home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- LS (1)
-
- NAME
-
- ls - list directory contents.
-
- SYNOPSIS
-
- ls [ CFRacdilqrstu1 ] [ file ]
- DESCRIPTION
-
- For each operand that names a file of a type other than direc-
- tory, ls displays its name as well as any requested, associated
- information. For each operand that names a file of type directo-
- ry, ls displays the names of files contained within that directo-
- ry, as well as any requested, associated information.
- If no operands are given, the contents of the current directory
- are displayed. If more than one operand is given, non-directory
- operands are displayed first; directory and non-directory
- operands are sorted separately and in lexicographical order.
- The following options are available:
- A - List all entries except for [.] and [..] Always set for
- the super-user.
- C - Force multi-column output; this is the default when out-
- put is to a terminal.
- F - Display a slash (/) immediately after each pathname that
- is a directory, an asterisk (*) after each that is execut-
- able, and an at sign (@) after each symbolic link.
- L - If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or direc-
- tory the link references rather than the link itself.
- R - Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
- T - Display complete time information for the file, includ-
- ing month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
- a - Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot
- (.).
- c - Use time when file status was last changed for sorting
- or printing.
- d - Directories are listed as plain files (not searched re-
- cursively).
- f - Output is not sorted.
- g - Include the group ownership of the file in a long output
- If the group is not a known group name, the numeric ID is
- printed.
- i - For each file, print the file's file serial number
- (inode number).
- k - Modifies the option, causing the sizes to be reported in
- kilobytes.
- l - (The lowercase letter ``ell.'') List in long format.
- (See below.) If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for
- all the file sizes is output on a line before the long list-
- ing.
- q - Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names
- as the character `?'; this is the default when output is to
- a terminal.
- r - Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse lexico-
- graphical order or the oldest entries first.
- s - Display the number of file system bytes actually used by
- each file, in units of 512, where partial units are rounded
- up to the next integer value. If the output is to a termi-
- nal, a total sum for all the file sizes is output on a line
- before the listing.
- t - Sort by time modified (most recently modified first) be-
- fore sorting the operands by lexicographical order.
- u - Use time of last access, instead of last modification of
- the file for sorting or printing
- 1 - (The numeric digit ``one.'') Force output to be one en-
- try per line. This is the default when output is not to a
- terminal.
- The and options all override each other; the last one specified
- determines the format used.
- The and options override each other; the last one specified
- determines the file time used.
- By default, ls lists one entry per line to standard output; the
- exceptions are to terminals or when the option is specified.
- File information is displayed with one or more <blank>s
- separating the information associated with the and options. If
- the option is given, the following information is be displayed:
- file mode, number of links, owner name, number of bytes in the
- file, abbreviated month, day-of-month file was last modified,
- hour file last modified, minute file last modified, and the path-
- name.
- If the owner name is not a known user name the numeric ID is
- displayed.
- If the file is a character special or block special file, the
- major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed in the
- size field. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
- linked-to file is preceded by
- The file mode printed under the -l option consists of the the
- entry type, owner permissions, and group permissions. The entry
- type character describes the type of file, as follows:
- b - Block special file.
- c - Character special file.
- d - Directory.
- l - Symbolic link.
- s - Socket link.
- - - Regular file.
- The next three fields are three characters each: owner permis-
- sions, group permissions, and other permissions. Each field has
- three character positions:
- - If the file is readable; if it is not readable.
- - If the file is writable; if it is not writable.
- - The first of the following that applies:
- S - If in the owner permissions, the file is not exe-
- cutable and set-user-ID mode is set. If in the group
- permissions, the file is not executable and set-group-
- ID mode is set.
- s - If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
- and set-user-ID mode is set. If in the group permis-
- sions, the file is executable and setgroup-ID mode is
- set.
- x - The file is executable or the directory is search-
- able.
- - - The file is neither readable, writeable, exectut-
- able, or set-user-ID or set-group-ID mode nor sticky.
- (See below.)
- These next two apply only to the third character in the
- last group (other permissions).
- T - The sticky bit is set (mode but not execute or
- search permission. (See chmod (1) or sticky (8) .
- t - The sticky bit is set (mode and is searcheable or
- executable. (See chmod (1) or sticky (8) .
- The ls utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
- ENVIRONMENT
-
- The following environment variables affect the execution of ls
- - If this variable contains a string representing a decimal
- integer, it is used as the column position width for
- displaying multiple-text-column output. The ls utility cal-
- culates how many pathname text columns to display based on
- the width provided. (See
- SEE ALSO
-
- chmod (1) , sticky (8)
- HISTORY
-
- A ls command appeared in
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-