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- Path: sparky!uunet!gatech!rutgers!igor.rutgers.edu!dumas.rutgers.edu!hedrick
- From: hedrick@dumas.rutgers.edu (Charles Hedrick)
- Newsgroups: comp.os.linux
- Subject: Re: X11 and et4000 cfg.
- Message-ID: <Jul.27.02.05.34.1992.7841@dumas.rutgers.edu>
- Date: 27 Jul 92 06:05:35 GMT
- References: <1992Jul27.024229.8570@athena.mit.edu>
- Organization: Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N.J.
- Lines: 152
-
- tree@midget.towson.edu (Denise Tree) writes:
-
-
- >I'm confused because I seem to be abble to call the
- >65 anything
-
- Yup. X386 doesn't know or care what the actual clock speeds are.
- It simply says "enable clock number N". Suppose you have
-
- mode "123x456"
- clocks 10 20 30 40 50
-
- "123x456" 30 ....
-
- X386 compares this 30 with the list of clocks, and knows to enable the
- third clock. Doesn't matter whether you call it 30 or 65. Just so
- the numbers match. Of course knowing what the actual speed is helps
- in doing various calculations that you need to do if you're going to
- get good results.
-
- >The manual
- >for this reports that the horizontal scanning frequency is 15.70 to 35khz.
- >and the vertical is 50 to 80 Hz. How do I use this info... the tutorials
- >talk about needing a figure in Mhz?
-
- Mhz is the main clock on the controller card. It's the speed at which
- pixels are displayed. Suppose you've got a 1000x1000 screen and a 100
- MHz clock. The beam goes along a horizontal path. It does 1000 dots
- along that path at a speed of 100 MHz. Thus it does rows at a rate of
- 100M/1000 = 100KHz. In one refresh cycle it does 1000 rows. Thus it
- displays images at a rate of 100KHz / 1000 = 100 Hz. This is the
- vertical refresh figure. To use real numbers, I'm using a NEC
- Multisync II, at 640x480, with a clock of 31 MHz.
-
- "640x480" 31 640 646 680 816 480 480 485 498
-
- Thus each horizontal row involves 816 dots (more or less -- only
- 640 are real pixels. The rest is time spent waiting for the beam
- to get back to the left for the next row). Thus the rate at which
- rows are being displayed is
-
- 31000000 / 816 = 37990
-
- There ar 498 rows (again, only 480 real ones), meaning that a whole
- vertical cycle is being done at a rate of
-
- 37990 / 498 = 76
-
- That's the "refresh rate" -- 76 images per second. At least with my
- monitor, the limiting factor turns out to be the monitor's horizontal
- scanning frequency. I don't know the official specs, but I can tell
- you that if I go over 38KHz, I lose horizontal sync and the image
- turns into hash. I'd like to get as high a refresh rate as possible,
- since my eyes are quite sensitive to flicker. That's why I'm using
- 640x480, rather than the 800x600 which the monitor can theoretically
- do. The problem is that 38KHz. Suppose I tried to use 800x600. What
- would the refresh rate be? Well, whatever I do horizontally, the
- final horizontal rate can't be larger than 38000. (Note that I've
- chosen numbers that come out to 37990.) So with 800x600 I'd end up
- with
-
- 38000 / 620 = 61
-
- (I use 620 rather than 600 because of the need for extra time to get
- the beam back. How much you need depends upon the monitor.) 61 Hz is
- just too slow for my eyes. Generally what I suggest you do is work
- backwards from the refresh rate you want to get. Suppose you are
- willing to accept 66 Hz. This is what Sun uses for their "low price
- color". It's fine for most people, though I don't like it. Your
- monitor will go to 35KHz horizontally. So the most lines you will
- want is
-
- 35000 / 66 = 530
-
- (That's the previous calculation done the other way.) That's about
- 510 lines, though exactly what you can get depends upon the monitor.
- Generally people use a ratio of 1.333 horizontal to vertical, so
- unless you want your circles turning into ellipses, you'll end up with
- 680 dots per row, i.e. 680 x 510. You'll need some time for the beam
- to return, so the actual number of dot times horizontally will be
- something 850. That means you'll need 35000 x 850 = 30 MHz clock.
-
- 1024x768 is going to look absurd on your monitor. The refresh rate
- is going to be around
-
- 35000 / 790 = 44
-
- i.e. 44 Hz. Some people are willing to accept a 60 Hz, though I don't
- see how. But 44 is going to be too much flicker to be acceptable.
- Even 800x600 is questionable in my view:
-
- 35000 / 620 = 56
-
- Anything under 60 is a disaster.
-
- >Should I have gotten a more recent et4000 card? A two year old bios seems a
- >little old but I'm not really sure my monitor would support any faster clocks.
-
- Right. Clock speed is not your problem. Your monitor simply isn't
- fast enough horizontally. This is something the monitor ads often
- don't make clear. Your monitor is probably advertised as 800x600.
- What they don't say is at what refresh rate. In fact you can probably
- get it at 60 Hz. I'll bet despite the spec of 35KHz, you can probably
- push it to 38KHz. (My monitor is also speced at 35 I think.) But
- even so, 60 Hz refresh is really marginal.
-
- >Uh, Oh I'm really rambling. One more: HOW do I make my windows a different
- >clor other than black on eyeball searing glacial WHITE?
-
- The white is searing because your refresh rate is so slow. Actually I
- prefer another color myself. But when the monitor seems to be
- attacking your eyes, there's a good chance it's because of slow
- refresh. Also, make sure you have a reasonable level of background
- lighting. If you have your monitor in a dark room, your pupils will
- open up because of the room darkness, and your monitor will attack
- your eyes.
-
- The backgrounds are not set in .twmrc. .twmrc sets only the colors
- used for twm's own menus and decorations. The applications set their
- own colors. Those are set in .Xdefaults. E.g. for xterm,
-
- XTerm*Foreground: black
- XTerm*Background: antiquewhite2
-
- is a combination I like. I suspect you can just say
-
- *Foreground: black
- *Background: antiquewhite2
-
- and get all applications that you don't specify otherwise, though what
- I actually use is explicit lines for XTerm and emacs.
-
- Emacs is a good tool for experimentation. Try the following:
-
- emacs /usr/lib/X11/rbg.txt
-
- That's a file with all the color names in it. Then try
-
- ESC X x-set-background
- ESC X x-set-foreground
-
- to see various combinations. Similar, for fonts, try
-
- emacs /usr/libX11/fonts/misc/fonts.dir
-
- That will give you a list of all the fonts. You can then try fonts using
-
- ESC X x-set-font
-
- Actually, you may prefer fonts.alias, since the full font names in
- fonts.dir are a bit long to type. However I'm not sure whether there
- are short aliases for all the fonts or not.
-