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- Plato
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- LIFE
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- Plato was born to an aristocratic family in Athens, Greece. When he was a child his
- father, Ariston, who was believed to be descended from the early kings of Athens died, and his
- mother, Perictione married Pyrilampes. As a young man Plato was always interested in political
- leadership and eventually became a disciple of Socrates. He followed his philosophy and his
- dialectical style, which is believed to be the search for truth through questions, answers, and
- additional questions. After witnessing the death of Socrates at the hands of the Athenian
- democracy in 399 B.C., Plato left Athens and continued to travel to Italy, Sicily, and Egypt.
- (Internet)
- In 387 B.C. Plato founded the Academy in Athens otherwise known as the first European
- university. The Academy provided a wide range of curriculum including subjects such as
- astronomy, biology, philosophy, political theory, and mathematics. Aristotle was the Academy's
- most outstanding student. (Internet)
- The internal affairs of the academy ruled the next 20 years of Plato's life and he wrote
- nothing. Many Greek youths were attracted to the new school. Plato then went to Syracuse to
- supervise the education of the ruling prince. Plato was not certain about the success of this
- adventure although he felt he could not refuse this opportunity of putting his ideas to a test. It
- did not work out for Plato and he returned to Athens in 360 B.C. He then devoted himself to
- teaching and lecturing at the Academy. He died at age 80 in Athens in 348 B.C. Before his
- death Plato completed the Sophist, the Politicus, the Philebus, the Timaeus and finally the Laws.
- (Internet)
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- DIALOGUES
- The Symposium is the most widely read of Plato's dialogues with the exception of the
- Republic and it is with good reason. It's literary merit is outstanding with philosophical and
- psychological sources (Allen)
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- ANAYA--2
- THE EARLY DIALOGUES
- In the early dialogues Socrates always played the leading roll. In all of them, Plato was
- trying to keep the spirit of Socrates alive. There are also early dialogues that portray Socrates in
- whimsical moods but always with a serious purpose. (Allen)
- The Republic was the most revealing of all Plato's early writings. Plato believed that one
- could not seriously construct a political theory without a metaphysics. Therefore, we find an
- outline of human life as it should be lived according to nature. (Allen)
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- THE LATER DIALOGUES
- In the later dialogues Soctates does not always play the leading role. He does not enter
- into the conversation of Laws. More interest was shown in the possibilities of politics. Law and
- legal government were stressed and it greatly influenced Aristotle. It is clear that in later years
- Plato became more aware of the difficulties in attempting to combine science with government.
- Plato's main interest at the end of his life was to guide human effort as indicated in his last
- dialogues, the Laws. (Allen)
- Many students of the Academy were reaching into positions of power in the Greek world.
- Plato planned a trilogy at the end of his life, the Timaeus, the Critias, and the Hermoncrates.
- (Allen)
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- THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
- Plato's theory of knowledge can be found in the myth of the cave. The myth describes
- people chained within a cave. The only images they see are the shadows of objects and animals
- held in front of a fire that is behind them that reflects on the cave walls in front of them. That is
- all they had ever seen so that is what they believe to be real. One day a man escaped the cave
- and went outside. With the sun he saw what was real in the world and realized all he ever saw
- were just shadows. He went back to the men in the cave and told them all this. He told them
- that they
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- ANAYA--3
- too could see the outside if they broke free of their chains but they didn't believe him. The
- environment of the cave to Plato symbolizes the physical world of appearances. Escaping into
- the sun-filled world means the transition into the real world that is full and perfect being the
- world of forms, which is the proper object of knowledge. (Hare p.39)
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- NATURE OF FORMS
- The theory of Forms may be understood best in terms of mathematical entities. This
- theory was his way of explaining how the same universal term can refer to so many particular
- things or events. An individual is human to the extent that they resemble or participate. In the
- Form "humanness" if "humanness" is defined in terms of being a rational animal and human
- being to the extent that he or she is rational. An object is beautiful to the extent that it
- participates in the Idea, or Form of beauty. Everything in the world of space and time is, what it
- is by virtue of it's resemblance to, or participation in, it's universal Form. The supreme Form is
- the Form of Good, which like the sun in the myth of the cave, illuminates all the other ideas.
- The theory of Forms is intended to explain how one comes to know and also how things have
- come to be the way that they are. (Internet)
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- ETHICS
- Plato's ethical theory rests on the assumption that virtue is knowledge and can be taught,
- which has to be understood in terms of his theory of Forms. One of his famous arguments is that
- to "know the good is to do the good". Along with that he states that anyone who behaves
- immorally does so out of ignorance. He also says that a truly happy person is a moral person and
- they become individuals and always desire their own happiness. They always desire to do that
- which is moral. (Dolan p.76)
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- ANAYA--4
- TRUTH
- Plato illustrates truth by telling the well-known story of Gyges. Gyges one day stumbled
- upon a chasm in the opening of the earth after a heavy rainfall. He came upon a horse made of
- bronze which had a door on the side of it. He opened it up and saw the body of a man of
- superhuman stature, wearing a gold ring. He took the ring off the finger of the body and placed
- it upon his own. He later realized that if he turned the bezel of the ring inwards in the direction
- of the palm of his hand he would become invisible. He would use the ring to his advantage
- many a time. He would kill off anyone that stood in his way and he got whatever he wanted
- without anyone suspecting him. He even quickly rose to be the King of Lydia. Now, think of the
- same ring in the hands of a wise man. He would not consider that it would give him the right to
- do wrong any more than if it did not belong to him. For to act secretly is not what a good man
- aims at, it is what he wants to do to act rightly. (Grant 172,173)
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- WORKS
- Plato's writings were in dialogue form. The earliest collection of Plato's work includes
- 35 dialogues and 13 letters. It is still disputed if some of them are authentic or not.
- The works of Plato can be split up into 3 groups. The earliest dialogues represent his
- attempt to communicate the philosophy and style of Socrates, many of the dialogues take the
- same for of the writings from him. (Internet)
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- PLATO'S ACHIEVEMENTS
- Plato's actual achievements in his field was great. He had a greater claim than anyone
- else to be called the founder of philosophy. What is unique about Plato is the progress towards a
- much tougher, more precise logical and metaphysical theory, a moral philosophy and a
- philosophy of language. Through discussion and criticism, they shaped the entire future of
- philosophy. (Hare)
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- ANAYA--5
- Plato's development of the topic "The one and the many" sought an explanation of the
- variety of things on reason. The search started with the question "What were their origins" and
- "What are they all made of ". Scientists went on asking this question and answering it. Plato
- grasped the truth that understanding is different from science and just as imporant. (Hare)
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- INTERVIEW
- One of Plato's most famous ideas is the idea that the world is a rational place and that
- we are all here for a reason. People are good because they want to be good not because they will
- be punished if they are not and rewarded if they are. Plato works from top to bottom with his
- philosophy as opposed to bottom to top. It is shown by his work that you do not run into as
- many problems doing it the reverse way that he does. Rationality is used to eliminate the feeling
- in a person. It is the complete opposite of emotion, rationality is used in all views. Emotion
- causes more problems because none of the acts such as hate, love, murder, lust, fear....are
- rational.
- This idea of reason usually conflicts with the ideas of the bible but in Plato's case the views were
- quite similar. Art is a form that is not looked upon as highly in society as rationality because
- there is so much emotion put into it. One of the best examples is love love is not a rational
- thought and with art love is expressed a lot throughout important pieces. "Rational thought" is
- known to be able to start government and lifestyles, although not all lifestyles can be controlled.
- Take for instance an alcoholic is an alcoholic because they are not being rational and it is not
- that they can't stop drinking it is that they don't have enough willpower to stop. It all comes down
- to lack of control and lack of reason. Most of what we do is not based on rational thought and
- even though we know that it should be we too do not have the willpower to change our lifestyles
- around. First of all, we wouldn't be able to survive because it would mean getting rid of all
- emotional thoughts and feelings and that is close to impossible. Second to live like that would
- seem so far out and unreal that no one would even try to attempt it. No one can live life without
- love, lust, hate, and
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- ANAYA--6
- fear they are things that every human being is born with and will die with. Plato always
- presumed that rational was good, and right, but to us in this world rational is impossible.
- (Swanson)
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- BIBLIOGRAPHY
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- Allen, R.E. The Dialogues of Plato, Volume II. London: Yale University Press Publisher,
- 1991.
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- Grant, Michael. Cicero, Selected Works. Blatimore: Penguin Books Publisher, 1960.
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- Dolan, John P. The Essentials Erasmus. New York: The new American Library Publisher, 1964
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- Internet. Plato (circa 428-C.-347 B.C) Plato Page. http://www.connect.net/ron/plato.html.
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- Hare, R.M. Plato. London: Oxford University Press, 1892
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