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- From: alanm@hpindda.cup.hp.com (Alan McGowen)
- Date: Thu, 17 Dec 1992 19:34:26 GMT
- Subject: An impact proportional to P, not dP/dt
- Message-ID: <149180184@hpindda.cup.hp.com>
- Organization: HP Information Networks, Cupertino, CA
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- Newsgroups: sci.environment
- Lines: 61
-
-
- An example of impact proportional to P rather than dP/dt
-
-
- For some time now there has been a "debate" going on in sci.environment
- as to whether human impacts on the environment are proportional to
- population size, or to change in population size.
-
- In ECO CENTRAL 24, I discussed the loss of polymorphism in a population
- resulting from genetic drift, and showed that the condition for
- stability of a population against this loss is
-
- Ne >> 1/u = 10^5 to 10^6 for typical eukaryotes
-
- where u is mutation rate per locus per gamete per generation and Ne is
- effective population size. This estimate excludes the effects of natural
- selection, but natural selection can only *reduce* genetic diversity, never
- increase it. Loss of polymorphism at a locus means that fewer gene variants
- (often only one, in which case the locus is called "fixed") occur at that
- locus in the population. This in turn means that that locus can no longer
- contribute to adaptation in that population, since adaptation arises from
- shifts in frequencies of gene variants. Thus drift reduces adaptive potential.
-
- Many ecosystems appear to be packed to capacity with species, i.e. there is
- no competitive "room" (on average) for additional species, except when room
- is created through extinctions. There are many lines of observation,
- experiment, and theory which lead to this idea, which is sometimes called
- the Red Queen Hypothesis -- the idea that most evolution is just "treading
- water", competitively speaking -- just hanging on to the share of the resource
- pie (the niche) that a species already has, in the face of competition.
-
- Where this is true, one consequence of it is that on average species exist in
- total numbers that are just sufficient to maintain themselves against such
- extinction factors as loss of adaptive potential due to drift. Many species
- have (or once had) numbers that are just in the right range for this (a fact
- which supports the Red Queen Hypothesis, but does not depend on it.)
-
- But those numbers resulted from the ranges which those species once had.
- Human development has reduced the ranges of many, many species to well below
- those which they once held -- and consequently their populations are now
- well below the sizes needed to avert loss of genetic diversity to drift (and
- often well below that needed for protection against more immediate extinction
- factors).
-
- That loss is an *ongoing* impact on the environment, resulting simply from
- the *existing* converted habitat area, which is in use for the *existing*
- human population P. Even if we had dP/dt = 0, this impact would continue
- to take its toll. Its effect is to elevate extinction rates in the future.
-
-
-
- Recommended reading:
-
- Futuyma, Douglas _Evolutionary Biology_, Sinauer
-
- Nitecki, Matthew ed. _Coevolution_, University of Chicago
-
- Soule, Micheal ed. _Conservation Biology_, Sinauer
-
- ------------
- Alan McGowen
-