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- Path: sparky!uunet!olivea!sgigate!sgi!cdp!alanm
- From: alanm@igc.apc.org (Alan McGowen)
- Newsgroups: sci.environment
- Subject: Re: The Return of Nasty, Brutish and Sh
- Message-ID: <1466601977@igc.apc.org>
- Date: 12 Dec 92 20:34:00 GMT
- References: <149180148@hpindda.cup.hp.com>
- Sender: Notesfile to Usenet Gateway <notes@igc.apc.org>
- Lines: 67
- Nf-ID: #R:hpindda.cup.hp.com:149180148:cdp:1466601977:000:3397
- Nf-From: cdp.UUCP!alanm Dec 12 12:34:00 1992
-
-
- Though I have been unable to find Sigurdsson's quote in _Cultural
- Anthropology_ Daniel G. Bates and Fred Plog, third edition 1990
- McGraw-Hill, they say the following:
-
- "One of the reasons anthropologists find hunter-gatherers
- especially fascinating is that these people show us how humans can
- live on a low energy budget. A *low energy budget is an adaptive
- strategy by which a minimum of energy is used to extract sufficient
- resources from the environment for survival...
-
- "In general, the primary source of energy that hunter-gatherers
- expend in food procurement is that contained in their own
- muscles. While they may expend energy in building shelters, their
- energy is not diverted into the construction of a complicated
- infrastructure of food procurement -- cleared fields, irrigation
- systems, or fuel-burning machines. As a result, hunter-gatherers
- spend much less energy to support a single unit of population
- than do other peoples. And since they generally support
- themselves rather well -- in terms of nutrition, leisure time,
- and general physical well-being -- their system must be regarded
- as remarkably efficient.
-
- "They are efficient, too, in preserving their resource bases.
- Because of their low expenditure of energy and because they tend
- to exploit a wide variety of foods, they place relatively limited
- demands on any one of their resources. At the same time, their
- way of life seems to limit their population growth; their numbers
- tend to remain proportionate to those of the animal and plant
- species on which they depend. The combined result of this
- adaptive strategy -- low energy needs, a wide resource base,
- controlled population -- is that hunter-gatherers interfere
- relatively little with other components of their ecosystems...
- Accordingly, their ecosystems appear to be in relative
- equilibrium and their resource bases remain unthreatened, at
- least in comparison with those of other economic systems."
-
- [Pp 99 - 100]
-
- But this book -- though it shows the recent influence of ecology
- and evolutionary biology on anthropology -- is not about human
- populations. The *fact* that hunter-gatherer populations are
- typically at long-term equilibrium with the environment (like
- other animal populations) is mentioned, but the causes are not
- probed. Whether this arises purely from ecological limitations,
- as some argue, primarily from cultural adaptation, as others
- argue, or from a combination of the two is still in dispute. I
- would also like to offer the suggestion that this mode of life
- persisted long enough that feedbacks of cultural adaptation onto
- biological adaptation cannot be ruled out. While in general it is
- quite difficult for an animal to evolve mechanisms to restrain
- its own population growth except by strong coevolution, most of
- the reasons for the difficulty may not apply to a species
- evolving in small demes capable of transferring *acquired* traits
- rapidly.
-
- In my opinion, one of the most exciting areas of population
- biology is the attempt to combine neoclassical evolutionary
- theory based on population genetics with cultural inheritance.
- I suspect that many surprises about ourselves will emerge from
- this. For more about this very new field, see Robert Boyd and
- Peter J. Richerson _Culture and the Evolutionary Process_,
- University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1985.
-
-
- -------------
- Alan McGowen
-