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Software of the Month Club 1994 December
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1993-09-01
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Landmark court cases
Aguilar v. Texas - the Court declared that the 4th and 14th Amendments
required that search warrants be issued by a neutral and detached judge.
Avery v. Midland County - the Court applied the one man, one vote
principle to County Commissioners Courts in Texas.
Bakerv v. Carr - the Court ruled that reapportionment is a justiciable
matter for federal courts.
Bakke v. Regents of University of California - the Court ruled that the
affirmative action program at the medical school at Davis violated equal
protection of the law.
Brown v. Board of Education - the Court ruled the separate but equal doctrine
in violation of equal protection of the law. It ordered the desegregation
of public education with all deliberate speed.
Breithaupt v. Abram - the Court declared the use of a blood test for
intoxication constitutional even if the defendant did not agree to such
a test.
Colegrove v. Green - the Court ruled that reapportionment is a
nonjusticable matter, because it is political.
Engel v. Vitale - the Court declared use of prayers in public schools
unconstitutional.
Everson v. U.S. - the Court declared that providing transportation to
students at private, religious schools constitutional.
Gideon v. Wainwright - the Court ruled that the 14th and 6th Amendments
guaranteed the right of a person accused by a state of a major crime to
a lawyer.
Gitlow v. New York - the Court using the fourteenth amendment applied
freedom of speech to the states. This was the first time the Court applied
a Bill of Right to the states.
Griswold v. Connecticut - the Court declared unconstitutional a state
law which made it illegal to distribute birth control devices.
Hadley v. Jr. College District - the Court applied the one man, one
vote principle to any elected unit which is governmental in character.
Malley v. Hogan - the Court applied the 5th Amendment protection against
self-incrimination to the states. It also ruled that oral confessions are
admissible in state courts if they are given in a free and voluntary manner.
Mapp v. Ohio - the Court ruled that the 14th and 4th amendments required
that state courts not us illegally seized evidence (exclusionary rule).
McColum v. Board of Education - the Court declared "released time" on
public facilities to be in violation for the non-establishment clause
of the First Amendment.
Miller v. California - the Court held that the states can regulate
obscenity subject to the guidelines of the Supreme Court.
Miranda v. Arizona - the Court declared that once a person is taken into
custody he must be informed that he has a right to remain silent; that
anything he says can be used against him in a court of law; and that he
has a right to a lawyer.
Near v. Minnesota - the Court nationalized freedom of press and ruled
that prior restraint on the press is usually unconstitutional.
New York Times v. Sullivan - the Court ruled that a public official
cannot sue a newspaper for slander unless malicious intent on the part
of the newspaper can be proven.
Palko v. Connecticut - murder case, Frank Palko was found guilty of murder
sentenced and then retried for the same crime, violation of the fifth
amendment.
Plessy v. Ferguson - the Court upheld the constitutionality of the
separate but equal doctrine in public transportation.
Reynolds v. Sims - the Court applied the one man, one vote principle to
both houses of state legislatures.
Rochin v. California - the Court set aside the conviction of Rochin,
because the police acted in a "brutal and offensive" way which violated
society's standards of fairness and decency.
Roe v. Wade - decision that stated that the Texas law making it a crime to
have a abortion, unless in the purpose of saving the mothers life was
unconstitutional.
Steelworkers v. Weber - the Court ruled the affirmative action program at
Kaiser Aluminum Company constitutional.
U.S. v. Leon - the Court approved evidence secured by a defective search
warrant on the grounds that police acted in "good faith."
Waltz v. Tax Commission - the Court upheld the constitutionality of
granting churches tax exempt status.
West Virginia v. Barnette - the Court declared unconstitutional a state
law which required students to recite the pledge of allegiance.
Westberry v. Sanders - the Court applied the one man, one vote principle
to the House of Representatives.
Whitney v. California - Justice Brandeis clarifies the "clear and present
danger" doctrine by asserting "no danger flowing from speech can be deemed
clear and present unless the incident of evil apprehended is so imminent
that it may be fall before there is opportunity for full discussion."
Zorach v. Clauson - the Court declared "released time" constitutional
as long as public facilities are not involved.