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- From: wwebster@bnr.ca (Bill Webster)
- Subject: Re: Question About Speed Controls.
- Message-ID: <wwebster-231192170539@47.220.4.71>
- Followup-To: rec.models.rc
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- Organization: Bell Northern Research
- References: <92325.123603IO10046@MAINE.MAINE.EDU>
- Date: Mon, 23 Nov 1992 23:40:29 GMT
- Lines: 94
-
- In article <92325.123603IO10046@MAINE.MAINE.EDU>, <IO10046@MAINE.MAINE.EDU>
- wrote:
- >
- > I have a question about the operation of speed controllers.
- > What is ment by high frequency speed controls? I known that they
- > are supossed to be better for the motor and its brushes but why?
- > Does it reduce brush arching? What does the output of a controller
- > look like? Maybe:
- >
- > ---- ---- ---- 7.2V
- > | | | | | |
- > | | | | | |
- > ---- ---- ---- --- 0.0V
- >
- > What is the frequency? In the KHz?
- >
- >
- > Aaron Brasslett
- > University of Maine
-
- I just got e-mail access and don't know how far this reply will get.
-
- I couldn't help but notice the _quality_ reply which was posted earlier.
- So, here's an attempt to better answer your questions.
-
- The older ESC's (before high-freqency hype) pulsed current thru the motor
- at the same frame rate as the radio receiver signal. This works out to
- 20ms
- or 50Hz. The duty cycle of the 20Hz current was varied in proportion to
- the
- received signal from the receiver, and this gave you proportional control
- over the forward speed. Newer ESC's which claim to be high-frequency,
- pulse
- the current thru the motor at a frequency greater than 20Hz. In the case
- of Tekin and Novak, this frequency is between 2300-2500Hz. Other speed
- control manufacturers use frequencies much higher with better overall
- results.
- The higher frequencies I've seen are 5800Hz, 11,000Hz and 21000Hz.
-
- The higher frequency provides many benefits. The ESC MOSFETs run cooler
- since they are switched on/off rapidly. This allows the MOSFET to operate
- in its most efficient operating region. When a MOSFET is fully turned on,
- it is at its lowest resistance state. But, if left on too long, it begins
- to
- heat up and becomes less efficient. The ESC also responds better to the
- signal from the receiver as it's more linear in design. If you hold the
- motor
- in your hand and use an older _frame-rate_ controller, you'll notice how
- jerky the motor feels. Do the same experiment with a _high-rate_
- controller
- and you'll notice how smoothly the motor responds.
-
- Is the high-rate controller _better_ for your motor? This depends on how
- long you want it to last. The instantaneous power is quite high and this
- does strain the motor windings/brushes/armature and inevitably the bearing
- surfaces. This type of high rate controller was used many years ago in
- model trains. But, since it kept burning out the train motors, it wasn't
- very popular. Yes, you can say that todays RC car motors are designed to
- take the high currents. But, eventually something has to give. And as I
- see it, if you want to be competitive in any sport, you have to push the
- limits.
-
- Does it reduce arcing? Yes. But not for the reasons you'd expect. The
- high-rate ESC manufacturers found they had to put a fast diode across the
- motor in order to contain the newly generated high frequency noise. This
- fast diode should have been incorporated into the older frame-rate ESC's,
- but the manufacturers were too cheap. They relied on the inherent body
- diode
- of the MOSFET used for the brake. I don't expect you to understand all
- this,
- but there will be some out there who will. Also, this fast diode was
- necessary to protect the MOSFETs from the huge negative voltage pulse
- created when the forward MOSFETs are switched off. This same protection
- is also necessary when the brushes cross the armature gap. One last factor
- which helped reduce arcing is what I call the hit ratio. If the ESC is
- pulsing current thru the motor, there will be times when the current is
- switched off just as the brush is crossing the gap. If there's no current,
- there's no arc. So, the higher the ESC frequency, the fewer arc hits. By
- reducing the arcing, you reduce brush wear and armature damage.
-
- As a sidebar, there are _no_ manufacturers of high-rate ESC's designed
- with the chips from a servo. All high-rate speed controls use custom
- designed
- integrated circuits except Jomar speed controls. Jomar had high-rate ESC's
- in the mid 70's and it took nearly 15 years for the RC car industry to
- catch up.
- Jomar uses off-the-shelf components, none of which come from a servo. The
- manufacturers using custom IC's I've seen are Tekin, Novak, JEM, SCI, Zeta,
- Victor, Corally. There's lots to choose from.
-
- Hope this has shed some light on the topic.
-
-
- Bill Webster (WWEBSTER@BNR.CA)
-