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- Religion, the State and Sovereignty
- The influence of religion on humankind can be traced back to the
- first records of history. Religion has served as a pillar of strength
- to some and binding chains to others. There are vast amounts of
- information and anthropological studies revealing the interaction of
- religion and humankind. However, for the purposes of this paper, the
- time periods of study will be broken up into three sections. Each
- section will give a general description of how religion affected the
- institution of the state and its Sovereignty in a Euro-centric
- perspective. The first period is the early period, which will encompass
- from Christianity and the Roman Empire to the Medieval times (approx.
- 311 to 1100 A.D.). The second period will include the Renaissance, the
- Reformation to the Treaty of Westphalia (1101 to 1648 A.D.). The third
- and increment of history will range from 1649 to 1945 A.D.
- The date 311 A.D. marks the issuing of the "Edict of Toleration"
- for Christians. This date is important because it symbolizes "national"
- acceptance of Christianity, and planted its roots as a political
- institution. Later the Roman Empire on the verge of internal collapse
- acknowledged the importance of Christianity and used it to hold
- together the remnants of it former self. This adoption of Christianity
- took form and eventually became the Catholic church.
- The church became intermingled with politics and became a strong
- entity. The policies delivered from the church had more authority than
- the local rulers and magistrates of the developing feudal system. For
- example, St. Augustine wrote about war and what justified its enactment
- against fellow men. This policy was followed and adhered to for
- hundreds of years after St. Augustine wrote it.
- Another example, is the use of the Bible as a guideline for
- establishing governing systems. Scripture portrayed God as choosing the
- king of the people. The pope, being God's "representative" was then
- given the authority to crown the king. This crowning process gave the
- pope large influence in the political arena. This ritual continued for
- a number of centuries.
- The Crusades, which occurred around 1100 A.D., played a crucial
- role in challenging the church's authority. The pope identifying the
- spread of Islam as evil requested all of Europe embark on a "Crusade" to
- defeat the infidels. As the battles were fought, great treasures were
- found in the form of books and knowledge. These books were crude
- translations of old Greek texts, containing information which would
- eventually produce the waning of Church authority in the future.
- The Renaissance marked the beginning of intellectual re-birth.
- Writers such as Dante, Machiavelli, Guiarccidini, Vitoria, etc., all
- attempting to reform and some even contest church dominance. Dante in
- his imaginative work "Inferno" writes of hell which he envision is the
- pope's final destination. Machiavelli takes a more direct role
- classifying the actions of a prince to be above morality and ultimately
- above the Church. He continues the affront by classifying a human
- character of "virtu" as being completely centered around man (humanism).
- The Raison D' Tat is supreme especially in terms of the church
- belligerence.
- In the middle of the Renaissance, the Church was dealt a deadly
- blow from which it would never recover. This assault came via Martin
- Luther. His work, "95 Thesis", marked the beginning of the Reformation.
- This movement split the church into Catholic and Protestant sects. It
- marked the beginning of a bloody period which virtually split Europe in
- half. Examples of the conflict raged between Protestants and Catholics
- from the great slaughter of Protestants in Paris 1572 A.D. (7000 dead)
- to the Thirty Years War. With the Church in disarray, freedom was given
- to the "state" to begin to develop.
- During this period of Renaissance the political identity was
- going through a tremendous transformation. This transformation took
- form in what is called Absolutism. "Princes" began to tolerate less and
- less manipulation from the church. The political entity in the form of
- monarchy began to wean itself from the Church for its legitimacy and
- looked toward its own power.
- Other writers began to rise and discuss issues of sovereignty
- and the state. Thomas Hobbes discusses the state and refers to it as
- "Leviathan" which is the concurring title of his work. Believing man to
- be evil, Hobbes fashions his description of the state as the mechanism
- to control and harness the capabilities of man. There can be no peace
- as long as there is not absolute surrender to reason. The state's
- interest is supreme, as well as, its authority. These ideas were
- written in direct opposition to the church and its history. Hobbes
- desired a complete refutation of the Church's influence in government.
- Hobbes portrays a state as sovereign. The sovereignty of the
- state is in direct relation to its longevity and basic existence.
- State sovereignty must be perpetual and supreme. The authority of this
- described state would over-shadow the authority of the church.
- Continuing historically, the development of the thirty years war
- was significant in its unique result. The treaty of Westphelia was the
- agreement which not only settled the war, but gave absolute authority to
- the sovereign of each individual state. This was accomplished by
- granting the sovereign the right to choose which religion he/she desired
- and that in turn transferred down to the people. Thus, once again the
- authority of the church was restricted, however this time by the
- emergence of an institution called the state.
- During this period states begin to develop colonies and
- exploration of the new world. The discoveries and travel further
- challenged church authority. An example of this is the well founded
- "scientific" fact that the earth was flat. After such journeys by
- Columbus and Magellan, the concept of church's monopoly on truth was
- attacked once again.
- The third period in history starts with the age of reason. Its
- intellectual basis of the time period is science and natural law.
- Empiricism plays a fundamental role in church legitimacy. Factual
- concrete proof of God and his work is not provided by science. States
- begin to mature politically as colonial powers. The Church or rather
- the concept of religion is still strong but begins a transformation
- during the Enlightenment. From Religion ideas of morality and natural
- law arise.
- Locke addresses the role of the government of a state. He
- portrays the ideas of a social contract between the people and its
- government. He continued by pointing out that the government has a
- commitment with the people it must with hold. Locke's writings also
- contained concepts concerning of natural rights which are inherent to
- human beings. This developed and identified that power now comes from
- the people. These people from which the government is derived and power
- (legitimacy) have rights and will be safe-guarded by the people.
- The French and American Revolutions harnessed the ideas which
- the enlightenment wrote and discussed. The French Revolution
- exemplified the early stages of nationalism. Nationalism derives from a
- grouping of people who share common cultural and social experiences.
- >From nationalism the concept of self-determination is derived.
- Phrases like," We the People. . ." began to show up in constitutions and
- declarations, which showed consensus among people with like-minded
- purposes.
- The inception of positive law was the last and final blow to the
- concept of religion. Positive law is fashioned and codified by man.
- The law has replaced the concept of morality. The framework which laws
- create make the state and its sovereign powers legitimate and legal.
- States no longer operate in terms of what is just but on whether the
- legality for the action or jurisdiction have application.
- The evolution of the state and its sovereignty is clear. The
- Church once being a dominant political factor has been reduced to a mere
- whisper of advice. The influence of religion in instituting or in the
- elective process of choosing a representative ruler has been severely
- minimized. Sovereignty and the institution of the State has surpassed
- predestination and Divine Right of Kings.
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