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- "All is Not for the Best"
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- 10-K
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- Candide
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- Voltaire's Candide is the story of an innocent man's experiences in a mad and evil world, his
- struggle to survive in that world, and his need to ultimately come to terms with it. All people
- experience the turmoil of life and must overcome obstacles, both natural and man-made, in order to
- eventually achieve happiness. In life, "man must find a medium between what Martin (scholar and
- companion to Candide) calls the "convulsions of anxiety" and the "lethargy of boredom"" (Richter
- 137). After a long and difficult struggle in which Candide is forced to overcome misfortune to find
- happiness, he concludes that all is not well (as he has previously been taught by his tutor, Dr.
- Pangloss), and that he must work in order to find even a small amount of pleasure in life.
- Candide grows up in the Castle of Westphalia and is taught by the learned philosopher, Dr.
- Pangloss. Candide is abruptly exiled from the castle when found kissing the Baron's daughter,
- Cunegonde. Devastated by the separation from Cunegonde, his true love, Candide sets out to different
- places in the hope of finding her and achieving total happiness. On his journey, he faces a number of
- misfortunes, among them being tortured during army training, yet he continues to believe that there is a
- "cause and effect" for everything. Candide is reunited with Cunegonde, and regains a life of prosperity,
- but soon all is taken away, including his beloved Cunegonde. He travels on, and years later he finds her
- again, but she is now fat and ugly. His wealth is all gone and so is his love for the Baron's daughter.
- Throughout Candide, we see how accepting situations and not trying to change or overcome obstacles
- can be damaging. Life is full of struggles, but it would be nonproductive if people passively accepted
- whatever fate had in store for them, shrugging off their personal responsibility. Voltaire believes that
- people should not allow themselves to be victims. He sneers at naive, accepting types, informing us
- that people must work to reach their utopia (Bottiglia 93).
- In Candide, reality and "the real world" are portrayed as being disappointing. Within the
- Baron's castle, Candide is able to lead a Utopian life. After his banishment, though, he recognizes the
- evil of the world, seeing man's sufferings. The only thing that keeps Candide alive is his hope that
- things will get better. Even though the world is filled with disaster, Candide has an optimistic attitude
- that he adopted from Dr. Pangloss' teachings. In spite of his many trials, Candide believes that all is
- well and everything is for the best. Only once, in frustration, does he admit that he sometimes feels that
- optimism is "the mania of maintaining that all is well when we are miserable" (Voltaire 41). Candide's
- enthusiastic view of life is contrasted with, and challenged by the suffering which he endures
- throughout the book. Voltaire wrote this book in a mocking and satirical manner in order to express
- his opinion that passive optimism is foolish (Richter 134).
- Candide eventually learns how to achieve happiness in the face of misadventure. He learns that
- in order to attain a state of contentment, one must be part of society where there is collective effort and
- work. Labor, Candide learns, eliminates the three curses of mankind: want, boredom, and vice. In
- order to create such a society, man must do the following: love his fellow man, be just, be vigilant,
- know how to make the best of a bad situation and keep from theorizing. Martin expresses this last
- requirement for such a society succinctly when he says, "Let's work without speculating; it's the only
- way of rendering life bearable" (Voltaire 77).
- One of the last people that Candide meets in his travels is an old, poor Turkish farmer who
- teaches Candide a lesson which allows him to come to terms with the world and to settle down
- happily. The revelation occurs when Candide and his friends hear of the killing of two intimate
- advisors of the sultan, and they ask the Turkish farmer if he could give them more details about the
- situation.
- "I know nothing of it, said the good man, and I have never cared to know
- the name of a single mufti [advisor] or vizier [sultan]... I presume that in general those who
- meddle in public business sometimes perish miserably, and that they deserve their fate; but I am
- satisfied with sending the fruits of my garden there." (Voltaire 76)
- Upon learning that this man did not own "an enormous and splendid property" (Voltaire 76), but rather
- a mere twenty acres that he cultivates with his children, Candide is startled. He sees that the man is
- happy with his life, and at that point Candide decides to build his own life around the principal of being
- productive. He decides that all he needs to be happy is a garden to cultivate so that he, too, can keep
- from the three great evils.
- Candide's garden symbolizes his surrender to the world and his acceptance of it. He eventually
- realizes that his former ambitions of finding and achieving a perfect state of happiness were fulfilled,
- though his successes were not as great as he had wished. Instead, he has found happiness in a simple
- way of life. He also learns that everything in life is not evil, which he perceived to be the case while
- undergoing misfortunes. He also concludes that Dr. Pangloss was right all along, "everything is for the
- best."
- Throughout the entire book, we observe Candide searching for happiness, sustained by his
- dream of achieving that happiness. He believes, in his optimistic way, that he will find Cunegonde, his
- true love, and Dr. Pangloss, his mentor, and all will be well. When Candide is reunited with both he
- realizes that he was right not to lose hope. In essence, it was Candide's optimism that keeps him from a
- state of total dejection, maintaining his sanity during troubled times. Candide eventually achieves
- happiness with his friends in their simple, yet full, lives. The book's ending affirms Voltaire's moral that
- one must work to attain satisfaction. Work helps Candide overcome his tragedies and enables him to
- live peacefully and in contentment. The message of Candide is: "Don't rationalize, but work; Don't
- utopianize, but improve. We must cultivate our own garden, for no one is going to do it for us"
- (Richter 161).
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- Works Cited
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- Bottiglia, William. "Candide's Garden." Voltaire: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey:
- Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.
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- Richter, Peyton. Voltaire. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980.
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- Tsanoff, Radoslav. Voltaire's Candide and the Critics. California: Wadsworth Publishing
- Company, Inc., 1966.
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- Voltaire. Candide. New York: Viking Publishers, 1976.
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