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- Mill's Utilitarianism: Sacrifice the innocent for the common good?
-
- When faced with a moral dilemma, utilitarianism identifies the
- appropriate considerations, but offers no realistic way to gather the
- necessary information to make the required calculations. This lack of
- information is a problem both in evaluating the welfare issues and in
- evaluating the consequentialist issues which utilitarianism requires be
- weighed when making moral decisions. Utilitarianism attempts to solve
- both of these difficulties by appealing to experience; however, no
- method of reconciling an individual decision with the rules of
- experience is suggested, and no relative weights are assigned to the
- various considerations.
- In deciding whether or not to torture a terrorist who has planted a
- bomb in New York City, a utilitarian must evaluate both the overall
- welfare of the people involved or effected by the action taken, and the
- consequences of the action taken. To calculate the welfare of the people
- involved in or effected by an action, utilitarianism requires that all
- individuals be considered equally.
- Quantitative utilitarians would weigh the pleasure and pain which would
- be caused by the bomb exploding against the pleasure and pain that would
- be caused by torturing the terrorist. Then, the amounts would be summed
- and compared. The problem with this method is that it is impossible to
- know beforehand how much pain would be caused by the bomb exploding or
- how much pain would be caused by the torture. Utilitarianism offers no
- practical way to make the interpersonal comparison of utility necessary
- to compare the pains. In the case of the bomb exploding, it at least
- seems highly probable that a greater amount of pain would be caused, at
- least in the present, by the bomb exploding. This probability suffices
- for a quantitative utilitarian, but it does not account for the
- consequences, which create an entirely different problem, which will be
- discussed below. The probability also does not hold for Mill's
- utilitarianism.
- Mill's Utilitarianism insists on qualitative utilitarianism, which
- requires that one consider not only the amount of pain or pleasure, but
- also the quality of such pain and pleasure. Mill suggests that to
- distinguish between different pains and pleasures we should ask people
- who have experienced both types which is more pleasurable or more
- painful. This solution does not work for the question of torture
- compared to death in an explosion. There is no one who has experienced
- both, therefore, there is no one who can be consulted.
- Even if we agree that the pain caused by the number of deaths in the
- explosion is greater than the pain of the terrorist being tortured, this
- assessment only accounts for the welfare half of the utilitarian's
- considerations. Furthermore, one has no way to measure how much more
- pain is caused by allowing the bomb to explode than by torturing the
- terrorist.
- After settling the issues surrounding the welfare, a utilitarian must
- also consider the consequences of an action. In weighing the
- consequences, there are two important considerations. The first, which
- is especially important to objectivist Utilitarianism, is which people
- will be killed. The second is the precedent which will be set by the
- action. Unfortunately for the decision maker, the information necessary
- to make either of these calculations is unavailable.
- There is no way to determine which people will be killed and weigh
- whether their deaths would be good for society. Utilitarianism requires
- that one compare the good that the people would do for society with the
- harm they would do society if they were not killed. For example, if a
- young Adolf Hitler were in the building, it might do more good for
- society to allow the building to explode. Unfortunately for an
- individual attempting to use utilitarianism to make for decisions, there
- is no way to know beforehand what a person will do. Furthermore, without
- even knowing which building the bomb is in, there is no way to predict
- which people will surely be in the building.
- A subjectivist utilitarian would dismiss this consideration and would
- examine only what a rational person would consider to be the
- consequence; however, even the subjectivist utilitarian must face the
- question of precedent setting. Utilitarianism considers justice and
- humane treatment to be good for society as a whole and therefore
- instrumentally good as a means to promoting happiness.
- Utilitarianism considers precedent to be important, but does not offer
- any method of determining exceptions. It is impossible to determine how
- much effect on precedent any given isolated action will have. In the
- case of determining whether or not to torture the terrorist, one must
- consider whether it is good for society to allow torture to be used as a
- method of gaining information. If it is bad, one must determine whether
- this action will create a precedent. If it will create or contribute to
- the creation of a precedent, one must compare the detrimental effects of
- this precedent with the other consequences and welfare caused by the
- action. Utilitarianism offers no method for comparison.
- The problem is that a person faced with making the decision cannot get
- the information. Even through experience, it is hard to judge how much
- effect each action has on precedent. More specifically, it is hard to
- determine whether an action is worthy of being an exception to a rule.
- Utilitarianism offers no resolution to this problem.
- Utilitarianism also considers the Theory of Desert to be instrumentally
- valuable to the promotion of happiness. It is generally good for society
- to reward people for doing right and to punish them for doing wrong.
- Using this belief in the value of justice, a utilitarian would have more
- trouble torturing the child of the terrorist than with torturing the
- terrorist. The dilemma would be similar to that of precedent. A
- utilitarian would ask how much it will harm society's faith in the
- punishment of evildoers and the protection of the innocent to torture
- the child.
- The sum of the consequences would then be compared to the sum of the
- welfare considerations to decides whether or not to torture the
- terrorist and whether or not to torture the child of the terrorist. In
- some way, these things must therefore all be comparable and assigned
- weights; however, Utilitarianism offers no method of comparison. There
- must be some percentage of consideration given to the harmful precedent
- set compared to the amount of pain caused by the deaths, compared to the
- pain the terrorist or the child being tortured feels, compared to the
- harm society will be saved from by the deaths of people in the
- explosion, compared to the good that society will be deprived of by the
- deaths in the explosion.
- The overarching problem with utilitarianism as a method for decision
- making is that not enough of the necessary information is available and
- there is no scale on which to weigh the various considerations.
- Basically, the subjective utilitarian would probably consider that the
- deaths of many is worse than the torture of one. Depending on how much
- weight is given to the detrimental effects of the precedent which would
- be set by torturing the terrorist, the utilitarian could consider this
- to outweigh the greater pain caused by the explosion or not. Different
- people have different moral consciences, which dictate different
- actions. These differences will dictate where the person puts the most
- weight in the utilitarian considerations, since utilitarianism does not
- specify. Similarly, depending on how much weight is given to the
- detrimental precedent of torturing innocent children, the utilitarian
- could consider it to outweigh the pain caused by the explosion or not.
- In the end, utilitarianism does not help in making the moral decision.
- The information necessary to calculate all of the considerations
- identified by utilitarianism is not available. Furthermore, what is
- required is a method of comparing and weighing the considerations, and
- this method is not defined by utilitarianism. In the end, the decision
- maker is still left to make the decision based on internal moral
- feelings of what is right and what is wrong which do not come from
- utilitarianism.
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