Black Art of 3D Game Programming

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C/C++ Source or Header | 1995-04-06 | 88.1 KB | 3,456 lines

// I N C L U D E S /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #include <io.h> #include <conio.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <dos.h> #include <bios.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <memory.h> #include <malloc.h> #include <math.h> #include <string.h> #include <search.h> // this one is needed for qsort() // include all of our stuff #include "black3.h" #include "black4.h" #include "black5.h" #include "black6.h" #include "black8.h" #include "black9.h" #include "black11.h" // G L O B A L S ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// float clip_near_z = 100, // the near or hither clipping plane clip_far_z = 3000, // the far or yon clipping plane screen_width = 320, // dimensions of the screen screen_heigth = 200; int viewing_distance = 200; // distance of projection plane from camera point_3d view_point = {0,0,0,1}; // position of camera vector_3d light_source = {-0.913913,0.389759,-0.113369}; // position of point light source float ambient_light = 6; // ambient light level dir_3d view_angle = {0,0,0}; // angle of camera matrix_4x4 global_view; // the global inverse wortld to camera // matrix RGB_palette color_palette_3d; // the color palette used for the 3D system int num_objects; // number of objects in the world object_ptr world_object_list[MAX_OBJECTS]; // the objects in the world int num_polys_frame; // the number of polys in this frame facet_ptr world_polys[MAX_POLYS_PER_FRAME]; // the visible polygons for this frame facet world_poly_storage[MAX_POLYS_PER_FRAME]; // the storage for the visible // polygons is pre-allocated // so it doesn't need to be // allocated frame by frame // look up tables float sin_look[360+1], // SIN from 0 to 360 cos_look[360+1]; // COSINE from 0 to 360 // the clipping region, set it to default on start up int poly_clip_min_x = POLY_CLIP_MIN_X, poly_clip_min_y = POLY_CLIP_MIN_Y, poly_clip_max_x = POLY_CLIP_MAX_X, poly_clip_max_y = POLY_CLIP_MAX_Y; sprite textures; // this holds the textures // F U N C T I O N S ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Make_Grey_Palette(void) { // this function generates 64 shades of grey and places them in the palette // at locations 16 to 96 int index; RGB_color color; // generate 64 shades of grey for (index=0; index<64; index++) { // grey equals equal percentage of Red, Green and Blue color.red = index; color.green = index; color.blue = index; // write the color in the palette starting at location 16, so as not to // fry the EGA pallete Write_Color_Reg(index+16,(RGB_color_ptr)&color); } // end for index } // end Make_Grey_Palette //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Draw_Triangle_2D_Text(int x1,int y1, int x2,int y2, int x3,int y3, unsigned char far *buffer, int texture_index) { // this function draws a textured triangle, but doesn't perform any clipping // and is very slow (mostly for demonstrative purposes) int x,y, // looping variables x_index, // integer texture coordinates y_index, bottom_1, // distance from top to middle of triangle on y axis bottom_2; // distance from middle to borttom triangle on y axis float dx_right, // the dx/dy ratio of the right edge of line dx_left, // the dx/dy ratio of the left edge of line xs,xe, // the starting and ending points of the edges height_left, // the heights of the triangle height_right; float a,b,c,d,det, // texture mapping inverse matrix elements ix,iy,jx,jy, // texture vectors delta_uy,delta_vy, // pre-computed deltas of textures coordinates on y axis u_start,v_start, // the starting u,v coordinates on each line u_curr,v_curr; // the current u,v texture coordinates unsigned char far *dest_addr; // final destination address of memory write unsigned char far *text; // texture memory // assign text pointer to current texture map text = textures.frames[texture_index]; // compute height of sub triangles height_left = y2-y1; height_right = y3-y1; // compute distances from starting y vertex if (y2>y3) { bottom_1 = y3; bottom_2 = y2; } else { bottom_1 = y2; bottom_2 = y3; } // end else // compute edge deltas dx_left = (float)(x2-x1)/height_left; dx_right = (float)(x3-x1)/height_right; // set starting points xs = (float)x1; xe = (float)x1+(float)0.5; // compute vector components for texture calculations ix = (float)(x3-x1); iy = (float)(y3-y1); jx = (float)(x2-x1); jy = (float)(y2-y1); // compute determinant det = (ix*jy - iy*jx); // compute inverse matrix a = jy/det; b = -jx/det; c = -iy/det; d = ix/det; // compute starting texture coordinates u_start = 0; v_start = 0; // compute delta texture coordinates for unit change in y delta_uy=(a*dx_left + b); delta_vy=(c*dx_left + d); // compute starting address in video memory dest_addr = buffer+(y1<<8)+(y1<<6); // draw the triangle for (y=y1; y<=bottom_1; y++,dest_addr+=320) { // start off working texture coordinates for current row u_curr = u_start; v_curr = v_start; // draw line for (x=(int)xs; x<=(int)xe; x++) { x_index = abs((int)(u_curr*63+0.5)); y_index = abs((int)(v_curr*63+0.5)); // printf("\nu=%d v=%d ",x_index, y_index); dest_addr[x] = text[y_index*64 + x_index]; // adjust x texture coordinates u_curr+=a; v_curr+=c; } // end for x // adjust starting point and ending point xs+=dx_left; xe+=dx_right; // adjust texture coordinates based on y change u_start += delta_uy; v_start += delta_vy; } // end for // now recompute slope of shorter edge to make it complete triangle if (y3>y2) { // recompute left edge slope dx_left = (float)(x3-x2)/(float)(y3-y2); } else { // y2>y3, recompute right edge slope dx_right = (float)(x2-x3)/(float)(y2-y3); } // end else // recompute texture space coordinate increments for y changes delta_uy=(a*dx_left + b); delta_vy=(c*dx_left + d); // draw remainder of triangle for (y--; y<=bottom_2; y++,dest_addr+=320) { // start off working texture coordinates for current row u_curr = u_start; v_curr = v_start; // draw line for (x=(int)xs; x<=(int)xe; x++) { // scale each texture coordinate by 64 since texrtures are 64x64 x_index = (int)(u_curr*63); y_index = (int)(v_curr*63); // plot textel on screen dest_addr[x] = text[y_index*64 + x_index]; // adjust x texture coordinates u_curr+=a; v_curr+=c; } // end for x // adjust starting point and ending point xs+=dx_left; xe+=dx_right; // adjust texture coordinates based on y change u_start += delta_uy; v_start += delta_vy; } // end for } // end Draw_Triangle_2D_Text ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Draw_Triangle_2D_Gouraud(int x1,int y1, int x2,int y2, int x3,int y3, unsigned char far *buffer, int intensity_1, int intensity_2, int intensity_3) { // this function draws a Gouraud shaded triangle, but doesn't perform any clipping // and is very slow (mostly for demonstrative purposes) int x,y, // looping variables x_index, // integer texture coordinates y_index, bottom_1, // distance from top to middle of triangle on y axis bottom_2; // distance from middle to borttom triangle on y axis float dx_right, // the dx/dy ratio of the right edge of line dx_left, // the dx/dy ratio of the left edge of line xs,xe, // the starting and ending points of the edges height_left, // the heights of the triangle height_right; float intensity_right, // the intensity of the right edge of the triangle intensity_left, // the intensity of the left edge of the triangle intensity_mid, // the average between the right and left delta_y21,delta_y31; // the y delta's unsigned char far *dest_addr; // pointer to memory space of video write // compute height of sub triangles height_left = y2-y1; height_right = y3-y1; // compute distances from starting y vertex if (y2>y3) { bottom_1 = y3; bottom_2 = y2; } else { bottom_1 = y2; bottom_2 = y3; } // end else // compute edge deltas dx_left = (float)(x2-x1)/height_left; dx_right = (float)(x3-x1)/height_right; // set starting points xs = (float)x1; xe = (float)x1+(float)0.5; // compute shading constants delta_y21 = (float)1/(float)(y2-y1); delta_y31 = (float)1/(float)(y3-y1); // compute starting address in video memory dest_addr = buffer+(y1<<8)+(y1<<6); // draw the triangle using Gouraud shading for (y=y1; y<=bottom_1; y++,dest_addr+=320) { // compute left and right edge intensities as a function of y intensity_left = delta_y21*(float)((y2-y)*intensity_1 + (y-y1)*intensity_2); intensity_right = delta_y31*(float)((y3-y)*intensity_1 + (y-y1)*intensity_3); // draw line for (x=(int)xs; x<=(int)xe; x++) { // compute x axis intensity interpolant intensity_mid = ((xe-x)*intensity_left + (x-xs)*intensity_right)/(xe-xs); // plot pixel on screen dest_addr[x] = (unsigned char)(16+intensity_mid); } // end for x // adjust starting point and ending point xs+=dx_left; xe+=dx_right; } // end for // now recompute slope of shorter edge to make it complete triangle if (y3>y2) { // recompute left edge slope dx_left = (float)(x3-x2)/(float)(y3-y2); } else { // y2>y3, recompute right edge slope dx_right = (float)(x2-x3)/(float)(y2-y3); } // end else // draw remainder of triangle for (y--; y<=bottom_2; y++,dest_addr+=320) { // compute left and right edge intensities as a function of y intensity_left = (float)((y3-y)*intensity_2 + (y-y2)*intensity_3)/(float)(y3-y2); intensity_right = delta_y31*(float)((y3-y)*intensity_1 + (y-y1)*intensity_3); // draw line for (x=(int)xs; x<=(int)xe; x++) { // compute x axis intensity interpolant intensity_mid = ((xe-x)*intensity_left + (x-xs)*intensity_right)/(xe-xs); // plot pixel on screen dest_addr[x] = (unsigned char)(16+intensity_mid); } // end for x // adjust starting point and ending point xs+=dx_left; xe+=dx_right; } // end for } // end Draw_Triangle_2D_Gouraud //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Triangle_Line(unsigned char far *dest_addr, unsigned int xs, unsigned int xe, int color) { // this function draws a fast horizontal line by using WORD size writes // it's speed can be doubled by use of an external 32 bit DWORD version in // assembly... // plot pixels at ends of line first if (xs & 0x0001) { // plot a single starting pixel and move xs to an even boundary dest_addr[xs++] = (unsigned char)color; } // end if if (!(xe & 0x0001)) { // plot a single terminating pixel and move xe back to an odd boundary dest_addr[xe--] = (unsigned char)color; } // end if // now plot the line dest_addr+=xs; // now blast the middle part of the line a WORD at a time, later use // an external assembly program to do it a DOUBLE WORD at a time! _asm { les di,dest_addr ; point es:di at data area mov al,BYTE PTR color ; move into al and ah the color mov ah,al mov cx,xe ; compute number of words to move (xe-xs+1)/2 sub cx,xs inc cx shr cx,1 ; divide by 2 rep stosw ; draw the line } // end asm } // end Triangle_Line ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Draw_Top_Triangle(int x1,int y1, int x2,int y2, int x3,int y3,int color) { // this function draws a triangle that has a flat top float dx_right, // the dx/dy ratio of the right edge of line dx_left, // the dx/dy ratio of the left edge of line xs,xe, // the starting and ending points of the edges height; // the height of the triangle int temp_x, // used during sorting as temps temp_y, right, // used by clipping left; unsigned char far *dest_addr; // test order of x1 and x2 if (x2 < x1) { temp_x = x2; x2 = x1; x1 = temp_x; } // end if swap // compute delta's height = y3-y1; dx_left = (x3-x1)/height; dx_right = (x3-x2)/height; // set starting points xs = (float)x1; xe = (float)x2+(float)0.5; // perform y clipping if (y1<poly_clip_min_y) { // compute new xs and ys xs = xs+dx_left*(float)(-y1+poly_clip_min_y); xe = xe+dx_right*(float)(-y1+poly_clip_min_y); // reset y1 y1=poly_clip_min_y; } // end if top is off screen if (y3>poly_clip_max_y) y3=poly_clip_max_y; // compute starting address in video memory dest_addr = double_buffer+(y1<<8)+(y1<<6); // test if x clipping is needed if (x1>=poly_clip_min_x && x1<=poly_clip_max_x && x2>=poly_clip_min_x && x2<=poly_clip_max_x && x3>=poly_clip_min_x && x3<=poly_clip_max_x) { // draw the triangle for (temp_y=y1; temp_y<=y3; temp_y++,dest_addr+=320) { Triangle_Line(dest_addr,(unsigned int)xs,(unsigned int)xe,color); //_fmemset((unsigned char far *)dest_addr+(unsigned int)xs, // color, // (unsigned int)(xe-xs)); // adjust starting point and ending point xs+=dx_left; xe+=dx_right; } // end for } // end if no x clipping needed else { // clip x axis with slower version // draw the triangle for (temp_y=y1; temp_y<=y3; temp_y++,dest_addr+=320) { // do x clip left = (int)xs; right = (int)xe; // adjust starting point and ending point xs+=dx_left; xe+=dx_right; // clip line if (left < poly_clip_min_x) { left = poly_clip_min_x; if (right < poly_clip_min_x) continue; } if (right > poly_clip_max_x) { right = poly_clip_max_x; if (left > poly_clip_max_x) continue; } Triangle_Line(dest_addr,(unsigned int)left,(unsigned int)right,color); //_fmemset((unsigned char far *)dest_addr+(unsigned int)left, // color, // (unsigned int)(right-left)); } // end for } // end else x clipping needed } // end Draw_Top_Triangle ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Draw_Bottom_Triangle(int x1,int y1, int x2,int y2, int x3,int y3,int color) { // this function draws a triangle that has a flat bottom float dx_right, // the dx/dy ratio of the right edge of line dx_left, // the dx/dy ratio of the left edge of line xs,xe, // the starting and ending points of the edges height; // the height of the triangle int temp_x, // used during sorting as temps temp_y, right, // used by clipping left; unsigned char far *dest_addr; // test order of x1 and x2 if (x3 < x2) { temp_x = x2; x2 = x3; x3 = temp_x; } // end if swap // compute delta's height = y3-y1; dx_left = (x2-x1)/height; dx_right = (x3-x1)/height; // set starting points xs = (float)x1; xe = (float)x1+(float)0.5; // perform y clipping if (y1<poly_clip_min_y) { // compute new xs and ys xs = xs+dx_left*(float)(-y1+poly_clip_min_y); xe = xe+dx_right*(float)(-y1+poly_clip_min_y); // reset y1 y1=poly_clip_min_y; } // end if top is off screen if (y3>poly_clip_max_y) y3=poly_clip_max_y; // compute starting address in video memory dest_addr = double_buffer+(y1<<8)+(y1<<6); // test if x clipping is needed if (x1>=poly_clip_min_x && x1<=poly_clip_max_x && x2>=poly_clip_min_x && x2<=poly_clip_max_x && x3>=poly_clip_min_x && x3<=poly_clip_max_x) { // draw the triangle for (temp_y=y1; temp_y<=y3; temp_y++,dest_addr+=320) { Triangle_Line(dest_addr,(unsigned int)xs,(unsigned int)xe,color); //_fmemset((unsigned char far *)dest_addr+(unsigned int)xs, // color, // (unsigned int)(xe-xs)); // adjust starting point and ending point xs+=dx_left; xe+=dx_right; } // end for } // end if no x clipping needed else { // clip x axis with slower version // draw the triangle for (temp_y=y1; temp_y<=y3; temp_y++,dest_addr+=320) { // do x clip left = (int)xs; right = (int)xe; // adjust starting point and ending point xs+=dx_left; xe+=dx_right; // clip line if (left < poly_clip_min_x) { left = poly_clip_min_x; if (right < poly_clip_min_x) continue; } if (right > poly_clip_max_x) { right = poly_clip_max_x; if (left > poly_clip_max_x) continue; } Triangle_Line(dest_addr,(unsigned int)left,(unsigned int)right,color); //_fmemset((unsigned char far *)dest_addr+(unsigned int)left, // color, // (unsigned int)(right-left)); } // end for } // end else x clipping needed } // end Draw_Bottom_Triangle /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Draw_Triangle_2D(int x1,int y1, int x2,int y2, int x3,int y3,int color) { int temp_x, temp_y, new_x; // test for h lines and v lines if ((x1==x2 && x2==x3) || (y1==y2 && y2==y3)) return; // sort p1,p2,p3 in ascending y order if (y2<y1) { temp_x = x2; temp_y = y2; x2 = x1; y2 = y1; x1 = temp_x; y1 = temp_y; } // end if // now we know that p1 and p2 are in order if (y3<y1) { temp_x = x3; temp_y = y3; x3 = x1; y3 = y1; x1 = temp_x; y1 = temp_y; } // end if // finally test y3 against y2 if (y3<y2) { temp_x = x3; temp_y = y3; x3 = x2; y3 = y2; x2 = temp_x; y2 = temp_y; } // end if // do trivial rejection tests if ( y3<poly_clip_min_y || y1>poly_clip_max_y || (x1<poly_clip_min_x && x2<poly_clip_min_x && x3<poly_clip_min_x) || (x1>poly_clip_max_x && x2>poly_clip_max_x && x3>poly_clip_max_x) ) return; // test if top of triangle is flat if (y1==y2) { Draw_Top_Triangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,color); } // end if else if (y2==y3) { Draw_Bottom_Triangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,color); } // end if bottom is flat else { // general triangle that's needs to be broken up along long edge new_x = x1 + (int)((float)(y2-y1)*(float)(x3-x1)/(float)(y3-y1)); // draw each sub-triangle Draw_Bottom_Triangle(x1,y1,new_x,y2,x2,y2,color); Draw_Top_Triangle(x2,y2,new_x,y2,x3,y3,color); } // end else } // end Draw_Triangle_2D //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// int Clip_Line(int *x1,int *y1,int *x2, int *y2) { // this function clips the sent line using the globally defined clipping // region int point_1 = 0, point_2 = 0; // tracks if each end point is visible or invisible int clip_always = 0; // used for clipping override int xi,yi; // point of intersection int right_edge=0, // which edges are the endpoints beyond left_edge=0, top_edge=0, bottom_edge=0; int success = 0; // was there a successfull clipping float dx,dy; // used to holds slope deltas // test if line is completely visible if ( (*x1>=poly_clip_min_x) && (*x1<=poly_clip_max_x) && (*y1>=poly_clip_min_y) && (*y1<=poly_clip_max_y) ) point_1 = 1; if ( (*x2>=poly_clip_min_x) && (*x2<=poly_clip_max_x) && (*y2>=poly_clip_min_y) && (*y2<=poly_clip_max_y) ) point_2 = 1; // test endpoints if (point_1==1 && point_2==1) return(1); // test if line is completely invisible if (point_1==0 && point_2==0) { // must test to see if each endpoint is on the same side of one of // the bounding planes created by each clipping region boundary if ( ((*x1<poly_clip_min_x) && (*x2<poly_clip_min_x)) || // to the left ((*x1>poly_clip_max_x) && (*x2>poly_clip_max_x)) || // to the right ((*y1<poly_clip_min_y) && (*y2<poly_clip_min_y)) || // above ((*y1>poly_clip_max_y) && (*y2>poly_clip_max_y)) ) // below { // no need to draw line return(0); } // end if invisible // if we got here we have the special case where the line cuts into and // out of the clipping region clip_always = 1; } // end if test for invisibly // take care of case where either endpoint is in clipping region if (( point_1==1) || (point_1==0 && point_2==0) ) { // compute deltas dx = *x2 - *x1; dy = *y2 - *y1; // compute what boundary line need to be clipped against if (*x2 > poly_clip_max_x) { // flag right edge right_edge = 1; // compute intersection with right edge if (dx!=0) yi = (int)(.5 + (dy/dx) * (poly_clip_max_x - *x1) + *y1); else yi = -1; // invalidate intersection } // end if to right else if (*x2 < poly_clip_min_x) { // flag left edge left_edge = 1; // compute intersection with left edge if (dx!=0) yi = (int)(.5 + (dy/dx) * (poly_clip_min_x - *x1) + *y1); else yi = -1; // invalidate intersection } // end if to left // horizontal intersections if (*y2 > poly_clip_max_y) { // flag bottom edge bottom_edge = 1; // compute intersection with right edge if (dy!=0) xi = (int)(.5 + (dx/dy) * (poly_clip_max_y - *y1) + *x1); else xi = -1; // invalidate inntersection } // end if bottom else if (*y2 < poly_clip_min_y) { // flag top edge top_edge = 1; // compute intersection with top edge if (dy!=0) xi = (int)(.5 + (dx/dy) * (poly_clip_min_y - *y1) + *x1); else xi = -1; // invalidate intersection } // end if top // now we know where the line passed thru // compute which edge is the proper intersection if (right_edge==1 && (yi>=poly_clip_min_y && yi<=poly_clip_max_y) ) { *x2 = poly_clip_max_x; *y2 = yi; success = 1; } // end if intersected right edge else if (left_edge==1 && (yi>=poly_clip_min_y && yi<=poly_clip_max_y) ) { *x2 = poly_clip_min_x; *y2 = yi; success = 1; } // end if intersected left edge if (bottom_edge==1 && (xi>=poly_clip_min_x && xi<=poly_clip_max_x) ) { *x2 = xi; *y2 = poly_clip_max_y; success = 1; } // end if intersected bottom edge else if (top_edge==1 && (xi>=poly_clip_min_x && xi<=poly_clip_max_x) ) { *x2 = xi; *y2 = poly_clip_min_y; success = 1; } // end if intersected top edge } // end if point_1 is visible // reset edge flags right_edge = left_edge= top_edge = bottom_edge = 0; // test second endpoint if ( (point_2==1) || (point_1==0 && point_2==0)) { // compute deltas dx = *x1 - *x2; dy = *y1 - *y2; // compute what boundary line need to be clipped against if (*x1 > poly_clip_max_x) { // flag right edge right_edge = 1; // compute intersection with right edge if (dx!=0) yi = (int)(.5 + (dy/dx) * (poly_clip_max_x - *x2) + *y2); else yi = -1; // invalidate inntersection } // end if to right else if (*x1 < poly_clip_min_x) { // flag left edge left_edge = 1; // compute intersection with left edge if (dx!=0) yi = (int)(.5 + (dy/dx) * (poly_clip_min_x - *x2) + *y2); else yi = -1; // invalidate intersection } // end if to left // horizontal intersections if (*y1 > poly_clip_max_y) { // flag bottom edge bottom_edge = 1; // compute intersection with right edge if (dy!=0) xi = (int)(.5 + (dx/dy) * (poly_clip_max_y - *y2) + *x2); else xi = -1; // invalidate inntersection } // end if bottom else if (*y1 < poly_clip_min_y) { // flag top edge top_edge = 1; // compute intersection with top edge if (dy!=0) xi = (int)(.5 + (dx/dy) * (poly_clip_min_y - *y2) + *x2); else xi = -1; // invalidate inntersection } // end if top // now we know where the line passed thru // compute which edge is the proper intersection if (right_edge==1 && (yi>=poly_clip_min_y && yi<=poly_clip_max_y) ) { *x1 = poly_clip_max_x; *y1 = yi; success = 1; } // end if intersected right edge else if (left_edge==1 && (yi>=poly_clip_min_y && yi<=poly_clip_max_y) ) { *x1 = poly_clip_min_x; *y1 = yi; success = 1; } // end if intersected left edge if (bottom_edge==1 && (xi>=poly_clip_min_x && xi<=poly_clip_max_x) ) { *x1 = xi; *y1 = poly_clip_max_y; success = 1; } // end if intersected bottom edge else if (top_edge==1 && (xi>=poly_clip_min_x && xi<=poly_clip_max_x) ) { *x1 = xi; *y1 = poly_clip_min_y; success = 1; } // end if intersected top edge } // end if point_2 is visible return(success); } // end Clip_Line ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Build_Look_Up_Tables(void) { // this function builds all the look up tables for the engine int angle; float rad; // generate sin/cos look up tables for (angle=0; angle<=360; angle++) { rad = (float) (3.14159*(float)angle/(float)180); cos_look[angle] = (float)cos(rad); sin_look[angle] = (float)sin(rad); } // end for angle } // end Build_Look_Up_Tables ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// float Dot_Product_3D(vector_3d_ptr u,vector_3d_ptr v) { // this function computes the dot product of two vectors return( (u->x * v->x) + (u->y * v->y) + (u->z * v->z)); } // end Dot_Product ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Make_Vector_3D(point_3d_ptr init, point_3d_ptr term, vector_3d_ptr result) { // this function creates a vector from two points in 3D space result->x = term->x - init->x; result->y = term->y - init->y; result->z = term->z - init->z; } // end Make_Vector ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Cross_Product_3D(vector_3d_ptr u, vector_3d_ptr v, vector_3d_ptr normal) { // this function computes the cross product between two vectors normal->x = (u->y*v->z - u->z*v->y); normal->y = -(u->x*v->z - u->z*v->x); normal->z = (u->x*v->y - u->y*v->x); } // end Cross_Product_3D /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// float Vector_Mag_3D(vector_3d_ptr v) { // computes the magnitude of a vector return((float)sqrt(v->x*v->x + v->y*v->y + v->z*v->z)); } // end Vector_Mag_3D /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Mat_Print_4x4(matrix_4x4 a) { // this function prints out a 4x4 matrix int row, // looping variables column; for (row=0; row<4; row++) { printf("\n"); for (column=0; column<4; column++) printf("%f ",a[row][column]); } // end for row printf("\n"); } // end Mat_Print_4x4 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Mat_Print_1x4(matrix_1x4 a) { // this function prints out a 1x4 matrix int column; // looping variable printf("\n"); for (column=0; column<4; column++) printf("%f ",a[column]); printf("\n"); } // end Mat_Print_1x4 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Mat_Mul_4x4_4x4(matrix_4x4 a, matrix_4x4 b, matrix_4x4 result) { // this function multiplies a 4x4 by a 4x4 and stores the result in a 4x4 int index_i, // row and column looping vars index_j, index_k; float sum; // temp used to hold sum of products // loop thru rows of a for (index_i=0; index_i<4; index_i++) { // loop thru columns of b for (index_j=0; index_j<4; index_j++) { // multiply ith row of a by jth column of b and store the sum // of products in the position i,j of result sum=0; for (index_k=0; index_k<4; index_k++) sum+=a[index_i][index_k]*b[index_k][index_j]; // store result result[index_i][index_j] = sum; } // end for index_j } // end for index_i } // end Mat_Mul_4x4_4x4 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Mat_Mul_1x4_4x4(matrix_1x4 a, matrix_4x4 b, matrix_1x4 result) { // this function multiplies a 1x4 by a 4x4 and stores the result in a 1x4 int index_j, // column index index_k; // row index float sum; // temp used to hold sum of products // loop thru columns of b for (index_j=0; index_j<4; index_j++) { // multiply ith row of a by jth column of b and store the sum // of products in the position i,j of result sum=0; for (index_k=0; index_k<4; index_k++) sum+=a[index_k]*b[index_k][index_j]; // store result result[index_j] = sum; } // end for index_j } // end Mat_Mul_1x4_4x4 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Mat_Identity_4x4(matrix_4x4 a) { // this function creates a 4x4 identity matrix a[0][1] = a[0][2] = a[0][3] = 0; a[1][0] = a[1][2] = a[1][3] = 0; a[2][0] = a[2][1] = a[2][3] = 0; a[3][0] = a[3][1] = a[3][2] = 0; // set main diagonal to 1's a[0][0] = a[1][1] = a[2][2] = a[3][3] = 1; } // end Mat_Identity_4x4 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Mat_Zero_4x4(matrix_4x4 a) { // this function zero's out a 4x4 matrix a[0][0] = a[0][1] = a[0][2] = a[0][3] = 0; a[1][0] = a[1][1] = a[1][2] = a[1][3] = 0; a[2][0] = a[2][1] = a[2][2] = a[2][3] = 0; a[3][0] = a[3][1] = a[3][2] = a[3][3] = 0; } // end Mat_Zero_4x4 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Mat_Copy_4x4(matrix_4x4 source, matrix_4x4 destination) { // this function copies one 4x4 matrix to another int index_i, index_j; // looping vars // copy the matrix row by row for (index_i=0; index_i<4; index_i++) for (index_j=0; index_j<4; index_j++) destination[index_i][index_j] = source[index_i][index_j]; } // end Mat_Copy_4x4 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Local_To_World_Object(object_ptr the_object) { // this function converts an objects local coordinates to world coordinates // by translating each point in the object by the objects current position int index; // looping variable // move object from local position to world position for (index=0; index<the_object->num_vertices; index++) { the_object->vertices_world[index].x = the_object->vertices_local[index].x + the_object->world_pos.x; the_object->vertices_world[index].y = the_object->vertices_local[index].y + the_object->world_pos.y; the_object->vertices_world[index].z = the_object->vertices_local[index].z + the_object->world_pos.z; } // end for index // reset visibility flags for all polys for (index=0; index<the_object->num_polys; index++) { the_object->polys[index].visible = 1; the_object->polys[index].clipped = 0; } // end for } // end Local_To_World_Object ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Create_World_To_Camera(void) { // this function creates the global inverse transformation matrix // used to transform world coordinate to camera coordinates matrix_4x4 translate, // the translation matrix rotate_x, // the x,y and z rotation matrices rotate_y, rotate_z, result_1, result_2; // create identity matrices Mat_Identity_4x4(translate); Mat_Identity_4x4(rotate_x); Mat_Identity_4x4(rotate_y); Mat_Identity_4x4(rotate_z); // make a translation matrix based on the inverse of the viewpoint translate[3][0] = -view_point.x; translate[3][1] = -view_point.y; translate[3][2] = -view_point.z; // make rotation matrices based on the inverse of the view angles // note that since we use lookup tables for sin and cosine, it's hard to // use negative angles, so we will use that fact that cos(-x) = cos(x) // and sin(-x) = -sin(x) to implement the inverse instead of using // an offset in the lookup table or using the technique that // a rotation of -x = 360-x. note the original rotation formulas will be // kept in parentheses, so you can better see the inversion // x matrix rotate_x[1][1] = ( cos_look[view_angle.ang_x]); rotate_x[1][2] = -( sin_look[view_angle.ang_x]); rotate_x[2][1] = -(-sin_look[view_angle.ang_x]); rotate_x[2][2] = ( cos_look[view_angle.ang_x]); // y matrix rotate_y[0][0] = ( cos_look[view_angle.ang_y]); rotate_y[0][2] = -(-sin_look[view_angle.ang_y]); rotate_y[2][0] = -( sin_look[view_angle.ang_y]); rotate_y[2][2] = ( cos_look[view_angle.ang_y]); // z matrix rotate_z[0][0] = ( cos_look[view_angle.ang_z]); rotate_z[0][1] = -( sin_look[view_angle.ang_z]); rotate_z[1][0] = -(-sin_look[view_angle.ang_z]); rotate_z[1][1] = ( cos_look[view_angle.ang_z]); // multiply all the matrices together to obtain a final world to camera // viewing transformation matrix i.e. // translation * rotate_x * rotate_y * rotate_z Mat_Mul_4x4_4x4(translate,rotate_x,result_1); Mat_Mul_4x4_4x4(result_1,rotate_y,result_2); Mat_Mul_4x4_4x4(result_2,rotate_z,global_view); } // end Create_World_To_Camera ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void World_To_Camera_Object(object_ptr the_object) { // this function converts an objects world coordinates to camera coordinates // by multiplying each point of the object by the inverse viewing transformation // matrix which is generated by concatenating the inverse of the view position // and the view angles the result of which is in global_view int index; // looping variable // iterate thru all vertices of object and transform them into camera coordinates for (index=0; index<=the_object->num_vertices; index++) { // multiply the point by the viewing transformation matrix // x component the_object->vertices_camera[index].x = the_object->vertices_world[index].x * global_view[0][0] + the_object->vertices_world[index].y * global_view[1][0] + the_object->vertices_world[index].z * global_view[2][0] + global_view[3][0]; // y component the_object->vertices_camera[index].y = the_object->vertices_world[index].x * global_view[0][1] + the_object->vertices_world[index].y * global_view[1][1] + the_object->vertices_world[index].z * global_view[2][1] + global_view[3][1]; // z component the_object->vertices_camera[index].z = the_object->vertices_world[index].x * global_view[0][2] + the_object->vertices_world[index].y * global_view[1][2] + the_object->vertices_world[index].z * global_view[2][2] + global_view[3][2]; } // end for index } // end World_To_Camera_Object //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Rotate_Object(object_ptr the_object,int angle_x,int angle_y,int angle_z) { // this function rotates an object relative to it's own local coordinate system // and allows simultaneous rotations int index, // looping variable product=0; // used to determine which matrices need multiplying matrix_4x4 rotate_x, // the x,y and z rotation matrices rotate_y, rotate_z, rotate, // the final rotation matrix temp; // temporary working matrix float temp_x, // used to hold intermediate results during rotation temp_y, temp_z; // test if we need to rotate at all if (angle_x==0 && angle_y==0 && angle_z==0) return; // create identity matrice Mat_Identity_4x4(rotate); // create X rotation matrix if (angle_x) { // x matrix Mat_Identity_4x4(rotate_x); rotate_x[1][1] = ( cos_look[angle_x]); rotate_x[1][2] = ( sin_look[angle_x]); rotate_x[2][1] = (-sin_look[angle_x]); rotate_x[2][2] = ( cos_look[angle_x]); } // end if any X rotation // create Y rotation matrix if (angle_y) { Mat_Identity_4x4(rotate_y); rotate_y[0][0] = ( cos_look[angle_y]); rotate_y[0][2] = (-sin_look[angle_y]); rotate_y[2][0] = ( sin_look[angle_y]); rotate_y[2][2] = ( cos_look[angle_y]); } // end if any Y rotation // create Z rotation matrix if (angle_z) { Mat_Identity_4x4(rotate_z); rotate_z[0][0] = ( cos_look[angle_z]); rotate_z[0][1] = ( sin_look[angle_z]); rotate_z[1][0] = (-sin_look[angle_z]); rotate_z[1][1] = ( cos_look[angle_z]); } // end if any Z rotation // compute final rotation matrix, determine the proper product of matrices // use a switch statement along with a bit pattern to determine which // matrices need multiplying, this is worth the time it would take // to concatenate matrices together that don't have any effect // if bit 2 of product is 1 then there is an x rotation // if bit 1 of product is 1 then there is an y rotation // if bit 0 of product is 1 then there is an z rotation if (angle_x) product|=4; if (angle_y) product|=2; if (angle_z) product|=1; // compute proper final rotation matrix switch(product) { case 0: // do nothing there isn't any rotation { // this shouldn't happen } break; case 1: // final matrix = z { Mat_Copy_4x4(rotate_z,rotate); } break; case 2: // final matrix = y { Mat_Copy_4x4(rotate_y,rotate); } break; case 3: // final matrix = y*z { Mat_Mul_4x4_4x4(rotate_y,rotate_z,rotate); } break; case 4: // final matrix = x { Mat_Copy_4x4(rotate_x,rotate); } break; case 5: // final matrix = x*z { Mat_Mul_4x4_4x4(rotate_x,rotate_z,rotate); } break; case 6: // final matrix = x*y { Mat_Mul_4x4_4x4(rotate_x,rotate_y,rotate); } break; case 7: // final matrix = x*y*z { Mat_Mul_4x4_4x4(rotate_x,rotate_y,temp); Mat_Mul_4x4_4x4(temp,rotate_z,rotate); } break; default:break; } // end switch // now multiply each point in object by transformation matrix for (index=0; index<the_object->num_vertices; index++) { // x component temp_x = the_object->vertices_local[index].x * rotate[0][0] + the_object->vertices_local[index].y * rotate[1][0] + the_object->vertices_local[index].z * rotate[2][0]; // y component temp_y = the_object->vertices_local[index].x * rotate[0][1] + the_object->vertices_local[index].y * rotate[1][1] + the_object->vertices_local[index].z * rotate[2][1]; // z component temp_z = the_object->vertices_local[index].x * rotate[0][2] + the_object->vertices_local[index].y * rotate[1][2] + the_object->vertices_local[index].z * rotate[2][2]; // store rotated point back into local array the_object->vertices_local[index].x = temp_x; the_object->vertices_local[index].y = temp_y; the_object->vertices_local[index].z = temp_z; } // end for index } // end Rotate_Object //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Position_Object(object_ptr the_object,int x,int y,int z) { // this function positions an object in the world the_object->world_pos.x = x; the_object->world_pos.y = y; the_object->world_pos.z = z; } // end Position_Object //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Translate_Object(object_ptr the_object,int x_trans,int y_trans,int z_trans) { // this function translates an object relative to it's own local // coordinate system the_object->world_pos.x+=x_trans; the_object->world_pos.y+=y_trans; the_object->world_pos.z+=z_trans; } // end Translate_Object ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Scale_Object(object_ptr the_object,float scale_factor) { // this function scales an object relative to it's own local coordinate system // equally in x,y and z int curr_poly, // the current polygon being processed curr_vertex; // the current vertex being processed float scale_2; // holds the sqaure of the scaling factor, needed to // resize the surface normal for lighting calculations // multiply each vertex in the object definition by the scaling factor for (curr_vertex=0; curr_vertex<the_object->num_vertices; curr_vertex++) { the_object->vertices_local[curr_vertex].x*=scale_factor; the_object->vertices_local[curr_vertex].y*=scale_factor; the_object->vertices_local[curr_vertex].z*=scale_factor; } // end for curr_vertex // compute scaling factor squared scale_2 = scale_factor*scale_factor; // now scale all pre-computed normals for (curr_poly=0; curr_poly<the_object->num_polys; curr_poly++) the_object->polys[curr_poly].normal_length*=scale_2; // finally scale the radius up the_object->radius*=scale_factor; } // end Scale_Object ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// int Objects_Collide(object_ptr object_1, object_ptr object_2) { // this function tests if the bounding spheres of two objects overlaps // if a more accurate test is needed then polygons should be tested against // polygons. note the function uses the fact that if x > y then x^2 > y^2 // to avoid using square roots. Finally, the function might be altered // so that the bounding spheres are shrank to make sure that the collision // is "solid"/ finally, soft and hard collisions are both detected float dx,dy,dz, // deltas in x,y and z radius_1,radius_2, // radi of each object distance; // distance between object centers // compute delta's dx = (object_1->world_pos.x - object_2->world_pos.x); dy = (object_1->world_pos.y - object_2->world_pos.y); dz = (object_1->world_pos.z - object_2->world_pos.z); // compute length distance = dx*dx + dy*dy + dz*dx; // compute radius of each object squared radius_1 = object_1->radius*object_1->radius; radius_2 = object_2->radius*object_2->radius; // test if distance is smaller than of radi if (distance<radius_1 || distance <radius_2) return(HARD_COLLISION); // hard collision else if (distance < radius_1+radius_2) return(SOFT_COLLISION); // soft collision else return(NO_COLLISION); } // end Objects_Collide ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// char *PLG_Get_Line(char *string, int max_length, FILE *fp) { // this function gets a line from a PLG file and strips comments // just pretend it's a black box! char buffer[80]; // temporary string storage int length, // length of line read index=0, // looping variables index_2=0, parsed=0; // has the current input line been parsed // get the next line of input, make sure there is something on the line while(1) { // get the line if (!fgets(buffer,max_length,fp)) return(NULL); // get length of line length = strlen(buffer); // kill the carriage return buffer[length-1] = 0; // reset index index = 0; // eat leading white space while(buffer[index]==' ') index++; // read line into buffer, if "#" arrives in data stream then disregard // rest of line parsed=0; index_2=0; while(!parsed) { if (buffer[index]!='#' && buffer[index]!=';') { // insert character into output string string[index_2] = buffer[index]; // test if this is a null terminator if (string[index_2]==0) parsed=1; // move to next character index++; index_2++; } // end if not comment else { // insert a null termination since this is the end of the // string for all intense purposes string[index_2] = 0; parsed=1; } // end else } // end while parsing string // make sure we got a string and not a blank line if (strlen(string)) return(string); } // end while } // end PLG_Get_Line ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// int PLG_Load_Object(object_ptr the_object,char *filename,float scale) { // this function loads an object off disk and allows it to be scaled FILE *fp; // disk file static int id_number = 0; // used to set object id's char buffer[80], // holds input string object_name[32], // name of 3-D object *token; // current parsing token unsigned int total_vertices, // total vertices in object total_polys, // total polygons per object num_vertices, // number of vertices on a polygon color_des, // the color descriptor of a polygon logical_color, // the final color of polygon shading, // the type of shading used on polygon index, // looping variables index_2, vertex_num, // vertex numbers vertex_0, vertex_1, vertex_2; float x,y,z; // a single vertex vector_3d u,v,normal; // working vectors // open the disk file if ((fp=fopen(filename,"r"))==NULL) { printf("\nCouldn't open file %s",filename); return(0); } // end if // first we are looking for the header line that has the object name and // the number of vertices and polygons if (!PLG_Get_Line(buffer, 80,fp)) { printf("\nError with PLG file %s",filename); fclose(fp); return(0); } // end if error // extract object name and number of vertices and polygons sscanf(buffer,"%s %d %d",object_name, &total_vertices, &total_polys); // set proper fields in object the_object->num_vertices = total_vertices; the_object->num_polys = total_polys; the_object->state = 1; the_object->world_pos.x = 0; the_object->world_pos.y = 0; the_object->world_pos.z = 0; // set id number, maybe later also add the name of object in the // structure??? the_object->id = id_number++; // based on number of vertices, read vertex list into object for (index=0; index<total_vertices; index++) { // read in vertex if (!PLG_Get_Line(buffer, 80,fp)) { printf("\nError with PLG file %s",filename); fclose(fp); return(0); } // end if error sscanf(buffer,"%f %f %f",&x,&y,&z); // insert vertex into object the_object->vertices_local[index].x = x*scale; the_object->vertices_local[index].y = y*scale; the_object->vertices_local[index].z = z*scale; } // end for index // now read in polygon list for (index=0; index<total_polys; index++) { // read in color and number of vertices for next polygon if (!PLG_Get_Line(buffer, 80,fp)) { printf("\nError with PLG file %s",filename); fclose(fp); return(0); } // end if error // intialize token getter and get first token which is color descriptor if (!(token = strtok(buffer," ")) ) { printf("\nError with PLG file %s",filename); fclose(fp); return(0); } // end if problem // test if number is hexadecimal if (token[0]=='0' && (token[1]=='x' || token[1]=='X')) { sscanf(&token[2],"%x",&color_des); } // end if hex color specifier else { color_des = atoi(token); } // end if decimal // extract base color and type of shading logical_color = color_des & 0x00ff; shading = color_des >> 12; // read number of vertices in polygon if (!(token = strtok(NULL," "))) { printf("\nError with PLG file %s",filename); fclose(fp); return(0); } // end if problem if ((num_vertices = atoi(token))<=0) { printf("\nError with PLG file (number of vertices) %s",filename); fclose(fp); return(0); } // end if no vertices or error // set fields in polygon structure the_object->polys[index].num_points = num_vertices; the_object->polys[index].color = logical_color; the_object->polys[index].shading = shading; the_object->polys[index].two_sided = 0; the_object->polys[index].visible = 1; the_object->polys[index].clipped = 0; the_object->polys[index].active = 1; // now read in polygon vertice list for (index_2=0; index_2<num_vertices; index_2++) { // read in next vertex number if (!(token = strtok(NULL," ")) ) { printf("\nError with PLG file %s",filename); fclose(fp); return(0); } // end if problem vertex_num = atoi(token); // insert vertex number into polygon the_object->polys[index].vertex_list[index_2] = vertex_num; } // end for index_2 // compute length of the two co-planer edges of the polygon, since they // will be used in the computation of the dot-product later vertex_0 = the_object->polys[index].vertex_list[0]; vertex_1 = the_object->polys[index].vertex_list[1]; vertex_2 = the_object->polys[index].vertex_list[2]; // the vector u = vo->v1 Make_Vector_3D((point_3d_ptr)&the_object->vertices_local[vertex_0], (point_3d_ptr)&the_object->vertices_local[vertex_1], (vector_3d_ptr)&u); // the vector v = vo->v2 Make_Vector_3D((point_3d_ptr)&the_object->vertices_local[vertex_0], (point_3d_ptr)&the_object->vertices_local[vertex_2], (vector_3d_ptr)&v); Cross_Product_3D((vector_3d_ptr)&v, (vector_3d_ptr)&u, (vector_3d_ptr)&normal); // compute magnitude of normal and store in polygon structure the_object->polys[index].normal_length = Vector_Mag_3D((vector_3d_ptr)&normal); } // end for index // close the file fclose(fp); // compute object radius Compute_Object_Radius(the_object); // return success return(1); } // end PLG_Load_Object /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// float Compute_Object_Radius(object_ptr the_object) { // this function computes maximum radius of object, maybe a better method would // use average radius? Note that this functiopn shouldn't be used during // runtime but when an object is created float new_radius, // used in average radius calculation of object x,y,z; // a single vertex int index; // looping variable // reset object radius the_object->radius=0; for (index=0; index<the_object->num_vertices; index++) { x = the_object->vertices_local[index].x; y = the_object->vertices_local[index].y; z = the_object->vertices_local[index].z; // compute distance to point new_radius = (float)sqrt(x*x + y*y + z*z); // is this radius bigger than last? if (new_radius > the_object->radius) the_object->radius = new_radius; } // end for index // return radius just in case return(the_object->radius); } // end Compute_Object_Radius ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Clip_Object_3D(object_ptr the_object, int mode) { // this function clips an object in camera coordinates against the 3D viewing // volume. the function has two modes of operation. In CLIP_Z_MODE the // function performs only a simple z extend clip with the near and far clipping // planes. In CLIP_XYZ_MODE mode the function performs a full 3-D clip int curr_poly; // the current polygon being processed float x1,y1,z1, x2,y2,z2, x3,y3,z3, x4,y4,z4, // working variables used to hold vertices x1_compare, // used to hold clipping points on x and y y1_compare, x2_compare, y2_compare, x3_compare, y3_compare, x4_compare, y4_compare; // test if trivial z clipping is being requested if (mode==CLIP_Z_MODE) { // attempt to clip each polygon against viewing volume for (curr_poly=0; curr_poly<the_object->num_polys; curr_poly++) { // extract z components z1=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[0]].z; z2=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[1]].z; z3=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[2]].z; // test if this is a quad if (the_object->polys[curr_poly].num_points==4) { // extract 4th z component z4=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[3]].z; } // end if quad else z4=z3; // perform near and far z clipping test if ( (z1<clip_near_z && z2<clip_near_z && z3<clip_near_z && z4<clip_near_z) || (z1>clip_far_z && z2>clip_far_z && z3>clip_far_z && z4>clip_far_z) ) { // set clipped flag the_object->polys[curr_poly].clipped=1; } // end if clipped } // end for curr_poly } // end if CLIP_Z_MODE else { // CLIP_XYZ_MODE, perform full 3D viewing volume clip for (curr_poly=0; curr_poly<the_object->num_polys; curr_poly++) { // extract x,y and z components x1=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[0]].x; y1=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[0]].y; z1=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[0]].z; x2=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[1]].x; y2=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[1]].y; z2=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[1]].z; x3=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[2]].x; y3=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[2]].y; z3=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[2]].z; // test if this is a quad if (the_object->polys[curr_poly].num_points==4) { // extract 4th vertex x4=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[3]].x; y4=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[3]].y; z4=the_object->vertices_camera[the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[3]].z; // do clipping tests // perform near and far z clipping test first if (!((z1>clip_near_z || z2>clip_near_z || z3>clip_near_z || z4>clip_near_z) && (z1<clip_far_z || z2<clip_far_z || z3<clip_far_z || z4<clip_far_z)) ) { // set clipped flag the_object->polys[curr_poly].clipped=1; continue; } // end if clipped // pre-compute x comparision ranges x1_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH*z1)/viewing_distance; x2_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH*z2)/viewing_distance; x3_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH*z3)/viewing_distance; x4_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH*z4)/viewing_distance; // perform x test if (!((x1>-x1_compare || x2>-x1_compare || x3>-x3_compare || x4>-x4_compare) && (x1<x1_compare || x2<x2_compare || x3<x3_compare || x4<x4_compare)) ) { // set clipped flag the_object->polys[curr_poly].clipped=1; continue; } // end if clipped // pre-compute x comparision ranges y1_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT*z1)/viewing_distance; y2_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT*z2)/viewing_distance; y3_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT*z3)/viewing_distance; y4_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT*z4)/viewing_distance; // perform x test if (!((y1>-y1_compare || y2>-y1_compare || y3>-y3_compare || y4>-y4_compare) && (y1<y1_compare || y2<y2_compare || y3<y3_compare || y4<y4_compare)) ) { // set clipped flag the_object->polys[curr_poly].clipped=1; continue; } // end if clipped } // end if quad else { // must be triangle, perform clipping tests on only 3 vertices // do clipping tests // perform near and far z clipping test first if (!((z1>clip_near_z || z2>clip_near_z || z3>clip_near_z) && (z1<clip_far_z || z2<clip_far_z || z3<clip_far_z)) ) { // set clipped flag the_object->polys[curr_poly].clipped=1; continue; } // end if clipped // pre-compute x comparision ranges x1_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH*z1)/viewing_distance; x2_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH*z2)/viewing_distance; x3_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH*z3)/viewing_distance; // perform x test if (!((x1>-x1_compare || x2>-x1_compare || x3>-x3_compare ) && (x1<x1_compare || x2<x2_compare || x3<x3_compare )) ) { // set clipped flag the_object->polys[curr_poly].clipped=1; continue; } // end if clipped // pre-compute x comparision ranges y1_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT*z1)/viewing_distance; y2_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT*z2)/viewing_distance; y3_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT*z3)/viewing_distance; // perform x test if (!((y1>-y1_compare || y2>-y1_compare || y3>-y3_compare) && (y1<y1_compare || y2<y2_compare || y3<y3_compare )) ) { // set clipped flag the_object->polys[curr_poly].clipped=1; continue; } // end if clipped } // end else triangle } // end for curr_poly } // end else clip everything } // end Clip_Object_3D ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Remove_Backfaces_And_Shade(object_ptr the_object) { // this function removes all the backfaces of an object by setting the removed // flag. This function assumes that the object has been transformed into // camera coordinates. Also, the function computes the flat shading of the // object int vertex_0, // vertex indices vertex_1, vertex_2, curr_poly; // current polygon float dp, // the result of the dot product intensity; // the final intensity of the surface vector_3d u,v, // general working vectors normal, // the normal to the surface begin processed sight; // line of sight vector // for each polygon in the object determine if it is pointing away from the // viewpoint and direction for (curr_poly=0; curr_poly<the_object->num_polys; curr_poly++) { // compute two vectors on polygon that have the same intial points vertex_0 = the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[0]; vertex_1 = the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[1]; vertex_2 = the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[2]; // the vector u = vo->v1 Make_Vector_3D((point_3d_ptr)&the_object->vertices_world[vertex_0], (point_3d_ptr)&the_object->vertices_world[vertex_1], (vector_3d_ptr)&u); // the vector v = vo-v2 Make_Vector_3D((point_3d_ptr)&the_object->vertices_world[vertex_0], (point_3d_ptr)&the_object->vertices_world[vertex_2], (vector_3d_ptr)&v); // compute the normal to polygon v x u Cross_Product_3D((vector_3d_ptr)&v, (vector_3d_ptr)&u, (vector_3d_ptr)&normal); // compute the line of sight vector, since all coordinates are world all // object vertices are already relative to (0,0,0), thus sight.x = view_point.x-the_object->vertices_world[vertex_0].x; sight.y = view_point.y-the_object->vertices_world[vertex_0].y; sight.z = view_point.z-the_object->vertices_world[vertex_0].z; // compute the dot product between line of sight vector and normal to surface dp = Dot_Product_3D((vector_3d_ptr)&normal,(vector_3d_ptr)&sight); // set the clip flagged appropriately if (dp>0) { // set visibility the_object->polys[curr_poly].visible = 1; // compute light intensity if needed if (the_object->polys[curr_poly].shading==FLAT_SHADING) { // compute the dot product between the light source vector // and normal vector to surface dp = Dot_Product_3D((vector_3d_ptr)&normal, (vector_3d_ptr)&light_source); // test if light ray is reflecting off surface if (dp>0) { // now cos 0 = (u.v)/|u||v| or intensity = ambient_light + (15*dp/(the_object->polys[curr_poly].normal_length)); // test if intensity has overflowed if (intensity >15) intensity = 15; // intensity now varies from 0-1, 0 being black or grazing and 1 being // totally illuminated. use the value to index into color table the_object->polys[curr_poly].shade = the_object->polys[curr_poly].color - (int)intensity; // printf("\nintensity of polygon %d is %f",curr_poly,intensity); } // end if light is reflecting off surface else the_object->polys[curr_poly].shade = the_object->polys[curr_poly].color - (int)ambient_light; } // end if use flat shading else { // assume constant shading and simply assign color to shade the_object->polys[curr_poly].shade = the_object->polys[curr_poly].color; } // end else constat shading } // end if face is visible else the_object->polys[curr_poly].visible = 0; // set invisible flag #if DEBUG printf("\npolygon #%d",curr_poly); printf("\nu = [%f,%f,%f]",u.x,u.y,u.z); printf("\nv = [%f,%f,%f]",v.x,v.y,v.z); printf("\nnormal = [%f,%f,%f]",normal.x,normal.y,normal.z); printf("\nsight = [%f,%f,%f]",sight.x,sight.y,sight.z); printf("\ndp = %f\n",dp); #endif } // end for curr_poly } // end Remove_Backfaces_And_Shade ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// int Remove_Object(object_ptr the_object, int mode) { // this function determines if an entire object is within the viewing volume // or not by testing if the bounding sphere of the object in question // is within the viewing volume.In essence, this function "culls" entire objects float x_bsphere, // the x,y and z components of the projected center of object y_bsphere, z_bsphere, radius, // the radius of object x_compare, // the extents of the clipping volume in x and y at the y_compare; // bounding spheres current z // first transform world position of object into camera coordinates // compute x component x_bsphere = the_object->world_pos.x * global_view[0][0] + the_object->world_pos.y * global_view[1][0] + the_object->world_pos.z * global_view[2][0] + global_view[3][0]; // compute y component y_bsphere = the_object->world_pos.x * global_view[0][1] + the_object->world_pos.y * global_view[1][1] + the_object->world_pos.z * global_view[2][1] + global_view[3][1]; // compute z component z_bsphere = the_object->world_pos.x * global_view[0][2] + the_object->world_pos.y * global_view[1][2] + the_object->world_pos.z * global_view[2][2] + global_view[3][2]; // extract radius of object radius = the_object->radius; if (mode==OBJECT_CULL_Z_MODE) { // first test against near and far z planes if ( ((z_bsphere-radius) > clip_far_z) || ((z_bsphere+radius) < clip_near_z) ) return(1); else return(0); } // end if z only else { // perform full x,y,z test if ( ((z_bsphere-radius) > clip_far_z) || ((z_bsphere+radius) < clip_near_z) ) return(1); // test against x right and left planes, first compute viewing volume // extents at position z position of bounding sphere x_compare = (HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH*z_bsphere)/viewing_distance; if ( ((x_bsphere-radius) > x_compare) || ((x_bsphere+radius) < -x_compare) ) return(1); // finally test against y top and bottom planes y_compare = (INVERSE_ASPECT_RATIO*HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT*z_bsphere)/viewing_distance; if ( ((y_bsphere-radius) > y_compare) || ((y_bsphere+radius) < -y_compare) ) return(1); // else it just can't be removed!!! return(0); } // end else } // end Remove_Object ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Generate_Poly_List(object_ptr the_object,int mode) { // this function is used to generate the final polygon list that will be // rendered. Object by object the list is built up int vertex, curr_vertex, curr_poly; // test if this is the first object to be inserted if (mode==RESET_POLY_LIST) { // reset number of polys to zero num_polys_frame=0; return; } // end if first // insert all visible polygons into polygon list for (curr_poly=0; curr_poly<the_object->num_polys; curr_poly++) { // test if this poly is visible, if so add it to poly list if (the_object->polys[curr_poly].visible && !the_object->polys[curr_poly].clipped) { // add this poly to poly list // first copy data and vertices into an open slot in storage area world_poly_storage[num_polys_frame].num_points = the_object->polys[curr_poly].num_points; world_poly_storage[num_polys_frame].color = the_object->polys[curr_poly].color; world_poly_storage[num_polys_frame].shade = the_object->polys[curr_poly].shade; world_poly_storage[num_polys_frame].shading = the_object->polys[curr_poly].shading; world_poly_storage[num_polys_frame].two_sided = the_object->polys[curr_poly].two_sided; world_poly_storage[num_polys_frame].visible = the_object->polys[curr_poly].visible; world_poly_storage[num_polys_frame].clipped = the_object->polys[curr_poly].clipped; world_poly_storage[num_polys_frame].active = the_object->polys[curr_poly].active; // now copy vertices for (curr_vertex=0; curr_vertex<the_object->polys[curr_poly].num_points; curr_vertex++) { // extract vertex number vertex=the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[curr_vertex]; // extract x,y and z world_poly_storage[num_polys_frame].vertex_list[curr_vertex].x = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex].x; world_poly_storage[num_polys_frame].vertex_list[curr_vertex].y = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex].y; world_poly_storage[num_polys_frame].vertex_list[curr_vertex].z = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex].z; } // end for curr_vertex // assign pointer to it world_polys[num_polys_frame] = &world_poly_storage[num_polys_frame]; // increment number of polys num_polys_frame++; } // end if poly visible } // end for curr_poly } // end Generate_Poly_List ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Project_Polys(void) { // this function performs the final 3-D to 2-D perspective projection of the // polygons } // end Project_Polys ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Draw_Line(int xo, int yo, int x1,int y1, unsigned char color,unsigned char far *vb_start) { // this function draws a line from xo,yo to x1,y1 using differential error // terms (based on Bresenahams work) int dx, // difference in x's dy, // difference in y's x_inc, // amount in pixel space to move during drawing y_inc, // amount in pixel space to move during drawing error=0, // the discriminant i.e. error i.e. decision variable index; // used for looping // pre-compute first pixel address in video buffer vb_start = vb_start + ((unsigned int)yo<<6) + ((unsigned int)yo<<8) + (unsigned int)xo; // compute horizontal and vertical deltas dx = x1-xo; dy = y1-yo; // test which direction the line is going in i.e. slope angle if (dx>=0) { x_inc = 1; } // end if line is moving right else { x_inc = -1; dx = -dx; // need absolute value } // end else moving left // test y component of slope if (dy>=0) { y_inc = 320; // 320 bytes per line } // end if line is moving down else { y_inc = -320; dy = -dy; // need absolute value } // end else moving up // now based on which delta is greater we can draw the line if (dx>dy) { // draw the line for (index=0; index<=dx; index++) { // set the pixel *vb_start = color; // adjust the error term error+=dy; // test if error has overflowed if (error>dx) { error-=dx; // move to next line vb_start+=y_inc; } // end if error overflowed // move to the next pixel vb_start+=x_inc; } // end for } // end if |slope| <= 1 else { // draw the line for (index=0; index<=dy; index++) { // set the pixel *vb_start = color; // adjust the error term error+=dx; // test if error overflowed if (error>0) { error-=dy; // move to next line vb_start+=x_inc; } // end if error overflowed // move to the next pixel vb_start+=y_inc; } // end for } // end else |slope| > 1 } // end Draw_Line /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Draw_Object_Wire(object_ptr the_object) { // this function draws an object out of wires int curr_poly, // the current polygon curr_vertex, // the current vertex vertex; // vertex index float x1,y1,z1, // working variables x2,y2,z2; int ix1,iy1, // integers used to hold screen coordinates ix2,iy2; // compute position of object in world for (curr_poly=0; curr_poly<the_object->num_polys; curr_poly++) { // is this polygon visible? if (the_object->polys[curr_poly].visible==0 || the_object->polys[curr_poly].clipped ) continue; // printf("\npolygon #%d",curr_poly); for (curr_vertex=0; curr_vertex<the_object->polys[curr_poly].num_points-1; curr_vertex++) { // extract two endpoints vertex=the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[curr_vertex]; x1 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex].x; y1 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex].y; z1 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex].z; vertex=the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[curr_vertex+1]; x2 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex].x; y2 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex].y; z2 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex].z; // convert to screen ccordinates x1=(HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH + x1*viewing_distance/z1); y1=(HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT - ASPECT_RATIO*y1*viewing_distance/z1); x2=(HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH + x2*viewing_distance/z2); y2=(HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT - ASPECT_RATIO*y2*viewing_distance/z2); // convert floats to integers for line clipper ix1=(int)x1; iy1=(int)y1; ix2=(int)x2; iy2=(int)y2; // draw clipped lines if (Clip_Line(&ix1,&iy1,&ix2,&iy2)) { Draw_Line((int)ix1,(int)iy1,(int)ix2,(int)iy2, (unsigned char)the_object->polys[curr_poly].color, double_buffer); } // end if clip } // end for vertex // close polygon ix1=(int)x2; iy1=(int)y2; // extract starting point again to close polygon vertex=the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[0]; x2 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex].x; y2 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex].y; z2 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex].z; // compute screen coordinates x2=(HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH + x2*viewing_distance/z2); y2=(HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT - ASPECT_RATIO*y2*viewing_distance/z2); // convert floats to integers ix2=(int)x2; iy2=(int)y2; // draw clipped lines if (Clip_Line(&ix1,&iy1,&ix2,&iy2)) { Draw_Line((int)ix1,(int)iy1,(int)ix2,(int)iy2, (unsigned char)the_object->polys[curr_poly].color, double_buffer); } // end if clip } // end for curr_poly } // end Draw_Object_Wire /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Draw_Object_Solid(object_ptr the_object) { // this function draws an object shaded solid and can perform // simple z entent clipping int curr_poly, // the current polygon vertex_1, // vertex index numbers vertex_2, vertex_3, vertex_4, is_quad=0; // quadrilateral flag float x1,y1,z1, // working variables x2,y2,z2, x3,y3,z3, x4,y4,z4; // compute position of object in world for (curr_poly=0; curr_poly<the_object->num_polys; curr_poly++) { // is this polygon visible? if (the_object->polys[curr_poly].visible==0 || the_object->polys[curr_poly].clipped ) continue; // extract the vertex numbers vertex_1=the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[0]; vertex_2=the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[1]; vertex_3=the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[2]; // do Z clipping first before projection z1=the_object->vertices_camera[vertex_1].z; z2=the_object->vertices_camera[vertex_2].z; z3=the_object->vertices_camera[vertex_3].z; // test if this is a quad if (the_object->polys[curr_poly].num_points==4) { // extract vertex number and z component for clipping and projection vertex_4=the_object->polys[curr_poly].vertex_list[3]; z4=the_object->vertices_camera[vertex_4].z; // set quad flag is_quad=1; } // end if quad else z4=z3; #if 0 // perform z clipping test if ( (z1<clip_near_z && z2<clip_near_z && z3<clip_near_z && z4<clip_near_z) || (z1>clip_far_z && z2>clip_far_z && z3>clip_far_z && z4>clip_far_z) ) continue; #endif // extract points of polygon x1 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex_1].x; y1 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex_1].y; x2 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex_2].x; y2 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex_2].y; x3 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex_3].x; y3 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex_3].y; // compute screen position of points x1=(HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH + x1*viewing_distance/z1); y1=(HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT - ASPECT_RATIO*y1*viewing_distance/z1); x2=(HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH + x2*viewing_distance/z2); y2=(HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT - ASPECT_RATIO*y2*viewing_distance/z2); x3=(HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH + x3*viewing_distance/z3); y3=(HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT - ASPECT_RATIO*y3*viewing_distance/z3); // draw triangle Draw_Triangle_2D((int)x1,(int)y1,(int)x2,(int)y2,(int)x3,(int)y3, the_object->polys[curr_poly].shade); // draw second poly if this is a quad if (is_quad) { // extract the point x4 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex_4].x; y4 = the_object->vertices_camera[vertex_4].y; // poject to screen x4=(HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH + x4*viewing_distance/z4); y4=(HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT - ASPECT_RATIO*y4*viewing_distance/z4); // draw triangle Draw_Triangle_2D((int)x1,(int)y1,(int)x3,(int)y3,(int)x4,(int)y4, the_object->polys[curr_poly].shade); } // end if quad } // end for curr_poly } // end Draw_Object_Solid /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Draw_Poly_List(void) { // this function draws the global polygon list generated by calls to // Generate_Poly_List int curr_poly, // the current polygon is_quad=0; // quadrilateral flag float x1,y1,z1, // working variables x2,y2,z2, x3,y3,z3, x4,y4,z4; // draw each polygon in list for (curr_poly=0; curr_poly<num_polys_frame; curr_poly++) { // reset quad flag is_quad=0; // do Z clipping first before projection z1=world_polys[curr_poly]->vertex_list[0].z; z2=world_polys[curr_poly]->vertex_list[1].z; z3=world_polys[curr_poly]->vertex_list[2].z; // test if this is a quad if (world_polys[curr_poly]->num_points==4) { // extract vertex number and z component for clipping and projection z4=world_polys[curr_poly]->vertex_list[3].z; // set quad flag is_quad=1; } // end if quad else z4=z3; #if 0 // perform z clipping test if ( (z1<clip_near_z && z2<clip_near_z && z3<clip_near_z && z4<clip_near_z) || (z1>clip_far_z && z2>clip_far_z && z3>clip_far_z && z4>clip_far_z) ) continue; #endif // extract points of polygon x1 = world_polys[curr_poly]->vertex_list[0].x; y1 = world_polys[curr_poly]->vertex_list[0].y; x2 = world_polys[curr_poly]->vertex_list[1].x; y2 = world_polys[curr_poly]->vertex_list[1].y; x3 = world_polys[curr_poly]->vertex_list[2].x; y3 = world_polys[curr_poly]->vertex_list[2].y; // compute screen position of points x1=(HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH + x1*viewing_distance/z1); y1=(HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT - ASPECT_RATIO*y1*viewing_distance/z1); x2=(HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH + x2*viewing_distance/z2); y2=(HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT - ASPECT_RATIO*y2*viewing_distance/z2); x3=(HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH + x3*viewing_distance/z3); y3=(HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT - ASPECT_RATIO*y3*viewing_distance/z3); // draw triangle Draw_Triangle_2D((int)x1,(int)y1,(int)x2,(int)y2,(int)x3,(int)y3, world_polys[curr_poly]->shade); // draw second poly if this is a quad if (is_quad) { // extract the point x4 = world_polys[curr_poly]->vertex_list[3].x; y4 = world_polys[curr_poly]->vertex_list[3].y; // poject to screen x4=(HALF_SCREEN_WIDTH + x4*viewing_distance/z4); y4=(HALF_SCREEN_HEIGHT - ASPECT_RATIO*y4*viewing_distance/z4); // draw triangle Draw_Triangle_2D((int)x1,(int)y1,(int)x3,(int)y3,(int)x4,(int)y4, world_polys[curr_poly]->shade); } // end if quad } // end for curr_poly } // end Draw_Poly_List ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// int Poly_Compare(facet **arg1, facet **arg2) { // this function comapares the average z's of two polygons and is used by the // depth sort surface ordering algorithm float z1,z2; facet_ptr poly_1,poly_2; // dereference the poly pointers poly_1 = (facet_ptr)*arg1; poly_2 = (facet_ptr)*arg2; // compute z average of each polygon if (poly_1->num_points==3) { // compute average of 3 point polygon z1 = (float)0.33333*(poly_1->vertex_list[0].z+ poly_1->vertex_list[1].z+ poly_1->vertex_list[2].z); } else { // compute average of 4 point polygon z1 = (float)0.25*(poly_1->vertex_list[0].z+ poly_1->vertex_list[1].z+ poly_1->vertex_list[2].z+ poly_1->vertex_list[3].z); } // end else // now polygon 2 if (poly_2->num_points==3) { // compute average of 3 point polygon z2 =(float)0.33333*(poly_2->vertex_list[0].z+ poly_2->vertex_list[1].z+ poly_2->vertex_list[2].z); } else { // compute average of 4 point polygon z2 = (float)0.25*(poly_2->vertex_list[0].z+ poly_2->vertex_list[1].z+ poly_2->vertex_list[2].z+ poly_2->vertex_list[3].z); } // end else // compare z1 and z2, such that polys' will be sorted in descending Z order if (z1>z2) return(-1); else if (z1<z2) return(1); else return(0); } // end Poly_Compare ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Print_Poly_List(void) { // diagnostic function used to print out polygon list average z's int index; float z; printf("\npoly list z values"); for (index=0; index<num_polys_frame; index++) { if (world_polys[index]->num_points==3) { z = (float)0.33333*(world_polys[index]->vertex_list[0].z+ world_polys[index]->vertex_list[1].z+ world_polys[index]->vertex_list[2].z); } else { z = (float)0.25*(world_polys[index]->vertex_list[0].z+ world_polys[index]->vertex_list[1].z+ world_polys[index]->vertex_list[2].z+ world_polys[index]->vertex_list[3].z); } // end else printf("\nz = %f",z); } // end for index } // end Print_Poly_List ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void Sort_Poly_List(void) { // this function does a simple z sort on the poly list to order surfaces // the list is sorted in descending order, i.e. farther polygons first qsort((void *)world_polys,num_polys_frame, sizeof(facet_ptr), Poly_Compare); } // end Sort_Poly_List /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// int Load_Palette_Disk(char *filename, RGB_palette_ptr the_palette) { // this function loads a color palette from disk int index; // used for looping RGB_color color; FILE *fp; // open the disk file if (!(fp = fopen(filename,"r"))) return(0); // load in all the colors for (index=0; index<=255; index++) { // get the next color fscanf(fp,"%d %d %d",&color.red,&color.green,&color.blue); // store the color in next element of palette the_palette->colors[index].red = color.red; the_palette->colors[index].green = color.green; the_palette->colors[index].blue = color.blue; } // end for index // set palette size to a full palette the_palette->start_reg = 0; the_palette->end_reg = 255; // close the file and return success fclose(fp); return(1); } // end Load_Palette_Disk /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// int Save_Palette_Disk(char *filename, RGB_palette_ptr the_palette) { // this function saves a palette to disk int index; // used for looping RGB_color color; FILE *fp; // open the disk file if (!(fp = fopen(filename,"w"))) return(0); // write 255 lines of r g b for (index=0; index<=255; index++) { // get the next color // store the color in next element of palette color.red = the_palette->colors[index].red; color.green = the_palette->colors[index].green; color.blue = the_palette->colors[index].blue; // write the color to disk file fprintf(fp,"\n%d %d %d",color.red, color.green, color.blue); } // end for index // close the file and return success fclose(fp); return(1); } // end Save_Palette_Disk