home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Newsgroups: comp.speech
- Path: sparky!uunet!charon.amdahl.com!pacbell.com!iggy.GW.Vitalink.COM!cs.widener.edu!eff!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!usc!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!usenet.ins.cwru.edu!agate!apple!mumbo.apple.com!gallant.apple.com!minow.apple.com!user
- From: minow@apple.com (Martin Minow)
- Subject: Re: information about DECtalk
- Sender: news@gallant.apple.com
- Message-ID: <minow-171192170923@minow.apple.com>
- Date: Wed, 18 Nov 1992 01:26:51 GMT
- References: <ulrike.721401334@gmd.de> <minow-101192102931@minow.apple.com> <13566@ecs.soton.ac.uk>
- Organization: Macintosh Developer Services
- Followup-To: comp.speech
- Lines: 49
-
- In article <13566@ecs.soton.ac.uk>, rid@ecs.soton.ac.uk (Bob Damper) wrote:
- >
- > In <minow-101192102931@minow.apple.com> minow@apple.com (Martin Minow) writes:
- >
- > >-- The letter-to-phoneme rules used in the original DECtalk were based on
- > > Chomsky & Halle, Sound Pattern of English.
- >
- > Not quite. The *formalism* (i.e.~context-dependent rewrite rules)
- > comes from Chomsky and Halle (1968) but not their specific content.
- > This formalism was first used for text-to-phoneme conversion by Bill
- > Ainsworth back in 1973. Since then, it has become very popular.
-
- Well, some more history: Sherri Hunnicutt's implementation of the rules
- followed Chomsky & Halle fairly closely, although Sherri, Dennis Klatt,
- Tony Vitale, and I made some changes here and there based on our testing.
- Since I don't have the sources any more, I can only guess that about 75%
- of the DECtalk-1 rules closely follow rules in Sound Pattern of English.
- Her rules were published in the AJCL microfiche.
-
- Computer-based text-to-phoneme software was also written at the University
- of Michigan in 1971 or 1972 (a large Fortran program), but I forgot the
- researcher's name; Joyce Freeman, perhaps.
-
- Also, I did my Master's thesis in 1966 on generating surface structure
- from deep syntactic structure. That program was written in Snobol-4, ran
- rather slowly on an IBM-7090, and was loosly based on some work done
- previously at Mitre corporation. It supported both context-sensitive and
- transformational re-writing rules. My thesis might be available from the
- University of Illinois Department of Computer Science, but I doubt that
- it's still interesting.
-
- Regarding text-to-speech testing: we did preliminary testing of DECtalk
- using a large (over 100,000 words) dictionary that had been
- hand-phonemicized.
- A program ran the dictionary words through the DECtalk rule-set then
- compared them against the dictionary definition (ignoring uninteresting
- differences such as unstressed-i versus shwa). Adjusting the rules changed
- the set of erroneous words and, eventually, the remaining words were put
- into the dictionary.
-
- After DECtalk was reasonably complete, and during the development of
- DECtalk-III (the small-circuit board version), we made extensive use
- of a user-based testing lab at the University of Indiana under Prof.
- Pisoni. Testing using "live" subjects proved extremely useful to
- guage understandability -- something that is not identical to phonemic
- correctness, of course.
-
- Martin Minow
- minow@apple.com
-