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- Newsgroups: sci.skeptic
- Path: sparky!uunet!gatech!destroyer!gumby!wupost!decwrl!access.usask.ca!ccu.umanitoba.ca!rutkows
- From: rutkows@ccu.umanitoba.ca (Chris Rutkowski)
- Subject: Re: skeptic-faq V 0.1
- Message-ID: <1992Jul30.211658.18401@ccu.umanitoba.ca>
- Organization: University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- References: <1863@snap>
- Date: Thu, 30 Jul 1992 21:16:58 GMT
- Lines: 171
-
- Since e-mail to Paul Johnson has been bouncing every time I tried, I am
- posting these corrections/suggestions directly to this group.
-
- I thought his work was a good start, but I thought the UFO and crop
- circle sections needed a bit of fleshing out:
-
-
- UFOs and Flying Saucers
- =======================
-
- 3.1 What are UFOs?
- -------------------
-
- UFOs are, simply, Unidentified Flying Objects, no more, no less. This
- means that if you are out one night and see a light moving in the sky
- and cannot immediately identify it as a certain star, planet or other
- object, then it is by definition a UFO. THIS DOES NOT MEAN YOU HAVE
- SEEN AN ALIEN SPACESHIP.
-
- A better question would be:
-
- 3.1.1 Are UFOs alien spacecraft?
- ---------------------------------
-
- Probably not. The vast majority of UFO reports, when investigated by
- competent researchers (and that is a problem all by itself), can be
- easily explained as natural or manmade objects misidentified for one
- reason or another. The actual percentage is around 95%. A very few
- reports are provable hoaxes. The remaining few percent (some skeptics
- argue that there are no remaining reports) are not explained AT THIS
- TIME. Again, THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT THEY ARE OBSERVATIONS OF ALIEN
- SPACESHIPS. All we can say is that, given the information presently
- available, some cases don't appear to be stars, balloons, airplanes,
- aurorae. etc. Given a great deal more time and effort, many more could
- likely be identified. It's possible that the witness(es) were in
- error, or are very good liars. And the remaining few cases? Well, the best we
- can say, as true skeptics, is that we don't know what they were, but there
- is NO proof that they were alien spacecraft.
-
- 3.1.2 Are UFOs natural phenomena?
- ----------------------------------
-
- Possibly. A number of theories have been proposed, suggesting that
- some UFOs are "plasmas" or variations of ball lightning or earthquake
- lights. Unfortunately, the theories seem to change to fit observed
- data, rather than predict the observations. Also, studies designed to
- support the theories have used newspaper articles and raw, unsifted UFO
- case lists for data, and therefore the studies do not appear to be
- completely unbiased. Perhaps time will tell. Until then it is safe to
- say that SOME UFOs are probably ball lightning or other rare natural
- phenomena.
-
- 3.1.3 But isn't it possible that aliens are visiting Earth?
- ------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Yes. But it is also possible that there is an invisible snorg reading
- this over your shoulder right now.
-
- Basically, astronomers such as Carl Sagan are generally convinced that
- there are other habitable planets in our galaxy, and that there may be
- some form of life on them. Assuming that parallel evolution occurred
- on these other planets, there MIGHT be intelligent life forms there.
- It is possible that some of these life forms could have an advanced
- civilization, and perhaps have achieved space travel. BUT - there is
- no proof that this is so. SETI programs such as those Carl Sagan is
- involved with are "listening" to other stars in the hope of detecting
- radio signals which might indicate intelligent life - kind of listening
- for the equivalent of "Watson, come here, I need you!", or "I love
- Lucy" in the infancy of our early communications. Such searches have
- been fruitless, so far.
-
- IF there are aliens on distant planets, then it is possible that they
- might have found a way to travel between stars in their lifetimes.
- According to our present understanding of physics, this is not likely,
- given the vast distances between stars. Even travelling at the speed
- of light (which cannot be done), a round trip to the NEAREST star would
- take about ten years. So, either the aliens have made a breakthrough
- in physics, or they're not visiting Earth.
-
- 3.2 Is it true that the US government has a crashed flying saucer?
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- [ask Bob Sheaffer to write this one]
-
- 3.2.1 What is MJ-12?
- ---------------------
-
- [note this should be a separate topic; again, ask Sheaffer]
-
-
- 3.3 to 3.6 acceptable answers for this FAQ list
-
- 3.7 Are crop circles made by flying saucers?
- ---------------------------------------------
-
- There is no convincing evidence that crop circles or any other kind of
- UGM (Unusual Ground Markings) were made by aliens. There are some
- reports of lights being seen in and around crop circle sites, and a few
- videos showing objects flitting over fields. The lights are hardly
- proof, and the objects in the videos seem to be pieces of foil or paper
- being tossed about by the wind.
-
- In a deliberate attempt to test crop circle "experts", a crop circle
- was faked under the watchful eyes of the media. When cerealogists were
- called in, they proclaimed it genuine.
-
- 3.7.1 Are crop circles made by "vortices"?
- --------------------------------------------
-
- Probably not. There are a number of meteorologists who believe that
- crop circle formations are created by rare natural forces such as
- "ionised plasma vortices". Basically, winds blowing across rolling
- hills sometimes form eddies which in some circumstances (that have
- never been quantified) become strong, downward spiralling drafts which
- lay down the crop. Cerealogists claim to have over two dozen witnesses
- to such events. Unfortunately, many more have said they have seen
- flying saucers do the same thing.
-
- If natural phenomena are the culprits, then why would the formations
- occur mostly in southern England? In one year, as many as 2000 (!)
- crop circles were claimed there, with negligible ones elsewhere in the
- world.
-
- Scientific articles arguing for the reality of these vortices have
- appeared regularly in the Journal of Meteorology. But its editor is
- the leading proponent of the theory, Dr. Terence Meaden.
-
- Winds can lay down crop in patches known as lodging. But geometric
- patterns in fields can hardly be attributable to natural phenomena.
- Meaden has changed his theory to first accomodate complex circles,
- ovals and even triangles (!), but now admits that most circles are
- hoaxes and the theory can only explain simpler patterns.
-
- 3.7.2 Are crop circles made by hoaxers?
- ----------------------------------------
-
- Of course. Although most people have heard only of two, Doug Bower and
- Dave Chorley of England, many others have been caught, not only in
- Britain but in other countries such as Canada. Their methods range
- from inscribed circles with a pole and a length of rope to more complex
- systems involving chains, rollers, planks and measuring devices.
-
- And as a further note: just because you can't prove a crop circle was
- made by a hoaxer, you should not assume aliens were involved. Remember
- Occam's Razor (Section 1.5).
-
- 3.7.3 Are crop circles radioactive?
- -------------------------------------
-
- This is a claim that has received wide circulation in UFO/cerealogy
- circles (pardon the pun). It is also untrue. Examination of the data
- from spectral analyses of soil taken from crop circles has shown that
- there were no readings above the normal background levels. The
- proponents of this claim are debating this, however.
-
- 3.7.4 What about cellular changes in plants within crop circles?
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Yes, what about the changes? Although this is another claim that is
- widely circulated among ufologists and cerealogists, the evidence is
- simply not very good. A few photographs of alleged changes in the
- "crystalline structure" of wheat stems were published in some
- magazines and UFO publications, but inquiries about the actual
- methodology and testing procedure by the lab that produced the results
- have not produced any satisfactory information. It is not clear what
- devices were used, what controls were employed, which samples, etc.
-
- --
- Chris Rutkowski - rutkows@ccu.umanitoba.ca
- Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
- University of Manitoba - Winnipeg, Canada
-