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- From: hagerman@ece.cmu.edu (John Hagerman)
- Subject: Electric Power Transmission (was: History of AC vs DC Power)
- Message-ID: <HAGERMAN.92Nov19122352@rx7.ece.cmu.edu>
- Sender: news@fs7.ece.cmu.edu (USENET News System)
- Organization: Carnegie Mellon University
- References: <1992Nov11.154425.8399@speedy.aero.org>
- Date: Thu, 19 Nov 1992 17:23:52 GMT
- Lines: 94
-
- In <1992Nov11.154425.8399@speedy.aero.org> steve@pepe.aero.org (Steve Sedlacek) writes:
-
- >A question came up at lunch yesterday: Why is our power system
- >completely AC? What are the historical and physical factors which
- >led to the present power grid? I beleive there are some DC high
- >power transmission lines in Europe.... Again, what is the HISTORY
- >and WHY should power transmission be AC (I assume it is more than
- >just transformers to step voltage up and down being easy for AC).
-
- Here are some excerpts from the Academic American Encyclopedia which
- shed some light on these and related questions. I have not included
- the whole article (1) to save bandwidth, (2) to respect copyrights,
- and (3) to entice you into a further look at your local encyclopedia.
-
- ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
-
- ...
-
- Overhead Transmission Lines
-
- Many of the first high-voltage transmission lines in the United
- States were built principally to transmit electrical energy
- from hydroelectric plants to distant industrial locations and
- population centers. High-voltage transmission lines were
- originally designed to permit the construction of large
- generating units and central stations on attractive, remote
- sites close to fuel sources and supplies of cooling water.
- Today, however, they connect different power networks in order
- to achieve greater economy by exchanges of low-cost power, to
- achieve savings in reserve generating capacity, to improve the
- reliability of the system, and to take advantage of diversity
- in the peak loads of different systems and thereby reduce
- operating costs.
-
- ... Before World War II the highest-voltage lines in the
- United States were 230 kV, with the exception of one 287-kV
- line from Boulder Dam to Los Angeles. In the early 1950s
- several 345-kV lines were constructed. By 1964 the first
- 500-kV lines in the United States were being completed, and in
- 1969 the first 765-kV line was put into service. All of these
- involved AC systems.
-
- In 1970 a 1,380-km (856-mi), 800-kV direct-current (DC) line
- was placed in commercial service to connect northwestern U.S.
- hydroelectric sources with the Los Angeles area. Such systems
- ... avoid stability problems sometimes encountered by AC
- systems; DC systems are sometimes used to connect AC systems
- even over short transmission distances.
-
- Underground Transmission Cables
-
- ...
-
- One significant problem with underground AC circuits is the
- continuous flow of charging current between the energized
- conductors and the metallic cable sheaths. Unless expensive
- compensation devices are used, this charging current can
- utilize the entire current-carrying capacity of the cable
- within a few miles of circuit and introduce other operating
- problems as well. Although these problems do not occur with DC
- cable systems, DC transmission involves the additional cost of
- converters.
-
- ... The most extensive extra-high-voltage (EHV) underground
- cable system at present is the 345 kV network that supplies
- the New York City area.
-
- The Federal Power Commission reported 760,378 circuit km
- (472,477 mi) of transmission line at voltages of 69 kV and
- above in service in the United States at the end of June 1976,
- and 4,580 circuit km (2,846 mi) of underground transmission
- cables.
-
- ...
-
- GROWTH OF ELECTRIC ENERGY PRODUCTION IN
- THE UNITED STATES
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
- Year Electric Energy Production Per Capita (kW h)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
- 1920 540
- 1930 940
- 1940 1,380
- 1950 2,582
- 1960 4,716
- 1970 7,950
- 1980 10,245
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
- SOURCES: 1970 National Power Survey, Federal Power Commission,
- Washington, D.C.; The World Factbook-1982.
-
- - John
- --
- hagerman@ece.cmu.edu
-