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- Xref: sparky alt.sci.physics.new-theories:2588 sci.physics:21604
- Newsgroups: alt.sci.physics.new-theories,sci.physics
- Path: sparky!uunet!think.com!enterpoop.mit.edu!galois!riesz!jbaez
- From: jbaez@riesz.mit.edu (John C. Baez)
- Subject: Re: The Theories are Full of Holes
- Message-ID: <1992Dec20.195242.26459@galois.mit.edu>
- Summary: No more.
- Keywords: electrons, holes, anti-matter, positrons
- Sender: news@galois.mit.edu
- Nntp-Posting-Host: riesz
- Organization: MIT Department of Mathematics, Cambridge, MA
- References: <BzK695.CL5@csn.org>
- Date: Sun, 20 Dec 92 19:52:42 GMT
- Lines: 42
-
- In article <BzK695.CL5@csn.org> et@teal.csn.org (Eric H. Taylor) writes:
- >
- > THE THEORIES ARE FULL OF HOLES
- > or
- > ARE HOLES VIRTUAL PARTICLES, OR ARE THEY REAL?
- >
- >In reviewing Dirac's theory, I have realized several fundamental questions.
- >Basically, I always thought that there was matter and there was anti-matter.
- >The question of what "electron holes" are is something that I am now asking.
- >
- >According to Dirac, there are four states of entity:
- >
- >1. Occupied state of positive energy (eg, electron, charge -)
- >2. Unoccupied state of positive energy (eg, electron hole, charge +)
- >3. Occupied state of negative energy (eg, positron, charge +)
- >4. Unoccupied state of negative energy (eg, positron hole, charge -)
-
- This approach to quantum field theory, while historically important, is
- no longer taken seriously by experts. (Note the last 2 words. Lots of
- people read the first chapter or two of a book on quantum field theory
- and come away thinking that hole theory is still accepted.)
-
- You were right. There is matter and antimatter. No holes. The
- explanation for what Dirac did wrong is rather technical; mathematically
- speaking, he chose the wrong complex structure for the Hilbert space of
- solutions of the Dirac equation, so the Hamiltonian (energy) was
- unbounded below, and then to wriggle out of the problem he postulated
- that all these negative-energy states were filled in the vacuum state.
- These days, people who are sharp realize that there is another complex
- structure on the Hilbert space of solutions, such that the Hamiltonian
- *is* bounded below. People who are slightly less sharp (the vast
- majority of field theorists) resort to a seemingly ad hoc trick of
- switching around creation and annihilation operators. It amounts to the
- same thing. No holes, just electrons and positrons.
-
- Holes in solid state physics are different. They really exist, or more
- precisely, they are still accepted as a good way of thinking about
- things.
-
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