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- Newsgroups: sci.astro
- Path: sparky!uunet!gumby!destroyer!cs.ubc.ca!newsserver.sfu.ca!news
- From: palmer@sfu.ca (Leigh Palmer)
- Subject: Re: Distance of horizon
- Message-ID: <1992Nov19.181159.25667@sfu.ca>
- Sender: news@sfu.ca
- Organization: Simon Fraser University
- References: <lglhj3INNb0c@appserv.Eng.Sun.COM> <1992Nov19.021430.13833@sfu.ca> <ETHANB.92Nov19004023@ptolemy.astro.washington.edu>
- Date: Thu, 19 Nov 1992 18:11:59 GMT
- Lines: 69
-
- In article <ETHANB.92Nov19004023@ptolemy.astro.washington.edu>
- ethanb@ptolemy.astro.washington.edu (Ethan Bradford) writes:
- >In article <1992Nov19.021430.13833@sfu.ca> palmer@sfu.ca (Leigh Palmer)
- writes:
- >
- > In article <lglhj3INNb0c@appserv.Eng.Sun.COM>
- fiddler@concertina.Eng.Sun.COM
- > (steve hix) writes:
- > >Anyone have handy a function for figuring the distance of the
- > >horizon from a viewer based on the viewer's height from the
- > >surface?
- > -1
- > Try d = R arccos ( 1 + h/R )
- >
- > d = horizon distance
- > h = height above MSL (assuming horizon is at sea level)
- > R = radius of Earth
- >
- >This is a complicated approximation to a simple function. The exact
- >answer is
- > d = sqrt(h^2 + 2 R h) \approx sqrt(2 R h)
-
- I acknowledge that the solution I posted,
-
- -1
- d = R arccos ( 1 + h/R )
-
- is a model solution. It is not an approximation nor is it complicated.
-
- My solution holds exactly for a spherical Earth with no atmosphere, the best I
- could do under the constraint of a five minute calculation, all I had at the
- time to help the questioner out. I╒m sure he had no expectation that he would
- get a topographically correct solution parametrized with barometric inputs; he
- just wants a formula his kids can use (and plot, presumably). The one I gave
- him is easily evaluated with a hand calculator in the form given, with the
- provision that the calculator be in radian mode, of course. (If his kids leave
- the calculator in degree mode they will learn a valuable lesson by example.) I
- intentionally wrote the expression as I did rather than in the slightly more
- elegant form:
-
- d = R arcsec ( 1 + h/R )
-
- so that it could be put on a calculator simply. I understand from a colleague
- that the arcsecant is a function with doctrinal problems, by the way. I have a
- vague recollection form my now distant youth that there was a function called
- the "versine" which could also have been used here. Anyone here old enough to
- remember that?
-
- >Leigh Palmer also writes:
- > I tried to find a series expansion for arccos ( 1 + z ) in my
- > tables, but there ain't one there. I think I see how to figure one
- > out, but I've got to go home now.
- >
- >You won't be able to figure one out; there isn't one. The derivative
- >of arccos(1+z) is infinite at z=0. You will note that the exact form
- >doesn't have a Taylor expansion either.
-
- Despite to your claim that there is no way to expand this, I have done so, and
- the approximate solution I get, to first order in h/R, is
-
- d = SQRT(2Rh) x ( 1 - h/2R ), h << R
-
- The solution you propose as exact is correct for the distance from the observer
- to the horizon measured along the line of sight. The usual meaning of horizon
- distance is the distance, measured along Earth's surface, between the
- observer's geographical coordinates and the horizon.
-
- Leigh
-
-