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- Bodo Bauer, R¿udiger Berlich, Daniel Bischof, Michael Burghart, Roland Dyroff,
- Christian Egle, Karl Eichwalder, Stefan Fent, Werner Fink, Klaus Franken, Fritz Ganter,
- J¿urgen Geck, Rolf Haberrecker, Marc Heuse, Carsten H¿oger, Dirk Hohndel, Richard Jelinek,
- Florian La Roche, Volker Lendecke, Hans Lermen, Hubert Mantel, Arndt Mehlhorn,
- Jay Migliaccio, Jordi Jaen Pallares, Christoph-Erdmann Pfeiler, Peter Reinhart,
- Marc R¿uhrschneck, Martin Scherbaum, Adrian Schr¿oter, Burchard Steinbild, Gabriele
- Strattner, J¿org Strebel, Steve Tomlin, Klaus G. Wagner, Thorsten Wandersmann, Udo Weber,
- Michael Weyrauch, Stefan Wintermeyer, Christian Zoz
-
-
- SuSE Linux 6.4
- Installation, Configuration and First Steps
-
- Support contact see: page 493
-
- SuSE Inc.
- 580 2nd Street, #210
- Oakland, CA 94607
- USA
- Toll free phone number
- within the US and Canada: 1-888-UR-LINUX (1-888-875-4689)
- Phone.: +1-510-628-3380
- Fax.: +1-510-628-3381
- email: info@suse.com
- orders@suse.com
- isupport@suse.com
- webmaster@suse.com
- WWW: http://www.suse.com
-
- Europe:
-
- SuSE Linux Ltd.
- The Kinetic Centre
- Theobald Street
- Borehamwood, WD6 4PJ UK
- Phone.: +44-20-8387-4088
- Fax: +44-20-8387-4010
- http://www.suse.co.uk
-
- SuSE GmbH
- Schanz¿ackerstr. 10
- D-90443 N¿urnberg
- Germany
- Tel.: +49-911-740 53 31
- Fax.: +49-911-741 77 55
- e-mail: suse@suse.de
- WWW: http://www.suse.de
-
-
-
- Bodo Bauer, R¿udiger Berlich, Daniel Bischof, Michael Burghart, Roland Dyroff, Christian Egle,
- Karl Eichwalder, Stefan Fent, Werner Fink, Klaus Franken, Fritz Ganter, J¿urgen Geck,
- Rolf Haberrecker, Marc Heuse, Carsten H¿oger, Dirk Hohndel, Richard Jelinek, Florian La Roche,
- Volker Lendecke, Hans Lermen, Hubert Mantel, Arndt Mehlhorn, Jay Migliaccio,
- Jordi Jaen Pallares, Christoph-Erdmann Pfeiler, Peter Reinhart, Marc R¿uhrschneck,
- Martin Scherbaum, Adrian Schr¿oter, Burchard Steinbild, Gabriele Strattner, J¿org Strebel, Steve
- Tomlin, Klaus G. Wagner, Thorsten Wandersmann, Udo Weber, Michael Weyrauch,
- Stefan Wintermeyer, Christian Zoz
- Installation, Configuration and First Steps with SuSE Linux 6.4
- 17th revised edition 2000
- SuSE GmbH
-
-
-
-
-
- Copyright
- This work is copyrighted by SuSE GmbH.
- You may copy it in whole or in part as long as the copies retain this copyright
- statement.
-
-
- Layout: LATEX2
- English Translation and Editing: Steve Tomlin
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. XFree86 TM is a registered
- trademark of The XFree86 Project, Inc. MS-DOS, Windows, Windows 95,
- Windows 98, and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft
- Corporation. UNIX is a registered trademark of X/Open Company Limited.
- Other trademarks and registered trademarks are: Clipper of Computer
- Associates, dBASE of Borland, Foxbase of Microsoft, Compuserve, T-Online of
- Deutsche Telekom, SuSE and YaST of SuSE GmbH . Other products
- mentioned in this manual may be trademarks of the respective manufacturer.
-
-
-
- Contents
-
- 1 Foreword 1
- 1.1 What Is Linux? . . . . . . . . 2
- 1.2 Purpose of this Book ¡ Notes on Usage . . . 2
- 1.3 Typographical Conventions ¡ or What on Earth Does
- "earth: # ls" Mean? . . . . . . 4
- 1.4 The Struggle with the Number of Pages . . . 5
- 1.4.1 Support Database . . . . . . 5
- 1.4.2 Hypertext Help . . . . . . 5
- 1.4.3 Texinfo . . . . . . . . 5
- 1.4.4 Manual Pages . . . . . . . 5
- 1.4.5 FAQ's, HOWTO's and README's . . . 6
- 1.4.6 Free Books . . . . . . . 7
- 1.5 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . 7
-
-
- I Installing SuSE Linux 11
-
- 2 Your first SuSE Linux installation 13
- 2.1 The Fast Track to Success . . . . . . 13
- 2.1.1 Getting Ready . . . . . . . 13
- 2.1.2 Now We Can Begin: the Welcome Screen . 14
- 2.1.3 YaST2 is Here! . . . . . . 15
- 2.1.4 Selecting a Language . . . . . 15
- 2.1.5 Selecting the Mouse . . . . . 16
- 2.1.6 Defining Your Location: Keyboard and Timezone 16
- 2.1.7 New Installation or Update? . . . . 17
- 2.1.8 Preparing the Hard Drive . . . . . 17
- 2.1.9 Selecting Software . . . . . . 18
- 2.1.10 LILO ¡ Boot Manager for the System Start . 19
- 2.1.11 User Information . . . . . . 21
-
- i
-
-
-
- Contents
-
- 2.1.12 Determining the `root' Password . . 21
- 2.1.13 Confirming Settings ¡ Starting the Installation . 21
- 2.1.14 Preparing the Graphic Interface . . . 22
- 2.1.15 Configuring System Components . . . 23
- 2.1.16 Logging In for the First Time . . . . 23
- 2.1.17 Perspectives and Working on the System . . 23
- 2.2 Installation Using the Text-based YaST (YaST 1) . 24
- 2.2.1 The Starting Point . . . . . . 24
- 2.2.2 Now We're Starting: the Welcome Screen . 24
- 2.2.3 The Basics: linuxrc . . . . . . 25
- 2.2.4 Starting YaST . . . . . . . 29
- 2.2.5 Partitioning and Formatting the Hard Drive . 30
- 2.2.6 Installation of Software Packages . . . 31
- 2.2.7 Selection of the Base Software . . . 32
- 2.2.8 Installing System Software and Programs . 32
- 2.2.9 Selecting a Kernel for the System . . . 33
- 2.2.10 Base System Configuration with YaST . . 34
- 2.2.11 Logging in After Your First Installation . . 38
- 2.3 How Should SuSE Linux Be Started? . . . . 39
- 2.4 Installation Without a Supported CD-ROM Drive . 41
- 2.4.1 Installation from a DOS Partition . . . 41
- 2.4.2 Installation from a Source in the "Net" . . 43
- 2.5 Installation Using setup and loadlin . . . . 44
- 2.5.1 Putting Windows 95/98 into DOS mode . . 44
- 2.5.2 Invoking setup and First Steps with setup . . 45
- 2.5.3 How Do I Boot the Base-Linux from setup? . 45
- 2.5.4 Installing loadlin and Loading Base-Linux . 46
- 2.6 Partitions . . . . . . . . . 47
- 2.6.1 Creating Space for Linux (Partitioning) . . 47
- 2.6.2 Booting with CD 2 . . . . . . 50
- 2.6.3 Creating a Boot Disk In DOS . . . . 50
- 2.6.4 Creating a Boot Disk with UNIX . . . 51
- 2.6.5 Does Linux Support My CD-ROM? . . 52
- 2.7 Problem Description . . . . . . . 52
- 2.7.1 Files Cannot Be Moved . . . . . 52
- 2.7.2 No English Keymaps in DOS Mode . . . 53
- 2.7.3 No CD-ROM Driver in a Windows 95/98 DOS Win-
- dow . . . . . . . . 53
- 2.7.4 CD is Damaged . . . . . . 53
- 2.7.5 ATAPI CD-ROM Hangs While Reading . . 53
-
- ii
-
-
-
- Contents
-
- 2.7.6 Problems with CD-ROM Drives on Parallel Port 54
- 2.7.7 Problems with "Proprietary" CD-ROM Drives . 55
- 2.7.8 Thinkpad "Sleeps" While Installing . . . 55
- 2.7.9 Loadlin Doesn't Have Enough Memory to Load the
- Kernel . . . . . . . . 55
- 2.7.10 Loadlin Doesn't Start . . . . . 56
- 2.7.11 DOS Runs in Protected Mode . . . . 56
- 2.7.12 Label of CD-ROM Drive Has Changed . . 56
- 2.7.13 General Hardware Problems . . . . 56
- 2.8 Partitioning for Novices . . . . . . 58
- 2.9 Partitioning for Experts . . . . . . 60
- 2.9.1 Size of Swap Partition . . . . . 61
- 2.9.2 Computer Used as Standalone Machine . . 61
- 2.9.3 Optimizations . . . . . . . 62
- 2.10 Configuring Your Hard Drive Manually . . . 64
- 2.10.1 Configuring Partitions . . . . . 64
- 2.10.2 Filesystems and Mount Points . . . . 66
-
- 3 YaST ¡ Yet another Setup Tool 71
- 3.1 Basic Usage . . . . . . . . 71
- 3.2 The YaST Main Menu . . . . . . 71
- 3.3 Adjustments of Installation . . . . . . 72
- 3.3.1 Selecting the Language . . . . . 72
- 3.3.2 Selecting keyboard layout . . . . 73
- 3.3.3 Installation Medium . . . . . 73
- 3.3.4 Installation from CD-ROM . . . . 74
- 3.3.5 Installation from a Hard Drive Partition . . 74
- 3.3.6 Installation via NFS . . . . . 74
- 3.3.7 Installation from a Reachable Directory . . 76
- 3.3.8 Installation via FTP . . . . . . 76
- 3.3.9 Partitioning Your Hard Drive . . . . 77
- 3.3.10 Setting Target Partitions/Filesystems . . 79
- 3.3.11 Configuring the Logical Volume Manager . 82
- 3.3.12 Installation to a Directory . . . . 82
- 3.4 Determining the Size of the Installation . . . 83
- 3.4.1 Load Configuration . . . . . . 83
- 3.4.2 Save Configuration . . . . . . 84
- 3.4.3 Changing Your Configuration . . . . 84
- 3.4.4 What if... . . . . . . . 86
- 3.4.5 Start Installation . . . . . . 86
-
- iii
-
-
-
- Contents
-
- 3.4.6 Checking Package Dependencies . . . 87
- 3.4.7 Index of all Series and Packages . . . 87
- 3.4.8 Searching for Packages . . . . . 87
- 3.4.9 Installing Packages . . . . . . 88
- 3.4.10 Deleting Packages . . . . . . 89
- 3.5 Updating the System . . . . . . . 89
- 3.6 System Administration . . . . . . 89
- 3.6.1 Integrating Hardware into the System . . 89
- 3.6.2 Kernel and Boot Configuration . . . 92
- 3.6.3 Network Configuration . . . . . 95
- 3.6.4 Configuring the Live Filesystem CD-ROM . 96
- 3.6.5 Settings for susewm . . . . . 97
- 3.6.6 Login Configuration . . . . . 98
- 3.6.7 User Administration . . . . . 99
- 3.6.8 Group Administration . . . . . 100
- 3.6.9 System Security Settings . . . . . 101
- 3.6.10 Configuring XFree86(TM) . . . . 101
- 3.6.11 Changing the YaST Configuration File . . 101
- 3.6.12 Creating Backups . . . . . . 102
-
- 4 Booting and Boot Managers 103
- 4.1 Booting a PC . . . . . . . . 103
- 4.2 Different Boot Concepts . . . . . . 104
- 4.3 An Overview of LILO . . . . . . 105
- 4.4 Configuring LILO . . . . . . . 108
- 4.4.1 Structure of lilo.conf . . . . 108
- 4.4.2 Other LILO Configuration Options . . . 111
- 4.5 Installing and Uninstalling LILO . . . . . 114
- 4.6 Creating a Linux Boot Disk . . . . . . 116
- 4.7 Sample Configurations . . . . . . 117
- 4.7.1 DOS/Windows 95/98 and Linux . . . 117
- 4.7.2 Windows NT and Linux on One Hard Disk . 118
- 4.7.3 OS/2 and Linux . . . . . . 119
- 4.7.4 DOS, OS/2 and Linux . . . . . 120
- 4.8 LILO Problems . . . . . . . . 121
- 4.8.1 Diagnosis of Errors: LILO Start Messages . 121
- 4.8.2 The 1024-Cylinder Limit . . . . 122
- 4.8.3 Special Boot Problems with Kernels from 2.0 On-
- wards . . . . . . . . 123
- 4.9 Starting via loadlin . . . . . . . 125
-
- iv
-
-
-
- Contents
-
- 4.9.1 Necessary Steps for all loadlin Users . . 125
- 4.9.2 Setting up Boot Menus . . . . . 126
- 4.9.3 Starting Linux from Within Windows . . 127
- 4.9.4 The Windows Boot Menu . . . . 128
-
-
- II Network configuration 131
-
- 5 Networking Linux 133
- 5.1 Configuration Using YaST . . . . . . 136
- 5.2 Manual Network Configuration-Where Do I Find What? 137
- 5.2.1 Configuration Files . . . . . . 137
- 5.2.2 Startup Scripts . . . . . . 142
- 5.3 Routing Under SuSE Linux . . . . . . 142
- 5.4 NIS, Yellow Pages on a LAN . . . . . 144
- 5.4.1 What is NIS? . . . . . . . 144
- 5.4.2 Installing an NIS Client . . . . . 144
- 5.4.3 NIS Master and Slave Server . . . . 145
- 5.5 NFS-Distributed Filesystems . . . . . 145
- 5.5.1 Importing Filesystems . . . . . 145
- 5.5.2 Exporting Filesystems . . . . . 146
-
- 6 Connecting to the World-and Then What? 149
- 6.1 PPP . . . . . . . . . . 149
- 6.1.1 Requirements for Using PPP . . . . 149
- 6.1.2 Further Information on PPP . . . . 150
- 6.2 ISDN Configuration . . . . . . . 150
- 6.2.1 Setting up ISDN - Step by Step . . . 151
- 6.2.2 Overview . . . . . . . 152
- 6.2.3 Configuring ISDN Hardware . . . . 153
- 6.2.4 Configuring ISDN Hardware with YaST . . 154
- 6.2.5 Setting up an ISDN Internet Connection . . 157
- 6.2.6 ISDN Messages . . . . . . 161
- 6.3 Cable Modems . . . . . . . . 161
- 6.3.1 The Basics . . . . . . . 161
- 6.4 T-DSL, T-ISDN-DSL, ADSL. . . . . . . . 162
- 6.5 Connecting a Modem . . . . . . . 162
- 6.6 Connecting to the Internet: PPP with wvdial . . 163
- 6.6.1 Configuration of wvdial . . . . . 163
- 6.6.2 Using Different Providers with wvdial . . 166
-
- v
-
-
-
- Contents
-
- 6.6.3 ISDN Terminal Adapter . . . . . 166
- 6.6.4 Configuring PCI Modems . . . . 168
- 6.6.5 Manual PPP Configuration for Experts . . 169
- 6.7 Masquerading and Firewalls ¡ Friends and "Friends" . 173
- 6.7.1 The Basics of Masquerading . . . . 174
- 6.7.2 The Basics of the Firewall . . . . 174
- 6.7.3 Configurating Masquerading and/or the Firewall 174
- 6.8 Let's Write-Configuration of e-mail . . . . 176
- 6.9 News: Brand-New Messages from USENET . . 179
- 6.9.1 The Leafnode News System . . . . 179
- 6.10 Faxing with Linux . . . . . . . 181
- 6.10.1 SuSEFax-a HylaFAX Fax Client . . . 181
- 6.10.2 Automatic Generation of the Fax Cover . . 189
- 6.10.3 Fax Spooling on UNIX/Linux . . . . 190
- 6.10.4 HylaFAX ¡ Distributed Faxes . . . . 190
-
- 7 Let's Dance the Samba . . . 197
- 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . 197
- 7.2 Installation of the Server . . . . . . 199
- 7.3 Installation of Clients . . . . . . . 202
- 7.4 Optimization . . . . . . . . 202
-
-
- III The X Window System 205
-
- 8 The X Window System 207
- 8.1 Configuration Using SaX . . . . . . 208
- 8.1.1 Installing for the First Time . . . . 208
- 8.1.2 Re-configuring . . . . . . 215
- 8.1.3 Troubleshooting . . . . . . 216
- 8.1.4 Starting the X Window System . . . 216
- 8.1.5 Checklist for Installing Graphics Cards . . 216
- 8.2 Configuration Using xf86config . . . . . 218
- 8.3 Optimizing the X Window System . . . . 225
-
- 9 The Window Manager-Window to Your Machine 229
- 9.1 Some Theory . . . . . . . . 229
- 9.1.1 General . . . . . . . . 229
- 9.1.2 What Does a Window Manager Manage? . . 232
- 9.1.3 Starting Different Window Managers . . 233
- 9.2 KDE ¡ the K Desktop Environment . . . . 234
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- vi
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-
-
- Contents
-
- 9.2.1 Installation Overview . . . . . 235
- 9.2.2 kdm-a Graphical Login . . . . . 235
- 9.2.3 So What's So Special About KDE? . . . 237
- 9.3 The fvwm2 Window Manager . . . . . 239
- 9.4 Fvwm2 Settings . . . . . . . . 241
- 9.4.1 Autoraise . . . . . . . 245
- 9.5 Configuring the Window Manager Using susewm . 246
- 9.5.1 Adding Entries to the Menu . . . . 247
- 9.6 Customizing Your Configuration . . . . . 250
-
-
- IV Linux and Hardware 253
-
- 10 Linux and Hardware 255
- 10.1 Preliminary Notes . . . . . . . 255
- 10.2 Cards . . . . . . . . . . 255
- 10.2.1 ISA and PCI Cards . . . . . . 255
- 10.3 Sound Cards . . . . . . . . 259
- 10.3.1 OSS / OSSdemo . . . . . . 259
- 10.3.2 How Are Sound Cards Configured in Linux? . 259
- 10.4 Ports on a Computer . . . . . . . 266
- 10.4.1 PS/2 Ports . . . . . . . 267
- 10.4.2 Serial Ports . . . . . . . 267
- 10.4.3 Parallel Ports . . . . . . . 267
- 10.4.4 USB ¡ Universal Serial Bus . . . . 269
- 10.5 Removable Drives . . . . . . . 269
- 10.5.1 Floppy Disk Drives . . . . . . 269
- 10.5.2 LS-120 Drives . . . . . . 269
- 10.5.3 ZIP Drives . . . . . . . 269
- 10.6 Modems . . . . . . . . . 270
- 10.6.1 External Modems . . . . . . 270
- 10.6.2 Internal Modems . . . . . . 271
- 10.7 Scanners . . . . . . . . . 272
- 10.8 Tape Drives . . . . . . . . 273
- 10.9 TV Cards . . . . . . . . . 274
-
- 11 Notebooks ¡ PCMCIA, APM, IrDA 279
- 11.1 PCMCIA . . . . . . . . . 279
- 11.1.1 Hardware . . . . . . . 279
- 11.1.2 Software . . . . . . . . 280
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- vii
-
-
-
- Contents
-
- 11.1.3 Configuration . . . . . . . 280
- 11.1.4 Configurations for Changing ¡ "Schemes" . 282
- 11.1.5 If Things Still Don't Work . . . . 284
- 11.1.6 Installation via PCMCIA . . . . . 286
- 11.1.7 Other Help Programs . . . . . 287
- 11.2 APM ¡ Power Management . . . . . . 287
- 11.2.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . 288
- 11.2.2 The Correct Kernel . . . . . . 288
- 11.2.3 The APM-Daemon . . . . . . 289
- 11.2.4 More Commands . . . . . . 289
- 11.2.5 Pause for the Hard Drive . . . . . 289
- 11.3 IrDA ¡ Infra-red Data Association . . . . 290
-
- 12 Printers 293
- 12.1 Overview: Interfaces, Queues and Spooling . . . 293
- 12.2 Printer Queues: Running and Configuring . . . 294
- 12.3 Printer Filters ¡ the "apsfilter" . . . . . 298
- 12.4 Network Printers with apsfilter . . . . . 304
- 12.5 Some Words on Ghostscript . . . . . 305
- 12.6 List of Supported Printers . . . . . . 307
- 12.7 Printer Checklist: apsfilter . . . . . . 312
-
-
- V The Kernel and Its Parameters 315
-
- 13 The Kernel 317
- 13.1 Kernel Sources . . . . . . . . 317
- 13.2 Kernel Modules . . . . . . . . 318
- 13.3 Kernel Configuration . . . . . . . 320
- 13.4 Settings in the Kernel Configuration . . . . 321
- 13.5 Compiling the Kernel . . . . . . . 321
- 13.6 Installing the Kernel . . . . . . . 322
- 13.7 Creating a Boot Disk . . . . . . . 323
- 13.8 Cleaning Your Hard Drive After Compilation . . 323
-
- 14 Kernel Parameters 325
- 14.1 Drivers in the Kernel . . . . . . . 325
- 14.2 Some Tips . . . . . . . . . 326
- 14.3 The Parameters . . . . . . . . 326
- 14.3.1 Notations and Meanings . . . . . 326
- 14.3.2 Kernel Parameters at the Boot Prompt . . 327
- 14.3.3 CD-ROM Drives on Proprietary Controllers . 337
- 14.3.4 modprobe Parameters . . . . . 339
-
- viii
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- Contents
-
- VI SuSE Linux: Updating and Special Features 357
-
- 15 Updating the System and Package Management 359
- 15.1 Updating SuSE Linux . . . . . . . 359
- 15.1.1 Preparations . . . . . . . 359
- 15.1.2 Updating with YaST2 . . . . . 360
- 15.1.3 Updating with YaST1 . . . . . 360
- 15.1.4 Updating Single Packages . . . . 362
- 15.2 From Version to Version . . . . . . 362
- 15.2.1 From 4.x to 5.0 . . . . . . 362
- 15.2.2 From 5.0 to 5.1 . . . . . . 363
- 15.2.3 From 5.1 to 5.2 . . . . . . 363
- 15.2.4 From 5.2 to 5.3 . . . . . . 364
- 15.2.5 From 5.3 to 6.0 . . . . . . 365
- 15.2.6 From 6.0 to 6.1 . . . . . . 365
- 15.2.7 From 6.1 to 6.2 . . . . . . 366
- 15.2.8 From 6.2 to 6.3 . . . . . . 366
- 15.2.9 From 6.3 to 6.4 . . . . . . 368
- 15.3 RPM-the Package Manager . . . . . 370
- 15.3.1 Managing Packages: Install, Update and Uninstall 370
- 15.3.2 RPM Queries . . . . . . . 371
- 15.3.3 Installing and Compiling Source Packages . 373
- 15.3.4 Other Tools for Working with RPM Archives . 375
-
- 16 Special Features of SuSE Linux 377
- 16.1 Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) and Linux Standard
- Base (LSB) . . . . . . . . . 377
- 16.1.1 Example Environments for FTP and HTTP . 377
- 16.1.2 teTeX ¡ TEX in SuSE Linux . . . . 377
- 16.2 Booting with the "initial ramdisk" . . . . 377
- 16.2.1 Concept of the Initial Ramdisk . . . 378
- 16.2.2 The Order of the Booting Process with initrd . 378
- 16.2.3 Boot Loaders . . . . . . . 379
- 16.2.4 Using initrd in SuSE . . . . . 380
- 16.2.5 Possible Difficulties ¡ Self-Compiled Kernels . 381
- 16.2.6 Prospects . . . . . . . 381
- 16.3 linuxrc . . . . . . . . . 382
- 16.4 The SuSE Linux Help System . . . . . 386
- 16.4.1 Standalone and Server Configuration . . 387
- 16.4.2 Client Configuration . . . . . 388
-
- ix
-
-
-
- Contents
-
- 16.4.3 Using the Help System . . . . . 389
- 16.5 The SuSE Rescue System . . . . . . 389
- 16.6 Hints on Special Software Packages . . . . 392
- 16.6.1 package cron . . . . . . 392
- 16.6.2 package curses . . . . . . 393
- 16.6.3 Manpages . . . . . . . 393
- 16.7 Keyboard Layout . . . . . . . 393
-
- 17 The SuSE Linux Boot Concept 395
- 17.1 The init Program . . . . . . . 395
- 17.2 Runlevels . . . . . . . . . 396
- 17.3 Changing Runlevels . . . . . . . 397
- 17.4 Init Scripts . . . . . . . . . 397
- 17.5 /etc/rc.config and /sbin/SuSEconfig . . . 399
- 17.6 The Variables in /etc/rc.config ¡ System Configura-
- tion . . . . . . . . . . 400
-
-
- VII Security and Getting Started 411
-
- 18 Security is a Matter of Trust 413
- 18.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . 413
- 18.1.1 Local Security . . . . . . 414
- 18.1.2 Network Security . . . . . . 417
- 18.2 Tools . . . . . . . . . . 418
- 18.2.1 Local Tools . . . . . . . 418
- 18.2.2 Networking Tools . . . . . . 421
- 18.3 Security in SuSE Linux . . . . . . 425
- 18.4 General Rules . . . . . . . . 426
-
- 19 First Steps with Linux 427
- 19.1 Logging in, the User "root", Adding Users . . . 427
- 19.2 Shutting Down and Booting the System . . . 428
- 19.3 Commands ¡ Entries on the Command Line . . 429
- 19.4 Virtual Consoles . . . . . . . . 430
- 19.5 Directories and Filenames . . . . . . 431
- 19.6 Working with Directories . . . . . . 431
- 19.7 Working with Files . . . . . . . 432
- 19.7.1 Information on Files . . . . . 432
- 19.7.2 Wildcards . . . . . . . 433
- 19.7.3 Contents of Files . . . . . . 434
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- x
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-
-
- Contents
-
- 19.7.4 Hidden Files . . . . . . . 434
- 19.7.5 Copying, Renaming and Deleting Files . . 435
- 19.7.6 Searching for Files and for Strings Within Files 435
- 19.7.7 Symbolic Links . . . . . . 436
- 19.7.8 Archiving and Saving Data . . . . 436
- 19.8 Permissions . . . . . . . . 437
- 19.9 Man Pages . . . . . . . . . 438
- 19.10System Information . . . . . . . 440
- 19.10.1 The df Command . . . . . . 440
- 19.10.2 The free Command . . . . . 440
- 19.10.3 The Command ulimit . . . . . 440
- 19.10.4 The w Command . . . . . . 441
- 19.10.5 The du Command . . . . . . 441
- 19.10.6 The kill Command . . . . . 441
- 19.10.7 The ps Command . . . . . . 442
- 19.10.8 The pstree Command . . . . . 442
- 19.10.9 The top Command . . . . . 442
- 19.11 Filesystem Types in Linux ¡ mount and umount . 442
- 19.11.1 Overview . . . . . . . 442
- 19.11.2 Mounting and Unmounting Filesystems . . 444
- 19.12DOS Commands in Unix with mtools . . . . 445
- 19.13Summary of Commands in Unix . . . . . 446
- 19.14What Next? . . . . . . . . 448
- 19.15The vi editor . . . . . . . . 449
-
- A Important keys 451
-
- B Glossary 453
-
- C The Directory Tree 467
- C.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . 467
- C.2 Important Directories . . . . . . . 468
-
- D Important Files 469
- D.1 Device Files in the /dev Directory . . . . 469
- D.1.1 CD-ROM Drives . . . . . . 469
- D.1.2 Tape Drives . . . . . . . 470
- D.1.3 Mice (bus and PS/2) . . . . . 470
- D.1.4 Modems . . . . . . . . 471
- D.1.5 Serial Interfaces . . . . . . 471
- D.1.6 Parallel Ports . . . . . . . 471
-
- xi
-
-
-
- Contents
-
- D.1.7 Special Devices . . . . . . 471
- D.2 Configuration Files in /etc . . . . . 472
- D.3 Hidden Configuration Files in home . . . . 472
-
- E Manual Page of e2fsck 475
-
- F SuSE Linux-FAQ 477
-
- G The GNU General Public License 485
-
- H Support and Services of SuSE GmbH 493
- H.1 60-Day Installation Support . . . . . . 493
- H.1.1 No Installation Support Unless You Register! . 493
- H.1.2 Extent of Our Installation Support . . . 493
- H.2 The Fastest Way to Get Help! . . . . . 494
- H.2.1 How Can I Reach the SuSE-Support Team? . 496
- H.3 SuSE Professional Services . . . . . . 497
- H.3.1 Individual Projects and Consulting . . . 498
- H.4 Training . . . . . . . . . 498
- H.5 Feedback . . . . . . . . . 499
- H.6 Further Services . . . . . . . . 499
-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- xii
-
-
-
- Chapter 1
- Foreword
-
- The Linux story reads like a modern-day fairy-tale: in 1991 the Finnish
- computer science student, LINUS TORVALDS begins programming his own
- version of Unix. In the rapidly spreading Internet he published not only
- the binaries, that is, the runnable programs in machine language, but also
- the source code belonging to them. And indeed, hundreds of programmers
- from all around the world took up his invitation to work on the development
- of Linux ¡ without payment and in their spare time. It is not driven by
- commmercial interest, but by the pleasure of solving problems alone and in
- a team, and of adding new functions to try and perfect the operating system.
- The only condition: the work - including the modified source code - must be
- made available to the general public. The legal basis for this is provided by
- the GNU General Public License (GPL) found in appendix G.
- Those who choose Linux have good reasons for doing so: stability, security
- and performance are usually mentioned first; but its extensive networking
- capabilities, with whose help Linux is conquering the Internet and the entire
- server market, make a close second. Linux insiders highly value the free
- source code and the independence and flexibility which this implies. Because
- of the free sources, you are no longer helpless, or at the mercy of a software
- manufacturer, but free to carry out individual customizations and extensions
- yourself. It should not be forgotten, of course, that Linux has no licensing
- costs, irrespective of whether the operating system is used at home, for private
- use, or for any number of staff in the company.
- Apart from these arguments, however, a huge demand and great interest on
- the part of Linux users has encouraged many hardware and software manu-
- facturers to actively support Linux. Siemens, IBM and Compaq ¡ to name
- just a few "big" names, have at last discovered Linux.
- In addition to countless free applications, commercial software is becoming
- increasingly available for Linux: both database companies, such as Oracle,
- Informix, Software AG and Sybase, as well as providers of office solutions,
- such as Applix, Corel or Stardivision also offering their products for Linux.
- Linux is good, is getting even better and costs nothing! If you take into
- consideration the Linux community, with more than 10 million users, and
- growing rapidly, as well as their enthusiasm, you will realise: Linux possesses
- the best qualifications and prospects to become an industry standard.
- But that is not all: with KDE and GNOME, there are not one, but two, free
- and comfortable graphical desktops available which themselves make the call
-
- 1
-
-
-
- 1. Foreword
-
- for "Linux on the desktop" ever louder.
-
- 1.1 What Is Linux?
- The actual "Linux" is the kernel, the "heart" of every UNIX operating system.
- But the kernel alone does not constitute an entire operating system. Especially
- in UNIX there is a huge amount of free software available; this means that
- practically any standard tools in Unix are also available in Linux. It is these
- programs which make the operating system what it is.
- Many of these tools are GNU versions (GNU) of these Unix programs:
- many of these offer enhanced features over the originals. Of these, the GNU
- C/C++ compiler, one of the best compilers available, is probably the most
- famous program. And we should not forget the many tools, small and large,
- which can be used on the command line, in shell scripts or as fully fledged
- programs; from the shell, file and text utilities such as sed, awk and perl to
- editors like vi or complete work-environments like Emacs.
- What makes Linux complete is XFree86 TM (current version, 3.3.6), the X
- Window System (currently X11 Release 6.3) for PC-based UNIX systems.
- This port is part of the official X11 R6.3 distribution of the X Consortium,
- Inc., and therefore fully compatible with that standard.
- All these components, together with many other tools, applications and
- amusements (e. g., games), make up the system known as Linux. There is
- a large amount of free software available, and there are many ways to put a
- Linux system together.
- At this point the Linux distributions come into play, in this case, SuSE Linux.
- A distribution is a selection from a wide palette of Free software. The end
- product is, in the case of the SuSE Linux CDs, over 1000 software packages.
-
- SuSE Linux includes, in addition to free software ¡ software in which the
- source-code is included on the CD-ROMs ¡ software packages that, for
- different reasons, SuSE can only offer in compiled form.
-
- Due to the fact that distributions are offered free on the Internet, updating
- your system does not necessarily mean buying a new distribution.
-
- 1.2 Purpose of this Book ¡ Notes on Usage
- We have conceived this book as an aid to installation. It should not, and
- cannot, be a replacement for more detailed literature, which should allow an
- interested user to dig deeper into the fascinating world of high-performance
- computing ¡ for this, refer to the bibliography at the end of the book.
- For a first-time installation it should be sufficient, initially, to read the practi-
- cally oriented chapter 2. Under no circumstances, however, should you jump
- into the adventure as a Linux novice without reading anything at all. The
- more you read, the more your efficiency will increase, and the more you will
- avoid frustration ¡ so at least browse through chapter 19 before you start . . .
- The dynamics of Linux and of free software is a big challenge as far as writing
- a handbook is concerned. It must keep up with the most recent developments,
-
- 2
-
-
-
- 1.2. Purpose of this Book ¡ Notes on Usage
-
- and, at the same time,remain suited for those new to the Unix world ¡ without
- boring experienced Linux users. The book in front of you attempts to do
- justice to all these requirements.
- The aim of this book is to allow Linux beginners an encouraging start on a
- voyage of discovery through the new system.
- The book is basically divided into the following sections:
- Installation This section guides the Linux novice with a documented exam-
- ple installation (Chapter 2 page 13). It points out possible sources of error
- and provides concrete help with problems. YaST , the SuSE installation
- and administration tool, is covered in Chapter 3 page 71, and Chapter 4
- page 103 explains how to boot the kernel.
- Network Configuration As soon as the base system is up and running we
- move on to the configuration of your network (connection to the Internet).
- Graphical User Interface Activating and setting up the XFree86 TM is the
- subject of Chapter 8 page 207 to Chapter 9 page 229.
- Sound, Scanner, Notebooks, Printing etc. In Chapters 10 page 255 to 12
- page 293 the capabilities of your hardware are explained.
- The Linux Kernel Here we get down to the heart of the matter. The Linux
- kernel is introduced in Chapter 13 page 317 and Chapter 14 page 325,
- providing you with a guide on how to compile and install your own kernel.
- Update, Software Packages, Booting Several update strategies as well as
- software management are introduced (Chapter 15 page 359), special fea-
- tures of SuSE Linux are covered and the boot concept is explained (Chap-
- ter 17 page 395).
- Security and Getting Started Security concepts (Chapter 18 page 413) and
- first steps are combined in this section, giving you a first exposure to
- commands and more in Linux.
- Technical Appendix In the appendix you can find a list of the most impor-
- tant configuration files, the most frequently used key combinations, ex-
- ample files, a licensing agreement, the most frequently asked questions
- about SuSE Linux (FAQ, Appendix F page 477) and much more.
- Support The tasks of installation support and the opportunities for more
- extensive "Professional Services" are described in Appendix H page 493
- ¡ please read through the details of these before getting in touch with us!
- Glossary, Bibliography and Index If there is something you still haven't
- found yet, you should consult the extensive appendix and glossary (Ap-
- pendix B page 453), either to find the place which explains important con-
- cepts, or simply to increase your general knowledge about Linux, Unix or
- computers, with the help of the glossary.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 3
-
-
-
- 1. Foreword
-
- 1.3 Typographical Conventions ¡ or What on Earth Does
- "earth: # ls" Mean?
- The typographical conventions used in this guide are explained in Table 1.1.
-
-
- Text layout Meaning
- LINUS TORVALDS important persons
- GNU Emacs (emacs) the program GNU Emacs, is invoked
- with the command emacs
- Adabas D the product Adabas D
- /etc/passwd file or directory name
- <file> when entering a command, file
- should be replaced by the actual
- value; you should not enter the an-
- gled brackets!
- <file> the variable with the name file
- PATH the environment variable with the
- name PATH
- 192.168.1.2 value of a variable
- ls the command ls
- `news' the user `news'
- earth: # susehelp `root'-shell in the directory
- (` ' stands for the "home direc-
- tory" of the respective user, Home
- directory), you should enter the com-
- mand susehelp ¡ here earth is
- an example of the name of a com-
- puter (hostname).
- newbie@earth:/tmp > ls in the shell of the user `newbie' in
- directory /tmp, type the command
- ls
- C:\> fdisk at the DOS prompt, type the com-
- mand fdisk
-
- Alt key to press, here the key "Alt"
-
- Ctrl + Alt + Del when `+' is "added" all keys are to
- be pressed at the same time; keys to
- be pressed sequentially are separated
- by a space only
- "Permission denied" system messages
- `System update' menu entry `System update'
- Duesentrieb company "Duesentrieb"
- reference to the glossary in the ap-
- pendix
-
-
- Table 1.1: Typographical conventions used in the text layout
-
-
- 4
-
-
-
- 1.4. The Struggle with the Number of Pages
-
- 1.4 The Struggle with the Number of Pages
- There is a limit to the number of pages this book can contain; the amount of
- software available for Linux, however, is slowly growing to infinity. For this
- reason, a pointer to the documentation available online is appropriate at this
- point. However, as well as including a large amount of necessary technical
- information about the system, we have tried to ensure that the "first steps"
- of becoming a user of Linux (logging in, copying, editing and deleting files,
- using CD-ROMs and floppy disks etc.) are clearly described (see Chapter 19
- page 427 pp.).
-
- 1.4.1 Support Database
- Many solutions to well-known problems are already available. These are
- presented in our Support Database at
- http://www.suse.de/sdb/en/html/
- We recommend that you look there first!
- Besides the online Support Database, the complete Support Database can also
- be found in package sdb en, series doc on your SuSE Linux CD. Those
- articles can be read using any WWW browser (e. g., arena, lynx, or netscape).
-
- 1.4.2 Hypertext Help
- A major part of the documentation is available in hypertext form. To start
- the hypertext system, run susehelp. Depending on whether X Windows
- is running, an additional program (a browser) to read the documentation will
- be started. In the X Window System this is Netscape (Figure 1.1 on the next
- page), and in the text console, lynx (Figure 16.7 page 387).
- Additional options to the help system can be displayed by invoking
- newbie@earth:/home/newbie > susehelp --help
- You can find the help system in package susehilf, series doc1 (Docu-
- mentation).
-
- 1.4.3 Texinfo
- Some program packages include documentation in Texinfo format, which is
- another hypertext variant. These files can be read with Infoviewer (info) or
- by using the Emacs (emacs) info mode. In X Windows, you can use tkInfo
- (tkinfo) or the older xinfo.
-
- 1.4.4 Manual Pages
- The usual way to get information about programs or commands is to invoke
- the command man.
- newbie@earth:/home/newbie > man <command>
- displays the manual page1 for the entered command, which usually lists all
- command options and explains the command's usage. The manual pages
- Manual Pages ¡ often abbreviated to "manpages" ¡ can be read via the SuSE
- help system; see section 1.4.2.
-
- 1 hereafter referred to as "manpage"
-
- 5
-
-
-
- 1. Foreword
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Figure 1.1: Homepage of the help system (Netscape)
-
-
- 1.4.5 FAQ's, HOWTO's and README's
-
- The directory /usr/doc contains subdirectories with information about the
- corresponding packages. There you will often find the missing command
- option, the name of the configuration file you could not find anywhere else,
- or the name of the developer's dog. In any case, it is worth looking there
- before deleting the software.
-
- The FAQ on SuSE Linux deserves special mention ¡ it can be found in
- Appendix F page 477 pp.
-
- The directory /usr/doc/faq should be pointed out, in which lists of
-
- 6
-
-
-
- 1.5. Acknowledgments
-
- frequently asked questions and appropriate answers on a wide variety of
- problems if the package manyfaqs, series doc is installed. The direc-
- tory /usr/doc/howto contains "recipes" explaining how to install certain
- packages or what to do when you encounter problems.
- In the directory docu on the first CD the latest (at the time of of the CD going
- to press) versions of the HOWTO files can be found. It might be of interest to
- look there. In Linux the program less is used to read files. Although the file
- is compressed (.gz), less is smart enough to handle this.
- newbie@earth:/home/newbie > cd /usr/doc/howto
- newbie@earth:/usr/doc/howto > less DOS-to-Linux-
- HOWTO.gz
- In the directory docu/howto on the first CD there can be found the most
- current versions, at the time of the CD going to press, of the most important
- Howto files. It is certainly worth taking a look in this directory! These
- files are uncompressed; they can therefore be read comfortably, even before
- installation (in DOS, for example, with type). Kernel-specific questions and
- answers can be obtained from
- /usr/src/linux/Documentation. This is only available if you have
- installed the kernel source (package linux or package lx suse), which is
- highly recommended anyway. Furthermore, there are many useful hints in the
- kernel source subdirectories (such as for sound drivers). And for the brave,
- even the kernel sources themselves.
- If you have a question which is not answered in this book, please look at the
- sources for more information, since the scope of this book is limited. Because
- the development of Linux continues at such a fast pace, this printed document
- can only be up-to-date for a very limited time.
-
- 1.4.6 Free Books
- The package books, series doc1 (Documentation) contains some books in
- PostScript format. You can view these books with the package gsview,
- series gra1 (Graphics) or package gv, series gra1 (Graphics) ¡ if you don't
- care about trees you can print them as well. Before printing, you should ask
- yourself whether it might be more economical to buy the book.
-
- 1.5 Acknowledgments
- Besides everyone who has contributed to the large success of Linux, we would
- like to especially thank FLORIAN LA ROCHE, whose contribution has been
- invaluable to us. His experience and knowledge helped us to first build a
- Linux system. Thanks to his long experience with his jurix distribution, he
- was able to participate in the creation of SuSE Linux. Without his help this
- distribution certainly would not have been possible in its present form.
- Also, many thanks to HARALD KOENIG of the XFree86 team, who gave
- us valuable tips and advice concerning the X Window System, and to EBER-
- HARD MOENKEBERG, who was very helpful with CD-ROM driver problems.
- Many thanks go to Hans Lermen, author of the well-known loadlin.exe,
- which allows Linux to be started from DOS, and the DOS setup.exe of this
- Linux system.
-
- 7
-
-
-
- 1. Foreword
-
- Thanks also to all those who sacrificed their spare time for making Linux
- available to a vast number of international users by helping translating YaST
- and linuxrc texts: Gunay Arslan, Zbigniew Baniewski, S┤andor B┤ar┤any,
- Olaf Borkner-Delcarlo, Michael Bravo, Michael Burghart, Franca Delcarlo,
- Jochen Depner, Benedek Hermann, Ib┤an Jos┤e Garc┤ia Castillo, Dora Geor-
- garou (with Romy the barking dog), Pablo Iranzo G┤omez, Krzysztof Hotiuk,
- Milan Hromada, Arthur Kerkmeester, Ralf A. Lanz, Franc╕oise Lermen,
- Zolt┤an Lev┤ardy, Nuno Lima, Tomas Morkus, Carmen Mar┤in P┤erez, Matts
- Nordman, Aleksey Novodvorsky, Razvan Cristian Oprea, Gerco Oudhof,
- George Papamichelakis, Alexey Pavlov, ┤Akos R┤atkai, Voula Sanida, Aleksey
- Smirnov, Steve Varadi, P. Vlachodimitropoulos, Joao Teles, Nuno Vieira,
- January Weiner and I Made Wiryana.
- And many thanks, of course, to the dauntless beta testers who risked their
- running systems: Andreas Koegel, Christian H¿uttermann, Dirk Ulbrich, Eber-
- hard M¿onkeberg, Frank Hofmann, Georg C. F. Greve, Harald K¿onig, Har-
- ald Wieland, Karlo Gross, Jens Frank, Lutz Pressler, Martin Hehl, Mar-
- tin Konold, Martin Schulze, Michael Kleinhenz, Norbert Eicker, Oliver Zen-
- del, Ralf Geschke, Stefan Bliesener, Thomas W¿orner, Ulrich Goebel, Ul-
- rich Windl, Volker Lendecke, Wolfgang Barth, and the KDE Team.
- A big thanks to those who helped proofread the English: Chris Mahmoud,
- James Samuel, Edith Parzefall, and especially Roger Whittaker, and to Ken
- Wimer for additional translations.
- Good tips ¡ and text material ¡ have been given by the following: Hol-
- ger Achtziger, Harald Bertram, Thomas Biege, Peter Findeisen, Matthias
- Fr¿uhauf, Kurt Garloff, LenZ Grimmer, Carsten Gro▀, Berthold Gunreben,
- Bernhard H¿olcker, Kevin Ivory, Klaus K¿ampf, Karsten Keil, Wolfgang Kern,
- Thorsten Kukuk, Johannes Meixner, Petr Pavlik, Bj¿orn Pfeiffer, J¿urgen Schei-
- derer, and Robert Adrian Walczak.
- The first line of technical production support is Holger Dyroff, Christian Egle,
- Frank Sundermeyer and Claudio Taulli. Thanks and keep up the good work!
- And the many important people without who, this would never have been
- possible: Adrian, Agathe, Alexander, Alexander, Alexander, Alexandra, Ali,
- Anas, Andrea, Andreas, Andreas, Andreas, Andreas, Anita, Anita, Antje,
- Arnd, Barbara, Beate, Bernd, Bernd, Bernhard, Bernhard, Berthold, Bet-
- tina, Birgit, Brigitte, Burchard, Carlos, Carsten, Carsten, Carsten, Carsten,
- Christian, Christian, Christian, Christian, Christian, Christian, Christian,
- Christoph-Erdmann, Claudia, Claudio, Costin, Daniel, Daniel, Daniel, David,
- Dieter, Dieter, Dirk, Dirk, Dirk, Dragan, Edith, Edith, Erich, Erich, Evelyn,
- Florian, Francisca, Francoise, Francoise, Frank, Frank, Frank, Frank, Frank,
- Frank, Frank, Friedrich, Gabriele, Gema, Georg, Gerlinde, Ghayss, Gregor,
- Harald, Harald, Hardo, Hartmut, Heidi, Heiko, Helene, Helmut, Hendrik,
- Holger, Holger, Hubert, Hubert, Ines, Ingo, Ingo, Jan, Jan-Hendrik, Jens,
- Jens, Jesko, Joachim, Jochen, Johannes, Jordi, J¿org, J¿org, J¿org, J¿org, J¿org,
- J¿org, J¿org, J¿org-Gerald, J¿org-Olaf, J¿urgen, J¿urgen, J¿urgen, Kadriye, Kai,
- Karin, Karin, Karin, Karine, Karl, Karl-Heinz, Katrin, Kenneth, Klaas,
- Klaus, Klaus, Klaus, Konrad, Kurt, Kyung Ae, Lars, Lenz, Manfred,
- Manuela, Marc, Marco, Marco, Marco, Marcus, Marcus, Mario, Marius,
- Mark, Mark, Markus, Martin, Martin, Martin, Martin, Martina, Martina,
-
- 8
-
-
-
- 1.5. Acknowledgments
-
- Martina, Matthias, Matthias, Matthias, Matthias, Matthias, Meike, Melanie,
- Michael, Michael, Michael, Michael, Michael, Michael, Michael, Michael,
- Michael, Michael, Michael, Michael, Michael, Michaela, Michaela, Milisav,
- Miriam, Nadin, Nessim, Nicolas, Nicolaus, Nicole, Nina, Norbert, Olaf,
- Oliver, Oliver, Oliver, Patricia, Peter, Peter, Peter, Peter, Peter, Peter, Peter,
- Peter, Petra, Philipp, Pia, Ralf, Reinhard, Reinhard, Remo, Renate, Roland,
- Rolf, R¿udiger, R¿udiger, R¿udiger, Sabina, Sabine, Sabine, Sebastian, Silke,
- Silvia, Simon, Stefan, Stefan, Stefan, Stefan, Stefan, Stefan, Stefan, Stefan,
- Stefanie, Steffen, Stephan, Stephan, Stephan, Stephen, Sven, Sylvia, Tanja,
- Tatjana, Thomas, Thomas, Thomas, Thomas, Thomas, Thomas, Thorsten,
- Thorsten, Tilman, Timo, Ulrich, Ulrich, Uwe, Uwe, Uwe, Uwe, Volker,
- Waldo, Walter, Waltraud, Werner, Werner, Wittawat, Wolfgang, Wolfgang,
- Wolfgang und Wolfgang ¡ an all a big, big THANK YOU!
- Further thanks go to STEFAN ENDRASS, who computed the cover picture of
- the CD.
- For the mathematically interested, here a few words of explanation:
-
- The Barth Decic
-
- Consider the equation
-
- 8 x2 - 4y2 y2 - 4z2 z2 - 4x2 x4 + y4 + z4 - 2 x2y2 + y2z2 + z2x2
-
- +(3 + 5 ) x2 + y2 + z2 - 1 2 x2 + y2 + z2 - (2 - ) 2 = 0,
-
- where = (1+ 5)/2 denotes the golden ratio. It defines a degree 10 surface
- (decic) found by W. Barth (Erlangen) in 1994. This surface is remarkable be-
- cause it has 345 double points, which is a world record. Due to a complicated
- theorem of the japanese mathematician Y. Miyaoka any degree 10 surface can
- have at most 360 double points. But nobody has ever seen more than 345.
- The above equation is made up from so called icosahedral invariants, which
- were already known to E. Goursat (1858-1936) two centuries ago. Therefore
- the Barth-decic admits the symmetries of the icosahedron.
- *
- * *
- *
-
- The global team of Linux developers is still working intensively on Linux ¡
- most of them on a voluntary basis. We want to thank them for their efforts ¡
- this CD distribution would not exist without them. Our work aims at making
- their work accessible to a large number of interested users.
- Last but not least, special thanks to PATRICK VOLKERDING for supporting
- our work and, of course, many thanks to LINUS TORVALDS!
- And last, but not least: Frank Zappa and Pawar!
- Nuremberg, 11th March 2000
- Have a lot of fun!
- Your SuSE Team
-
-
- 9
-
-
-
- 1. Foreword
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- 10
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