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- Newsgroups: sci.math
- Path: sparky!uunet!stanford.edu!CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU!Sunburn.Stanford.EDU!pratt
- From: pratt@Sunburn.Stanford.EDU (Vaughan R. Pratt)
- Subject: Re: Pi in beatiful form --lost
- Message-ID: <1992Dec16.201741.24270@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU>
- Sender: news@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU
- Organization: Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
- References: <BzBt9q.2HM@unccsun.uncc.edu> <1gmvieINN7al@aludra.usc.edu>
- Date: Wed, 16 Dec 1992 20:17:41 GMT
- Lines: 58
-
- In article <1gmvieINN7al@aludra.usc.edu> rmurphy@aludra.usc.edu (Bob Murphy) writes:
- >There are many other beautiful formulas involving pi.
- >Here are a few of them.
- >
- >pi/4 = 1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + ...
- >
- >(pi - 3)/4 = 1/(2*3*4) + 1/(4*5*6) + 1/(6*7*8) + ...
- >
- >4/pi = 1 + 1^2
- > ------------------------------
- > 2 + 3^2
- > -------------------------
- > 2 + 5^2
- > --------------------
- > 2 + 7^2
- > ---------------
- > 2 + 9^2
- > ----------
- > 2 + ...
- >
- >and I guess I should include Euler's:
- >
- >(pi^2)/6 = 1 + 1/(2^2) + 1/(3^2) + 1/(4^2) + 1/(5^2) + ...
-
- And then there is the oldest formula, Vieta's product from 1593:
-
- 2/pi = sqrt(1/2) * sqrt((1+sqrt(1/2))/2) * ...
-
- where each succeeding factor is the square root of the arithmetic mean
- of 1 and the preceding factor.
-
- Vieta's product is just the arithmetic behind Archimedes' computation
- of progressivey better lower bounds on pi, but starting from a square
- instead of the hexagon Archimedes started with. The product of the
- first n factors in Vieta's expression yields square-Archimedes' n-th
- lower bound as obtained by using the perimeter of the 2^{n+1}-gon to
- estimate the circumference of the circumscribed circle.
-
- Now square-Archimedes also obtains a matching series of upper bounds
- on pi by using the perimeter of the 2^{n+1}-gon to estimate the
- circumference of the *inscribed* circle.
-
- ## When the sqrt operation is dropped from the n-th factor of Vieta's
- ## product, the product of those first n factors yields Archimedes' n-th
- ## upper bound.
-
- My post of Oct. 16 about old methods of computing pi included a proof
- of this fact. I have not seen this connection with Archimedes' upper
- bounds pointed out elsewhere, so if anyone knows of a prior source I
- would very much appreciate hearing about it.
-
- I should also make the connection here with my post of a few days back
- showing that the "average" value of pi for the square is within .1% of
- that for the circle. The square of course corresponds to stopping
- Vieta's product at n=1, and gives 2 sqrt(2) and 4 as respectively lower
- and upper bounds on pi.
- --
- Vaughan Pratt There's safety in certain numbers.
-