv\fR:    Verbose
X.HS
X.fi
X
X
X
/
echo x - as
sed '/^X/s///' > as << '/'
X.CD "as \(en MC68000 assembler [68000]"
X.SX "as [\(ens][\(enu][\(enT\fIdir\fP][\(eno \fIname\fR] \fIfile\fR ..."
X.FL "\(ens" "Strip symbol table"
X.FL "\(enu" "Accept undefined symbols as external references"
X.FL "\(enT" "Make temporary files in \fIdir\fP"
X.FL "\(eno" "Put output on file named by next arg"
X.EY "as \(enu \(eno file.o file.s" "assemble file.s into file.o"
X.PP
X.I As
Xaccepts MC68000 instruction in a format like:
X.I "move.l 4(a0),\(en(sp)" .
XSee some of the source files, like
X.I kernel/stmpx.s
Xand
X.I lib/sthead.s
Xto get a feel for the syntax. The assembler supports a variable
Xnumber of sections, but the combination with the code generator
Xand linker assume that you start each assembly file by introducing the
Xfollowing sections:
X.ta 0.25i 1i
X.HS
X    .sect    .text
X.br
X    .sect    .rom
X.br
X    .sect    .data
X.br
X    .sect    .bss
X.HS
XTo get a large sample of code, compile some C programs and inspect the
Xresulting assembly code.
XThis will give an idea of what the assembly language looks like.
X
X
X
/
echo x - ascii
sed '/^X/s///' > ascii << '/'
X.CD "ascii \(en strip all the pure ASCII lines from a file"
X.SX "ascii\fR [\fB\(enn\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR]"
X.FL "\(enn" "Extract the lines containing nonASCII characters"
X.EX "ascii file >outf" "Write all the ASCII lines on \fIoutf\fR"
X.EX "ascii \(enn <file >outf" "Write all the nonASCII lines on \fIoutf\fR"
X.PP
XSometimes a file contains some nonASCII characters that are in the way.
XThis program allows the lines containing only ASCII characters to be
X\fIgrepped\fR from the file.
XWith the \fB\(enn\fR flag, the nonASCII lines are
X\fIgrepped\fR.
XNo matter whether the flag is used or not, the program returns an exit status
Xof true if the file is pure ASCII, and false otherwise.
X
X
X
/
echo x - asize
sed '/^X/s///' > asize << '/'
X.CD "asize \(en report the size of an object file [68000]"
X.SX "asize \fIfile\fR ..."
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "asize test.o" "Give the size of \fItest.o\fR"
X.PP
X.I Asize
Xprints for each argument
Xthe (decimal) number of bytes used by the different sections,
Xas well as their sum in decimal and hexadecimal.
XIf no
X.I file
Xis given \fIa.out\fR is used.
X.I Asize
Xcan only be used to obtain the size of a \(M2 \fI.o\fR or \fI.out\fR file.
XTo obtain the size of an executable, use
X.I size
Xinstead.
X
X
X
/
echo x - asld
sed '/^X/s///' > asld << '/'
X.CD "asld \(en assembler-loader [IBM]"
X.SX "asld\fR [\fB\(enLis\fR]\fR [\fB\(enT \fIdir\fR] [\fB\(eno \fIname\fR] \fIfile\fR ..."
X.FL "\(enL" "A listing is produced on \fIstdout\fR"
X.FL "\(enT" "Used to specify a directory for the temporary file"
X.FL "\(eni" "Use separate I & D space (64K + 64K)"
X.FL "\(eno" "Output goes to file named by next argument"
X.FL "\(ens" "A symbol table is produced on \fIstdout\fR"
X.EX "asld \(ens file.s" "Assemble \fIfile.s and \fP list symbols"
X.EX "asld \(eno output file.s" "Assemble \fIfile.s\fP, put binary on \fIoutput\fP"
X.EX "asld \(enT. file1.s file2.s" "Use current directory for temporary file"
X.PP
X.I Asld
Xis the
X.MX
Xassembler and loader combined.
XIt accepts a language similar to that accepted by the \s-2PC-IX\s+2
Xassembler (see Chap. 9).
XSymbols are made up of letters, digits and underscores.
XThe machine instructions and addressing modes are the same as those
Xused by
X\s-2PC-IX\s+2, except that modes using multiple registers are written
Xlike this example:
X.I "mov ax,(bx_si)."
XConstant operands are denoted by a sharp sign.
XLocal labels are permitted in the usual
X.UX
Xstyle: the instruction
X.I "jmp 1f"
Xjumps forward to the closest label
X.I 1:
X.PP
XThe pseudoinstructions accepted by the assembler are listed below:
X.HS
X.ta 0.25i 1.25i
X.nf
X    \fB.align\fR n    \fRAlign to a multiple of \fIn\fP bytes
X    \fB.ascii\fP str    \fRAssemble a string
X    \fB.asciz\fP str    \fRAssemble a zero-terminated string
X    \fB.bss\fP    \fRWhat follows goes in the bss segment
X    \fB.byte\fP n    \fRAssemble one or more bytes
X    \fB.data\fP    \fRWhat follows goes in the data segment
X    \fB.define\fP sym    \fRExport \fIsym\fR from the file
X    \fB.errnz\fP n    \fRForce error if \fIn\fP is nonzero
X    \fB.even\fP    \fRAlign to an even address
X    \fB.extern\fP sym    \fRDeclare \fIsym\fR external
X    \fB.globl\fP sym    \fRSame as \fBextern
X    \fB.long\fR n    \fRAssemble \fIn\fR as a long
X    \fB.org\fP adr    \fRSet address within current segment
X    \fB.short\fP n    \fRAssemble \fIn\fR as a short
X    \fB.space\fP n    \fRSkip \fIn\fR bytes
X    \fB.text\fP    \fRWhat follows goes in the text segment
X    \fB.word\fP n    \fRAssemble \fIn\fR as a word
X    \fB.zerow\fP n    \fRAssemble \fIn\fP words of zeros
X.fi
X.HS
XIn the above pseudoinstructions,
X.I adr
Xis an expression yielding a machine address,
X.I n
Xis a numeric expression,
X.I str
Xis a quoted string, and
X.I sym
Xis a symbol.
XThe library
X.DI /usr/lib/libc.a
Xis a packed archive of assembly code.
XTo see some examples of it, extract some files from the archive with
X.I ar
Xand then use the filter
X.I libupack
Xto convert them to readable ASCII.
X.PP
XIBM PC
X.MX
Xdoes not use
X.I \&.o
Xfiles.
XCompiler output is packed assembly language, as are the modules in an archive.
XThis scheme requires reassembling archive modules all the time, but it saves
Xspace.
XThe 68000 versions use \fI.o\fR files.
XSee also Chap. 9.
X
X
X
/
echo x - ast
sed '/^X/s///' > ast << '/'
X.CD "ast \(en add symbol table to executable file [IBM]"
X.SX "ast\fR [\fB\(enXx\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] [\fIsymbol_file\fR]"
X.FL "\(enX" "Preserve local symbols (except compiler generated ones)"
X.FL "\(enx" "Do not preserve local symbols"
X.EY "ast \(enX a.out" "Add symbols from \fIsymbol.out\fR to \fIa.out\fR"
X.PP
X\fIAst\fR adds the symbol table produced by the \fB\(ens\fR
Xoption of asld to the executable file.
XIf no symbol table file is listed, the default
Xname \fIsymbol.out\fR is used.
XThe symbol table can also be directly added to an executed file by the
Xcommands \fIcc \(ens prog.c\fR.
X
X
X.SP -0.2
/
echo x - astrip
sed '/^X/s///' > astrip << '/'
X.CD "astrip \(en remove symbols [68000]"
X.SX "astrip \fIfile\fR ..."
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "astrip kernel.out" "Removes the symbol table from \fIkernel.out\fR"
X.PP
X.I Astrip
Xremoves the symbol table ordinarily attached to
XACK format object files.
X.I Astrip
Xcan only be used to remove the symbol table from a
X.MX
X\fI.out\fR file.
XIt cannot be used to remove symbol tables from executables.
XTo do that use
X.I strip
Xinstead.
X
X
X
/
echo x - at
sed '/^X/s///' > at << '/'
X.CD "at \(en execute commands at a later time"
X.SX "at \fItime\fR [\fImonth day\fR] [\fIfile\fR]"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "at 2315 Jan 31 myfile" "Myfile executed Jan 31 at 11:15 pm"
X.EX "at 0900" "Job input read from \fIstdin\fR"
X.EX "at 0711 4 29 " "Read from \fIstdin\fR, exec on April 29"
X.PP
X\fIAt\fR prepares a file to be executed later at the specified time by
Xcreating a special entry in \fI/usr/spool/at\fR.
XThe program \fIatrun\fR should be started
Xperiodically, for example, every minute by \fIcron\fR.  \fIAtrun\fR
Xchecks to see if any
Xfiles in \fI/usr/spool/at\fR should now be run, and if so, it runs them
Xand then puts them in \fI/usr/spool/at/past\fR.
XThe name of the file created in \fI/usr/spool/at\fR by
X\fIat\fR is YY.DDD.HHMM.UU (where YY, DDD, HH, and MM give the time to execute and
XUU is a unique number).  Note that when the command runs, it will not be able
Xto use \fIstdin\fR or \fIstdout\fR unless specifically redirected.  In
Xthe first example above, it might be necessary to put \fI>/dev/tty0\fR
Xon some lines in the shell script \fImyfile\fR.
XThe same holds for the commands typed directly to \fIat\fR.
X
X
X
/
echo x - backup
sed '/^X/s///' > backup << '/'
X.CD "backup \(en backup files"
X.SX "backup\fR [\fB\(endjmnorstvz\fR] \fIdir1 dir2"
X.FL "\(end" "At top level, only directories are backed up"
X.FL "\(enj" "Do not copy junk: \fI *.Z, *.bak, a.out, core\fR, etc"
X.FL "\(enm" "If device full, prompt for new diskette"
X.FL "\(enn" "Do not backup top-level directories"
X.FL "\(eno" "Do not copy \fI*.o\fR files"
X.FL "\(enr" "Restore files"
X.FL "\(ens" "Do not copy \fI*.s\fR files"
X.FL "\(ent" "Preserve creation times"
X.FL "\(env" "Verbose; list files being backed up"
X.FL "\(enz" "Compress the files on the backup medium"
X.EX "backup \(enmz . /f0" "Backup current directory compressed"
X.EX "backup /bin /usr/bin" "Backup bin from RAM disk to hard disk"
X.PP
X\fIBackup\fR (recursively) backs up the contents of a given directory and its
Xsubdirectories to another part of the file system.
XIt has two typical uses.
XFirst, some portion of the file system can be backed up onto 1 or more
Xdiskettes.
XWhen a diskette fills up, the user is prompted for a new one.
XThe backups are in the form of mountable file systems.
XSecond, a directory on RAM disk can be backed up onto hard disk.
XIf the target directory is empty, the entire source directory is copied
Xthere, optionally compressed to save space.
XIf the target directory is an old backup, only those files in the target
Xdirectory that are older than similar names in the source directory are
Xreplaced.
X\fIBackup\fR uses times for this purpose, like \fImake\fR.
XCalling \fIBackup\fR as \fIRestore\fR is equivalent to using the -r option;
Xthis replaces newer files in the target directory with older files from the
Xsource directory, uncompressing them if necessary.  The target directory
Xcontents are thus returned to some previous state.
/
echo x - badblocks
sed '/^X/s///' > badblocks << '/'
X.CD "badblocks \(en put a list of bad blocks in a file"
X.SX "badblocks \fIblock_special\fR [\fIblock\fR] ..."
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "badblocks /dev/hd1~~~~~~~" "Handle bad blocks on \fI/dev/hd1\fP"
X.EX "badblocks /dev/hd3 310 570 1680 " "Three bad blocks on \fI/dev/hd3\fP"
X.PP
XIf a device contains bad sectors, it is important to not have them
Xallocated to important files.  This program makes it possible to collect
Xup to 7 bad blocks into a dummy file, so they will not be allocated for a
X\*(OQreal\*(CQ file.
XWhen the program starts up, it asks for a list of bad blocks, unless
Xthey are provided as arguments.
XThen it creates a file whose name is of the
Xform \fI.Bad_xxxxx\fR, where \fIxxxxx\fR is a pid.
X
X
X.SP 0.7
/
echo x - banner
sed '/^X/s///' > banner << '/'
X.CD "banner \(en print a banner"
X.SX "banner \fIarg ..."
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "banner happy birthday" "Print a banner saying happy birthday"
X.PP
X\fIBanner\fR prints its arguments on \fIstdout\fR using a matrix
Xof 6 x 6 pixels per character.  The @ sign is used for the pixels.
X
X
X
/
echo x - basename
sed '/^X/s///' > basename << '/'
X.CD "basename \(en strip off file prefixes and suffixes"
X.SX "basename \fIfile\fR [\fIsuffix\fR]
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "basename /user/ast/file.c" "Strips path to yield \fIfile.c\fP"
X.EX "basename /user/file.c .c" "Strips path and \fI.c\fP to yield \fIfile\fP"
X.PP
XThe initial directory names (if any) are removed yielding the name of the
Xfile itself.
XIf a second argument is present, it is interpreted as a suffix and is
Xalso stripped, if present.
XThis program is primarily used in shell scripts.
X
X
X
/
echo x - bawk
sed '/^X/s///' > bawk << '/'
X.CD "bawk \(en pattern matching language"
X.SX "bawk \fIrules\fR [\fIfile\fR] ...
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "bawk rules input" "Process \fIinput\fR according to \fIrules\fR"
X.EX "bawk rules \(en  >out" "Input from terminal, output to \fIout\fR"
X.PP
X\fIAwk\fR is a pattern matching language.
X\fIBawk\fR is Basic Awk, a subset of the original.
XThe file name \(en can be used to designate \fIstdin\fR.
XThe manual is given in Chap. 9.
X
X
/
echo x - btoa
sed '/^X/s///' > btoa << '/'
X.CD "btoa \(en binary to ascii conversion"
X.SX "btoa\fR [\fB\(enadhor\fR]\fR [\fIinfile\fR] [\fIoutfile\fR]"
X.FL "\(ena" "Decode, rather than encode, the file"
X.FL "\(end" "Extracts repair file from diagnosis file"
X.FL "\(enh" "Help menu is displayed giving the options"
X.FL "\(eno" "The obsolete algorithm is used for backward compatibility"
X.FL "\(enr" "Repair a damaged file"
X.EX "btoa <a.out >a.btoa" "Convert \fIa.out\fR to ASCII"
X.EX "btoa \(ena <a.btoa >a.out" "Reverse the above"
X.PP
X\fIBtoa\fR is a filter that converts a binary file to ascii for transmission
Xover a telephone line.  If two file names are provided, the first in used for
Xinput and the second for output.  If only one is provided, it is used as the
Xinput file.  The program is a functionally similar alternative
Xto \fIuue/uud\fR, but the encoding is completely different.
XSince both of these are widely used, both have been provided with
X.MX .
XThe file is expanded about 25 percent in the process.
X
X
X
/
echo x - cal
sed '/^X/s///' > cal << '/'
X.CD "cal \(en print a calendar"
X.SX "cal\fR [\fImonth\fR] \fIyear"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "cal 3 1992" "Print March 1992"
X.PP
X\fICal\fR prints a calendar for a month or year.  The year can be
Xbetween 1 and 9999.
XNote that the year 91 is not a synonym for 1991, but is itself a
Xvalid year about 19 centuries ago.  The calendar produced is the one used
Xby England and her colonies.  Try Sept. 1752, Feb 1900, and Feb 2000.  If
Xyou do not understand what is going on, look up \fICalendar, Gregorian\fR in a
Xgood encyclopedia.
X
X
X.SP 2.5
/
echo x - calendar
sed '/^X/s///' > calendar << '/'
X.CD "calendar \(en reminder service"
X.SX "calendar [\fB\(en\fR] [\fB\(enr\fR]"
X.FL "\(en" "Work for every user and send mail to him"
X.FL "\(enr" "Restrict multiple execution on the same day"
X.EX "calendar" "Check \fIcalendar\fR file in current directory"
X.EX "calendar" "Normary used under the control of cron(8)"
X.EX "calendar \(enr" " Normary used in /etc/rc file"
X.PP
XBasically \fIcalendar\fR program consults the file \fIcalendar\fR in the
Xcurrent directory and display lines which contain today's or tomorrow's date.
XMonth-day formats such as '12/25', 'Dec. 25',
X'december 25', '*/25', '12/*', '*/*' are recognized.  The asterisk
Xmeans 'all' days or 'all' months.  On weekends 'tomorrow' extends through
Xnext Monday without any consideration about holidays.
XTo prevent ambiguity, the formats '25 Dec.' and '25/12' are not recognized.
X.PP
XWhen an argument \fB\(en\fR is present, \fIcalendar\fR works for all users
Xwith a file \fIcalendar\fR in their login directories and sends them mail.
XNormally this is done daily under the control of \fIcron\fR.
X.PP
XThe \fB\(enr\fR option does its the same job as \fB\(en\fR option, but touches
Xthe \fIcalendar\fR to prevents further access on the same day.
XNormally this is done in the \fI/etc/rc\fR file on a machine  which may be
Xbooted several times in one day.
/
echo x - cat
sed '/^X/s///' > cat << '/'
X.CD "cat \(en concatenate files and write them to \fIstdout\fP"
X.SX "cat\fR [\fB\(enu\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..."
X.FL "\(enu" "Unbuffered output"
X.EX "cat file" "Display file on the terminal"
X.EX "cat file1 file2 | lpr" "Concatenate 2 files and print result"
X.PP
X.I Cat
Xconcatenates its input files and copies the result to \fIstdout\fR.
XIf no input file is named, or \(en is encountered as a file name, standard
Xinput is used.
XOutput is buffered in 512 byte blocks unless the
X.B \(enu
Xflag is given.
XIf you just want to copy a file, \fIcp\fR should be used since it is faster.
X.SP 2.5
X
X
/
echo x - cc
sed '/^X/s///' > cc << '/'
X.CD "cc \(en C compiler"
X.SX "cc\fR [\fB\(enFLRSTUciosvw\fR]\fR [\fB\(enD\fIname\fR] ... [\fB\(enI\fIdir\fR] ... [\fB\(enLIB\fR] \fIfile\fR ..."
X.FL "\(enD" "The flag \fB\(enD\fIx=y\fR defines a macro \fIx\fR with (optional) value \fIy\fR"
X.FL "\(enF" "Use a file instead of a pipe for preprocessor output [IBM]"
X.FL "\(enI" "\fB\(enI\fIdir\fR searches \fIdir\fP for include files"
X.FL "\(enL" "List the assembly code on \fIstdout\fR [IBM]"
X.FL "\(enLIB~\fRProduce a library module [IBM]" ""
X.FL "\(enR" "Complain about all non Kernighan & Ritchie code"
X.FL "\(enS" "Produce an assembly code file, then stop"
X.FL "\(enT" "The flag \fB\(enT\fIdir\fR tells \fIcem\fR to use \fIdir\fR for temporary files"
X.FL "\(enU" "Undefine a macro"
X.FL "\(enc" "Compile only. Do not link.
X.FL "\(eni" "Use separate I & D space (64K + 64K) [IBM]"
X.FL "\(eno" "Put output on file named by next arg"
X.FL "\(ens" "For IBM, add symbol table; for 68000 strip symbol table"
X.FL "\(env" "Verbose; print pass names"
X.FL "\(enw" "Suppress warning messages"
X.EX "cc \(enc file.c" "Compile \fIfile.c\fP"
X.EX "cc \(enD_MINIX file.c" "Treat the symbol \fI_MINIX\fP as defined"
X.EX "cc \(enc \(enLIB file.c" "Make a module for the library"
X.PP
XThis is the C compiler.
XIt has multiple passes.
XThe names of the programs executed for each pass, their inputs and their
Xoutputs are given in the table below.
X.HS
X.ta 1.4i 2.1i 2.8i 3.5
X   \fBProgram    Input    Output    Operation performed\fR
X.br
X   /lib/cpp    prog.c    prog.i    C preprocessor [IBM]
X.br
X   /lib/cem    prog.i    prog.k    Parsing and semantic analysis
X.br
X   /usr/lib/opt    prog.k    prog.m    Optimization of the intermediate code
X.br
X   /usr/lib/cg    prog.m    prog.s    Code generation
X.br
X   /usr/bin/asld    prog.s    a.out    Assembly and linking [IBM]
X.br
X   /usr/bin/as    prog.s    prog.o    Assembly [68000]
X.br
X   /usr/lib/ld    prog.o    .out    Linking [68000]
X.br
X   /usr/lib/cv    .out    a.out    Conversion to \s-2MINIX\s0 format [68000]
X.HS
XThe main program,
X.I cc ,
Xforks appropriately to call the passes, transmitting flags and arguments.
XThe \fB\(env\fR flag causes the passes to be listed as they are called.
X.PP
XThe IBM C compiler uses a combined assembler-linker that takes in assembly
Xcode files in packed format and produces an \fIa.out\fR file.
XThe 68000 C compiler uses normal \fI.o\fR files.
XAssembly language files on the IBM can be packed and unpacked using the
Xfilters \fIlibpack\fR and \fIlibupack\fR.
XThe IBM libraries are
Xarchives of packed assembly code files, except that defined symbols
Xmust be declared by \fI.define\fP statements at the beginning.
XTo make modules for inclusion in the library, use the \fB\(enc\fP and
X\fB\(enLIB\fP options.
XIf you compile library modules by accident without using the \fB\(enLIB\fR
Xflag, they will not be recognized, leading to undefined reference error
Xmessages from the linker.
X.PP
XIf memory is tight, use the \fB\(enF\fR flag to force the compiler to
Xrun the passes one at a time, without pipes.
XWhen available memory is very limited, it may be
Xnecessary to run
X.I chmem
Xto reduce the sizes of some compiler passes.
XOn the other hand,
Xif the compiler (or, in fact, almost any program)
Xbegins acting strange, it is almost always due to its running
Xout of stack or disk space.
XThe relevant pass can be given more stack space using
X.I chmem .
XFor large programs, it make take a little experimenting to get the sizes
Xright.
XThe \fIcem\fR is usually the guilty party.
XBe careful about \fI/tmp\fR filling up too.
XMore space for scratch files can be obtained by removing other files
Xof using \fB\(enT\fR.
X.PP
XThe compiler is derived from the ACK system (Tanenbaum et
Xal., \fICommunications of the ACM\fR, Sept. 1983),
Xnot from the AT&T portable C compiler.
XThe sources are available from the companies listed after the Table of
XContents.
X
X
X
/
echo x - cdiff
sed '/^X/s///' > cdiff << '/'
X.CD "cdiff \(en context diff"
X.SX "cdiff\fR [\fB\(enc\fIn\fR] \fIoldfile \fInewfile"
X.FL "\(enc" "Provide \fIn\fR lines of context"
X.EX "cdiff old new >f" "Write context diff on \fIf\fR"
X.EX "cdiff \(enc1 old new >f" "Use only 1 line of context"
X.PP
X\fICdiff\fR produces a context diff by first running \fIdiff\fR and then
Xadding context.
XSome update programs, like \fIpatch\fR, can use context diffs to update
Xfiles, even in the presence of other, independent changes.
X
X
X
/
echo x - cgrep
sed '/^X/s///' > cgrep << '/'
X.CD "cgrep \(en grep and display context"
X.SX "cgrep\fR [\fB\(ena \fIn\fR]\fR [\fB\(enb \fIn\fR] [\fB\(enf\fR] [\fB\(enl \fIn\fR]  [\fB\(enn\fR] [\fB\(enw \fIn\fR] \fIpattern\fR [\fIfile\fR] ...
X.FL "\(ena" "How many lines to display after the matching line"
X.FL "\(enb" "How many lines to display before the matching line"
X.FL "\(enf" "Suppress file name in the output"
X.FL "\(enl" "Lines are truncated to this length before comparison"
X.FL "\(enn" "Suppress line numbers in the output"
X.FL "\(enw" "Sets window size (same as \fB\(ena\fR n \fB\(enb\fR n)"
X.EY "cgrep \(enw 3 hello file1" "Print 3 lines of context each way"
X.PP
X\fICgrep\fR is a program like \fIgrep\fR, except that it also can print
Xa few lines above and/or below the matching lines.
XIt also prints the line numbers of the output.
X
X
X
/
echo x - chgrp
sed '/^X/s///' > chgrp << '/'
X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED #############
X.CD "chgrp \(en change group"
X.SX "chgrp [\fB\(enR\fR] [\fIuser.\fR]\fIgroup \fIfile\fR ..."
X.FL "\(enR" "Change directory hierarchies"
X.EX "chgrp system file1 file2" "Make \fIsystem\fR the group of the files"
X.EX "chrgp \(enR other dir1" "Make \fIother\R the group of all files below dir1"
X.PP
XThe group field (and optionally user field) of the named files is changed to
X.I group
Xand
X.I user .
XAlternatively, a decimal gid (uid) may be specified instead of a group name.
XIf the \fB\(enR\fR flag is used, the changes will be applied recursively to
Xall files in named directories. Only the superuser may execute this command.
X
X
X
/
echo x - chmem
sed '/^X/s///' > chmem << '/'
X.CD "chmem \(en change memory allocation"
X.SX "chmem\fR [\fB+\fR]\fR [\fB\(en\fR] [\fB=\fR] \fIamount file
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "chmem =50000 a.out" "Give \fIa.out\fP 50K of stack space"
X.EX "chmem \(en4000 a.out" "Reduce the stack space by 4000 bytes"
X.EX "chmem +1000 file1" "Increase each stack by 1000 bytes"
X.PP
XWhen a program is loaded into memory, it is allocated enough memory
Xfor the text and data+bss segments, plus
Xan area for the stack.
XData segment growth using
X.I malloc ,
X.I brk ,
Xor
X.I sbrk
Xeats up stack space from the low end.
XThe amount of stack space to allocate is derived
Xfrom a field in the executable program's file header.
XIf the combined stack and data segment growth exceeds the stack space
Xallocated, the program will be terminated.
X.PP
XIt is therefore important to set the amount of stack space carefully.
XIf too little is provided, the program may crash.
XIf too much is provided, memory will be wasted, and fewer programs will be able
Xto fit in memory and run simultaneously.
X.MX
Xdoes not swap, so that when memory is full, subsequent attempts to fork will
Xfail.
XThe compiler sets the stack space
Xto the largest possible value (for the Intel CPUs, 64K \(en text \(en data).
XFor many programs, this value is far too large.
XNonrecursive programs that do not call
X.I brk ,
X.I sbrk ,
Xor
X.I malloc ,
Xand do not have any local arrays usually do not need more than 8K of stack
Xspace.
X.PP
XThe
X.I chmem
Xcommand changes the value of the header field that determines the stack allocation, and
Xthus indirectly the total memory required to run the program.
XThe = option sets the stack size
Xto a specific value; the + and \(en options increment and decrement the
Xcurrent value by the indicated amount.
XThe old and new stack sizes are printed.
X
X
X
/
echo x - chmod
sed '/^X/s///' > chmod << '/'
X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED #############
X.CD "chmod \(en change access mode for files"
X.SX "chmod [\fB\(enR\fR] \fImode \fIfile\fR ..."
X.FL "\(enR" "Change hierarchies recursively"
X.EX "chmod 755 file" "Owner: rwx Group: r\(enx Others: r\(enx"
X.EX "chmod +x file1 file2" "Make \fIfile1\fR and \fIfile2\fR executable"
X.EX "chmod a\(enw file" "Make \fIfile\fR read only"
X.EX "chmod u+s file" "Turn on SETUID for \fIfile\fR"
X.EX "chmod \(enR o+w dir" "Allow writing for all files in dir"
X.PP
XThe given mode is applied to each file in the file list. If the \fB\(enR\fR
Xflag is present, the files in a directory will be changed as well.
XThe mode can be either absolute or symbolic. Absolute modes are given as an
Xoctal number that represents the new file mode. The mode bits are defined as
Xfollows:
X.ta 0.25i
X.nf
X.HS
X    4000    Set effective user id on execution to file's owner id
X    2000    Set effective group id on execution to file's group id
X    0400    file is readable by the owner of the file
X    0200    writeable by owner
X    0100    executable by owner
X    0070    same as above, for other users in the same group
X    0007    same as above, for all other users
X.HS
X.fi
XSymbolic modes modify the current file mode in a specified way. The form is:
X.HS
X    [who] op permissions { op permissions ...} {, [who] op ... }
X.HS
XThe possibilities for \fIwho\fR are \fIu\fR, \fIg\fR, \fIo\fR, and \fIa\fR,
Xstanding for user, group, other and all, respectively.
XIf \fIwho\fR is omitted, \fIa\fR is assumed, but the current umask is used.
XThe op can be \fI+\fR, \fI-\fR, or \fI=\fR;  \fI+\fR turns on the
Xgiven permissions, \fI\(en \fRturns them off; \fI=\fR sets the permissions
Xexclusively for the given \fIwho\fR.
XFor example \fIg=x\fR sets the group permissions to \fI--x\fR.
X.PP
XThe possible permissions are \fIr\fR, \fIw\fR, \fIx\fR; which stand for read,
Xwrite, and execute;  \fIs\fR turns on the set effective user/group id bits.
X\fIs\fR only makes sense with \fIu\fR and \fIg\fR;\fR o+s\fR is
Xharmless.
X
X
X
/
echo x - chown
sed '/^X/s///' > chown << '/'
X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED #############
X.CD "chown \(en change owner"
X.SX "chown [\fB\(enR\fR] \fIuser\fR[.\fIgroup\fR] \fIfile\fR ..."
X.FL "\(enR" "Change directory hierarchies"
X.EX "chown ast file1 file2" "Make \fIast\fR the owner of the files"
X.EX "chown \(enR ast.other dir" "Change the owner and group of all files in dir"
X.PP
XThe owner field (and optionally group field) of the named files is changed
Xto
X.I user
X(i.e., login name specified) and
X.I group .
XAlternatively, a decimal uid(gid) may be specified instead of a user name.
XOnly the superuser may execute this command.
X
X
X
/
echo x - cksum
sed '/^X/s///' > cksum << '/'
X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED #############
X.CD "cksum \(en display file checksum and size"
X.SX "cksum [\fIfile\fR ...]"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "cksum" "Display CRC and size of \fIstdin\fR"
X.EX "cksum *.c" "Display CRC and size of \fI.c\fP files"
X.PP
X.I Cksum
Xcalculates and writes to standard output the 32-bits CRC of the input
X.I files ,
Xor of stdin if no
X.I files
Xwere specified. The size in bytes of each
X.I file
Xwill be displayed after a space. The name of each
X.I file
Xwill be displayed after another space.
X
X
X
X
/
echo x - clr
sed '/^X/s///' > clr << '/'
X.CD "clr \(en clear the screen"
X.SX "clr~~~~~~~~"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "clr    ~" "Clear the screen"
X.PP
XAll text is removed from the screen, resulting in an empty screen with the
Xcursor positioned in the upper left-hand corner.
X
X
X
X.SP 1.7
/
echo x - cmp
sed '/^X/s///' > cmp << '/'
X.CD "cmp \(en compare two files"
X.SX "cmp\fR [\fB\(enls\fR] \fIfile1 file2"
X.FL "\(enl" "Loud mode. Print bytes that differ (in octal)"
X.FL "\(ens" "Silent mode.  Print nothing, just return exit status"
X.EX "cmp file1 file2" "Tell whether the files are the same"
X.EX "cmp \(enl file1 file2" "Print all corresponding bytes that differ"
X.PP
XTwo files are compared.
XIf they are identical, exit status 0 is returned.
XIf they differ, exit status 1 is returned.
XIf the files cannot be opened, exit status 2 is returned.
XIf
X.I file1
Xis \(en ,
X\fIstdin\fR is compared to
X.I file2 .
X
X
X
/
echo x - comm
sed '/^X/s///' > comm << '/'
X.CD "comm \(en print lines common to two sorted files"
X.SX "comm\fR [\fB\(en123\fR] \fIfile1 file2
X.FL "\(en1" "Suppress column 1 (lines present only in \fIfile1\fP)"
X.FL "\(en2" "Suppress column 2 (lines present only in \fIfile2\fP)"
X.FL "\(en3" "Suppress column 3 (lines present in both files)"
X.EX "comm file1 file2" "Print all three columns"
X.EX "comm \(en12 file1 file2" "Print only lines common to both files"
X.PP
XTwo sorted files are read and compared.
XA three column listing is produced.
XFiles only in
X.I file1
Xare in column 1;
Xfiles only in
X.I file2
Xare in column 2;
Xfiles common to both files are in column 3.
XThe file name \(en means \fIstdin\fR.
X
X
X
X.SP 1.5
/
echo x - compress
sed '/^X/s///' > compress << '/'
X.CD "compress \(en compress a file using modified Lempel-Ziv coding"
X.SX "compress\fR [\fB\(encdfv\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..."
X.FL "\(enc" "Put output on \fIstdout\fR instead of on \fIfile.Z\fR"
X.FL "\(end" "Decompress instead of compress"
X.FL "\(enf" "Force output even if there is no saving"
X.FL "\(env" "Verbose mode"
X.EX "compress <infile >outfile" "Compress 1 file"
X.EX "compress x y z" "Compress 3 files to \fIx.Z\fR, \fIy.Z\fR, and \fIz.Z\fR"
X.EX "compress \(end file.Z" "Decompress \fIfile.Z\fR to \fIfile\fR"
X.PP
XThe listed files (or \fIstdin\fR, if none are given) are compressed
Xusing the Ziv-Lempel algorithm.  If the output is smaller than the input,
Xthe output is put on \fIfile.Z\fR or \fIstdout\fR if no files are listed.
XIf \fIcompress\fR is linked to \fIuncompress\fR, the latter is the same
Xas giving the \fB\(end\fP flag.
XSimilarly, a link to \fIzcat\fR decompresses to \fIstdout\fR.
XThe
X.MX
Xversion of \fIcompress\fR uses 13-bit compression.
XThis means that when compressing files on other systems for transmission to
X.MX ,
Xbe sure that only 13-bit compression is used.
XOn many systems, the default is 16-bit (too big).
X
X
X.SP 1.5
/
echo x - cp
sed '/^X/s///' > cp << '/'
X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED #############
X.CD "cp \(en file copy"
X.SX "cp [\fB\(enRf\&iprv\fR] \fIfile1\fR \fIfile2\fR"
X.SX "cp [\fB\(enfR\&iprv\fR] \fIfile\fR ... \fIdirectory\fR"
X.FL "\(enf" "Forced remove existing file"
X.FL "\(eni" "Ask before removing existing file"
X.FL "\(enp" "Preserver full mode, uid, gid and times"
X.FL "\(enr" "Copy directories and treat special files as ordinary"
X.FL "\(env" "Display what cp is doing"
X.FL "\(enR" "Copy directories"
X.EX "cp oldfile newfile" "Copy \fIoldfile\fR to \fInewfile\fR"
X.EX "cp -R special newspecial" "Copy the \fIspecial\fR file"
X.PP
X.I Cp
Xcopies one file to another, or copies one or more files to a directory.
XUnless the \fB\(enr\fR flag is specified, special files will be copied as
Xspecial files. Copying a directory requires either the \fB\(enr\fR or the
X\fB\(enR\fR flags.
X
X
X
X
/
echo x - cpdir
sed '/^X/s///' > cpdir << '/'
X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED #############
X.CD "cpdir \(en copy a directory and its subdirectories"
X.SX "cpdir [\fB\(enpv\fR] \fIsrcdir\fR \fIdstdir\fR"
X.FL "\(enp" "Preserve the full mode, uid, gid and times"
X.FL "\(env" "Display cpdir's actions"
X.EY "cpdir dir1 dir2" "create \fIdir2\fR and copy \fIdir1\fR's files in it"
X.PP
X.I Cpdir
Xis identical to \fIcp \(enR\fR command, except that the destination directory
Xis allowed to exists before the copy. Also, unlike
X.I cp ,
X.I cpdir
Xwill preserve the link structure of the copied directory.
X
X
X
X
/
echo x - crc
sed '/^X/s///' > crc << '/'
X.CD "crc \(en print the checksum of the file data"
X.SX "crc \fIfile\fR ..."
X.FL "\fR(none)\fR"
X.EY "crc *.c" "Print checksums of all the C programs"
X.PP
XThe checksum of each argument is computed and printed, along with the file
Xlength and its name, one file per line.
XThis program is useful for seeing if a file transmitted to another machine
Xhas arrived correctly.
XIt is conceptually similar to \fIsum\fR, except that it uses a stronger
Xchecksum algorithm and also prints the length.
X
X
X
X.SP 1
/
echo x - cron
sed '/^X/s///' > cron << '/'
X.CD "cron \(en clock daemon"
X.SX "cron"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "/usr/bin/cron" "Use absolute path in \fI/etc/rc\fR"
X.PP
X\fICron\fR is clock daemon.  It is typically started up by including the
Xcommand \fI/usr/bin/cron\fR in the \fI/etc/rc\fR file.
XOnce started, \fIcron\fR puts itself
Xin the background, so no & is needed.  It runs forever, sleeping most of
Xthe time.  Once a minute it wakes up and examines \fI/usr/lib/crontab\fR to see
Xif there is any work to do.  If there is, the work is done.  The entries of
X\fI/usr/lib/crontab\fR contain 6 elements each.  Some examples follow:
X.HS
X.nf
X.ta 0.10i 0.40i 0.70i 1.0i 1.3i 1.8i 4.0i
X\fB    Min    Hr    Dat    Mo    Day    Command\fR
X    \0*    \0*    \0*    \0*    \0*    /usr/bin/date >/dev/tty0   #print date every minute
X    \00    \0*    \0*    \0*    \0*    /usr/bin/date >/dev/tty0   #print date on the hour
X    30    \04    \0*    \0*    1-5    /bin/backup /dev/fd1       #do backup Mon-Fri at 0430
X    30    19    \0*    \0*    1,3,5    /etc/backup /dev/fd1       #Mon, Wed, Fri at 1930
X    \00    \09    25    12    \0*    /usr/bin/sing >/dev/tty0   #Xmas morning at 0900 only
X.fi
X
X
X
X
/
echo x - ctags
sed '/^X/s///' > ctags << '/'
X.CD "ctags \(en build a tags file"
X.SX "ctags \fR[\fB\(enr\fR]\fR \fIfile\fR ..."
X.FL "\(enr" "Generate refs as well as tags"
X.EY "ctags \(enr *.h *.c" "Generate the tags file"
X.PP
X\fICtags\fR generates a \fItags\fR file from a collection of
XC source files.  It can also generate a \fIrefs\fR file.
XThe \fItags\fR file is used by \fIelvis'\fR
X\*(OQ:tag\*(CQ command, and its \fB\(ent\fR
Xoption.
XEach C source file is scanned for \fI#define\fR statements and global
Xfunction definitions.  The name of the macro or function becomes the name of
Xa tag.  For each tag, a line is added to the \fItags\fR file which contains:
Xthe name of the tag, a tab character, the name of the file containing the tag,
Xa tab character, and a way to find the particular line within the file.
X.PP
XThe \fIrefs\fR file is used by the \fIref\fR program, which can be invoked
Xvia \fIelvis\fR K command.  When ctags finds a global function definition, it
Xcopies the function header into the \fIrefs\fR file.
XThe first line is flush against the
Xright margin, but the argument definitions are indented.the C source files.
X
X
X
X.SP -0.5
/
echo x - cut
sed '/^X/s///' > cut << '/'
X.CD "cut \(en select out columns of a file"
X.SX "cut [ \fB \(enb \fR|\fB \(enc\fR] \fIlist\fR [\fIfile...\fR]"
X.SX "cut \(enf \fIlist\fR [\fB\(end \fIdelim\fR] [\fB \(ens\fR]
X[\fIfile...\fR]"
X.FL "\(enb" "Cut specified bytes"
X.FL "\(enc" "Select out specific characters"
X.FL "\(end" "Change the column delimiter to \fIdelim\fR"
X.FL "\(enf" "Select out specific fields that are separated by the
Xdelimiter character ( see \fIdelim\fR)"
X.FL "\(eni" "Runs of delimiters count as one"
X.FL "\(ens" "Suppres lines with no delimiter characters, when used
Xwith the \(enf option. Lines with no delimiters are passwd through
Xuntouched"
X.EX "cut \(enf 2 file" "Extract field 2"
X.EX "cut \(enc 1\(en2,5 file" "Extract character columns 1, 2, and 5"
X.EX "cut \(enc 1\(en5,7\(en file" "Extract all columns except 6"
X.PP
X\fICut\fR extracts one or more fields or columns from a file and writes them on
Xstandard output.
XIf the \fB\(enf\fR flag is used, the fields are separated by a delimiter
Xcharacter, normally a tab, but can be changed using the \fB\(end\fR flag.
XIf the \fB\(enc\fR flag is used, specific columns can be specified.
XThe list can be comma or BLANK separated. The \fB\(enf\fR and
X\fB\(enc\fR flags  are mutually exclusive.
XNote: The POSIX1003.2 standard requires the option \(enb to cut out
Xspecific bytes in a file. It is intended for systems with multi byte
Xcharacters (e.g. kanji), since MINIX uses only one byte characters,
Xthis option is equivalent to \(enc. For the same reason, the option
X\(enn has no effect and is not listed in this manual page.
X
X
X
X
/
echo x - date
sed '/^X/s///' > date << '/'
X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED #############
X.CD "date \(en print or set the date and time"
X.SX "date [\fB\(enq\fR] [[\fIMMDDYY\fR]\fIhhmm\fR[\fIss\fR]\fR]"
X.SX "date [\fB\(enu\fR] [\fI+format\fR]
X.FL "\(enq" "Read the date from \fIstdin\fR"
X.FL "\(enu" "Print the date as GMT"
X.EX "date" "Print the date and time"
X.EX "date 0221921610" "Set date to Feb 21, 1992 at 4:10 p.m."
X.PP
XWith the \fB\(enq\fR flag or a numeric argument,
X.I date
Xsets the GMT time and date.
X.I MMDDYY
Xrefers to the month, day, and year;
X.I hhmmss
Xrefers to the hour, minute and second.
XEach of the six fields must be exactly two digits, no more and no less.
X.I date
Xalways display the date and time, with the default format for the system.
XThe \fB\(enu\fR flag request GMT time instead of local time.
XA format may be specified with a + followed by a printf-like string with
Xthe following options:
X.ta 0.25i
X.nf
X.HS
X    %%  % character
X    %A  Name of the day
X    %B  Name of the month
X    %D  mm/dd/yy
X    %H  Decimal hour on 2 digits
X    %I  Decimal hour modulo 12 on 2 digits
X    %M  Decimal minute on 2 digits
X    %S  Decimal seconds on 2 digits
X    %T  HH:MM:SS
X    %U  Decimal week number, Sunday being first day of week
X    %W  Decimal week number, Monday being first day of week
X    %X  Same as %T
X    %Y  Decimal year on 4 digits
X    %Z  Time Zone (if any)
X    %a  Abbreviated name of the day
X    %b  Abbreviated name of the month
X    %c  Appropriate date & time (default format)
X    %d  Decimal day of the month on 2 digits
X    %e  Same as %d, but a space replaces leading 0
X    %h  Same as %b
X    %j  Decimal dey of the year on 3 digits
X    %m  Decimal month on 2 digits
X    %n  Newline character
X    %p  AM or PM
X    %r  12-hour clock time with AM/PM
X    %t  Tab character
X    %w  Decimal day of the week (0=Sunday)
X    %x  Same as %D
X    %y  Decimal year on 2 digits
X.HS
X
X
X
/
echo x - dd
sed '/^X/s///' > dd << '/'
X.CD "dd \(en disk dumper"
X.SX "dd\fR [\fIoption = value\fR] ..."
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/fd1" "Copy disk 0 to disk 1"
X.EX "dd if=x of=y bs=1w skip=4" "Copy \fIx\fP to \fIy\fP, skipping 4 words"
X.EX "dd if=x of=y count=3" "Copy three 512\(enbyte blocks"
X.PP
XThis command is intended for copying partial files.
XThe block size, skip count, and number of blocks to copy can be specified.
XThe options are:
X.HS
X.ta 0.25i 1.5i
X    \fBif\fR = file    \(en Input file (default is \fIstdin\fR)
X.br
X    \fBof\fR = file    \(en Output file (default is standard output)
X.br
X    \fBibs\fR = n    \(en Input block size (default 512 bytes)
X.br
X    \fBobs\fR = n    \(en Output block size (default is 512 bytes)
X.br
X    \fBbs\fR = n    \(en Block size; sets \fIibs\fP and \fIobs\fP (default is 512 bytes)
X.br
X    \fBskip\fR = n    \(en Skip \fIn\fP input blocks before reading
X.br
X    \fBseek\fR = n    \(en Skip \fIn\fP output blocks before writing
X.br
X    \fBcount\fR = n    \(en Copy only \fIn\fP input blocks
X.br
X    \fBconv = lcase\fR    \(en Convert upper case letters to lower case
X.br
X    \fBconv = ucase\fR    \(en Convert lower case letters to upper case
X.br
X    \fBconv = swab\fR    \(en Swap every pair of bytes
X.br
X    \fBconv = noerror\fR    \(en Ignore errors and just keep going
X.HS
XWhere sizes are expected, they are in bytes.
XHowever, the letters \fBw\fR, \fBb\fR, or \fBk\fR may be appended to the
Xnumber to indicate words (2 bytes), blocks (512 bytes), or K
X(1024 bytes), respectively.
XWhen
X.I dd
Xis finished, it reports the number of full and partial blocks read and written.
X
X
X
X.SP 1
/
echo x - de
sed '/^X/s///' > de << '/'
X.CD "de \(en disk editor"
X.SX "de\fR [\fB\(enw\fR] \fIblock_device"
X.SX "de \(enr \fIfile
X.FL "\(enr" "Recover a file that has been removed"
X.FL "\(enw" "Enable writing, so device can be modified"
X.EX "de \(enr /usr/ast/prog.c" "Undo the effects of: \fIrm /usr/ast/prog.c\fR"
X.EX "de \(enw /dev/fd0" "Edit \fI/dev/fd0\fR for writing"
X.PP
X\fIDe\fR is a program for system administrators that allows disks to be
Xinspected block by block.
XA variety of display options and commands are available, as described in
XChap. 9.
XFor a summary, start the program and type \fIh\fR for help.
XThe program can also restore files that have just been removed by \fIrm\fR,
Xprovided that the i-node and blocks are still intact.
XAnother feature is searching disks for ASCII strings, to help locate things
Xafter a crash.
XFinally, individual disk words can be changed, for example, the sizes of
Xblock special files.
X
X
X
/
echo x - df
sed '/^X/s///' > df << '/'
X.CD "df \(en report on free disk space and i-nodes"
X.SX "df \fIspecial ..."
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "df /dev/ram" "Report on free RAM disk space"
X.EX "df /dev/fd0 /dev/fd1" "Report on diskette space"
X.EX "df~~~" "Report on all mounted devices"
X.PP
XThe amount of disk space and number of i-nodes, both free and used is
Xreported.
XIf no argument is given, \fIdf\fR reports on the root device and all mounted
Xfile systems.
X
X
X
/
echo x - dhrystone
sed '/^X/s///' > dhrystone << '/'
X.CD "dhrystone \(en integer benchmark"
X.SX "dhrystone"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "dhrystone" "Run the dhrystone benchmark"
X.PP
XMany years ago, a floating-point benchmark called \fIwhetstone\fR was
Xpopular for benchmarking FORTRAN programs.
XNowadays, an integer benchmark called \fIdhrystone\fR is widely used
Xfor benchmarking UNIX systems.
XThis is it.
XBe warned, however, that \fIdhrystone\fR is entirely CPU bound, and
Xgoes blindingly fast on machines with high-speed caches.
XAlthough this is a good measure for programs that spend most of their
Xtime in some inner loop, it is a poor benchmark for I/O bound applications.
X
X
X
/
echo x - diff
sed '/^X/s///' > diff << '/'
X.CD "diff \(en print differences between two files"
X.SX "diff  \fR [\fB\(enc \fR|\fB \(ene \fR|\fB \(enC \fIn\fR\] [\fB\(enbr\fR]\fIfile1 file2\fR"
X.FL "\(enC \In" "Produce output that contains \fIn\fR lines of context"
X.FL "\(enb" "Ignore white space when comparing"
X.FL "\(enc" "Produce output that contains three lines of context"
X.FL "\(ene" "Produce an \fIed\fR-script to convert \fIfile1\fR into \fIfile2\fR"
X.FL "\(enr" "Apply \fIdiff\fR recursively to files and directories of
Xthe same name, when \fIfile1\fR and \fIfile2\fR are both directories"
X.EX "diff file1 file2" "Print differences between 2 files"
X.EX "diff -C 0 file1 file2" "Same as above"
X.EX "diff -C 3 file1 file2" "Output three lines of context with every
Xdifference encountered"
X.EX "diff -c file1 file2" Same as above"
X.EX "diff /etc /dev" "Compares recursively the directories \fI/etc\fR and \fI/dev\fR"
X.EX "diff passwd /etc" "Compares \fI./passwd\fR to \fI/etc/passwd"
X.PP
X\fIDiff\fR compares two files and generates a list of lines telling how
Xthe two files differ.  Lines may not be longer than 128 characters.
XIf the two  arguments on the command line are both directories,
X\fIdiff\fR recursively steps through all subdirectories comparing
Xfiles of the same name. If a file name is found only in one directory,
Xa diagnostic message is written to \fIstdout\fR. A file that is of
Xeither block special, character special or FIFO special type, cannot
Xbe compared to any other file.
XOn the other hand, if there is one directory and one file given on the
Xcommand line, \fIdiff\fR tries to compare the file with the same name
Xas \fIfile\fR in the directory \fIdirectory\fR.
X
X
X
/
echo x - dis88
sed '/^X/s///' > dis88 << '/'
X.CD "dis88 \(en disassembler [IBM]"
X.SX "dis88\fR [\fB\(eno\fR] \fIinfile\fR [\fIoutfile\fR]"
X.FL "\(eno" "List the object code along with the assembly code"
X.EX "dis88 a.out >listing" "Disassemble \fIa.out\fR"
X.EX "dis88 \(eno a.out listing" "Ditto, but with object code"
X.PP
X\fIDis88\fR is an 8088 disassembler.
XIt takes an executable file and prints the
Xsymbolic assembly code that corresponds to it.  If the executable file contains
Xa symbol table (added by the program \fIast\fR), the symbol table
Xinformation is used to give a more readable asembly listing.
XMore information is provided in Chap. 9.
X
X
X
/
echo x - diskcheck
sed '/^X/s///' > diskcheck << '/'
X.CD "diskcheck \(en check a disk for bad sectors"
X.SX "diskcheck \fIdevice \fIstart \fIcount"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "diskcheck /dev/at0 0 1200" "Check 1.2 MB diskette"
X.EX "diskcheck /dev/at0 100 50" "Check blocks 100 to 149"
X.PP
X\fIDiskcheck\fR checks a disk for bad sectors by reading in each sector,
Xwriting a known bit pattern onto it, reading it back in and comparing with
Xwhat was written.  This check is then done a second time.  Bad sectors are
Xreported.  After each sector is tested, the original sector is restored.
XOnly use this program on unmounted partitions.
XKilling it part way through may result in lost data.
X
X
X
/
echo x - diskcopy
sed '/^X/s///' > diskcopy << '/'
X.CD "diskcopy \(en copy a disk with only one drive [AMIGA]"
X.SX "diskcopy"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "diskcopy" "Copy a disk using the internal disk drive"
X.PP
XBefore using
X.I diskcopy ,
Xuse
X.I chmem
Xto increase the stack+malloc area to as much as you can get away with.
XIn the ideal case you should
X.I chmem
Xit to a little over 720K (say, 750000) so you do not have to swap
Xdisks.
XIn this way, the entire diskette will be read in at once and stored in
Xmemory.
XOnce you have inserted the destination disk, the whole thing will be
Xwritten back in one fell swoop, eliminating the need to constantly
Xshuffle diskettes.
X
X
X
/
echo x - diskrtc
sed '/^X/s///' > diskrtc << '/'
X.CD "diskrtc \(en set date from a disk controller real time clock [ATARI]"
X.SX "diskrtc [bms1] [bms2] [supra] [icd]"
X.FL "bms1   \fRRead the clock from a bms 100 disk controller"
X.FL "bms2   \fRRead the clock from a bms 200 disk controller"
X.FL "supra  \fRRead the clock from a supra disk controller"
X.FL "icd       \fRRead the clock from an icd disk controller"
X.EY "diskrtc icd" "Read the date from an icd disk controller"
X.PP
X.I Diskrtc
Xreads the current date and time from the clock supplied on a disk
Xcontroller and sets the time accordingly.
XThis program is usually called from
X.I /etc/rc .
X
X
X
/
echo x - diskset
sed '/^X/s///' > diskset << '/'
X.CD "diskset \(en set real time clock on disk controller [ATARI]"
X.SX "diskset [bms1] [bms2]"
X.FL "bms1  \fRSet the clock of a bms 100 disk controller"
X.FL "bms2  \fRSet the clock of a bms 200 disk controller"
X.EY "diskset bms1" "Set the clock of a bms 100 disk controller"
X.PP
X.I Diskset
Xinitializes the clock on a bms 100 or 200 diskcontroller with
X.MX 's
Xidea of the current date and time.
X
X
X
/
echo x - dosdir
sed '/^X/s///' > dosdir << '/'
X.CD "dosdir \(en list an \s-2MS-DOS\s+2 directory [IBM]"
X.SX "dosdir\fR [\fB\(enlr\fR] \fIdrive"
X.FL "\(enl" "Long listing"
X.FL "\(enr" "Recursively descend and print subdirectories"
X.EX "dosdir \(enl A" "List root directory on drive A"
X.EX "dosdir \(enr C x/y" "Recursively list directory \fIx/y\fR"
X.PP
X.I Dosdir
Xreads standard IBM PC diskettes or hard disk partitions in
X\s-2MS-DOS\s+2 format and lists their contents on standard output.
XDirectory names should contain slashes to separate components, even though
X\s-2MS-DOS\s+2 uses backslashes.
XThe names
X.I dosdir ,
X.I dosread ,
Xand
X.I doswrite
Xare all links to the same program.
XThe program sees which function to perform by seeing how it was called.
XA drive code of
X.I A
Xcauses the program to use \fI/dev/dosA\fR, for example,
Xa link to \fI/dev/fd0\fR.
XSimilarly, to have hard disk partition 1 be DOS drive C, \fI/dev/dosC\fR
Xcould be a link to \fI/dev/hd1\fR, and so on for other drive codes.
X
X
X
/
echo x - dosread
sed '/^X/s///' > dosread << '/'
X.CD "dosread \(en read a file from an \s-2MS-DOS\s+2 diskette [IBM]"
X.SX "dosread\fR [\fB\(ena\fR] \fIdrive \fIfile"
X.FL "\(ena" "ASCII file"
X.EX "dosread C g/adv >adv" "Read file \fIg/adv\fR from hard disk"
X.EX "dosread \(ena A prog.c >x" "Read ASCII file \fIprog.c\fR from drive A"
X.PP
X.I Dosread
Xreads one \s-2MS-DOS\s+2 file and writes it on standard output.
XThe file name must use slash, not backslash as a separator.
XASCII files have the final CTRL-Z stripped, and carriage return plus
Xline feed are mapped to line feed only, the usual
X.MX
Xconvention.
XA drive code of
X.I A
Xcauses the program to use \fI/dev/dosA\fR, typically a link to \fI/dev/fd0\fR.
XSimilarly, to have hard disk partition 1 be DOS drive C, \fI/dev/dosC\fR
Xshould be a link to \fI/dev/hd1\fR, and so on for other drive codes.
X
X
X
/
echo x - doswrite
sed '/^X/s///' > doswrite << '/'
X.CD "doswrite \(en write a file onto an \s-2MS-DOS\s+2 diskette [IBM]"
X.SX "doswrite\fR [\fB\(ena\fR] \fIdrive \fIfile"
X.FL "\(ena" "ASCII file"
X.EX "doswrite A x/y <z" "Write file \fIz\fR to disk as \fIx/y\fR"
X.EX "doswrite \(ena B f" "Copy \fIstdin\fR to \s-2MS-DOS\s+2 file \fIf\fR"
X.PP
X.I Doswrite
Xwrites its \fIstdin\fR to an \s-2MS-DOS\s+2 file.
XThe diskette or partition must be formatted and have an \s-2MS-DOS\s+2 file
Xsystem already in place, including all the directories leading up to the file.
XA drive code of
X.I A
Xcauses the program to use \fI/dev/dosA\fR, typically a link to \fI/dev/fd0\fR.
XSimilarly, to have hard disk partition 1 be DOS drive C, \fI/dev/dosC\fR
Xshould be a link to \fI/dev/hd1\fR, and so on for other drive codes.
X
X
X
/
echo x - du
sed '/^X/s///' > du << '/'
X.CD "du \(en print disk usage"
X.SX "du\fR [\fB\(enas\fR]\fR [\fB\(enl \fIn\fR] \fIdir\fR ..."
X.FL "\(ena" "Give usage for all files"
X.FL "\(enl" "List up to \fIn\fR levels of subdirectories"
X.FL "\(ens" "Summary only"
X.EX "du dir" "List disk space used by files in dir"
X.EX "du \(ens dir1 dir2" "Give summaries only"
X.PP
X\fIDu\fR examines one or more directories and prints the amount of space
Xoccupied by the files in those directories and their subdirectories.
X
X
X
/
echo x - echo
sed '/^X/s///' > echo << '/'
X.CD "echo \(en print the arguments"
X.SX "echo\fR [\fB\(enn\fR] \fIargument\fR ..."
X.FL "\(enn" "No line feed is output when done"
X.EX "echo Start Phase 1" "\*(OQStart Phase 1\*(CQ is printed"
X.EX "echo \(enn Hello" "\*(OQHello\*(CQ is printed without a line feed"
X.PP
X.I Echo
Xwrites its arguments to standard output.
XThey are separated by blanks and terminated with a line feed unless
X.B \(enn
Xis present.
XThis command is used mostly in shell scripts.
X
X
X
/
echo x - ed
sed '/^X/s///' > ed << '/'
X.CD "ed \(en editor"
X.SX "ed \fIfile"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "ed prog.c" "Edit \fIprog.c\fR"
X.PP
X\fIEd\fR is functionally equivalent to the standard V7 editor, ed.
XIt supports the following commands:
X.HS
X.nf
X.ta 0.5i 0.95i
X    (.)    a: append
X    (.,.)    c: change
X    (.,.)    d: delete
X        e: edit new file"
X        f: print name of edited file"
X    (1,$)    g: global command
X    (.)    i: insert
X    (.,.+1)    j: join lines together
X    (.)    k: mark
X    (.)    l: print with special characters in octal
X    (.,.)    m: move
X    (.,.)    p: print
X        q: quit editor"
X    (.)    r: read in new file
X    (.,.)    s: substitute
X    (1,$)    v: like g, except select lines that do not match
X    (1,$)    w: write out edited file
X.fi
X
XMany of the commands can take one or two addresses, as indicated above.  The
Xdefaults are shown in parentheses.  Thus \fIa\fR appends to the current
Xline, and \fIg\fR works on the whole file as default.
XThe dot refers to the current line.
XBelow is a sample editing session with comments given following the # symbol.
X.HS
X.nf
X.ta 0.5i 2.5i
X    ed prog.c    # Edit prog.c
X    3,20p    # Print lines 3 through 20
X    /whole/    # Find next occurence of \fIwhole\fR
X    s/whole/while/    # Replace \fIwhole\fR by \fIwhile\fR
X    g/Buf/s//BUF/g    # Replace \fIBuf\fR by \fIBUF\fR everywhere
X    w    # Write the file back
X    q    # Exit the editor
X.fi
X\fIEd\fR is provided for its sentimental value.
XIf you want a line-oriented editor, try \fIex\fR.
XIf you want a good editor, use \fIelle\fR, \fIelvis\fR, or \fImined\fR.
X
X
X
/
echo x - eject
sed '/^X/s///' > eject << '/'
X.CD "eject \(en eject a diskette from a drive [MACINTOSH]"
X.SX "eject [\fIdrive\fR]"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "eject" "Eject the diskette in drive 0"
X.EX "eject 2" "Eject the diskette in drive 2"
X.PP
X.I Eject
Xwill eject the diskette from the specified drive (or drive 0 if no
Xdrive is specified).
X
X
X
/
echo x - elle
sed '/^X/s///' > elle << '/'
X.CD "elle \(en ELLE Looks Like Emacs"
X.SX "elle \fIfile\fR [\fIfile2\fR]"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "elle file.c" "Start the editor"
X.PP
X\fIElle\fR is a screen-oriented editor that is patterned after Emacs.
XIt can edit multiple files, regardless of their length,
Xcan support 1 or 2 windows, and has many other powerful features.
XAn \fIelle\fR manual is given in Chap. 9.
X
X
X
/
echo x - elvis
sed '/^X/s///' > elvis << '/'
X.CD "elvis \(en clone of the Berkeley vi editor"
X.SX "elvis \fR[\fB\(enRerv\fR] [\fB\(ent \fItag\fR] \fR[\fIfile\fR] ..."
X.FL "\(enR" "Set the read-only option"
X.FL "\(ene" "Start up emulating \fIex\fR"
X.FL "\(enr" "Tell the user to use \fIvirecover\fR instead
X.FL "\(ent" "Start editing at the given tag"
X.FL "\(env" "Start up emulating \fIvi\fR"
X.EX "elvis" "Call the editor"
X.EX "elvis prog.c" "edit \fIprog.c\fR"
X.PP
X\fIElvis\fR is a screen editor patterned very closely after the Berkeley
X\fIvi\fR editor.
XIt has many commands, described in Chap. 9.
XSee also \fIctags\fR, \fIex\fR, \fIref\fR, and \fIvirecover\fR.
X
X
X
/
echo x - ex
sed '/^X/s///' > ex << '/'
X.CD "ex \(en Berkeley line editor"
X.SX "ex \fR[\fB\(enRerv\fR] [\fB\(ent \fItag\fR] \fR[\fIfile\fR] ..."
X.FL "\(enR" "Set the readonly option"
X.FL "\(ene" "Start up emulating \fIex\fR"
X.FL "\(enr" "Tell the user to use \fIvirecover\fR instead
X.FL "\(ent" "Tagstart editing at the given tag"
X.FL "\(env" "Start up emulating \fIvi\fR"
X.EX "ex" "Call the editor"
X.EX "ex prog.c" "edit \fIprog.c\fR"
X.PP
X\fIEx\fR is a line editor patterned very closely after the Berkeley
Xprogram of the same name.
XIt is essentially a much improved version of \fIed\fR.
XActually, \fIex\fR is really just a link to \fIelvis\fR, which is a
X\fIvi\fR clone.
XIts commands are described in Chap. 9.
XSee also \fIctags\fR, \fIelvis\fR, \fIref\fR, and \fIvirecover\fR.
X
X
X
/
echo x - expand
sed '/^X/s///' > expand << '/'
X.CD "expand \(en convert tabs to spaces"
X.SX "expand\fR [\fB\(en\fIt1,t2, ...\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR]
X.FL "\(en\fIt\fR" "Tab stop positions"
X.EY "expand \(en16,32,48,64" "Expand \fIstdin\fR with tabs every 16 columns"
X.PP
X\fIExpand\fR replaces tabs in the named files with the equivalent numbers
Xof spaces.  If no files are listed, \fIstdin\fR is given.  If only one
Xtab is given, the rest are multiples of it.  The default is a tab every 8
Xspaces.
X
X
X
/
echo x - expr
sed '/^X/s///' > expr << '/'
X.CD "expr \(en evaluate experession"
X.SX "expr \fIarg ..."
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "x=\`expr \$x + 1\`" "Add 1 to shell variable x"
X.PP
X\fIExpr\fR computes the value of its argument and writes the result on
Xstandard output.  The valid operators, in order of increasing precedence,
Xare listed below.  Operators grouped by {...} have the same precedence.
XThe operators are: |, &, {<, <=, ==, !=, >=, >}, {+, \(en}, *, /, %, and :.
XParentheses are permitted.
X
X
X
/
echo x - factor
sed '/^X/s///' > factor << '/'
X.CD "factor \(en factor an integer less than 2**31"
X.SX "factor \fInumber"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "factor 450180" "Print the prime factors of 450180"
X.PP
X\fIFactor\fR prints the prime factors of its argument in increasing order.
XEach factor is printed as many times as it appears in the number.
X
X
X
/
echo x - fdisk
sed '/^X/s///' > fdisk << '/'
X.CD "fdisk \(en partition a hard disk [IBM]"
X.SX "fdisk\fR [\fB\(enh\fIm\fR]\fR [\fB\(ens\fIn\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR]"
X.FL "\fB\(enh" "Number of disk heads is \fIm\fR"
X.FL "\fB\(ens" "Number of sectors per track is \fIn\fR"
X.EX "fdisk /dev/hd0" "Examine disk partitions"
X.EX "fdisk \(enh9 /dev/hd0" "Examine disk with 9 heads"
X.PP
XWhen \fIfdisk\fR starts up, it reads in the partition table and displays
Xit.
XIt then presents a menu to allow the user to modify partitions, store the
Xpartition table on a file, or load it from a file.  Partitions can be marked
Xas
X.MX ,
XDOS or other, as well as active or not.
XUsing \fIfdisk\fR is self-explanatory.
XHowever, be aware that
Xrepartitioning a disk will cause information on it to be lost.
XRebooting the system \fIimmediately\fR
Xis mandatory after changing partition sizes and parameters.
X.MX ,
X\&\s-2XENIX\s0, \s-2PC-IX\s0, and \s-2MS-DOS\s0 all have different
Xpartition numbering schemes.
XThus when using multiple systems on the same disk, be careful.
X.PP
XFurthermore,
X.MX
Xexpects all partitions to begin on an even sector.  The \fIm\fR command, which
Xmarks a partition as
X.MX ,
Xautomatically rounds odd partitions upward.
XThe reason that odd partition sizes do not cause a problem with
X\s-2MS-DOS\s0 is that \s-2MS-DOS\s0 allocates disk space in units of
X512-byte sectors, whereas
X.MX
Xuses 1K blocks.
XThus an odd number of sectors is no problem for
X\s-2MS-DOS\s0 but it is a problem for
X.MX .
XThat is why a command has been provided to round
X.MX
Xpartitions to an even starting address and an even size.
XIf your disk has partitions for both \s-2MS-DOS\s0 and
X.MX ,
Xonly the
X.MX
Xones should be rounded off.
X\fIFdisk\fR has a variety of other features that can be seen by typing \fIh\fR.
X
X
X
/
echo x - fgrep
sed '/^X/s///' > fgrep << '/'
X.CD "fgrep \(en fast grep"
X.SX "fgrep\fR [\fB\(encfhlnsv\fR]\fR [\fIstring_file\fR] [\fIstring\fR] [\fIfile\fR] ..."
X.FL "\(enc" "Count matching lines and only print count, not the lines"
X.FL "\(enf" "Take strings from file named in following argument"
X.FL "\(enh" "Omit file headers from printout"
X.FL "\(enl" "List file names once only"
X.FL "\(enn" "Each line is preceded by its line number"
X.FL "\(ens" "Status only, no output"
X.FL "\(env" "Print only lines not matching"
X.EX "fgrep % prog.c" "Print lines containing % sign"
X.EX "fgrep \(enf pattern prog.c" "Take strings from \fIpattern\fR"
X.PP
X\fIFgrep\fR is essentially the same as grep, except that it only searches
Xfor lines containing literal strings (no wildcard characters), and it is much
Xfaster.
X
X
X
/
echo x - file
sed '/^X/s///' > file << '/'
X.CD "file \(en make a guess as to a file's type based on contents"
X.SX "file \fIname ..."
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "file a.out ar.h" "Guess at types"
X.PP
X\fIFile\fR reads the first block of a file and tries to make an
Xintelligent guess about what kind of file it is.
XIt understands about archives, C
Xsource programs, executable binaries, shell scripts, and English text.
X
X
X
/
echo x - find
sed '/^X/s///' > find << '/'
X.CD "find \(en find files meeting a given condition"
X.SX "find \fIdirectory \fIexpression"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "find /  \(enname a.out \(enprint~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" "Print all \fIa.out\fR paths"
X.EX "find /usr/ast ! \(ennewer f \(enok rm {} \\\\\^;~~~~~~~~~~" "Ask before removing"
X.EX "find /usr \(ensize +20 \(enexec mv {} /big \\\\\^;~~~~~" "move files > 20 blks"
X.EX "find / \( \(enname a.out \(eno \(enname \(fm*.o\(fm \) \(enexec rm {}\\\\\^;" "2 conds"
X.PP
X\fIFind\fR descends the file tree starting at the given directory checking
Xeach file in that directory and its subdirectories against a predicate.
XIf the predicate is true, an action is taken.  The predicates may be
Xconnected by \fB\(ena\fR (Boolean and), \fB\(eno\fR (Boolean or) and !
X(Boolean negation).
XEach predicate is true under the conditions specified below.  The integer
X\fIn\fR may also be +\fIn\fR to mean any value greater than \fIn\fR,
X\fI\(enn\fR to mean any value less than
X\fIn\fR, or just \fIn\fR for exactly \fIn\fR.
X.HS
X.ta 0.25i 1.0i
X.nf
X    \(enname s    true if current filename is \fIs\fR (include shell wild cards)
X    \(ensize n    true if file size is \fIn\fR blocks
X    \(eninum n    true if the current file's i-node number is \fIn\fR
X    \(enmtime n    true if modification time relative to today (in days) is \fIn\fR
X    \(enlinks n    true if the number of links to the file is \fIn\fR
X    \(ennewer f    true if the file is newer than \fIf\fR
X    \(enperm n    true if the file's permission bits = \fIn\fR (\fIn\fR is in octal)
X    \(enuser u    true if the uid = \fIu\fR (a numerical value, not a login name)
X    \(engroup g    true if the gid = \fIg\fR (a numerical value, not a group name)
X    \(entype x    where \fIx\fR is \fBbcdfug\fR (block, char, dir, regular file, setuid, setgid)
X    \(enxdev    do not cross devices to search mounted file systems
X.fi
X.HS
XFollowing the expression can be one of the following, telling what to do
Xwhen a file is found:
X.HS
X.nf
X    \(enprint    print the file name on standard output
X    \(enexec    execute a \s-2MINIX\s0 command, {} stands for the file name
X    \(enok    prompts before executing the command
X.fi
X.HS
X
X
X
/
echo x - fix
sed '/^X/s///' > fix << '/'
X.CD "fix \(en generate new file from old one and diff listing"
X.SX "fix \fIoldfile \fIdifflist \fI>newfile"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "fix old difflist >new" "Generate new from old and diffs"
X.PP
X\fIFix\fR accepts a diff listing produced by diff and reconstructs the
Xnew file.  It is common for people to take a file, modify it, and then
Xsend the diff listing between the old and new files to other people.
XUsing \fIfix\fR, the old file, and the diff listing, it is possible to creat
Xthe new file.  For example:
X.HS
X  diff oldfile newfile >difflist
X  fix oldfile difflist >new2
X.HS
Xwill generate a file \fInew2\fR that is identical to \fInewfile\fR.
XA more sophisticated alternative to \fIfix\fR is \fIpatch\fR,
Xas \fIfix\fR only handles old-style diffs.
X
X
X
X.SP 1
/
echo x - fold
sed '/^X/s///' > fold << '/'
X.CD "fold \(en fold long lines"
X.SX "fold\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..."
X.FL "\(en\fIn\fR" "How long should the output lines be"
X.EX "fold \(en60" "Fold \fIstdin\fR to 60 characters"
X.EX "fold file" "Fold \fIfile\fP to 80 characters"
X.PP
X\fIFold\fR takes copies its input from the named file (or \fIstdin\fR,
Xif none is specified) to standard output.
XHowever, lines longer than the given maximum (default 80) are broken
Xinto multiple lines of the maximum length by inserting new line characters.
X
X
X
/
echo x - format
sed '/^X/s///' > format << '/'
X.CD "format - format a diskette [IBM]"
X.SX "format [\fB\(ena\fR][\fB\(enq\fR][\fISpecial\fR [\fIkbsize\fR]] [\fB\(env [\fBdosvollabel\fR]\fR]"
X.FL "\(ena" " Sort interactive list alphabetically not by size"
X.FL "\(enq" "Quiet mode: skips asking if you are sure"
X.FL "\(env" "Volume label added along with DOS structures"
X.EX "format" "Have \fIformat\fR display a menu"
X.EX "format /dev/at0" "format disk in /dev/at0"
X.EX "format /dev/at0 360" "Format disk with 360 blocks"
X.EX "format /dev/dosA" "Format for DOS"
X.EX "format /dev/fd1 -v DOS_DISK" "Format and label DOS disk"
X.PP
X\fIFormat\fR allows the superuser to format diskettes.
XIt can format all seven non-automatic
Xdisk/media combinations that PC-Minix supports.  It will also try to
Xformat automatics, minor devices 0 through 3, if a device size is nozero.
X\fIFormat\fR will optionally add the structures \s-2MS-DOS\s0 needs if either the device
Xname is an \s-2MS-DOS\s0 device, like \fI/dev/dosA\fR, or if the
X\\fB\(env\fR flag is used.
XIf no special file is specified in the command line \fIformat\fR will
Xdisplay a menu of choices.
XIt then allows automatic devices to be formatted even if
Xthey were made with a size of zero.
X\fIarning:\fR  Some disk drives are media sensitive, in which case
Xthe diskette must match the drive (e.g., no 360K diskettes in 1.2M drives).
X
X
X
X.CD "format \(en format a diskette [ATARI]"
X.SX "format \fIdevice\fR"
X.EY "format /dev/dd0" "Format a double sided diskette"
X.PP
X.I Format
Xformats and verifies a diskette on the given device.
XDepending on the device specified the disk is formatted single or
Xdouble sided. Formatted disks always contain 80 tracks and 9 sectors
Xper track. The diskettess can be used under both
X.MX
Xand TOS.
X
X
X
/
echo x - fortune
sed '/^X/s///' > fortune << '/'
X.CD "fortune \(en print a fortune"
X.SX "fortune"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "fortune" "Print a fortune"
X.PP
X\fIFortune\fR prints a fortune at random from the fortunes file,
X\fI/usr/lib/fortune.dat\fR.  This file consists of pieces
Xof text separated by a line containing only %%.
X
X
X
/
echo x - from
sed '/^X/s///' > from << '/'
X.CD "from \(en input half of a connection [IBM]"
X.SX "from \fIport"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "from port | sort >x" "Fetch and sort an incoming file"
X.EX "from abc | sh" "Primitive sherver"
X.PP
X\fITo\fR and \fIfrom\fR are used together to provide connection-oriented service over an Ethernet.
XOn the sending machine, the last member of a pipeline is \fIto port\fR.
XOn the
Xreceiving machine, the first member of a pipe line is \fIfrom port\fR.
XThe net
Xresult is that the output of the sending pipeline goes into the input of the
Xreceiving pipeline, making pipelines work across the network.
XSee also \fIto\fR.
X
X
X
/
echo x - fsck
sed '/^X/s///' > fsck << '/'
X.CD "fsck \(en perform file system consistency check"
X.SX "fsck\fR [\fB\(enaclmrs\fR]\fR [\fIdevice\fR] ..."
X.FL "\(ena" "Automatically repair inconsistencies"
X.FL "\(enc" "Check and list only the specified i-nodes
X.FL "\(enl" "List the files and directories in the filesytem
X.FL "\(enr" "Prompt user for repairs if inconsistencies are found
X.FL "\(ens" "List the superblock of the file system"
X.EX "fsck /dev/hd4" "Check file system on \fI/dev/hd4\fR"
X.EX "fsck \(ena /dev/at0" "Automatically fix errors on \fI/dev/at0\fR"
X.EX "fsck \(enl /dev/fd0" "List the contents of \fI/dev/fd0\fR"
X.EX "fsck \(enc 2 3 /dev/hd3" "Check and list \fI/dev/hd3\fR i-nodes 2 & 3"
X.PP
X\fIFsck\fR performs consistency checks on the file systems which reside
Xon the specified devices.
XWhen either the \fB\(ena\fR or \fB\(enr\fR flags are given, the file system
Xwill be repaired if errors are found.
XBefore running \fIfsck\fR on a mounted file system, it must first be unmounted.
XTrying to repair a mounted file system is dangerous and should not be
Xattempted.
X.PP
XTo repair the root file system (which cannot be unmounted), first
Xhit the F1 key to find the pid of the \fI/etc/update\fR process.
XThen become superuser and send \fIupdate\fR signal 9 using \fIkill\fR.
XAfter doing this, hit F1 again to verify that \fI/etc/update\fR has vanished.
XNext run \fIfsck\fR and then immediately reboot
Xthe computer, WITHOUT doing a \fIsync\fR.
X.PP
XThis is the only situation in which you can (in fact, must) reboot without
Xdoing a \fIsync\fR.
XRebooting is needed because \fIfsck\fR repairs the disk but does not affect
Xthe (possibly incorrect) information held in memory.
XDoing a \fIsync\fR would force the (possibly incorrect) information from
Xmemory back onto the disk, thus ruining the work done by \fIfsck\fR.
XBy rebooting immediately, memory is reloaded with correct information from the
Xdisk.
XIt is necessary to kill \fI/etc/update\fR before repairing the root file system
Xto prevent it from issuing \fIsync\fR calls while \fIfsck\fR is running.
XBecause \fI/etc/update\fR only affects mounted file systems (and the root),
Xwhen repairing a nonroot file system, unmounting it is sufficient; it is not
Xnecessary to kill \fI/etc/update\fR.
X
X
X
X.SP 1
/
echo x - gather
sed '/^X/s///' > gather << '/'
X.CD "gather \(en gather up the files in a directory for transmission"
X.SX "gather\fR [\fB\(ens\fR] \fIsource_dir [\fB\(end\fR] dest_dir\fR [\fB\(enb\fR] \fIbytes\fR [\fB\(enf\fR] \fIfile\fR
X.FL "\(enb" "Desired number of bytes per output file"
X.FL "\(end" "Destination directory"
X.FL "\(enf" "Base name of output files"
X.FL "\(ens" "Source directory"
X.EX "gather" "Collect files in current dir into 60K archives"
X.EX "gather \(end dir" "Put the archives in \fIdir\fR
X.EX "gather \(enb 90000" "Try to produce 90K archives"
X.EX "gather \(ens .. \(end targ \(enb 5000" "Try to produce 5K archives"
X.PP
XIt is often useful to collect all the files in a directory into one or
Xmore archives for transmission by mail.  This program collects all the
Xfiles in the source directory (default: current directory) and puts
Xthem into a shar archive.  The shar archive is then compressed and
Xuuencoded.  An attempt is made to have the final \fI.uue\fR file be
Xabout the given size (default: 60K), but since \fIgather\fR cannot really
Xpredict how much \fIshar\fR will add to the file, how much \fIcompress\fR
Xwill reduce the file, and how much \fIuue\fR will add again, the sizes
Xcan fluctuate.  If the \fB\(enf \fIfile\fR flag is given, the archives will
Xbe given the names \fIfile_00.uue\fR, \fIfile_01.uue\fR etc.  If \fB\(enf\fR
Xis not given, the name of the source directory is used as the base name.
XSince 7 characters of suffix are appended, the base name should not exceed
X7 characters.
X
X
X
X.SP -0.5
/
echo x - getlf
sed '/^X/s///' > getlf << '/'
X.CD "getlf \(en wait until a line has been typed"
X.SX "getlf\fR [\fIargument\fR]"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "getlf" "Wait for a line"
X.PP
XIn shell scripts it is sometimes necessary to pause to give the user a
Xchance to perform some action, such as inserting a diskette.
XThis command prints its argument, if any,
Xand then waits until a carriage return has been typed, at which
Xtime it terminates.
XIt is used in
X.I /etc/rc .
X.SP -0.5
X
X
/
echo x - getty
sed '/^X/s///' > getty << '/'
X.CD "getty \(en get terminal line parameters for login"
X.SX "getty\fI line \fR[\fB\(enc \fIfile\fR] [\fB\(enh\fR] [\fB\(enk\fR] [\fB\(ent\fR] [\fIspeed\fR]
X.FL "\(enc" "Use \fIfname\fR as \fIgettydefs\fR file"
X.FL "\(enh" "Do not hang up the phone after reset"
X.FL "\(enk" "Do not use speed selection"
X.FL "\(ent" "Do not time out at \fILogin:\fR prompt"
X.EY "/etc/getty /dev/tty1 1200" "Connect to \fItty1 at 1200 baud\fR"
X.PP
XThe \fIgetty\fR program allows a terminal port to be used for both dialin and
Xdialout. It also detects the speed used, and, if enabled, it sets the
Xvarious line discipline parameters.
XWhen \fIgetty\fR starts up, it searches through the \fI/etc/gettydefs\fR
Xfile until it finds an entry that matches the label as specified in the
X\fIspeed\fR parameter.
XIf no paramater is present, the first entry is used. \fIGetty\fR
Xthen sets up the terminal line according to the initial parameters
Xfield found in \fIgettydefs\fR.
X
X
X
X.SP 1
/
echo x - grep
sed '/^X/s///' > grep << '/'
X.CD "grep \(en search a file for lines containing a given pattern"
X.SX "grep\fR [\fB\(enelnsv\fR] \fIpattern\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..."
X.FL "\(ene" "\fB\(ene \fIpattern\fR is the same as \fIpattern\fP
X.FL "\(enl" "Do not print line numbers"
X.FL "\(enn" "Print line numbers"
X.FL "\(ens" "Status only, no printed output"
X.FL "\(env" "Select lines that do not match"
X.EX "grep mouse file " "Find lines in \fIfile\fP containing \fImouse\fP"
X.EX "grep [0\(en9] file" "Print lines containing a digit"
X.PP
X.I Grep
Xsearches one or more files (by default, \fIstdin\fR) and selects out
Xall the lines that match the pattern.
XAll the regular expressions accepted by
X.I ed
Xand
X.I mined
Xare allowed.
XIn addition, + can be used instead of \(** to mean 1 or more occurrences,
X? can be used to mean 0 or 1 occurrences, and
X| can be used between two regular expressions to mean either
Xone of them.
XParentheses can be used for grouping.
XIf a match is found, exit status 0 is returned.
XIf no match is found, exit status 1 is returned.
XIf an error is detected, exit status 2 is returned.
X
X
X
/
echo x - gres
sed '/^X/s///' > gres << '/'
X.CD "gres \(en grep and substitute"
X.SX "gres\fR [\fB\(eng\fR] \fIpattern \fIstring\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..."
X.FL "\(eng" "Only change the first occurrence per line"
X.EX "gres bug insect" "Replace \fIbug\fP with \fIinsect\fP"
X.EX "gres \*(SQ^[A\(enZ]+$\*(SQ CAPS" "Replace capital-only lines with \fICAPS\fP"
X.PP
X.I Gres
Xis a poor man's
X.I sed .
XIt looks for the same patterns as
X.I grep ,
Xand replaces each one by the given string.
X
X
X
X.SP 1.5
/
echo x - hdclose
sed '/^X/s///' > hdclose << '/'
X.CD "hdclose \(en close hard disk partition [MACINTOSH]"
X.SX "hdclose \fIdevice\fR"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "hdclose /dev/hd3" "Disconnect \fIhd3\fR from its current Macintosh file"
X.PP
X.I Hdclose
Xwill disconnect the current Macintosh file from the given hard disk
Xpartition.  See also \fIhdopen\fR.  You \fBmust\fR unmount the file system
X\fBbefore\fR you close it.
X
X
X
X.SP 1.5
/
echo x - hdopen
sed '/^X/s///' > hdopen << '/'
X.CD "hdopen \(en set correspondence of a HD partition [MACINTOSH]"
X.SX "hdopen \fIvol:dir:file\fR \fIdevice\fR"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "hdopen vol:dir:file /dev/hd3" "Set \fIhd3\fR to Macintosh file \fIfile\fR"
X.PP
X.I Hdopen
Xwill set up a correspondence between the given Macintosh file and
Xa
X.MX
Xhard disk partition.  On the Macintosh,
X.MX
Xhard disk partitions are nothing more than a standard Macintosh file.
XThis program will set the given hard disk partition to the given file.
XIf a file is already associated with that partition, you must first use
X\fIhdclose\fR.
X
X
X
/
echo x - head
sed '/^X/s///' > head << '/'
X.CD "head \(en print the first few lines of a file"
X.SX "head\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..."
X.FL "\(en\fIn\fR" "How many lines to print"
X.EX "head \(en6" "Print first 6 lines of \fIstdin\fR"
X.EX "head \(en1 file1 file2" "Print first line of two files"
X.PP
XThe first few lines of one or more files are printed.
XThe default count is 10 lines.
XThe default file is \fIstdin\fR.
X
X
X
X.SP 1.5
/
echo x - ic
sed '/^X/s///' > ic << '/'
X.CD "ic \(en integer calculator"
X.SX "ic\fR [\fIexpression\fR]"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "ic~~~~" "Start the calculator"
X.EX "ic 250 300+" "Start calculator with 550 on the stack"
X.PP
X\fIIc\fR is a reverse Polish notation calculator that works on 32-bit integers.
XIt starts out by computing the expression given as an argument, if any, and
Xthen expects keyboard input.  As an example, to compute \*(OQ23+5\*(CQ one
Xfirst converts this to reverse Polish, \*(OQ23 5+\*(CQ.
XAfter the calculator starts, type \*(OQ23\*(CQ followed by a carriage return.
XThen type \*(OQ5\*(CQ and another carriage return.
XFinally type \*(OQ+\*(CQ to see the result, 28 displayed on the stack.
XOther operations work the same way.  The calculator can use other radices for
Xinput and output, and has registers that can be stored and loaded.  The \fIh\fR
Xcommand gives the help menu.  See also Chap. 9.
X
X
X
X.SP 0.4
/
echo x - id
sed '/^X/s///' > id << '/'
X.CD "id \(en print the uid and gid"
X.SX "id"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "id" "Print the uid and gid"
X.PP
X\fIId\fR prints the current uid and gid, both numerically and symbolically.
XIf the effective uid and gid are different from the real ones, all of them
Xare printed.
X
X
X
X.SP 0.4
/
echo x - ifdef
sed '/^X/s///' > ifdef << '/'
X.CD "ifdef \(en remove #ifdefs from a file"
X.SX "ifdef \fR[\fB\(ent\fR] [\fB\(end\fIsymbol\fR] [\fB\(enD\fIsymbol\fR] [\fB\(enU\fIsymbol\fR] [\fB\(enI\fIsymbol\fR] [file]"
X.FL "\(enD" "Define symbol permanently"
X.FL "\(enI" "Ignore symbol"
X.FL "\(enU" "Undefine symbol permanently"
X.FL "\(end" "Define symbol. It may be #undef'ed later"
X.FL "\(ent" "Produce a table of the symbols on \fIstdout\fR"
X.EX "ifdef \(enDUNIX file.c >newfile.c" "Define \fIUNIX\fR"
X.EX "ifdef \(enD_MINIX \(enUDOS <x.c >y.c "Define \fI_MINIX\fR, undefine \fIDOS\fR"
X.PP
X\fIIfdef\fR
Xallows conditional code [ #ifdef ... #endif ]
Xto be selectively removed from C files, but at the same time leaving
Xall other C preprocessor commands intact such as #define, #include etc.
XInput to
X.I ifdef
Xis either the file named as the last argument, or \fIstdin\fR if no file
Xis named.
XOutput goes to \fIstdout\fR.
X.PP
XSymbols may be defined with the \fB\(end\fR or \fB\(enD\fR flags just like
X\fIcpp\fR, except that the latter option ignores subsequent \fI#undefs\fR.
XIt is not permitted to give values to symbols.
XSimilarly, \fB\(enU\fR undefines a symbol and ignores subsequent
X\fI#defines\fRs.
XSymbols defined with \fB\(enI\fR are ignored; any \fI#ifdef\fR using an
Xignored symbol will be left intact.
X
X
X
/
echo x - indent
sed '/^X/s///' > indent << '/'
X.CD "indent \(en reformat the layout of a program"
X.SX "indent \fIin_file\fR [\fIout_file\fR] [\fIoptions\fR]
X.FL "\fR(many)"
X.EX "indent \(enbr \(enc25 prog.c " "Indent \fIprog.c\fR
X.EX "indent \(ennpcs prog.c newprog.c" "Put output on \fInewprog.c"
X.PP
X\fIIndent\fR reformats a C program according to a set of options provided.
XMost of the common choices are available.
XThe output file replaces the input file, unless an explicit output file
Xis specified (but a backup is made of the original with suffix \fI.BAK\fR).
XThe options are given in Chap. 9.
X
X
X
/
echo x - inodes
sed '/^X/s///' > inodes << '/'
X.CD "inodes \(en print i-node information"
X.SX "inodes"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "inodes" "Print information about file names typed in"
X.EX "cd /dev; ls | inodes" "Print information about the special files"
X.PP
X\fIInodes\fR expects a list of file names on \fIstdin\fR, one file name
Xper line.
XFor each file named, the file type, mode, uid, gid, checksum, length,
Xand name is printed.
XThe checksum is the same as used by \fIcrc\fR.
XThis program provides a way to see the sizes of the block special
Xfiles in \fI/dev\fR, as shown in the second example above.
X
X
X
/
echo x - kermit
sed '/^X/s///' > kermit << '/'
X.CD "kermit \(en transfer a file using the kermit protocol"
X.SX "kermit"
X.FL "\fR(many)"
X.EY "kermit" "Start kermit"
X.PP
X\fIKermit\fR is a file transfer program, remote connection program, and
Xmuch more.
XEven summarizing it here would be out of the question.
XFor a description of it, see the 379 page book
X\fIKermit: A File Transfer Protocol\fR
Xby Frank da Cruz, Digital Press, 1987, ISBN 0-932376-88-6, and also
XChap. 9.
X
X
X
/
echo x - kill
sed '/^X/s///' > kill << '/'
X.CD "kill \(en send a signal to a process"
X.SX "kill\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR] \fIprocess"
X.FL "\(en\fIn\fR" "Signal number to send"
X.EX "kill 35" "Send signal 15 to process 35"
X.EX "kill \(en9 40" "Send signal 9 to process 40"
X.EX "kill \(en2 0" "Send signal 2 to whole process group"
X.PP
XA signal is sent to a given process.
XBy default signal 15 (SIGTERM) is sent.
XProcess 0 means all the processes in the sender's process group.
X
X
X
/
echo x - last
sed '/^X/s///' > last << '/'
X.CD "last \(en display recent on-line session records"
X.SX "last\fR [\fB\(enf \fIfile\fR]\fR [\fB\(enr\fR] [\fB\(en\fIn\fR] [\fIname\fR] [\fItty\fR] ..."
X.FL "\(enf" "Use \fIfile\fR instead of /usr/adm/wtmp"
X.FL "\(enr" "Search backwards only to last reboot"
X.FL "\(en\fIn\fP" "Print a maximum of \fIn\fR lines"
X.EX "last reboot" "When was the system last rebooted?"
X.EX "last ast" "When was the last login for ast?"
X.EX "last \(en10 tty0 tty1" "Display last 10 logins on tty0 or tty1"
X.PP
X.I Last
XSearches backward through the login administration file (default is
X\fI/usr/adm/wtmp\fR), printing information about previous logins and
Xreboots.
XDuring a long search, the SIGQUIT signal (CTRL-\\) causes \fIlast\fR to
Xdisplay how far back it has gone; it then continues.
X
X
X
/
echo x - leave
sed '/^X/s///' > leave << '/'
X.CD "leave \(en warn when it is time to go home"
X.SX "leave\fR [\fR [\fB+\fR] \fIhh\fR[\fB:\fR]\fImm\fR]"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "leave 1500" "Issue a warning at 2:55 p.m."
X.EX "leave 10:00" "Issue a warning at 9:55 a.m."
X.EX "leave + 30" "Issue a warning in 25 minutes"
X.PP
X\fILeave\fR sets an alarm clock to a specified time and issues a warning
X5 minutes before, 1 minute before, and at the time to leave.
XIt then keeps issuing warnings every minute for 10 minutes, then quits.
XIf no time is provided, the program prompts for one.
X
X
X
X.SP -0.5
/
echo x - libpack
sed '/^X/s///' > libpack << '/'
X.CD "libpack \(en pack an ASCII assembly code file [IBM]"
X.SX "libpack"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "libpack <x.s >y.s" "Pack \fIx.s\fP"
X.PP
XThis program is a filter that reads an ASCII assembly code file from standard
Xinput and writes the corresponding packed file on standard output.
XThe compiler libraries are archives of packed assembly code files.
X.SP -0.5
X
X
X
/
echo x - libupack
sed '/^X/s///' > libupack << '/'
X.CD "libupack \(en convert a packed assembly code file to ASCII [IBM]"
X.SX "libupack"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "libupack <y.s >x.s" "Unpack \fIy.s\fP"
X.PP
XThis program is a filter that reads a packed assembly code file
Xfrom \fIstdin\fR and writes the corresponding ASCII file on standard output.
X
X
X
/
echo x - ln
sed '/^X/s///' > ln << '/'
X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED #############
X.CD "ln \(en create a link to a file"
X.SX "ln [\fB\(enf\fR] \fIfile\fR [\fIname\fR]
X.SX "ln [\fB\(enf\fR] \fIfile\fR ... \fIdir\fR
X.FL "\(enf" "Remove existing links"
X.EX "ln file newname" "Make \fInewname\fP a synonym for \fIfile\fP"
X.EX "ln /usr/games/chess" "Create a link called \fIchess\fP"
X.PP
XA directory entry is created for
X.I name .
XThe entry points to
X.I file .
XHenceforth,
X.I name
Xand
X.I file
Xcan be used interchangeably.
XIf
X.I name
Xis not supplied, the last component of
X.I file
Xis used as the link name.
XIf more than one
X.I file
Xis supplied or the
X.I name
Xrefers to an existing directory, links will be created in that directory.
XAn existing
X.I name
Xwill not be removed unless the \fB\(enf\fR flag is specified.
X
X
X
/
echo x - login
sed '/^X/s///' > login << '/'
X.CD "login \(en log into the computer"
X.SX "login\fR [\fIuser\fR]"
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "login ast" "Login as ast"
X.PP
X\fILogin\fR allows a logged in user to login as someone else without first
Xlogging out.
XIf a password is needed, \fIlogin\fR will prompt for it.
X
X
X
X.SP 1.6
/
echo x - look
sed '/^X/s///' > look << '/'
X.CD "look \(en look up words in dictionary"
X.SX "look\fR [\fB\(enf\fR] \fIprefix\fR[\fB/\fIsuffix\fR]\fR [\fIdictionary\fR]"
X.FL "\(enf" "Fold upper case letters to lower case"
X.EX "look ard" "Print words starting with \fIard\fR"
X.EX "look /bing" "Print words ending with \fIbing\fR"
X.EX "look \(enf f/ar" "Print words starting with \fIf\fR, ending with \fIar\fR"
X.PP
X\fILook\fR takes a prefix and/or suffix and searches \fI/usr/lib/dictionary\fR
Xor the specified dictionary for all words with that match.
XThe words are printed.
XThe \fB\(enf\fR flag causes all upper case letters to be treated as lower
Xcase.
X
X
X
X.SP 1.6
/
echo x - lorder
sed '/^X/s///' > lorder << '/'
X.CD "lorder \(en compute the order for library modules [IBM]"
X.SX "lorder \fIfile ..."
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EY "lorder proc1.s proc2.s" "Give \fIlorder\fR information"
X.PP
X\fILorder\fR accepts a series of packed or unpacked \fI.s\fR files and
Xlibraries, and produces a partial ordering suitable for processing by
X\fItsort\fR.
X
X
X
/
echo x - lpr
sed '/^X/s///' > lpr << '/'
X.CD "lpr \(en copy a file to the line printer"
X.SX "lpr\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..."
X.FL "\fR(none)"
X.EX "lpr file &" "Print \fIfile\fP on the line printer"
X.EX "pr file | lpr &" "Print \fIstdin\fR (\fIpr\fR's output)"
X.PP
XEach argument is interpreted as a file to be printed.
X.I Lpr
Xcopies each file to
X.I /dev/lp ,
Xwithout spooling.
XIt inserts carriage returns and expands tabs.
XOnly one
X.I lpr
Xat a time may be running.
X
X
X
X.SP 1
/
echo x - ls
sed '/^X/s///' > ls << '/'
X.CD "ls \(en list the contents of a directory"
X.SX "ls\fR [\fB\(enabcdfgilmnopqrstux01ACFLRS\fR]\fR [\fIname\fR] ...
X.FL "\(enA" "All entries are listed, except \fI.\fR and \fI..\fR"
X.FL "\(enC" "Multicolumn listing with entries sorted down the page"
X.FL "\(enF" "Put /, | and * after directories, fifos and executables"
X.FL "\(enL" "Print information about symbolic links"
X.FL "\(enR" "Recursively list subdirectories"
X.FL "\(enS" "Squeeze column widths in multicolumn listings"
X.FL "\(ena" "List all entries including those starting with \fI.\fR"
X.FL "\(enb" "Print non-graphic characters in octal \\ddd notation"
X.FL "\(enc" "Use the status change time instead of modification time"
X.FL "\(end" "Do not list contents of directories"
X.FL "\(enf" "List argument as unsorted directory"
X.FL "\(eng" "As for \(enl, but print the group only"
X.FL "\(eni" "I-node number printed in first column"
X.FL "\(enl" "Long listing: mode, links, owner, group, size and time"
X.FL "\(enm" "Stream output format"
X.FL "\(enn" "As for \(enl, but print numeric uid and gid"
X.FL "\(eno" "As for \(enl, but print the owner only"
X.FL "\(enp" "Put / after directory names"
X.FL "\(enq" "Print ? in place of non-graphic characters"
X.FL "\(enr" "Reverse the sort order"
X.FL "\(ens" "Print the size in 512 byte units"
X.FL "\(ent" "Sort by time, latest first"
X.FL "\(enu" "Use last usage time instead of modification time"
X.FL "\(enx" "Multicolumn listing with entries sorted across the page"
X.FL "\(en0" "Reset all options"
X.FL "\(en1" "Print one entry per line (default)"
X.EX "ls \(enl~~" "List files in working directory"
X.EX "ls \(enlis" "List with i-nodes and sizes"
XFor each file argument, list it.
XFor each directory argument, list its contents, unless \fB\(end\fR is present.
XWhen no argument is present, the working directory is listed.
/