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- This document describes how rescue mode works in Red Hat Linux 5.1.
-
- NOTE: Rescue mode is supported only for Red Hat Linux/Intel!
-
- WHAT IS RESCUE MODE?
-
- Rescue mode is a term used to describe a method of booting a small Linux
- environment completely from diskettes.
-
- WHY IS THERE A RESCUE MODE?
-
- As the name implies, rescue mode is there to rescue you from something. In
- normal operation, your Red Hat Linux system uses files located on your
- system's hard drive to do everything -- run programs, store your files,
- etc.
-
- However, there may be times when you are, for one reason or another, unable
- to get Linux running completely enough to access its files on your system's
- hard drive. By using rescue mode, it's possible to access the files stored
- on your system's hard drive, even if you can't actually *run* Linux from
- that hard drive.
-
- WHAT CAN I DO IN RESCUE MODE?
-
- Normally, you'll need to get into rescue mode for one of two reasons:
-
- o You are unable to boot Linux, and you'd like to fix it.
-
- o You are having hardware or software problems, and you want to get a
- few important files off your system's hard drive.
-
- Let's a take a closer look at each these scenarios.
-
- Unable to boot Linux -- Many times this is caused by the installation of
- another operating system after you've installed Red Hat Linux. Some other
- operating systems assume that you have no other operating systems on your
- computer, and overwrite the Master Boot Record (or MBR) that originally
- contained the LILO bootloader. If LILO is overwritten in this manner,
- you're out of luck -- unless you can get into rescue mode.
-
- Hardware/Software problems -- There can be as many different situations
- under this category as there are systems running Linux. Things like
- failing hard drives and forgetting to run LILO after building a new kernel
- are just two things than can keep you from booting Red Hat Linux. If you
- can get into rescue mode, you might be able to resolve the problem -- or at
- least get copies of your most-important files.
-
- WHAT DO I NEED TO GET INTO RESCUE MODE?
-
- You need a rescue disk set. These are two diskettes that contain the files
- necessary to boot into rescue mode.
-
- HOW DO I PRODUCE A RESCUE DISK SET?
-
- If you elected to make a boot disk while you were installing Red Hat Linux,
- you're halfway there! The first diskette in a rescue disk set is this boot
- disk. If you didn't make it, no problem; it's easy to do. There's a
- program called "mkbootdisk" that does exactly that. You probably installed
- it when you installed Red Hat Linux. You can use the Red Hat Package
- Manager to find out if you did; simply type:
-
- rpm -q mkbootdisk
-
- If it returns something like "mkbootdisk-1.0-1", you're in business! (If
- you got a message saying the package is not installed, and you're sure you
- entered the command properly, skip to the end of this document, and we'll
- help you get it installed.)
-
- To make a boot disk with mkbootdisk, you need to know what version of the
- Linux kernel your system is running. Enter the following command to find
- out:
-
- uname -r
-
- This command should return a set of numbers -- something like "2.0.34".
- Write down that number, because you're going to need to enter it just as
- it's displayed. Now it's time to run mkbootdisk. The basic format of the
- mkbootdisk command is:
-
- mkbootdisk <version>
-
- Where <version> is the version of the running Linux kernel. So if, for
- example, your system is running version 2.0.34, you should enter this
- command (make sure you're logged in as root):
-
- mkbootdisk 2.0.34
-
- You'll be asked to insert a diskette in your first diskette drive (the one
- your system tries to boot from when you turn on your computer). Do so, and
- press <Enter>. Your system's diskette drive should clunk away for a
- while. After a minute or so, the command should be done. Congratulations,
- you now have a boot diskette! Remove it from your diskette drive, label it
- appropriately (keeping in mind that this diskette is customized for this
- *one* system), and store it someplace safe. Now on to the second
- diskette...
-
- The second diskette is called the rescue diskette. It is the same for
- every system running Red Hat Linux 5.1. It is produced by writing an
- "image file" onto a diskette. The image file is called rescue.img, and is
- located in the images directory on the first Red Hat Linux CD-ROM.
-
- To gain access to this file, you'll first need to mount your Red Hat Linux
- CD-ROM. Start by inserting the CD-ROM in your system's CD-ROM drive.
- You'll need to do this while logged in as root. Issue the following
- commands:
-
- mkdir /mnt/cdrom
- mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
-
- You may get an error message from the first command saying that the file
- exists. That's fine; we just want to make sure that there is a /mnt/cdrom
- directory on your system. The second command should issue an informational
- message that /dev/cdrom is being mounted read-only (Note: some systems may
- not recognize /dev/cdrom. If this is the case, you'll have to replace
- /dev/cdrom in the command with the appropriate device name for your
- CD-ROM).
-
- Next, issue the following commands (again, while logged in as root):
-
- cd /mnt/cdrom/images
- ls
-
- You should see a file named rescue.img. This is the rescue diskette image
- file. Next, put a diskette in your first diskette drive, and enter the
- following command:
-
- dd if=rescue.img of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k
-
- Your system's diskette drive should start writing to the diskette. After a
- minute or so, the "dd" command will complete, and you'll get a shell prompt
- back. That's it! You now have a rescue disk set. Label this diskette
- something like "Red Hat Linux 5.1 rescue diskette", and store it someplace
- safe. Let's hope you never have to use it. But to make sure your rescue
- disk set is working properly, let's give them a try right now. Shut your
- system down as you would normally ("shutdown -h now" works pretty well).
-
- IF YOU HAVE TO USE RESCUE MODE
-
- If you should ever need to use rescue mode, here's how. Boot your system
- with the boot diskette in the first diskette drive. At the "LILO Boot:"
- prompt, enter the word "rescue" (without the quotes). You will see the
- usual kernel messages as the Linux kernel starts up. Eventually, it will
- ask you to insert the next diskette, and press <Enter>. Remove the boot
- diskette, insert the rescue diskette, and press <Enter>.
-
- The rescue diskette will be read into memory. After a minute or so, you
- should see a "bash#" prompt. That's it -- you're in rescue mode!
-
- WHAT DO I DO NOW?
-
- When it comes to rescue mode, that's a bit like asking, "how long is a
- piece of string?" -- what you need to do depends a great deal on what your
- system's problem is, your level of Linux expertise, and several other
- variables we haven't even thought of yet. So we can't give you explicit
- instructions.
-
- But we *can* tell you what programs you have access to while in rescue
- mode. Here's the list:
-
- badblocks
- bash
- bzip2
- cat
- chmod
- chroot
- cp
- cpio
- dd
- e2fsck
- fdisk
- grep
- gunzip
- gzip
- head
- ifconfig
- init
- ln
- ls
- lsmod
- mkdir
- mke2fs
- mknod
- mount
- mt
- mv
- open
- pico
- ping
- ps
- restore
- rm
- route
- rpm
- sed
- sh
- swapoff
- swapon
- sync
- tac
- tail
- tar
- traceroute
- umount
- vi
- vim
-
- If any of these commands are unfamiliar to you, now would be a good time to
- look at some man pages; you may not have that luxury when you have to use
- these commands for real...
-
- The Red Hat Linux Development Team
-
- INSTALLING THE MKBOOTDISK PACKAGE
-
- To gain access to this file, you'll first need to mount your Red Hat Linux
- CD-ROM. Start by inserting the CD-ROM in your system's CD-ROM drive.
- You'll need to do this while logged in as root. Issue the following
- commands:
-
- mkdir /mnt/cdrom
- mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
-
- You may get an error message from the first command saying that the file
- exists. That's fine; we just want to make sure that there is a /mnt/cdrom
- directory on your system. The second command should issue an informational
- message that /dev/cdrom is being mounted read-only (Note: some systems may
- not recognize /dev/cdrom. If this is the case, you'll have to replace
- /dev/cdrom with the appropriate device name for your CD-ROM).
-
- Next, issue the following commands (again, while logged in as root):
-
- cd /mnt/cdrom/images
- ls
-
- You should see a file with a name similar to:
-
- mkbootdisk-1.0-1.i386.rpm
-
- Enter the filename *exactly* as shown at the end of an "rpm -Uvh". For
- example:
-
- rpm -Uvh mkbootdisk-1.0-1.i386.rpm
-
- The name of the package (mkbootdisk) will be displayed, followed by a
- series of pound signs (#). After a short time, you'll get a shell prompt.
- The mkbootdisk package is now installed. No you can head back to the place
- in this document where you left off, and create your boot diskette.