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- From: ray@ESPRESSO.BOEING.COM (Ray Allis 5-3583)
- Newsgroups: bit.listserv.csg-l
- Subject: Re: Internal/External
- Message-ID: <9211182117.AA07334@espresso.bcs.eca>
- Date: 18 Nov 92 21:17:11 GMT
- Sender: "Control Systems Group Network (CSGnet)" <CSG-L@UIUCVMD.BITNET>
- Lines: 63
- Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
-
- [ Ray Allis 921118.1310
- Over in one of the worlds next door, they were discussing "social
- construction" and associated topics . . . ]
-
- ----- Begin Included Message -----
-
- >From SHOTHC-L@SIVM.SI.EDU Tue Nov 17 22:22:11 1992
- Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1992 22:37:38 -0500
- Reply-To: History of Computing Issues <SHOTHC-L@SIVM.SI.EDU>
- Sender: History of Computing Issues <SHOTHC-L@SIVM.SI.EDU>
- From: "janet e abbate" <@relay1.UU.NET:abbate@world.std.com>
- Subject: Re: Internal/External
- To: Multiple recipients of list SHOTHC-L <SHOTHC-L@SIVM.SI.EDU>
- Content-Length: 2898
-
- Paul Ceruzzi asks for elaboration on competing constructions of networks by
- telephone and computer people. This phenomenon is as old as networks
- themselves. Some of the earliest theoretical work on networking was done
- by Paul Baran of RAND (researched early 1960s, published 1964 under the title
- "On Distributed Communications.") When Baran had worked out his model of
- a digital communications network he went around to various people in
- the computer and communications industries to get their feedback. When he
- got to Bell Labs he was met with incredulity by the analog communications
- engineers, who were unable to believe that a reliable network could be
- created using digital switching (even though digital engineers at Bell Labs
- found Baran's ideas plausible). Engineers whose sense of what was
- possible was formed by experience in the analog world had a hard time
- putting their faith in ideas from the digital world, such as the idea that
- digital transmissions could be self-correcting. (This is not to imply that
- the analog engineers were somehow deficient. Their grasp of the needs and
- realities of telephone communications in general and AT&T in particular
- was probably acute). Baran's network was never built, apparently due to
- infighting among RANDS's Defense Department clients over who would get to
- build it.
-
- The most obvious conflicts between telephone and computer people occur
- in the area of standardization. International networking standards are
- set by the CCITT, which is dominated by telecoms carriers. They tend
- to come up with standards that seem perfectly reasonable to telephone
- people but leave computer people perplexed and angry. I think the problem
- boils down to the two sides starting out with different assumptions about
- what is needed, leading to different constructions of what a "workable"
- standard is. For instance: telephone engineers expect steady, low-bandwidth
- traffic, while computer engineers expect the network to have to handle
- bursts of high-volume traffic. Telephone people think in terms of a
- continuous connection between two parties, whereas computer people see
- the transfer of data in discrete chunks as a desirable alternative. Etc.
- The result was that different systems were built by PTTs and computer
- people, and standardization is far from being achieved despite the
- existence of official "standards". (This topic is a large chunk of my
- dissertation; I can send you more details if you're interested.)
-
- To get back to your original point: in order to understand what's going on
- in this situation, I needed to look at _both_ the disputed technical details
- of the networks (to see what effect these would have on the functioning
- of the network) and the larger social/cultural situation (to understand
- why factors such as being a monopoly carrier or having concerns about
- data privacy might affect one's evaluation of the technology).
-
- Janet Abbate
-
-
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-