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- From: e_p@unlinfo.unl.edu (edgar pearlstein)
- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Subject: >Acoustics Problem for Swimmers: EXPLANATION
- Date: 12 Dec 1992 19:21:25 GMT
- Organization: University of Nebraska--Lincoln
- Lines: 66
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-
- A few days ago I posted the following:
-
-
- > AN ACOUSTICS PROBLEM FOR SWIMMERS
- > When under water in a swimming pool one hears general noise - a
- > hissing sound, something like white noise. I assume that this is due
- > to splashing and circulating water, as well as noise entering the water
- > from the air above. A pool has very hard walls and bottom, so one
- > might expect a fairly uniform distribution of the sound.
- > Now here's the problem: I have noticed that when my head is only
- > a little below the surface, the hiss has a higher average pitch than
- > when it is farther down. Why is this?
- > I think I know the answer, but I won't announce it yet.
-
- Here is the explanation that I favor:
- First consider standing waves within the water, in the ideal
- case of nobody in the pool and the surface perfectly still. The
- wave pattern, for any frequency of sound that happens to be
- present in the water, will have pressure ANTINODES at the bottom
- and sides, but pressure NODES where the water meets air. This
- latter is because the speed of sound in water is much greater -
- about a factor of 4.2 - than in air. (Note that the ear responds
- to pressure, not displacement.) How deep does the node go?
- Well, a quarter-wavelength below the surface there will be a
- pressure ANTInode, for waves travelling perpendicular to the
- surface.
- Now let's put a swimmer in the water. For sufficiently long
- wavelengths, the pattern will be pretty much as described in the
- paragraph above. But for those frequencies whose wavelength is
- smaller than, say, a few feet, the swimmer's body will greatly
- change the standing wave pattern. Also, ripples on the surface
- will randomize things for wavelengths smaller than, say, four
- times the ripple amplitude.
- Thus we see that for high frequencies (short wavelength),
- the standing wave pattern will be essentially random, while for
- low frequencies there will be a pressure node close to the
- surface. So, since all frequencies are present in the noise,
- the amount of high frequency sound perceived will be pretty much
- independent of depth, while the amount of low frequency sound
- will decrease as the ear gets close to the surface (pressure
- antinode for low frequencies). So the apparent pitch will rise
- as the ear gets closer to the surface.
- It remains to discuss what we mean by "high" and "low"
- frequencies. From the considerations of the second paragraph, it
- appears that we mean wavelengths that are small and large
- compared with a few feet. In water, a wavelength of four feet
- corresponds to a frequency of about 1200 Hz.
- ---------------------------------
- A few people suggested an explanation in terms of how one's
- hearing is affected by the pressure of water, since as one goes
- deeper, the pressure is greater. For persons whose eustachian
- tubes get blocked easily, there might be something to this,
- although I doubt that it would explain the magnitude of the
- effect.
- For someone who has both the ambition and the equipment, I
- can suggest an experiment to settle the question of whether the
- effect is objective or subjective: Use an underwater microphone,
- connected to an amplifier and earphones above water. Then listen
- on the earphones as the mike's depth is varied. To be fancier,
- one could even Fourier analyze the signal from the mike.
-
- Edgar Pearlstein, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
-
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-