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- Newsgroups: alt.sci.physics.new-theories
- Path: sparky!uunet!seas.smu.edu!mustafa
- From: mustafa@seas.smu.edu (Mustafa Kocaturk)
- Subject: Re: The Theories are Full of Holes
- Message-ID: <1992Dec23.201040.8769@seas.smu.edu>
- Summary: Electron holes exist in semiconductors
- Keywords: electrons, holes, resistance, superconductors
- Sender: news@seas.smu.edu (USENET News System)
- Nntp-Posting-Host: turbo_f.seas.smu.edu
- Cc: mustafa
- Organization: SMU - School of Engineering & Applied Science - Dallas
- References: <BzK6I4.CuM@csn.org>
- Date: Wed, 23 Dec 1992 20:10:40 GMT
- Lines: 128
-
- In article <BzK6I4.CuM@csn.org> et@teal.csn.org (Eric H. Taylor) writes:
- > THE THEORIES ARE FULL OF HOLES
- > or
- > IS RESISTIVE HEATING A GAS EFFECT?
- >
- >It is common knowledge that an electric current thru a resistor causes heating.
- >But why?
- >Consider: most currents are cause by increased pressure. Normally, we cause
- >a current by "pushing" the electrons thru a conductor. Since electrons are
- >a gas, like with any gas, as pressure is increased, so does temperature
- >increase. The usual explanation of resistive heating is that collisions
- >of electrons with nuclei increases the temperature due to friction. I claim
- >instead that the temperature rise is due to increasing the pressure of the
- >electron gas, and the conductor is heated via a thermal heat transfer.
-
- Would this line of reasoning not entail that a charged capacitor
- should be hotter than a resistor that is used to discharge it ? :-)
-
- >
- >This concept gets very interesting when you consider the effect of running
- >an electron hole current thru a conductor. An electron hole is the
- >absence (instead of presence) of an electron. The electrical properties of
- >a hole are identical to electrons, except that they "move" positive charge
- >instead of negative charge. Realizing that a hole current would represent
- >a decreased pressure, the temperature of the electrons would decrease.
- >Again, as thermal transfer, the temperature of the conductor would also
- >decrease.
-
- Holes have an equivalent mass and momentum. In their interactions with
- the crystal lattice, their momenta can be partly transferred
- to the crystal lattice, giving off energy in the form of heat
- (indirect semiconductors as in ordinary diodes), or they can transfer
- all their momenta to the lattice structure in one shot, with photons
- being released (direct semiconductors as in light-emitting diodes).
- It would be too bold to assert that no heat is generated
- in practical LED's, that would mean that 100% of the energy, VxI,
- of an LED is converted to light. The actual quantum efficiency
- of an LED is much less.
-
- I would prefer not to speak about holes in metals,
- but about an electron gas, since metals have no energy gap.
-
- The pressure analogy for resistive heat is more appropriate in an
- electrostatic context rather than an electrodynamic one, and it is
- far from being semantically sound. Forcing
- current through a conductor is work done against friction.
- Injecting holes in the same direction as electrons would
- tend to reduce the current, thus reducing the heat dissipated in
- the resistor. Injecting holes opposite the flow of electrons
- would assist the total current. The total charge in the conductor
- cannot rise beyond CxV, therefore, in the long run, as many
- electrons are removed from the conductor as are pumped into it.
-
- A temperature drop would occur in an electronic heat pump using
- thermocouples or semiconductor junctions. Still, that would require
- spending extra energy somewhere else such that the total entropy
- of the system is not reduced.
-
- >So the primary questions are how should we modify the basic electrical
- >calculations of voltage and resistive effects under conditions of large
- >hole currents?
-
- There is no need for such a modification, because a hole current is
- mainly an equivalent flow of valence electrons in the opposite
- direction. This means that the electrons will still be in motion,
- exchanging energy with the crystal lattice, but at a different
- quantum band of levels.
-
- >
- >For example, heat transfer is given as I^2*R. Should this be rewritten
- >to be (In - Ip)^2*R? [Where In is the electron current, and Ip is the
- >hole current] Would the total current be |In| + |Ip|? If a large hole
- >current was run thru an incandescent light bulb, how would the spectrum
- >change?
-
- In an incandescent lamp, the charge carriers are electrons (or positrons,
- in an anti-matter world). What sense does it make to speak of
- holes or anti-holes in metals, when everybody knows that in a *metal*
- at that temperature, no energy gap exists between the valence band
- nd the conduction band of electron quantum states? The term "hole"
- attains most of its significance in the study of semiconductors,
- which have a nonzero energy gap.
-
- >
- >Can you design electrical circuits that would amplify holes preferentially
- >over electrons? Or how about a circuit that discriminates (and separates)
- >hole currents from electron currents? In other words, how would you design
- >an experiment to test the above equation (In - Ip)^2*R?
- >
-
- This equation can be tested inside semiconductors. Actually,
- In and Ip are proportional to their respective charge carrier
- densities and mobilities, and by convention, we add them rather
- than subtract, that is, the total current I=Ip+In, and
- this does not contradict the fact that the *particle* flow of
- electrons is opposite the electric field vector, whereas that of
- holes is in the same direction with it.
-
- As to amplifying currents of one kind only, it is done by selecting
- the type of semiconductor to use as the amplifying device. In an
- NMOS enhancement FET, for example, electrons are amplified, whereas,
- in a PMOS enhancement FET, holes are.
-
- The impact of this choice on the final result
- is in terms of speed, power, fan-out, and technical complexity.
- Rarely do we need to know what type of carrier is amplified
- when we are using a computer that consists mainly of CMOS LSI's.
-
- >High temperature superconductors are ceramic semi-conductors at normal
- >temperatures. Does anyone have data on electron and hole mobilities in
- >various high temperature superconductors, both at room temperature, and
- >at superconductive temperatures?
- >
- >----
- > ET "A Force of Nature"
- >----
-
- I, too, am interested in the quantum electrodynamics of superconductors.
-
- Yours respectfully,
-
- Mustafa
-
- --
- Mustafa Kocaturk mustafa@seas.smu.edu EE Dept., Room 305A, Caruth Bldg.
- Home: 214-706-5954 Office: 214-768-1475 SMU Box 753190, Dallas, TX 75275
- (-: No wonder why high-voltage lines are said to be "hot" :-)
-
-