Chip 2000 May/chip-cd_2000_05.zip/05/aktualnosci/shareware/euphoria/0.DAT

Text File | 2000-01-13 | 1MB | 43,627 lines

     * This file contains a big bundle of files. Run install.bat
     * to unbundle and organize the files into subdirectories.

ASCII.BAT
30
@echo off
ex.exe ascii.ex

ASCII.EX
811
    -- Display ASCII / code page chart
    -- in 50 lines-per-screen mode

include graphics.e

constant SCREEN = 1

if text_rows(50) then
end if

text_color(WHITE)
for i = 0 to 255 do
    if remainder(i, 8) = 0 then
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
    text_color(RED)
    if i = 128 and platform() = LINUX then
        if getc(0) then
        end if
    end if
    end if
    if remainder(i, 16) = 0 then
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
    text_color(WHITE)
    end if
    printf(SCREEN, "%3d: ", i)
    if i = 0 then
    puts(SCREEN, "NUL ")
    elsif i = 9 then
    puts(SCREEN, "TAB ")
    elsif i = 10 then
    puts(SCREEN, "LF  ")
    elsif i = 13 then
    puts(SCREEN, "CR  ")
    else
    puts(SCREEN, i)
    puts(SCREEN, "   ")
    end if
end for

text_color(WHITE)
puts(SCREEN, "\n\nPress Enter...")
if atom(gets(0)) then
end if

if graphics_mode(-1) then
end if

BIN.DOC
1906
   EUPHORIA\BIN

   This directory contains the Euphoria executables ex.exe and exw.exe, plus
   a number of utility programs written in Euphoria:

    ascii.ex     - prints a character chart from 0 to 255
    cdguru.bat   - The Guru search engine applied to the current directory
               that you are in. Searches any kind of text files.
    ed.ex        - the Euphoria editor
    eprint.ex    - prints Euphoria or other files in two-column condensed
               mode. Highlights syntax of Euphoria files.
    guru.ex         - The Euphoria "Guru" search engine
    install.ex   - The Euphoria install program. You've already installed
                   Euphoria, so this is here just for educational purposes.
                   Feel free to use it as a base for your own install
                   programs.
    key.ex         - shows the numeric key code for any key on the keyboard
    lines.ex     - count lines and characters in a bunch of files
    search.ex    - search files for a string-pattern
    where.ex     - search for a file on your PATH

   Complete Edition only:
    bind.bat     - shroud & bind a DOS32 Euphoria program to ex.exe to make
               a stand-alone .exe file
    bindw.bat    - shroud & bind a WIN32 Euphoria program to exw.exe to
                   make a stand-alone .exe file
    shroud.bat   - source code shrouder, makes a shrouded .e or .ex file
    bind.ex         - a shrouded and scrambled Euphoria program used by
                   shroud.bat and bind.bat
       pdexw.exe    - Public Domain interpreter for binding
       pdex.exe     - Public Domain interpreter for binding

   There are small .bat files for most of the .ex utilities, so you
   don't have to type "ex ...",     e.g. just type "ascii" to turn run the
   ascii.ex program.

   Many of these programs expect to be run from a command line interface.

   For more documentation, see the comments at the top of each file.

CDGURU.BAT
86
@echo off
rem Current directory "Guru"
ex.exe guru.ex %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9

ED.BAT
34
@echo off
ex.exe ed.ex %1 %2 %3
ED.EX
60258
    ----------------------------------------------------------
    --       This Euphoria Editor was developed by          --
    --            Rapid Deployment Software.                --
    --                                                      --
    -- Permission is freely granted to anyone to modify     --
    -- and/or redistribute this editor (ed.ex, syncolor.e). --
    ----------------------------------------------------------

-- This program can be run with:
--     ex ed
--     exu ed.ex
-- or
--     exw ed.ex (a bit slower, some control-key combinations aren't recognized,
--                and Esc l doesn't work in all cases)

-- How it Works:
-- * Using gets(), ed reads and appends each line of text into a 2-d "buffer",
--   i.e. a sequence of sequences where each (sub)sequence contains one line.
-- * ed waits for you to press a key, and then fans out to one of many small
--   routines that each perform one editing operation.
-- * Each editing operation is responsible for updating the 2-d buffer variable
--   containing the lines of text, and for updating the screen to reflect any
--   changes. This code is typically fairly simple, but there can be a lot
--   of special cases to worry about.
-- * Finally, ed writes back each line, using puts()
-- * How multiple-windows works: When you switch to a new window, all the
--   variables associated with the current window are bundled together and
--   saved in a sequence, along with the 2-d text buffer for that window.
--   When you switch back, all of these state variables, plus the 2-d text
--   buffer variable for that window are restored. Most of the code in ed is
--   not even "aware" that there can be multiple-windows.

without type_check -- makes it a bit faster

include graphics.e
include get.e
include file.e
include wildcard.e

constant TRUE = 1,
     FALSE = 0

-- special input characters
constant CONTROL_B = 2,
     CONTROL_C = 3,
     CONTROL_D = 4,   -- alternate key for line-delete
     CONTROL_L = 12,
     CONTROL_P = 16,  -- alternate key for PAGE-DOWN in Linux.
              -- DOS uses this key for printing or something.
     CONTROL_R = 18,
     CONTROL_T = 20,
     CONTROL_U = 21   -- alternate key for PAGE-UP in Linux

integer ESCAPE, CR, BS, HOME, END, CONTROL_HOME, CONTROL_END,
    PAGE_UP, PAGE_DOWN, INSERT,
    DELETE, XDELETE, ARROW_LEFT, ARROW_RIGHT,
    CONTROL_ARROW_LEFT, CONTROL_ARROW_RIGHT, ARROW_UP, ARROW_DOWN,
    F1, F10, F11, F12,
    CONTROL_DELETE  -- key for line-delete
            -- (not available on some systems)
sequence delete_cmd, compare_cmd
integer SLASH
integer SAFE_CHAR -- minimum ASCII char that's safe to display

if platform() = LINUX then
    SLASH = '/'
    SAFE_CHAR = 32
    delete_cmd = "rm "
    compare_cmd = "diff "
    ESCAPE = 27
    CR = 10
    BS = 263
    HOME = 262
    END = 360
    CONTROL_HOME = CONTROL_T -- (top)
    CONTROL_END = CONTROL_B  -- (bottom)
    PAGE_UP = 339
    PAGE_DOWN = 338
    INSERT = 331
    DELETE = 330
    XDELETE = 127 -- use in xterm
    ARROW_LEFT = 260
    ARROW_RIGHT = 261
    CONTROL_ARROW_LEFT = CONTROL_L  -- (left)
    CONTROL_ARROW_RIGHT = CONTROL_R -- (right)
    ARROW_UP = 259
    ARROW_DOWN = 258
    F1 = 265
    F10 = 274
    F11 = 275
    F12 = 276
    CONTROL_DELETE = DELETE -- key for line-delete
                -- (not available on some systems)
else
    -- DOS/Windows
    SLASH = '\\'
    SAFE_CHAR = 14
    delete_cmd = "del "
    compare_cmd = "fc /T "
    ESCAPE = 27
    CR = 13
    BS = 8
    HOME = 327
    END = 335
    CONTROL_HOME = 375
    CONTROL_END = 373
    PAGE_UP = 329
    PAGE_DOWN = 337
    INSERT = 338
    DELETE = 339
    XDELETE = -999 -- never
    ARROW_LEFT = 331
    ARROW_RIGHT = 333
    CONTROL_ARROW_LEFT = 371
    CONTROL_ARROW_RIGHT = 372
    ARROW_UP = 328
    ARROW_DOWN = 336
    F1 = 315
    F10 = 324
    F11 = 389
    F12 = 390
    CONTROL_DELETE = 403 -- key for line-delete
             -- (not available on some systems)
end if



-------- START OF USER-MODIFIABLE PARAMETERS ----------------------------------

-- make your own specialized macro command(s):
constant CUSTOM_KEY = F12
constant CUSTOM_KEYSTROKES = HOME & "-- " & ARROW_DOWN

constant PROG_INDENT = 4  -- tab width for editing program source files
              -- (tab width is 8 for other files)
-- Euphoria files:
constant E_FILES = {".e", ".ex", ".ew", ".exw", ".eu", ".exu", ".pro"}
-- program indent files:
constant PROG_FILES = E_FILES & {".c", ".h", ".bas"}

constant WANT_COLOR_SYNTAX  = TRUE -- FALSE if you don't want
                   -- color syntax highlighting

constant WANT_AUTO_COMPLETE = TRUE -- FALSE if you don't want
                   -- auto-completion of Euphoria statements

constant HOT_KEYS = TRUE  -- FALSE if you want to hit Enter after each command

-- cursor style:
constant ED_CURSOR = THICK_UNDERLINE_CURSOR
             -- UNDERLINE_CURSOR
             -- HALF_BLOCK_CURSOR
             -- BLOCK_CURSOR

-- number of lines on screen: (25,28,43,50)
constant INITIAL_LINES = 25,  -- when editor starts up
     FINAL_LINES = 25     -- when editor is finished

-- colors
constant TOP_LINE_TEXT_COLOR = BLACK,
     TOP_LINE_BACK_COLOR = BROWN,
     TOP_LINE_DIM_COLOR = BLUE,
     BACKGROUND_COLOR = WHITE

-- colors needed by syncolor.e:
-- Adjust to suit your monitor and your taste.
global constant NORMAL_COLOR = BLACK,   -- GRAY might look better
        COMMENT_COLOR = RED,
        KEYWORD_COLOR = BLUE,
        BUILTIN_COLOR = MAGENTA,
        STRING_COLOR = GREEN,   -- BROWN might look better
        BRACKET_COLOR = {NORMAL_COLOR, YELLOW, BRIGHT_WHITE,
                 BRIGHT_BLUE, BRIGHT_RED, BRIGHT_CYAN,
                 BRIGHT_GREEN}

-- number of characters to shift left<->right when you move beyond column 80
constant SHIFT = 4   -- 1..78 should be ok

-- name of edit buffer temp file for Esc m command
constant TEMPFILE = "editbuff.tmp"

-------- END OF USER-MODIFIABLE PARAMETERS ------------------------------------


-- Special keys that we can handle. Some are duplicates.
-- If you add more, you should list them here:
constant SPECIAL_KEYS = {ESCAPE, BS, DELETE, XDELETE, PAGE_UP, PAGE_DOWN,
             CONTROL_P, CONTROL_U, CONTROL_T, CONTROL_B,
             CONTROL_R, CONTROL_L,
             INSERT, CONTROL_DELETE,
             CONTROL_D, ARROW_LEFT, ARROW_RIGHT, ARROW_UP,
             ARROW_DOWN, CONTROL_ARROW_LEFT, CONTROL_ARROW_RIGHT,
             HOME, END, CONTROL_HOME, CONTROL_END,
             F1, F1+1, F1+2, F1+3, F1+4, F1+5,
             F1+6, F1+7, F1+8, F10, CUSTOM_KEY}

-- output device:
constant SCREEN = 1

constant CONTROL_CHAR = 254 -- change funny control chars to this

constant STANDARD_TAB_WIDTH = 8

constant MAX_WINDOWS = 10 -- F1..F10

type boolean(integer x)
    return x = TRUE or x = FALSE
end type

type natural(integer x)
    return x >= 0
end type

type positive_int(integer x)
    return x >= 1
end type

sequence buffer -- In-memory buffer where the file is manipulated.
-- This is a sequence where each element is a sequence
-- containing one line of text. Each line of text ends with '\n'

positive_int screen_length  -- number of lines on physical screen
positive_int screen_width

global sequence BLANK_LINE

positive_int window_base    -- location of first line of current window
                -- (status line)
window_base = 1
positive_int window_length  -- number of lines of text in current window

sequence window_list -- state info for all windows
window_list = {0}

sequence buffer_list -- all buffers
buffer_list = {}

type window_id(integer x)
    return x >= 1 and x <= length(window_list)
end type

type buffer_id(integer x)
    return x >= 0 and x <= length(buffer_list)
end type

type window_line(integer x)
-- a valid line in the current window
    return x >= 1 and x <= window_length
end type

type screen_col(integer x)
-- a valid column on the screen
    return x >= 1
end type

type buffer_line(integer x)
-- a valid buffer line
    return (x >= 1 and x <= length(buffer)) or x = 1
end type

type char(integer x)
-- a character (including special key codes)
    return x >= 0 and x <= 511
end type

type extended_char(integer x)
    return char(x) or x = -1
end type

type file_number(integer x)
    return x >= -1
end type

sequence file_name   -- name of the file that we are editing

-- These are the critical state variables that all editing operations
-- must update:
buffer_line  b_line  -- current line in buffer
positive_int b_col   -- current character within line in buffer
window_line  s_line  -- line on screen corresponding to b_line
screen_col   s_col   -- column on screen corresponding to b_col
natural s_shift      -- how much the screen has been shifted (for >80)
s_shift = 0

boolean stop         -- indicates when to stop processing current buffer

sequence kill_buffer -- kill buffer of deleted lines or characters
kill_buffer = {}

boolean adding_to_kill  -- TRUE if still accumulating deleted lines/chars

boolean multi_color     -- use colors for keywords etc.
boolean auto_complete   -- perform auto completion of statements
boolean dot_e           -- TRUE if this is a .e/.ex file
boolean modified        -- TRUE if file has been modified

boolean editbuff        -- TRUE if temp file exists (Esc m)
editbuff = FALSE

atom buffer_version,    -- version of buffer contents
     my_buffer_version  -- last version used by current window

boolean control_chars,  -- binary file - view but don't save
    cr_removed      -- Linux: CR's were removed from DOS file (CR-LF)

natural start_line, start_col

sequence error_message

sequence file_history, command_history, search_history, replace_history
file_history = {}
command_history = {}
search_history = {}
replace_history = {}

sequence config -- video configuration

window_id window_number -- current active window
window_number = 1

buffer_id buffer_number -- current active buffer
buffer_number = 0

sequence key_queue -- queue of input characters forced by ed
key_queue = {}

procedure delay(atom n)
-- an n second pause while a message is on the screen
    atom t

    t = time()
    while time() < t + n do
    end while
end procedure

procedure set_modified()
-- buffer differs from file
    modified = TRUE
    cursor(NO_CURSOR) -- hide cursor while we update the screen
    buffer_version += 1
end procedure

procedure clear_modified()
-- buffer is now same as file
    modified = FALSE
end procedure


natural edit_tab_width

function tab(natural tab_width, positive_int pos)
-- compute new column position after a tab
    return (floor((pos - 1) / tab_width) + 1) * tab_width + 1
end function

function expand_tabs(natural tab_width, sequence line)
-- replace tabs by blanks in a line of text
    natural tab_pos, column, ntabs

    column = 1
    while TRUE do
    tab_pos = find('\t', line[column..length(line)])
    if tab_pos = 0 then
        -- no more tabs
        return line
    else
        tab_pos += column - 1
    end if
    column = tab(tab_width, tab_pos)
    ntabs = 1
    while line[tab_pos+ntabs] = '\t' do
        ntabs += 1
        column += tab_width
    end while
    -- replace consecutive tabs by blanks
    line = line[1..tab_pos-1] &
           repeat(' ', column - tab_pos) &
           line[tab_pos+ntabs..length(line)]
    end while
end function

function indent_tabs(natural tab_width, sequence line)
-- replace leading blanks of a line with tabs
    natural i, blanks

    if length(line) < tab_width then
    return line
    end if
    i = 1
    while line[i] = ' ' do
    i += 1
    end while
    blanks = i - 1
    return repeat('\t', floor(blanks / tab_width)) &
       BLANK_LINE[1..remainder(blanks, tab_width)] &
       line[i..length(line)]
end function

function convert_tabs(natural old_width, natural new_width, sequence line)
-- retabulate a line for a new tab size
    if old_width = new_width then
    return line
    end if
    return indent_tabs(new_width, expand_tabs(old_width, line))
end function

-- color display of lines
include syncolor.e

procedure reverse_video()
-- start inverse video
    text_color(TOP_LINE_TEXT_COLOR)
    bk_color(TOP_LINE_BACK_COLOR)
end procedure

procedure normal_video()
-- end inverse video
    text_color(NORMAL_COLOR)
    bk_color(BACKGROUND_COLOR)
end procedure

procedure ClearLine(window_line sline)
-- clear the current line on screen
    scroll(1, window_base + sline, window_base + sline)
end procedure

procedure ClearWindow()
-- clear the current window
    scroll(window_length, window_base+1, window_base+window_length)
end procedure

procedure ScrollUp(positive_int top, positive_int bottom)
-- move text up one line on screen
    scroll(+1, window_base + top, window_base + bottom)
end procedure

procedure ScrollDown(positive_int top, positive_int bottom)
-- move text down one line on screen
    scroll(-1, window_base + top, window_base + bottom)
end procedure

procedure set_absolute_position(natural window_line, positive_int column)
-- move cursor to a line and an absolute (non-shifted) column within
-- the current window
    position(window_base + window_line, column)
end procedure

procedure DisplayLine(buffer_line bline, window_line sline, boolean all_clear)
-- display a buffer line on a given line on the screen
    sequence this_line, color_line, text
    natural last, last_pos, color, len

    this_line = expand_tabs(edit_tab_width, buffer[bline])
    last = length(this_line) - 1
    set_absolute_position(sline, 1)
    if multi_color then
    -- color display
    color_line = SyntaxColor(this_line)
    last_pos = 0

    for i = 1 to length(color_line) do
        -- display the next colored text segment
        color = color_line[i][1]
        text = color_line[i][2]
        len = length(text)
        if last_pos >= s_shift then
        text_color(color)
        puts(SCREEN, text)
        elsif last_pos+len > s_shift then
        -- partly left-of-screen
        text_color(color)
        puts(SCREEN, text[1+(s_shift-last_pos)..len])
        last_pos += len
        else
        -- left-of-screen
        last_pos += len
        end if
    end for
    else
    -- monochrome display
    if last > s_shift then
        puts(SCREEN, this_line[1+s_shift..last])
    end if
    end if
    if last-s_shift > screen_width then
    -- line extends beyond right margin
    set_absolute_position(sline, screen_width)
    text_color(BACKGROUND_COLOR)
    bk_color(NORMAL_COLOR)
    puts(SCREEN, this_line[screen_width+s_shift])
    normal_video()
    elsif not all_clear then
    puts(SCREEN, BLANK_LINE)
    end if
end procedure

without warning
procedure DisplayWindow(positive_int bline, window_line sline)
-- print a series of buffer lines, starting at sline on screen
-- and continue until the end of screen, or end of buffer
    boolean all_clear

    if sline = 1 then
    ClearWindow()
    all_clear = TRUE
    else
    all_clear = FALSE
    end if

    for b = bline to length(buffer) do
    DisplayLine(b, sline, all_clear)
    if sline = window_length then
        return
    else
        sline += 1
    end if
    end for
    -- blank any remaining screen lines after end of file
    for s = sline to window_length do
    ClearLine(s)
    end for
end procedure
with warning

procedure set_position(natural window_line, positive_int column)
-- Move cursor to a logical screen position within the window.
-- The window will be shifted left<->right if necessary.
-- window_line 0 is status line, window_line 1 is first line of text
    natural s

    if window_line = 0 then
    -- status line
    position(window_base + window_line, column)
    else
    s = s_shift
    while column-s_shift > screen_width do
        s_shift += SHIFT
    end while
    while column-s_shift < 1 do
        s_shift -= SHIFT
    end while
    if s_shift != s then
        -- display shifted window
        DisplayWindow(b_line - s_line + 1, 1)
    end if
    position(window_base + window_line, column-s_shift)
    end if
end procedure

without warning
function clean(sequence line)
-- replace control characters with a graphics character
-- Linux: replace CR-LF with LF (for now)
    integer c

    for i = 1 to length(line) do
    c = line[i]
    if c < SAFE_CHAR and c != '\n' and c != '\t' then
        if c != '\r' or platform() != LINUX then
        line[i] = CONTROL_CHAR  -- replace with displayable character
        control_chars = TRUE
        end if
    end if
    end for
    if line[length(line)] != '\n' then
    line &= '\n'
    end if
    if platform() = LINUX and
       length(line) > 1 and
       line[length(line)-1] = '\r' then
       -- DOS file: remove CR
       cr_removed = TRUE
       line = line[1..length(line)-2] & '\n'
    end if
    return line
end function
with warning

function add_line(file_number file_no)
-- add a new line to the buffer
    object line

    line = gets(file_no)

    if atom(line) then
    -- end of file
    return FALSE
    end if

    line = convert_tabs(STANDARD_TAB_WIDTH, edit_tab_width, clean(line))
    buffer = append(buffer, line)
    return TRUE
end function

procedure new_buffer()
-- make room for a new (empty) buffer
    buffer_list &= 0 -- place holder for new buffer
    buffer_number = length(buffer_list)
    buffer = {}
end procedure

procedure read_file(file_number file_no)
-- read the entire file into buffer variable

    -- read and immediately display the first screen-full
    for i = 1 to window_length do
    if not add_line(file_no) then
        exit
    end if
    end for
    DisplayWindow(1, 1)

    -- read the rest
    while add_line(file_no) do
    end while

end procedure

procedure set_top_line(sequence message)
-- print message on top line
    set_position(0, 1)
    reverse_video()
    puts(SCREEN, message & BLANK_LINE)
    set_position(0, length(message)+1)
end procedure

procedure arrow_right()
-- action for right arrow key

    if b_col < length(buffer[b_line]) then
    if buffer[b_line][b_col] = '\t' then
        s_col = tab(edit_tab_width, s_col)
    else
        s_col += 1
    end if
    b_col += 1
    end if
end procedure

procedure arrow_left()
-- action for left arrow key

    positive_int old_b_col

    old_b_col = b_col
    b_col = 1
    s_col = 1
    for i = 1 to old_b_col - 2 do
    arrow_right()
    end for
end procedure

procedure skip_white()
-- set cursor to first non-whitespace in line
    positive_int temp_col

    while find(buffer[b_line][b_col], " \t") do
    temp_col = s_col
    arrow_right()
    if s_col = temp_col then
        return -- can't move any further right
    end if
    end while
end procedure

procedure goto_line(integer new_line, integer new_col)
-- move to a specified line and column
-- refresh screen if line is 0
    integer new_s_line
    boolean refresh

    if length(buffer) = 0 then
    ClearWindow()
    s_line = 1
    s_col = 1
    return
    end if
    if new_line = 0 then
    new_line = b_line
    refresh = TRUE
    else
    refresh = FALSE
    end if
    if new_line < 1 then
    new_line = 1
    elsif new_line > length(buffer) then
    new_line = length(buffer)
    end if
    new_s_line = new_line - b_line + s_line
    b_line = new_line
    if not refresh and window_line(new_s_line) then
    -- new line is on the screen
    s_line = new_s_line
    else
    -- new line is off the screen, or refreshing
    s_line = floor((window_length+1)/2)
    if s_line > b_line or length(buffer) < window_length then
        s_line = b_line
    elsif b_line > length(buffer) - window_length + s_line then
        s_line = window_length - (length(buffer) - b_line)
    end if
    DisplayWindow(b_line - s_line + 1, 1)
    end if
    b_col = 1
    s_col = 1
    for i = 1 to new_col-1 do
    arrow_right()
    end for
    set_position(s_line, s_col)
end procedure

function plain_text(char c)
-- defines text for next_word, previous_word
    return (c >= '0' and c <= '9') or
       (c >= 'A' and c <= 'Z') or
       (c >= 'a' and c <= 'z') or
       c = '_'
end function

procedure next_word()
-- move to start of next word in line
    char c
    positive_int col

    -- skip plain text
    col = b_col
    while TRUE do
    c = buffer[b_line][col]
    if not plain_text(c) then
        exit
    end if
    col += 1
    end while

    -- skip white-space and punctuation
    while c != '\n' do
    c = buffer[b_line][col]
    if plain_text(c) then
        exit
    end if
    col += 1
    end while
    goto_line(b_line, col)
end procedure

procedure previous_word()
-- move to start of previous word in line
    char c
    natural col

    -- skip white-space & punctuation
    col = b_col - 1
    while col > 1 do
    c = buffer[b_line][col]
    if plain_text(c) then
        exit
    end if
    col -= 1
    end while

    -- skip plain text
    while col > 1 do
    c = buffer[b_line][col-1]
    if not plain_text(c) then
        exit
    end if
    col -= 1
    end while

    goto_line(b_line, col)
end procedure


procedure arrow_up()
-- action for up arrow key

    b_col = 1
    s_col = 1
    if b_line > 1 then
    b_line -= 1
    if s_line > 1 then
        s_line -= 1
    else
        -- move all lines down, display new line at top
        ScrollDown(1, window_length)
        DisplayLine(b_line, 1, TRUE)
        set_position(1, 1)
    end if
    skip_white()
    end if
end procedure

procedure arrow_down()
-- action for down arrow key
    b_col = 1
    s_col = 1
    if b_line < length(buffer) then
    b_line += 1
    if s_line < window_length then
        s_line += 1
    else
        -- move all lines up, display new line at bottom
        ScrollUp(1, window_length)
        DisplayLine(b_line, window_length, TRUE)
    end if
    skip_white()
    end if
end procedure

function numeric(sequence string)
-- convert digit string to an integer
    atom n

    n = 0
    for i = 1 to length(string) do
    if string[i] >= '0' and string[i] <= '9' then
        n = n * 10 + string[i] - '0'
        if not integer(n) then
        return 0
        end if
    else
        exit
    end if
    end for
    return n
end function

procedure page_down()
-- action for page-down key
    buffer_line prev_b_line

    if length(buffer) <= window_length then
    return
    end if
    prev_b_line = b_line
    b_col = 1
    s_col = 1
    if b_line + window_length + window_length - s_line <= length(buffer) then
    b_line = b_line + window_length
    else
    b_line = length(buffer) - (window_length - s_line)
    end if
    if b_line != prev_b_line then
    DisplayWindow(b_line - s_line + 1, 1)
    end if
end procedure

procedure page_up()
-- action for page-up key
    buffer_line prev_b_line

    if length(buffer) <= window_length then
    return
    end if
    prev_b_line = b_line
    b_col = 1
    s_col = 1
    if b_line - window_length >= s_line then
    b_line = b_line - window_length
    else
    b_line = s_line
    end if
    if b_line != prev_b_line then
    DisplayWindow(b_line - s_line + 1, 1)
    end if
end procedure

procedure set_f_line(natural w, sequence comment)
-- show F-key & file_name
    sequence f_key, text

    if length(window_list) = 1 then
    f_key = ""
    elsif w = 10 then
    f_key = "F10: "
    else
    f_key = 'F' & ('0' + w) & ": "
    end if
    set_top_line("")
    puts(SCREEN, ' ' & f_key & file_name & comment)
    text = "Esc for commands"
    set_position(0, screen_width - length(text))
    puts(SCREEN, text)
end procedure

constant W_BUFFER_NUMBER = 1,
     W_MY_BUFFER_VERSION = 2,
     W_WINDOW_BASE = 3,
     W_WINDOW_LENGTH = 4,
     W_B_LINE = 11

procedure save_state()
-- save current state variables for a window
    window_list[window_number] = {buffer_number, buffer_version, window_base,
                  window_length, auto_complete, multi_color,
                  dot_e, control_chars, cr_removed, file_name,
                  b_line, b_col, s_line, s_col, s_shift,
                  edit_tab_width}
    buffer_list[buffer_number] = {buffer, modified, buffer_version}
end procedure

procedure restore_state(window_id w)
-- restore state variables for a window
    sequence state
    sequence buffer_info

    -- set up new buffer
    state = window_list[w]
    window_number = w
    buffer_number =  state[W_BUFFER_NUMBER]
    buffer_info = buffer_list[buffer_number]
    buffer = buffer_info[1]
    modified = buffer_info[2]
    buffer_version = buffer_info[3]
    buffer_list[buffer_number] = 0 -- save space

    -- restore other variables
    my_buffer_version = state[2]
    window_base = state[3]
    window_length = state[4]
    auto_complete = state[5]
    multi_color = state[6]
    dot_e = state[7]
    control_chars = state[8]
    cr_removed = state[9]
    file_name = state[10]
    edit_tab_width = state[16]
    set_f_line(w, "")
    normal_video()
    if buffer_version != my_buffer_version then
    -- buffer has changed since we were last in this window
    -- or window size has changed
    if state[W_B_LINE] > length(buffer) then
        if length(buffer) = 0 then
        b_line = 1
        else
        b_line = length(buffer)
        end if
    else
        b_line = state[W_B_LINE]
    end if
    s_shift = 0
    goto_line(0, 1)
    else
    b_line = state[W_B_LINE]
    b_col = state[12]
    s_line = state[13]
    s_col = state[14]
    s_shift = state[15]
    set_position(s_line, s_col)
    end if
end procedure

procedure refresh_other_windows(positive_int w)
-- redisplay all windows except w

    normal_video()
    for i = 1 to length(window_list) do
    if i != w then
        restore_state(i)
        set_f_line(i, "")
        normal_video()
        goto_line(0, b_col)
        save_state()
    end if
    end for
end procedure

procedure set_window_size()
-- set sizes for windows
    natural nwindows, lines, base, size

    nwindows = length(window_list)
    lines = screen_length - nwindows
    base = 1
    for i = 1 to length(window_list) do
    size = floor(lines / nwindows)
    window_list[i][W_WINDOW_BASE] = base
    window_list[i][W_WINDOW_LENGTH] = size
    window_list[i][W_MY_BUFFER_VERSION] = -1 -- force redisplay
    base += size + 1
    nwindows -= 1
    lines -= size
    end for
end procedure

procedure clone_window()
-- set up a new window that is a clone of the current window
-- save state of current window
    window_id w

    if length(window_list) >= MAX_WINDOWS then
    return
    end if
    save_state()
    -- create a place for new window
    window_list = window_list[1..window_number] &
          {window_list[window_number]} &  -- the new clone window
          window_list[window_number+1..length(window_list)]
    w = window_number + 1
    set_window_size()
    refresh_other_windows(w)
    restore_state(w)
end procedure

procedure switch_window(integer new_window_number)
-- switch context to a new window on the screen

    if new_window_number != window_number then
    save_state()
    restore_state(new_window_number)
    end if
end procedure

function delete_window()
-- delete the current window
    boolean buff_in_use

    buffer_list[buffer_number] = {buffer, modified, buffer_version}
    window_list = window_list[1..window_number-1] &
          window_list[window_number+1..length(window_list)]
    buff_in_use = FALSE
    for i = 1 to length(window_list) do
    if window_list[i][W_BUFFER_NUMBER] = buffer_number then
        buff_in_use = TRUE
        exit
    end if
    end for
    if not buff_in_use then
    buffer_list[buffer_number] = 0 -- discard the buffer
    end if
    if length(window_list) = 0 then
    return TRUE
    end if
    set_window_size()
    refresh_other_windows(1)
    window_number = 1
    restore_state(window_number)
    set_position(s_line, s_col)
    return FALSE
end function

procedure add_queue(sequence keystrokes)
-- add to artificial queue of keystrokes
    key_queue &= keystrokes
end procedure

function next_key()
-- return the next key from the user, or from our
-- artificial queue of keystrokes. Check for control-c.
    char c

    if length(key_queue) then
    -- read next artificial keystroke
    c = key_queue[1]
    key_queue = key_queue[2..length(key_queue)]
    else
    -- read a new keystroke from user
    c = wait_key()
    if check_break() then
        c = CONTROL_C
    end if
    if c = ESCAPE then
        c = get_key()
        if c = -1 then
        return ESCAPE
        elsif c = 79 then
        c = wait_key()
        if c = 0 then
            return HOME
        elsif c = 101 then
            return END
        else
            add_queue({79, c})
        end if
        elsif c = 91 then
        c = get_key() -- 49
        c = get_key()
        if get_key() then -- 126
        end if
        if c >= 49 and c <= 60 then
            return F1+c-49 -- only F1..F4 are like this
        else
            add_queue({91, 49, c, 126})
        end if
        else
        add_queue({c})
        end if
        return ESCAPE
    end if
    end if
    return c
end function

procedure refresh_all_windows()
-- redisplay all the windows
    window_id w

    w = window_number
    save_state()
    refresh_other_windows(w)
    restore_state(w)
end procedure

function key_gets(sequence hot_keys, sequence history)
-- Return an input string from the keyboard.
-- Handles special editing keys.
-- Some keys are "hot" - no Enter required.
-- A list of "history" strings can be supplied,
-- and accessed by the user using up/down arrow.
    sequence input_string
    integer line, init_column, column, char, col, h
    sequence cursor
    boolean first_key

    if not HOT_KEYS then
    hot_keys = ""
    end if
    cursor = get_position()
    line = cursor[1]
    init_column = cursor[2]
    history = append(history, "")
    h = length(history)
    if h > 1 then
       h -= 1  -- start by offering the last choice
    end if
    input_string = history[h]
    column = init_column
    first_key = TRUE

    while TRUE do
    position(line, init_column)
    puts(SCREEN, input_string)
    puts(SCREEN, BLANK_LINE)
    position(line, column)

    char = next_key()

    if char = CR or char = 10 then
        exit

    elsif char = BS then
        if column > init_column then
        column -= 1
        col = column-init_column
        input_string = input_string[1..col] &
                   input_string[col+2..length(input_string)]
        end if

    elsif char = ARROW_LEFT then
        if column > init_column then
        column -= 1
        end if

    elsif char = ARROW_RIGHT then
        if column < init_column+length(input_string) and
           column < screen_width then
        column += 1
        end if

    elsif char = ARROW_UP then
        if h > 1 then
        h -= 1
        else
        h = length(history)
        end if
        input_string = history[h]
        column = init_column + length(input_string)

    elsif char = ARROW_DOWN then
        if h < length(history) then
        h += 1
        else
        h = 1
        end if
        input_string = history[h]
        column = init_column + length(input_string)

    elsif char = DELETE or char = XDELETE then
        if column - init_column < length(input_string) then
        col = column-init_column
        input_string = input_string[1..col] &
                   input_string[col+2..length(input_string)]
        end if

    elsif char = HOME then
        column = init_column

    elsif char = END then
        column = init_column+length(input_string)

    elsif (char >= 32 and char <= 255) or char = '\t' then
        -- normal key
        if first_key then
        input_string = ""
        end if
        if column < screen_width then
        if char = '\t' then
            char = ' '
        end if
        column += 1
        if column - init_column > length(input_string) then
            input_string = append(input_string, char)
            if column = init_column + 1 and find(char, hot_keys) then
            exit
            end if
        else
            col = column-init_column
            input_string = input_string[1..col-1] &
                   char &
                   input_string[col..length(input_string)]
        end if
        end if

    elsif char = CONTROL_C then
        -- refresh screen, treat as Enter key
        refresh_all_windows()
        goto_line(0, b_col)
        input_string &= CR
        exit
    end if

    first_key = FALSE
    end while

    return input_string
end function

procedure new_screen_length()
-- set new number of lines on screen
    natural nlines
    window_id w

    set_top_line("How many lines on screen? (25, 28, 43, 50) ")
    nlines = numeric(key_gets("", {}))
    if nlines then
    screen_length = text_rows(nlines)
    if screen_length != nlines then
        sound(500)
    end if
    w = window_number
    save_state()
    set_window_size()
    refresh_other_windows(w)
    restore_state(w)
    if screen_length != nlines then
        sound(0)
    end if
    end if
end procedure


-- searching/replacing variables
boolean searching, replacing, match_case
searching = FALSE
replacing = FALSE
match_case = TRUE

sequence find_string -- current (default) string to look for
find_string = ""

sequence replace_string -- current (default) string to replace with
replace_string = ""

procedure replace()
-- replace find_string by replace_string
-- we are currently positioned at the start of an occurrence of find_string
    sequence line

    set_modified()
    line = buffer[b_line]
    line = line[1..b_col-1] & replace_string & line[b_col+length(find_string)..
                        length(line)]
    buffer[b_line] = line
    -- position at end of replacement string
    for i = 1 to length(replace_string)-1 do
    arrow_right()
    end for
    DisplayLine(b_line, s_line, FALSE)
end procedure

function alphabetic(object s)
-- does s contain alphabetic characters?
    return find(TRUE, (s >= 'A' and s <= 'Z') or
              (s >= 'a' and s <= 'z'))
end function

function case_match(sequence string, sequence text)
-- Find string in text with
-- either case-sensitive or non-case-sensitive comparison
    if match_case then
    return match(string, text)
    else
    return match(lower(string), lower(text))
    end if
end function

function update_history(sequence history, sequence string)
-- update a history variable - string will be placed at the end
    integer f

    f = find(string, history)
    if f then
    -- delete it
    history = history[1..f-1] & history[f+1..length(history)]
    end if
    -- put it at the end
    return append(history, string)
end function

function search(boolean continue)
-- find a string from here to the end of the file
-- return TRUE if string is found
    natural col
    sequence pos, temp_string

    set_top_line("")
    if length(buffer) = 0 then
    puts(SCREEN, "buffer empty")
    return FALSE
    end if
    puts(SCREEN, "searching for: ")
    if continue then
    puts(SCREEN, find_string)
    else
    pos = get_position()
    temp_string = find_string
    find_string = key_gets("", search_history)
    if length(find_string) > 0 then
        if not equal(temp_string, find_string) then
        -- new string typed in
        search_history = update_history(search_history, find_string)
        if alphabetic(find_string) and length(find_string) < 40 then
            set_position(0, pos[2]+length(find_string)+3)
            puts(SCREEN, "match case? n")
            pos = get_position()
            set_position(0, pos[2] - 1)
            match_case = find('y', key_gets("", {}))
        end if
        end if
        if replacing then
        set_top_line("")
        puts(SCREEN, "replace with: ")
        replace_string = key_gets("", replace_history)
        replace_history = update_history(replace_history,
                         replace_string)
        end if
    end if
    end if

    normal_video()
    if length(find_string) = 0 then
    return FALSE
    end if
    col = case_match(find_string, buffer[b_line][b_col+1..length(buffer[b_line])])
    if col then
    -- found it on this line after current position
    for i = 1 to col do
        arrow_right()
    end for
    if replacing then
        replace()
    end if
    return TRUE
    else
    -- check lines following this one
    for b = b_line+1 to length(buffer) do
        col = case_match(find_string, buffer[b])
        if col then
        goto_line(b, 1)
        for i = 1 to col - 1 do
           arrow_right()
        end for
        if replacing then
            replace()
        end if
        set_top_line("")
        printf(SCREEN, "searching for: %s", {find_string})
        return TRUE
        end if
    end for
    set_top_line("")
    printf(SCREEN, "\"%s\" not found", {find_string})
    if alphabetic(find_string) then
        if match_case then
        puts(SCREEN, "  (case must match)")
        else
        puts(SCREEN, "  (any case)")
        end if
    end if
    end if
    return FALSE
end function

procedure show_message()
-- display error message from ex.err
    if length(error_message) > 0 then
    set_top_line("")
    puts(SCREEN, error_message)
    normal_video()
    end if
    set_position(s_line, s_col)
end procedure

procedure set_err_pointer()
-- set cursor at point of error

    for i = 1 to screen_width*5 do -- prevents infinite loop
    if s_col >= start_col then
        exit
    end if
    arrow_right()
    end for
end procedure

function delete_trailing_white(sequence name)
-- get rid of blanks, tabs, newlines at end of string
    while length(name) > 0 do
    if find(name[length(name)], "\n\r\t ") then
        name = name[1..length(name)-1]
    else
        exit
    end if
    end while
    return name
end function

function get_err_line()
-- try to get file name & line number from ex.err
-- returns file_name, sets start_line, start_col, error_message

    file_number err_file
    sequence file_name
    sequence err_lines
    object temp_line
    natural colon_pos

    err_file = open("ex.err", "r")
    if err_file = -1 then
    error_message = ""
    else
    -- read the top of the ex.err error message file
    err_lines = {}
    while length(err_lines) < 5 do
        temp_line = gets(err_file)
        if atom(temp_line) then
        exit
        end if
        err_lines = append(err_lines, temp_line)
    end while
    close(err_file)
    -- look for file name, line, column and error message
    if length(err_lines) > 0 then
        if sequence(err_lines[1]) then
        colon_pos = match(".e", lower(err_lines[1]))
        if colon_pos then
            if find(err_lines[1][colon_pos+2], "xXwWuU") then
            colon_pos += 1
            if find(err_lines[1][colon_pos+2], "wWuU") then
                colon_pos += 1
            end if
            end if
            file_name = err_lines[1][1..colon_pos+1]
            start_line = numeric(err_lines[1][colon_pos+3..
                              length(err_lines[1])])
            error_message = delete_trailing_white(err_lines[2])
            if length(err_lines) > 3 then
            start_col = find('^', expand_tabs(STANDARD_TAB_WIDTH,
                          err_lines[length(err_lines)-1]))
            end if
            return file_name
        end if
        end if
    end if
    end if
    return ""
end function

function last_use()
-- return TRUE if current buffer
-- is only referenced by the current window
    natural count

    count = 0
    for i = 1 to length(window_list) do
    if window_list[i][W_BUFFER_NUMBER] = buffer_number then
        count += 1
        if count = 2 then
        return FALSE
        end if
    end if
    end for
    return TRUE
end function


procedure save_file(sequence save_name)
-- write buffer to the disk file
    file_number file_no
    boolean strip_cr
    sequence line

    if control_chars then
    set_top_line("")
    printf(SCREEN, "%s: control chars were changed to " & CONTROL_CHAR &
               " - save anyway? ", {save_name})
    if not find('y', key_gets("yn", {})) then
        stop = FALSE
        return
    end if
    end if
    strip_cr = FALSE
    if cr_removed then
    set_top_line("")
    printf(SCREEN, "%s: Convert CR-LF (DOS-style) to LF (Linux-style)? ",
             {save_name})
    strip_cr = find('y', key_gets("yn", {}))
    end if
    set_top_line("")
    file_no = open(save_name, "w")
    if file_no = -1 then
    printf(SCREEN, "Can't save %s - write permission denied",
          {save_name})
    stop = FALSE
    return
    end if
    printf(SCREEN, "saving %s ... ", {save_name})
    for i = 1 to length(buffer) do
    line = buffer[i]
    if cr_removed and not strip_cr then
        -- He wants CR's - put them back.
        -- All lines have \n at the end.
        if length(line) < 2 or line[length(line)-1] != '\r' then
        line = line[1..length(line)-1] & "\r\n"
        end if
    end if
    puts(file_no, convert_tabs(edit_tab_width, STANDARD_TAB_WIDTH, line))
    end for
    close(file_no)
    if strip_cr then
    -- the file doesn't have CR's
    cr_removed = FALSE
    end if
    puts(SCREEN, "ok")
    if equal(save_name, file_name) then
    clear_modified()
    end if
    stop = TRUE
end procedure

procedure shell(sequence command)
-- run an external command

    bk_color(BLACK)
    text_color(WHITE)
    clear_screen()
    system(command, 1)
    normal_video()
    while get_key() != -1 do
    -- clear the keyboard buffer
    end while
    refresh_all_windows()
end procedure

procedure first_bold(sequence string)
-- highlight first char
    text_color(TOP_LINE_TEXT_COLOR)
    puts(SCREEN, string[1])
    text_color(TOP_LINE_DIM_COLOR)
    puts(SCREEN, string[2..length(string)])
end procedure

procedure delete_editbuff()
-- Shutting down. Let user delete EDITBUFF.TMP
    if editbuff then
    set_top_line("Delete " & TEMPFILE & "? ")
    if find('y', key_gets("yn", {})) then
        system(delete_cmd & TEMPFILE, 2)
    end if
    end if
end procedure

procedure get_escape(boolean help)
-- process escape command
    sequence command, answer
    natural line
    object self_command

    cursor(ED_CURSOR)

    set_top_line("")
    if help then
    command = "h"
    else
    first_bold("help ")
    first_bold("clone ")
    first_bold("quit ")
    first_bold("save ")
    first_bold("write ")
    first_bold("new ")
    if dot_e then
        if platform() = LINUX then
        first_bold("exu ")
        else
        first_bold("ex ")
        end if
    end if
    first_bold("dos ")
    first_bold("find ")
    first_bold("replace ")
    first_bold("lines ")
    first_bold("mods ")
    text_color(TOP_LINE_TEXT_COLOR)
    puts(SCREEN, "ddd CR: ")
    command = key_gets("hcqswnedfrlm", {}) & ' '
    end if

    if command[1] = 'f' then
    replacing = FALSE
    searching = search(FALSE)

    elsif command[1] = 'r' then
    replacing = TRUE
    searching = search(FALSE)

    elsif command[1] = 'q' then
    if modified and last_use() then
        set_top_line("quit without saving changes? ")
        if find('y', key_gets("yn", {})) then
        stop = delete_window()
        end if
    else
        stop = delete_window()
    end if

    elsif command[1] = 'c' then
    clone_window()

    elsif command[1] = 'n' then
    if modified and last_use() then
        while TRUE do
        set_top_line("")
        printf(SCREEN, "save changes to %s? ", {file_name})
        answer = key_gets("yn", {})
        if find('y', answer) then
            save_file(file_name)
            exit
        elsif find('n', answer) then
            exit
        end if
        end while
    end if
    save_state()
    set_top_line("new file name: ")
    answer = delete_trailing_white(key_gets("", file_history))
    if length(answer) != 0 then
        file_name = answer
        stop = TRUE
    end if

    elsif command[1] = 'w' then
    save_file(file_name)
    stop = FALSE

    elsif command[1] = 's' then
    save_file(file_name)
    if stop then
        stop = delete_window()
    end if

    elsif command[1] = 'e' and dot_e then
    if modified then
        save_file(file_name)
        stop = FALSE
    end if
    -- execute the current file & return
    if sequence(dir("ex.err")) then
        if platform() = LINUX then
        system(delete_cmd & "ex.err", 0)
        else
        system(delete_cmd & "ex.err > NUL", 0)
        end if
    end if
    if platform() = LINUX then
        shell("exu " & file_name)
    elsif match(".exw", lower(file_name)) or
          match(".ew",  lower(file_name)) then
        shell("exw " & file_name)
    else
        shell("ex " & file_name)
    end if
    goto_line(0, b_col)
    if equal(file_name, get_err_line()) then
        goto_line(start_line, 1)
        set_err_pointer()
        show_message()
    end if

    elsif command[1] = 'd' then
    if platform() = LINUX then
        set_top_line("Linux command? ")
    else
        set_top_line("DOS command? ")
    end if
    command = key_gets("", command_history)
    if length(delete_trailing_white(command)) > 0 then
        shell(command)
        command_history = update_history(command_history, command)
    end if
    normal_video()
    goto_line(0, b_col) -- refresh screen

    elsif command[1] = 'm' then
    -- show differences between buffer and file on disk
    save_file(TEMPFILE)
    if stop then
        stop = FALSE
        shell(compare_cmd & file_name & " " & TEMPFILE & " | more")
        normal_video()
        goto_line(0, b_col)
        editbuff = TRUE
    end if

    elsif command[1] = 'h' then
    self_command = getenv("EUDIR")
    if atom(self_command) then
        -- Euphoria hasn't been installed yet
        set_top_line("EUDIR not set. See install.doc")
    else
        self_command = {ESCAPE, 'c', ESCAPE, 'n'} & self_command &
               SLASH & "doc"
        if help then
        set_top_line(
        "That key does nothing - do you want to view the help text? ")
        answer = key_gets("yn", {}) & ' '
        if answer[1] != 'n' and answer[1] != 'N' then
            answer = "e"
        end if
        else
        set_top_line("ed.doc, refman.doc, or library.doc? (e, r or l): ")
        answer = key_gets("erl", {}) & ' '
        end if
        if answer[1] = 'r' then
        add_queue(self_command & SLASH & "refman.doc" & CR)
        elsif answer[1] = 'e' then
        add_queue(self_command & SLASH & "ed.doc" & CR)
        elsif answer[1] = 'l' then
        add_queue(self_command & SLASH & "library.doc" & CR)
        else
        normal_video()
        end if
    end if

    elsif command[1] = 'l' then
    new_screen_length()

    elsif command[1] >= '0' and command[1] <= '9' then
    line = numeric(command)
    normal_video()
    goto_line(line, 1)
    if not buffer_line(line) then
        set_top_line("")
        printf(SCREEN, "lines are 1..%d", length(buffer))
    end if

    else
    set_top_line("")
    if length(buffer) = 0 then
        puts(SCREEN, "empty buffer")
    else
        printf(SCREEN, "%s line %d of %d, column %d of %d, ",
               {file_name, b_line, length(buffer), s_col,
            length(expand_tabs(edit_tab_width, buffer[b_line]))-1})
        if modified then
        puts(SCREEN, "modified")
        else
        puts(SCREEN, "not modified")
        end if
    end if
    end if

    normal_video()
end procedure

procedure insert(char key)
-- insert a character into the current line at the current position

    sequence tail

    set_modified()
    tail = buffer[b_line][b_col..length(buffer[b_line])]
    if key = CR or key = '\n' then
    -- truncate this line and create a new line using tail
    buffer[b_line] = buffer[b_line][1..b_col-1] & '\n'

    -- make room for new line:
    buffer = append(buffer, 0)
    for i = length(buffer)-1 to b_line+1 by -1 do
        buffer[i+1] = buffer[i]
    end for

    -- store new line
    buffer[b_line+1] = tail

    if s_line = window_length then
        arrow_down()
        arrow_up()
    else
        ScrollDown(s_line+1, window_length)
    end if
    if window_length = 1 then
        arrow_down()
    else
        DisplayLine(b_line, s_line, FALSE)
        b_line += 1
        s_line += 1
        DisplayLine(b_line, s_line, FALSE)
    end if
    s_col = 1
    b_col = 1
    else
    if key = '\t' then
        s_col = tab(edit_tab_width, s_col)
    else
        s_col += 1
    end if
    buffer[b_line] = buffer[b_line][1..b_col-1] & key & tail
    DisplayLine(b_line, s_line, TRUE)
    b_col += 1
    end if
    set_position(s_line, s_col)
end procedure

procedure insert_string(sequence text)
-- insert a bunch of characters at the current position
    natural save_line, save_col

    save_line = b_line
    save_col = b_col
    for i = 1 to length(text) do
    if text[i] = CR or text[i] = '\n' then
        insert(text[i])
    else
        buffer[b_line] = buffer[b_line][1..b_col-1] & text[i] &
                 buffer[b_line][b_col..length(buffer[b_line])]
        b_col += 1
        if i = length(text) then
        DisplayLine(b_line, s_line, FALSE)
        end if
    end if
    end for
    goto_line(save_line, save_col)
end procedure

-- expandable words & corresponding text
constant expand_word = {"if", "for", "while", "elsif",
            "procedure", "type", "function"},

     expand_text = {" then",  "=  to  by  do",  " do",  " then",
            "()",  "()",  "()"
               }

procedure try_auto_complete(char key)
-- check for a keyword that can be automatically completed
    sequence word, this_line, white_space, leading_white, begin
    natural first_non_blank, wordnum

    if key = ' ' then
    insert(key)
    end if
    this_line = buffer[b_line]
    white_space = this_line = ' ' or this_line = '\t'
    first_non_blank = find(0, white_space) -- there's always '\n' at end
    leading_white = this_line[1..first_non_blank - 1]
    if auto_complete and first_non_blank < b_col - 2 then
    if not find(0, white_space[b_col..length(white_space)-1]) then
        word = this_line[first_non_blank..b_col - 1 - (key = ' ')]
        wordnum = find(word, expand_word)

        if key = CR and equal(word, "else") then
         leading_white &= '\t'

        elsif wordnum > 0 then
        sound(1000)
        -- expandable word (only word on line)

        begin = expand_text[wordnum] & CR & leading_white

        if equal(word, "elsif") then
            insert_string(begin & '\t')

        elsif find(word, {"function", "type"}) then
            insert_string(begin & CR &
                  leading_white & "\treturn" & CR &
                  "end " & expand_word[wordnum])
        else
            insert_string(begin & '\t' & CR &
                  leading_white &
                  "end " & expand_word[wordnum])
        end if
        delay(0.07) -- or beep is too short
        sound(0)
        end if
    end if
    end if
    if key = CR then
    if b_col >= first_non_blank then
        buffer[b_line] = buffer[b_line][1..b_col-1] & leading_white &
                 buffer[b_line][b_col..length(buffer[b_line])]
        insert(CR)
        skip_white()
    else
        insert(CR)
    end if
    end if
end procedure

procedure insert_kill_buffer()
-- insert the kill buffer at the current position
-- kill buffer could be a sequence of lines or a sequence of characters

    if length(kill_buffer) = 0 then
    return
    end if
    set_modified()
    if atom(kill_buffer[1]) then
    -- inserting a sequence of chars
    insert_string(kill_buffer)
    else
    -- inserting a sequence of lines
    buffer = buffer[1..b_line - 1] &
         kill_buffer &
         buffer[b_line..length(buffer)]
    DisplayWindow(b_line, s_line)
    b_col = 1
    s_col = 1
    end if
end procedure

procedure delete_line(buffer_line dead_line)
-- delete a line from the buffer and update the display if necessary

    integer x

    set_modified()
    -- move up all lines coming after the dead line
    for i = dead_line to length(buffer)-1 do
    buffer[i] = buffer[i+1]
    end for
    buffer = buffer[1..length(buffer)-1]

    x = dead_line - b_line + s_line
    if window_line(x) then
    -- dead line is on the screen at line x
    ScrollUp(x, window_length)
    if length(buffer) - b_line >= window_length - s_line then
        -- show new line at bottom
        DisplayLine(b_line + window_length - s_line, window_length, TRUE)
    end if
    end if
    if b_line > length(buffer) then
    arrow_up()
    else
    b_col = 1
    s_col = 1
    end if
    adding_to_kill = TRUE
end procedure

procedure delete_char()
-- delete the character at the current position
    char dchar
    sequence head
    natural save_b_col

    set_modified()
    dchar = buffer[b_line][b_col]
    head = buffer[b_line][1..b_col - 1]
    if dchar = '\n' then
    if b_line < length(buffer) then
        -- join this line with the next one and delete the next one
        buffer[b_line] = head & buffer[b_line+1]
        DisplayLine(b_line, s_line, FALSE)
        save_b_col = b_col
        delete_line(b_line + 1)
        for i = 1 to save_b_col - 1 do
        arrow_right()
        end for
    else
        if length(buffer[b_line]) = 1 then
        delete_line(b_line)
        else
        arrow_left() -- a line must always end with \n
        end if
    end if
    else
    buffer[b_line] = head & buffer[b_line][b_col+1..length(buffer[b_line])]
    if length(buffer[b_line]) = 0 then
        delete_line(b_line)
    else
        DisplayLine(b_line, s_line, FALSE)
        if b_col > length(buffer[b_line]) then
        arrow_left()
        end if
    end if
    end if
    adding_to_kill = TRUE
end procedure

function good(extended_char key)
-- return TRUE if key should be processed
    if find(key, SPECIAL_KEYS) then
    return TRUE
    elsif key >= ' ' and key <= 255 then
    return TRUE
    elsif key = '\t' or key = CR then
    return TRUE
    else
    return FALSE
    end if
end function

procedure edit_file()
-- edit the file in buffer
    extended_char key

    if length(buffer) > 0 then
    if start_line > 0 then
        if start_line > length(buffer) then
        start_line = length(buffer)
        end if
        goto_line(start_line, 1)
        set_err_pointer()
        show_message()
    end if
    end if

    -- to speed up keyboard repeat rate:
    -- system("mode con rate=30 delay=2", 2)

    cursor(ED_CURSOR)
    stop = FALSE

    while not stop do

    key = next_key()
    if key = CONTROL_C then
        refresh_all_windows()
        goto_line(0, b_col)
    end if

    if good(key) then
        -- normal key

        if key = CUSTOM_KEY then
        add_queue(CUSTOM_KEYSTROKES)

        elsif key >= F1 and key <= F10 then
        if key < F1 + length(window_list) then
            switch_window(key - F1 + 1)
        else
            set_top_line("")
            printf(SCREEN, "F%d is not an active window", key - F1 + 1)
            normal_video()
        end if
        adding_to_kill = FALSE

        elsif length(buffer) = 0 and key != ESCAPE then
        -- empty buffer
        -- only allowed action is to insert something
        if key = INSERT or not find(key, SPECIAL_KEYS) then
            -- initialize buffer
            buffer = {{'\n'}} -- one line with \n
            b_line = 1
            b_col = 1
            s_line = 1
            s_col = 1
            if key = INSERT then
            insert_kill_buffer()
            else
            insert(key)
            end if
            DisplayLine(1, 1, FALSE)
        end if

        elsif key = DELETE or key = XDELETE then
        if not adding_to_kill then
            kill_buffer = {buffer[b_line][b_col]}
        elsif sequence(kill_buffer[1]) then
            -- we were building up deleted lines,
            -- but now we'll switch to chars
            kill_buffer = {buffer[b_line][b_col]}
        else
            kill_buffer = append(kill_buffer, buffer[b_line][b_col])
        end if
        delete_char()

        elsif key = CONTROL_DELETE or key = CONTROL_D then
        if not adding_to_kill then
            kill_buffer = {buffer[b_line]}
        elsif atom(kill_buffer[1]) then
            -- we were building up deleted chars,
            -- but now we'll switch to lines
            kill_buffer = {buffer[b_line]}
        else
            kill_buffer = append(kill_buffer, buffer[b_line])
        end if
        delete_line(b_line)

        else
        if key = PAGE_DOWN or key = CONTROL_P then
            page_down()

        elsif key = PAGE_UP or key = CONTROL_U then
            page_up()

        elsif key = ARROW_LEFT then
            arrow_left()

        elsif key = ARROW_RIGHT then
            arrow_right()

        elsif key = CONTROL_ARROW_LEFT or key = CONTROL_L then
            previous_word()

        elsif key = CONTROL_ARROW_RIGHT or key = CONTROL_R then
            next_word()

        elsif key = ARROW_DOWN then
            arrow_down()

        elsif key = ARROW_UP then
            arrow_up()

        elsif key = ' ' then
            try_auto_complete(key)

        elsif key = INSERT then
            insert_kill_buffer()

        elsif key = BS then
            arrow_left()
            delete_char()

        elsif key = HOME then
            b_col = 1
            s_col = 1

        elsif key = END then
            goto_line(b_line, length(buffer[b_line]))

        elsif key = CONTROL_HOME or key = CONTROL_T then
            goto_line(1, 1)

        elsif key = CONTROL_END or key = CONTROL_B then
            goto_line(length(buffer), length(buffer[length(buffer)]))

        elsif key = ESCAPE then
            -- special command
            get_escape(FALSE)

        elsif key = CR then
            if searching then
            searching = search(TRUE)
            normal_video()
            searching = TRUE -- avoids accidental <CR> insertion
            else
            try_auto_complete(key)
            end if

        else
            insert(key)

        end if

        adding_to_kill = FALSE

        end if

        if key != CR and key != ESCAPE then
        searching = FALSE
        end if
        cursor(ED_CURSOR)

    else
        -- illegal key pressed
        get_escape(TRUE)  -- give him some help
    end if
    set_position(s_line, s_col)
    end while
end procedure

procedure ed(sequence command)
-- editor main procedure
-- start editing a new file
-- ed.ex is executed by ed.bat
-- command line will be:
--    ex ed.ex              - get filename from ex.err, or user
--    ex ed.ex filename     - filename specified

    file_number file_no

    start_line = 0
    start_col = 0

    if length(command) >= 3 then
    file_name = command[3]
    if platform() != LINUX then
        file_name = lower(file_name)
    end if
    else
    file_name = get_err_line()
    end if
    wrap(0)
    if length(file_name) = 0 then
    -- we still don't know the file name - so ask user
    puts(SCREEN, "file name: ")
    cursor(ED_CURSOR)
    file_name = key_gets("", file_history)
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
    end if
    file_name = delete_trailing_white(file_name)
    if length(file_name) = 0 then
    abort(1) -- file_name was just whitespace - quit
    end if
    file_history = update_history(file_history, file_name)
    file_no = open(file_name, "r")

    -- turn off multi_color & auto_complete for non .e files
    multi_color = WANT_COLOR_SYNTAX
    auto_complete = WANT_AUTO_COMPLETE
    if not config[VC_COLOR] or config[VC_MODE] = 7 then
    multi_color = FALSE -- mono monitor
    end if
    file_name &= ' '
    dot_e = FALSE
    for i = 1 to length(E_FILES) do
    if match(E_FILES[i] & ' ', file_name) then
        dot_e = TRUE
    end if
    end for
    if not dot_e then
    multi_color = FALSE
    auto_complete = FALSE
    end if

    -- use PROG_INDENT tab width for Euphoria & other languages:
    edit_tab_width = STANDARD_TAB_WIDTH
    for i = 1 to length(PROG_FILES) do
       if match(PROG_FILES[i] & ' ', file_name) then
       edit_tab_width = PROG_INDENT
       exit
       end if
    end for

    if multi_color then
    init_class()
    end if

    file_name = file_name[1..length(file_name)-1] -- remove ' '
    adding_to_kill = FALSE
    clear_modified()
    buffer_version = 0
    control_chars = FALSE
    cr_removed = FALSE
    new_buffer()
    s_line = 1
    s_col = 1
    b_line = 1
    b_col = 1
    save_state()
    while get_key() != -1 do
    -- clear the keyboard buffer
    -- to reduce "key bounce" problems
    end while
    if file_no = -1 then
    set_f_line(window_number, " <new file>")
    normal_video()
    ClearWindow()
    else
    set_f_line(window_number, "")
    normal_video()
    set_position(1, 1)
    cursor(NO_CURSOR)
    read_file(file_no)
    close(file_no)
    end if
    set_position(1, 1)
    edit_file()
end procedure

procedure ed_main()
-- startup and shutdown of ed()
    sequence cl

    allow_break(FALSE)

    config = video_config()

    if config[VC_XPIXELS] > 0 then
    if graphics_mode(3) then
    end if
    config = video_config()
    end if

    if config[VC_LINES] != INITIAL_LINES then
    screen_length = text_rows(INITIAL_LINES)
    config = video_config()
    end if
    screen_length = config[VC_LINES]
    screen_width = config[VC_COLUMNS]
    BLANK_LINE = repeat(' ', screen_width)
    window_length = screen_length - 1

    cl = command_line()

    while length(window_list) > 0 do
    ed(cl)
    cl = {"ex", "ed.ex" , file_name}
    end while

    -- exit editor
    delete_editbuff()
    if screen_length != FINAL_LINES then
    screen_length = text_rows(FINAL_LINES)
    end if
    cursor(UNDERLINE_CURSOR)
    bk_color(BLACK)
    text_color(WHITE)
    position(screen_length, 1)
    puts(SCREEN, BLANK_LINE)
    position(screen_length, 1)
    puts(SCREEN, "\n")
end procedure

ed_main()
-- This abort statement reduces the chance of
-- a syntax error when you edit ed.ex using itself:
abort(0)

EPRINT.BAT
34
@echo off
ex.exe eprint.ex %1

EPRINT.EX
5230
        ------------------------------------
        -- Print a Euphoria program       --
        -- (doesn't work yet under Linux) --
        ------------------------------------

-- This works with HP PCL printers.
-- You can change control codes (bold, italics etc) for other printers.
-- If you have a color printer you can choose colors,
-- otherwise you will simply get keywords in bold, comments in italics.
-- You can print non-Euphoria files too.

-- usage: eprint filename
--   You will be asked if you want to print in color,
--   and if you want to print in condensed mode.

include wildcard.e

constant TRUE = 1, FALSE = 0
constant KEYB = 0, DISPLAY = 1, ERROR = 2
constant M_GET_POSITION   = 25

integer syntax, color_printer
syntax = TRUE                -- to highlight syntax in .e/.ex/.pro files

constant ESC = 27

constant hp550c = {"2", "8", "1", "12", "4", "10", "1", "1"}

integer printer

procedure bold_on()
    puts(printer, ESC & "(s3B")
end procedure

procedure bold_off()
    puts(printer, ESC & "(s0B")
end procedure

procedure italics_on()
    puts(printer, ESC & "(s1S")
end procedure

procedure italics_off()
    puts(printer, ESC & "(s0S")
end procedure

procedure second_column()
    puts(printer, ESC & "&a80C")
end procedure

procedure form_feed()
    puts(printer, 12)
end procedure

procedure reset()
    puts(printer, ESC & 'E')   -- reset
end procedure

procedure colorMode()
    puts(printer, ESC & "*r-4U")  -- CYMK
end procedure

procedure small()
    puts(printer, ESC & "(s20H")    -- Print Pitch (width)
    puts(printer, ESC & "(s8V")     -- Point Size (height)
    puts(printer, ESC & "&l4C")     -- vertical motion
end procedure

-- symbols needed by syncolor.e:
global constant  NORMAL_COLOR = 8,
        COMMENT_COLOR = 4,
        KEYWORD_COLOR = 1,
        BUILTIN_COLOR = 5,
         STRING_COLOR = 6,
        BRACKET_COLOR = {NORMAL_COLOR}

include syncolor.e

procedure set_printer_color(integer color)
-- set the printer color (or mono effect)
    sequence color_code

    if not syntax then
    return
    end if

    if color_printer then
    color_code = hp550c[color]
    puts(printer, ESC & "*v" & color_code & "S")
    else
    -- normal mono printer
    if color = KEYWORD_COLOR then
        italics_off()
        bold_on()
    elsif color = COMMENT_COLOR then
        bold_off()
        italics_on()
    else
        italics_off()
        bold_off()
    end if
    end if
end procedure

procedure DisplayColorLine(sequence line)
-- display one line of text on the printer
    sequence color_line

    color_line = SyntaxColor(line)
    for i = 1 to length(color_line) do
    set_printer_color(color_line[i][1])
    puts(printer, color_line[i][2])
    end for
end procedure

procedure try_colors()
-- utility routine to display colors on hp550c
    for i = '0' to '6' do
    for j = '0' to '9' do
        puts(printer, ESC & "*v" & i & j & "S")
        printf(printer, "%s:", {i&j})
        puts(printer, "Testing Colors ...\n")
    end for
    end for
end procedure

function get_position()
-- return {line, column} of current cursor position
    return machine_func(M_GET_POSITION, 0)
end function

function get_response(sequence query, integer letterToSearch)
    integer matchOrNot
    sequence pos

    puts(DISPLAY, query)
    pos = get_position()
    position(pos[1], pos[2] - 2)
    matchOrNot = find(letterToSearch, lower(gets(KEYB)))
    puts(DISPLAY, '\n')
    return matchOrNot
end function

procedure eprint()
    integer  efile
    sequence command, matchname
    object   line
    sequence buffer
    integer  base_line, condensed, nColumns, page_length

    command = command_line()
    if length(command) != 3 then
    puts(ERROR, "usage: eprint filename\n")
    return
    end if
    efile = open(command[3], "r")
    if efile = -1 then
    puts(ERROR, "couldn't open " & command[3] & '\n')
    return
    end if
    matchname = command[3] & '&'
    if not match(".e&", matchname) and
       not match(".ex&", matchname) and
       not match(".pro&", matchname) then
    syntax = FALSE
    end if
    printer = open("PRN", "w")
    if printer = -1 then
    puts(ERROR, "Can't open printer\n")
    return
    end if
    init_class()
    reset()

    if syntax then
    color_printer = get_response("print in color? (n)", 'y')
    if color_printer then
        colorMode()
    end if
    else
    color_printer = FALSE
    end if

    condensed = not get_response("condensed print? (y)", 'n')
    if condensed then
    nColumns = 2
    small()
    else
    nColumns = 1
    end if
    page_length = 59 * nColumns    -- (upper bound) 118 for condensed

    -- read in whole file
    buffer = {}
    while TRUE do
    line = gets(efile)
    if atom(line) then
        exit
    end if
    if line[length(line)] != '\n' then
        line &= '\n' -- need end marker
    end if
    buffer = append(buffer, line)
    end while
    base_line = 1
    while base_line <= length(buffer) do
    for i = base_line to base_line + page_length - 1 do
        if i <= length(buffer) then
        DisplayColorLine(buffer[i])
        if nColumns = 2 and i + page_length <= length(buffer) then
            second_column()
            DisplayColorLine(buffer[i + page_length])
        end if
        puts(printer, '\n')
        end if
    end for
    base_line += page_length * nColumns
    form_feed()
    end while
    close(efile)
    reset()
    close(printer)
end procedure

eprint()

GURU.BAT
80
@echo off
rem Euphoria "Guru"
ex.exe guru.ex E! %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9

GURU.EX
15996
-- Guru
-- usage:
-- to search EUPHORIA directories:
--        guru word1 word2 word3 ...

-- Euphoria .doc and other files are searched. .htm files are skipped.

-- to search the current directory and all subdirectories:
--      cdguru word1 word2 word3 ...

-- Searches for the best articles that contain the words that you type.
-- Each word can contain * and ? wildcard characters.
-- The articles are given a score and presented to you sorted by score.
-- The scoring system strongly favors articles that contain several of
-- your words, rather than just several occurrences of one of your words.
-- Some very common words are ignored (see noise_words).
-- e.g.
--        guru sequence* atom *pend g?r?

-- Results are displayed on screen and also saved in "c:\guru.out"
-- or $HOME/guru.out (Linux).
-- Hints - remember to add * to words that can be pluralized or have
--         many different endings.
--       - enter an important word twice to double the value of that word
--       - If you get a "Critical Error", type 'i' for ignore. It just
--         means that a file is currently locked by another application.

without type_check

include misc.e
include file.e
include wildcard.e
include graphics.e
include sort.e


-------- some user-modifiable parameters:

integer SLASH
sequence log_name, log_path, home

log_name = "guru.out"
-- place to store results
if platform() = LINUX then
    SLASH = '/'
    home = getenv("HOME")
    if sequence(home) then
    log_path = home & '/' & log_name -- put in home dir if possible
    else
    log_path = log_name
    end if
else
    SLASH = '\\'
    log_path = "c:\\" & log_name
end if

-- files to skip:
sequence skip_list
skip_list = {
    "*.EXE", "*.DLL", "*.LIB", "*.OBJ",
    "*.SWP", "*.PAR", "*.ZIP", "*.BMP",
    "*.GIF", "*.JPG", "*.WAV"
}

-- ignore these extremely common words when searching
sequence noise_words
noise_words = {
    "a", "an", "the", "to", "and", "of", "is", "or", "by", "as", "in",
    "you", "are", "be", "if", "?", "*"
}
constant separator_line = repeat(196, 5)

constant MAX_CHUNKS = 20        -- maximum number of chunks to display

-- desired size for a chunk of text:
constant MIN_CHUNK_SIZE = 10,   -- minimum number of lines
     MAX_CHUNK_SIZE = 20    -- maximum number of lines

constant  LEFT_HIGHLIGHT = 17,  -- highlight markers for matched words
     RIGHT_HIGHLIGHT = 16   -- (assume LEFT_HIGHLIGHT > RIGHT_HIGHLIGHT)

constant HIGHLIGHT_COLOR = BRIGHT_WHITE

-------- end of user-modifiable parameters

constant SCREEN = 1, ERR = 2

constant TRUE = 1, FALSE = 0
constant EOF = -1

type boolean(integer x)
    return x = 0 or x = 1
end type

sequence word_list, word_count, file_spec

boolean euphoria

integer count_line

integer log_file

constant LINE_WIDTH = 83
constant TO_LOWER = 'a' - 'A'

function fast_lower(sequence s)
-- Faster than the standard lower().
-- Speed of lower() is important here.
    integer c

    for i = 1 to length(s) do
    c = s[i]
    if c <= 'Z' then
        if c >= 'A' then
        s[i] = c + TO_LOWER
        end if
    end if
    end for
    return s
end function

function clean(sequence line)
-- replace any funny control characters
-- and put in \n's to help break up long lines
    sequence new_line
    integer c, col

    new_line = ""
    col = 1
    for i = 1 to length(line) do
    if col > LINE_WIDTH then
        new_line = append(new_line, '\n')
        col = 1
    end if
    c = line[i]
    col += 1
    if c < 14 then
        if c = '\n' then
        col = 1
        elsif c = '\r' then
        c = ' '
        elsif c !=  '\t' then
        c = '.'
        end if
    end if
    new_line = append(new_line, c)
    end for
    return new_line
end function

boolean display
display = TRUE

procedure both_puts(object text)
    puts(log_file, text)
    if display then
    puts(SCREEN, text)
    end if
end procedure

procedure both_printf(sequence format, object values)
    printf(log_file, format, values)
    if display then
    printf(SCREEN, format, values)
    end if
end procedure

constant MAX_LINE = 100

-- space for largest line
sequence buff
buff = repeat(0, MAX_LINE)

function safe_gets(integer fn)
-- Return the next line of text - always with \n on the end.
-- Lines are split at MAX_LINE to prevent
-- "out of memory" problems on humongous lines
-- and to reduce the amount of extraneous output.
    integer c

    for b = 1 to MAX_LINE-1 do
    c = getc(fn)
    if c <= LEFT_HIGHLIGHT then
        if c = '\n' then
        buff[b] = c
        return buff[1..b]
        elsif c = EOF then
        if b = 1 then
            return EOF
        else
            buff[b] = '\n'
            return buff[1..b]
        end if
        elsif c >= RIGHT_HIGHLIGHT or c = 0 then
        c = '.'
        end if
    end if
    buff[b] = c
    end for
    buff[MAX_LINE] = '\n'
    return buff[1..MAX_LINE]
end function

function sum(sequence s)
-- sum of a sequence
    atom sum

    sum = 0
    for i = 1 to length(s) do
    sum += s[i]
    end for
    return sum
end function

object line
integer line_next
boolean words_on_line

sequence char_class
--    0 means not legitimate
--    1 means legitimate char
--  > 1 means possible first char of matching word
char_class = repeat(0, 255)
char_class['A'..'Z'] = 1
char_class['a'..'z'] = 1
char_class['0'..'9'] = 1
char_class['_'] = 1

function has_punctuation(sequence word)
-- TRUE if word contains any punctuation characters
    integer c
    for i = 1 to length(word) do
    c = word[i]
    if char_class[c] = 0 and c != '?' and c != '*' then
        return TRUE
    end if
    end for
    return FALSE
end function

function next_word()
-- Return next possible matching word from line
-- based on first letter of the word.
    sequence word
    integer c

    while TRUE do
    -- skip white space:
    while TRUE do
        c = line[line_next]
        line_next += 1
        if char_class[c] > 0 then
        exit
        elsif c = '\n' then -- there's always a '\n' at end of line
        return -1
        end if
    end while

    words_on_line = TRUE

    -- check first letter in word:
    if char_class[c] > 1 then
        -- possible matching word
        word = {c}
        -- read rest of word
        while TRUE do
        c = line[line_next]
        if char_class[c] = 0 then
            return word
        end if
        line_next += 1
        word &= c
        end while
    else
        -- not a possible matching word -skip it
        while TRUE do
        c = line[line_next]
        if char_class[c] = 0 then
            exit
        end if
        line_next += 1
        end while
    end if
    end while
end function

sequence chunk_list
chunk_list = {{-1, {}, {}}}

procedure highlight(sequence text)
-- print a line with highlighted words in color
    integer c

    if not display then
    return
    end if
    for i = 1 to length(text) do
    c = text[i]
    if c = LEFT_HIGHLIGHT then
        text_color(HIGHLIGHT_COLOR)
    elsif c = RIGHT_HIGHLIGHT then
        text_color(WHITE)
    else
        puts(SCREEN, c)
    end if
    end for
end procedure

procedure print_chunk_list()
-- print the best chunks found
    sequence chunk, line

    position(count_line, 1)
    for i = 1 to length(word_list) do
    both_printf("%s:%d ", {word_list[i], word_count[i]})
    end for
    position(count_line+1, 1)
    puts(SCREEN, repeat(' ', 80))
    puts(log_file, '\n')

    for i = 1 to length(chunk_list) - 1 do
    if i > 1 and display then
        text_color(GREEN)
        puts(SCREEN, "\nPress q to quit, Enter for more:")
        text_color(WHITE)
        puts(SCREEN, " ")
        if getc(0) = 'q' then
        display = FALSE
        end if
    end if
    text_color(RED)
    both_printf("\n#%d of %d ------ %s --- score: %d ------\n",
            {i, length(chunk_list)-1,
            chunk_list[i][2], 100 * chunk_list[i][1] + 0.5})
    text_color(WHITE)
    chunk = chunk_list[i][3]
    wrap(FALSE)
    for j = 1 to length(chunk) do
        line = clean(chunk[j])
        highlight(line)
        puts(log_file, line)
    end for
    wrap(TRUE)
    end for
    if length(chunk_list) > 1 then
    text_color(GREEN)
    puts(SCREEN, "\nSee " & log_path & '\n')
    end if
    text_color(WHITE)
    puts(SCREEN, " \n")
end procedure

procedure save_chunk(sequence file_name, sequence chunk, atom score)
-- record an interesting chunk on the chunk list

    score /= 10 + sqrt(length(chunk)) -- reduce slightly for larger chunks
    for i = 1 to length(chunk_list) do
    if score > chunk_list[i][1] then
        -- insert chunk into list at proper position
        chunk_list = append(chunk_list[1..i-1], {score, file_name, chunk})
             & chunk_list[i..length(chunk_list)]
        if length(chunk_list) >  MAX_CHUNKS+1 then
        -- drop the worst chunk on the list
        chunk_list = chunk_list[1..length(chunk_list)-1]
        end if
        exit
    end if
    end for
end procedure

sequence wild_word

procedure scan(sequence file_name)
-- read next file
    integer fileNum, first_hit, last_hit, new_chunk
    sequence lword, chunk, word_value
    object word
    atom chunk_total, line_total
    boolean doc_file, matched, first_match

    fileNum = open(file_name, "rb")
    if fileNum = -1 then
    return
    end if

    -- is it a Euphoria .doc file?
    doc_file = euphoria and match(".DOC", file_name)

    -- update display
    wrap(FALSE)
    position(count_line, 1)
    for i = 1 to length(word_list) do
    printf(SCREEN, "%s:%d ", {word_list[i], word_count[i]})
    end for
    position(count_line+1, 1)
    puts(SCREEN, "searching: " & file_name & repeat(' ', 80) & '\r')
    wrap(TRUE)

    new_chunk = TRUE
    while TRUE do
    -- initialize
    if new_chunk then
        chunk = {}
        chunk_total = 0
        first_hit = 0
        last_hit = 0
        new_chunk = FALSE
        word_value = repeat(1, length(word_list))
    end if
    line_next = 1
    line_total = 0

    -- read next line
    line = safe_gets(fileNum)
    if atom(line) then
        exit -- end of file
    end if

    if get_key() = 'q' then
        close(fileNum)
        print_chunk_list()
        abort(1)
    end if

    words_on_line = FALSE

    while TRUE do
        -- read next word in line
        word = next_word()
        if atom(word) then
        exit
        end if
        lword = fast_lower(word)
        first_match = TRUE
        for i = 1 to length(word_list) do
        if wild_word[i] then
            -- slow
            matched = wildcard_match(word_list[i], lword)
        else
            -- fast
            matched = equal(word_list[i], lword)
        end if
        if matched then
            -- score a bit higher for matching a non-wildcard word
            line_total += word_value[i] * (1.0
                    + 0.5 * (match(separator_line, line) != 0)
                    + 0.3 * (not wild_word[i])
                    + 0.3 * doc_file)
            word_count[i] += 1
            word_value[i] /= 2
            if first_match then
            first_match = FALSE
            line = line[1..line_next - length(word) - 1] &
                    LEFT_HIGHLIGHT &
                    word &
                    RIGHT_HIGHLIGHT &
                    line[line_next..length(line)]
            line_next += 2
            end if
        end if
        end for
    end while
    chunk = append(chunk, line)

    -- decide chunk boundaries
    if words_on_line then
        if line_total > 0 then
        chunk_total += line_total
        last_hit = length(chunk)
        if first_hit = 0 then
            first_hit = last_hit
        end if
        end if
        if chunk_total > 0 then
        if (line_total = 0 and
            last_hit < length(chunk) - MIN_CHUNK_SIZE/2 and
            length(chunk) >= MIN_CHUNK_SIZE) or
            length(chunk) >= MAX_CHUNK_SIZE then

            if length(chunk) <= MIN_CHUNK_SIZE then
            first_hit = 1
            last_hit = length(chunk)
            else
            -- trim off some context, but not all
            first_hit = floor((first_hit + 1) / 2)
            last_hit = floor((last_hit + length(chunk)) / 2)
            end if

            save_chunk(file_name,
                   chunk[first_hit..last_hit],
                   chunk_total)
            new_chunk = TRUE
        end if
        elsif length(chunk) >= MIN_CHUNK_SIZE then
        new_chunk = TRUE
        end if
    elsif chunk_total = 0 and length(chunk) > MIN_CHUNK_SIZE/2 then
        new_chunk = TRUE
    end if
    end while
    if chunk_total > 0 then
    save_chunk(file_name, chunk, chunk_total)
    end if
    close(fileNum)
    return
end procedure

function look_at(sequence path_name, sequence entry)
-- see if a file name qualifies for searching
    sequence file_name

    if find('d', entry[D_ATTRIBUTES]) then
    return 0 -- a directory
    end if
    file_name = entry[D_NAME]
    if equal(file_name, log_name) then
    return 0 -- avoid circularity
    end if
    -- check skip list
    for i = 1 to length(skip_list) do
    if wildcard_file(skip_list[i], file_name) then
        return 0
    end if
    end for
    path_name &= SLASH
    if equal(path_name[1..2], '.' & SLASH) then
    path_name = path_name[3..length(path_name)]
    end if
    path_name &= file_name
    scan(path_name)
    return 0
end function

procedure usage(sequence g)
    text_color(MAGENTA)
    puts(SCREEN, "\n\t\t" & g & " Guru\n\n")
    text_color(WHITE)
    puts(SCREEN,
    "Enter keywords that will define the subject you are interested in. \n")
    puts(SCREEN,
    " - Upper/lower case is not important.\n")
    puts(SCREEN,
    " - Words may contain * and ? wildcard characters,\n")
    puts(SCREEN,
    " - example ---> get? input *routine*\n\n")
    puts(SCREEN, "---> ")
end procedure

function blank_delim(sequence s)
-- break up a blank-delimited string
    sequence list, segment
    integer i
    list = {}
    i = 1
    while i < length(s) do
    while find(s[i], " \t") do
        i += 1
    end while
    if s[i] = '\n' then
        exit
    end if
    segment = ""
    while not find(s[i], " \t\n") do
        segment = segment & s[i]
        i += 1
    end while
    list = append(list, segment)
    end while
    return list
end function

if platform() != LINUX then
    log_name = upper(log_name)
end if

sequence cmd
cmd = command_line()  -- ex guru.ex words...

euphoria = FALSE
if length(cmd) < 3 then
    usage("Current Directory")
    cmd = blank_delim(gets(0))
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
elsif equal(cmd[3], "E!") then
    -- search Euphoria directories
    euphoria = TRUE
    if length(cmd) <= 3 then
    usage("Euphoria")
    cmd = blank_delim(gets(0))
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
    else
    cmd = cmd[4..length(cmd)]
    end if
else
    cmd = cmd[3..length(cmd)]
end if

log_file = open(log_path, "w")
if log_file = -1 then
    puts(ERR, "Couldn't open " & log_path & '\n')
    abort(1)
end if

word_list = {}
wild_word = {}
for i = 1 to length(cmd) do
    cmd[i] = lower(cmd[i])
    if find(cmd[i], noise_words) then
    puts(SCREEN, "ignoring: " & cmd[i] & "   (too common)\n")
    elsif has_punctuation(cmd[i]) then
    puts(SCREEN, "ignoring: " & cmd[i] &
    "   (contains punctuation character)\n")
    else
    word_list = append(word_list, cmd[i])
    wild_word = append(wild_word, find('*', cmd[i]) or find('?', cmd[i]))
    end if
end for

if length(word_list) = 0 then
    abort(1)
end if
word_count = repeat(0, length(word_list))


integer first_char
-- prepare char_class[] for efficient detection of a
-- possible first letter in one of the words
for i = 1 to length(word_list) do
    first_char = word_list[i][1]
    if first_char = '*' or first_char = '?' then
    char_class *= 2 -- select all allowed chars
    exit
    elsif char_class[first_char] > 0 then
    char_class[first_char] = 2
    -- select upper or lower case
    if first_char >= 'A' and first_char <= 'Z' then
        char_class[first_char - 'A' + 'a'] = 2
    elsif first_char >= 'a' and first_char <= 'z' then
        char_class[first_char - 'a' + 'A'] = 2
    end if
    end if
end for

file_spec = {"*.*"}

-- quits after finishing current file
puts(SCREEN, "Press q to quit\n\n\n")

sequence gp
gp = get_position()
count_line = gp[1]-1

object d

if euphoria then
    d = getenv("EUDIR")
    if atom(d) then
    if platform() = LINUX then
        puts(ERR, "EUDIR not set\n")
        abort(1)
    else
        d = "C:\\EUPHORIA"
    end if
    end if
    if sequence(dir(d)) then
    -- reduce noise in Euphoria Help
    skip_list &= {"*.HTM", "*.HTX", "*.DAT", "*.BAS", "*.BAT", "*.PRO",
              "LW.DOC", "BIND.EX", "EX.ERR"}
    if walk_dir(d, routine_id("look_at"), TRUE) then
    end if
    print_chunk_list()
    abort(0)
    end if
end if

puts(log_file, "Searching " & current_dir() & "\n\n")
sequence top_dir
if sequence(dir(".")) then
    top_dir = "."
else
    top_dir = current_dir()
end if

if walk_dir(top_dir, routine_id("look_at"), TRUE) then
end if

print_chunk_list()


KEY.BAT
28
@echo off
ex.exe key.ex

KEY.EX
364
-- find out what numeric key code is generated by any key on the keyboard
-- usage:
--          ex key

integer code

puts(1, "Press any key. I'll show you the key code. Press q to quit\n\n")
while 1 do
    code = get_key()
    if code != -1 then
    printf(1, "The key code is: %d\n", code)
    if code = 'q' then
        exit
    end if
    end if
end while
KEYWORDS.E
1052
-- Euphoria keywords and routines built in to ex, exw and exu

global constant keywords = {
    "if", "end", "then", "procedure", "else", "for", "return",
    "do", "elsif", "while", "type", "constant", "to", "and", "or",
    "exit", "function", "global", "by", "not", "include",
    "with", "without", "xor"}

global constant builtins = {
    "length", "puts", "integer", "sequence", "position", "object",
    "append", "prepend", "print", "printf",
    "clear_screen", "floor", "getc", "gets", "get_key",
    "rand", "repeat", "atom", "compare", "find", "match",
    "time", "command_line", "open", "close", "trace", "getenv",
    "sqrt", "sin", "cos", "tan", "log", "system", "date", "remainder",
    "power", "machine_func", "machine_proc", "abort", "peek", "poke",
    "call", "sprintf", "arctan", "and_bits", "or_bits", "xor_bits",
    "not_bits", "pixel", "get_pixel", "mem_copy", "mem_set",
    "c_proc", "c_func", "routine_id", "call_proc", "call_func",
    "poke4", "peek4s", "peek4u", "profile", "equal", "system_exec",
    "platform"}


LINES.BAT
57
@echo off
ex.exe lines.ex %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9

LINES.EX
2734
-- lines.ex
-- Count the number of lines, non-blank lines, non-blank/non-comment lines,
-- and characters in a text file or bunch of text files in the
-- current directory.

-- usage:  lines.bat [file-spec ...]

-- example:  lines *.e *.ex

include misc.e
include wildcard.e
include file.e

constant SCREEN = 1
constant TRUE = 1, FALSE = 0

function blank_line(sequence line)
-- TRUE if line is empty or all whitespace
    for i = 1 to length(line) do
    if not find(line[i], " \t\n") then
        return FALSE
    end if
    end for
    return TRUE
end function

function scan(integer fileNum)
-- count lines, non-blank lines, characters
    object line
    integer lines, nb_lines, nb_nc_lines, chars, c

    lines = 0
    nb_lines = 0
    nb_nc_lines = 0
    chars = 0
    while TRUE do
    line = gets(fileNum)
    if atom(line) then
        -- end of file
        return {lines, nb_lines, nb_nc_lines, chars}
    else
        lines += 1
        chars += length(line)
        if platform() != LINUX then
        chars += 1  -- line in file contains an extra \r
        end if
        if not blank_line(line) then
        nb_lines += 1
        c = match("--", line)
        if not c or not blank_line(line[1..c-1]) then
            nb_nc_lines += 1
        end if
        end if
    end if
    end while
end function

procedure lines()
-- main procedure
    integer fileNum
    sequence count, total_count
    sequence file_names, dir_names
    sequence cl, file_spec, name

    -- gather eligible file names
    cl = command_line()
    file_spec = {}
    for i = 3 to length(cl) do
    file_spec = append(file_spec, cl[i])
    end for
    if length(file_spec) = 0 then
    file_spec = {"*.*"}
    end if
    dir_names = dir(current_dir())
    file_names = {}
    for f = 1 to length(file_spec) do
    for i = 1 to length(dir_names) do
        if not find('d', dir_names[i][D_ATTRIBUTES]) then
        name = dir_names[i][D_NAME]
        if wildcard_file(file_spec[f], name) then
            if not find(name, file_names) then
            file_names = append(file_names, name)
            end if
        end if
        end if
    end for
    end for

    -- process all files
    total_count = {0, 0, 0, 0}
    puts(SCREEN, "lines  nb-lines  nb-nc-lines  chars\n")
    for i = 1 to length(file_names) do
    fileNum = open(file_names[i], "r")
    if fileNum = -1 then
        printf(SCREEN, "cannot open %s\n", {file_names[i]})
    else
        count = scan(fileNum)
        total_count = total_count + count
        printf(SCREEN, "%5d%8d   %8d   %8d   %s\n", count & {file_names[i]})
        close(fileNum)
    end if
    end for
    if length(file_names) > 1 then
    printf(SCREEN, "%5d%8d   %8d   %8d   total\n", total_count)
    end if
end procedure

lines()

EXW.EXE
73728
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$Id: UPX 0.93 Copyright (C) 1996-1999 Laszlo Molnar & Markus Oberhumer $
$Id: NRV 0.61 Copyright (C) 1996-1999 Markus F.X.J. Oberhumer $
$License: NRV for UPX is distributed under special license $
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╝∙¿∙╔∙┤∙╘∙Γ∙≥∙KERNEL32.DLLUSER32.DLLLoadLibraryAGetProcAddresswsprintfA╨ó>SEARCH.BAT
159
@echo off
if "%0"=="search" goto nowait
%EUDIR%\bin\ex.exe %EUDIR%\bin\SEARCH.ex %1
goto done
:nowait
%EUDIR%\bin\ex.exe %EUDIR%\bin\search.ex %1
:done
SEARCH.EX
10890
-- This program searches for a string in files of the current directory
-- and subdirectories.
-- usage:
--      search [string]
--
-- If you don't supply a string on the command line you will be prompted
-- for it. The string may contain * and ? wildcard characters and so may
-- the list of file specifications. Lines containing the string are
-- displayed on the screen, and also recorded in C:\SEARCH.OUT
-- (DOS/Windows), or in $HOME/search.out (Linux).
-- Some statistics are printed at the end.
-- Example:
--
--   C:\> search
--   string: p?oc*re
--   match case? (n)
--   file-spec (*.*): *.e *.ex
--   scan subdirectories? (y)
--
-- Note: if you just hit Enter instead of supplying a string to search for,
-- the program will simply print any file names that match your file-spec.
-- This is a good way to search for a file, when you can't remember which
-- directory you put it in.

-------- some user-modifiable parameters:

-- when you search "*.*" the following files
-- will be skipped (to save time):
sequence skip_list
skip_list = {
    "*.EXE", "*.ZIP", "*.BMP", "*.GIF", "*.OBJ",
    "*.DLL", "*.OBJ", "*.SWP", "*.PAR", "*.JPG",
    "*.WAV"
}

-------- end of user-modifiable parameters

without type_check

include misc.e
include file.e
include wildcard.e
include sort.e
include graphics.e

constant KEYB = 0, SCREEN = 1, ERR = 2

constant TRUE = 1, FALSE = 0
constant EOF = -1, ESC = 27

type boolean(integer x)
    return x = 0 or x = 1
end type

integer SLASH
sequence log_name, log_path, home
log_name = "search.out"
if platform() = LINUX then
    SLASH='/'
    home = getenv("HOME")
    if sequence(home) then
    log_path = home & '/' & log_name -- put in home dir if possible
    else
    log_path = log_name
    end if
else
    SLASH='\\'
    log_path = "C:\\" & log_name  -- put at top of C drive
end if
sequence pos, cmd, string, orig_string, file_spec

boolean match_case, scan_subdirs, wild_string, abort_now
abort_now = FALSE

integer scanned, skipped, no_open, file_hits, line_hits
scanned = 0
skipped = 0
no_open = 0
file_hits = 0
line_hits = 0

atom start_time
integer log_file

function alphabetic(object s)
-- does s contain alphabetic characters?
    return find(TRUE, (s >= 'A' and s <= 'Z') or
              (s >= 'a' and s <= 'z'))
end function

constant TO_LOWER = 'a' - 'A'

function fast_lower(sequence s)
-- Faster than the standard lower().
-- Speed of lower() is very important for "any-case" search.
    integer c

    for i = 1 to length(s) do
    c = s[i]
    if c <= 'Z' then
        if c >= 'A' then
        s[i] = c + TO_LOWER
        end if
    end if
    end for
    return s
end function

constant LINE_WIDTH = 79

function clean(sequence line)
-- replace any funny control characters
-- and put in \n's to help break up long lines
    sequence new_line
    integer c, col

    new_line = ""
    col = 1
    for i = 1 to length(line) do
    if col > LINE_WIDTH then
        new_line = append(new_line, '\n')
        col = 1
    end if
    c = line[i]
    col = col + 1
    if c < 14 or c = 26 then
        if c = '\t' or c = '\r' then
        c = ' '
        elsif c = '\n' then
        col = 1
        else
        c = '.'
        end if
    end if
    new_line = append(new_line, c)
    end for
    if length(line) > 1.5 * LINE_WIDTH then
    new_line &= '\n'
    end if
    return new_line
end function

procedure both_puts(object text)
    puts(SCREEN, text)
    puts(log_file, text)
end procedure

procedure both_printf(sequence format, object values)
    printf(SCREEN, format, values)
    printf(log_file, format, values)
end procedure

function plural(integer n)
-- Yes, this is a bit obsessive...
    if n = 1 then
    return ""
    else
    return "s"
    end if
end function

procedure list_file_spec()
    for i = 1 to length(file_spec) do
    both_puts(file_spec[i])
    if i != length(file_spec) then
        both_puts(" ")
    end if
    end for
end procedure

procedure final_stats(boolean aborted)
-- show final statistics
    sequence cm

    puts(SCREEN, repeat(' ', 80))
    if aborted then
    both_puts("=== SEARCH WAS ABORTED ===\n")
    end if
    if length(string) = 0 then
    both_printf("%d file name" & plural(file_hits) & " matched (",
             file_hits)
    list_file_spec()
    both_puts(")\n")
    both_printf("%d names did not match\n", skipped)
    else
    both_printf("\n%5d file" & plural(scanned) & " scanned (", scanned)
    list_file_spec()
    both_printf(")\n%5d file" & plural(skipped) & " skipped\n", skipped)
    cm = ""
    if alphabetic(orig_string) then
        if match_case then
        cm = "(case must match)"
        else
        cm = "(any case)"
        end if
    end if
    if line_hits then
        both_printf("%5d line" & plural(line_hits) &
            " in %d file", {line_hits, file_hits})
    else
        both_printf("%5d file", file_hits)
    end if
    both_printf(plural(file_hits) &
            " contained \"%s\" " & cm & "\n",
            {orig_string})
    both_puts('\n')
    if no_open then
        both_printf("couldn't open %d file" & plural(no_open) & '\n',
             no_open)
    end if
    end if
    printf(SCREEN, "search time: %.1f seconds\n", time()-start_time)
    if file_hits then
    puts(SCREEN, "\nSee " & log_path & '\n')
    end if
    close(log_file)
end procedure

constant MAX_LINE = 500

-- space for largest line
sequence buff
buff = repeat(0, MAX_LINE)

function safe_gets(integer fn)
-- Return the next line of text.
-- Lines are split at MAX_LINE to prevent
-- "out of memory" problems on humongous lines
-- and to reduce the amount of extraneous output.
    integer c

    for b = 1 to MAX_LINE-1 do
    c = getc(fn)
    if c <= '\n' then
        if c = '\n' then
        buff[b] = c
        return buff[1..b]
        elsif c = EOF then
        if b = 1 then
            return EOF
        else
            exit
        end if
        end if
    end if
    buff[b] = c
    end for
    buff[MAX_LINE] = '\n'
    return buff[1..MAX_LINE]
end function

constant SAFE_FILE_SIZE = 100000

function scan(sequence file_name, integer file_size, sequence string)
-- print all lines in current file containing the string
    object line
    sequence match_line
    integer fileNum, found
    boolean found_in_file

    wrap(FALSE)
    puts(SCREEN, file_name & ':' & repeat(' ', 80) & '\r')
    wrap(TRUE)
    fileNum = open(file_name, "rb")
    if fileNum = -1 then
    no_open += 1
    both_puts(file_name & ": Couldn't open. Probably locked.\t\t\t\n")
    return 0
    end if
    found_in_file = FALSE
    while TRUE do
    if file_size > SAFE_FILE_SIZE then
        if get_key() >= ESC then
        abort_now = TRUE
        exit
        end if
        line = safe_gets(fileNum)
    else
        line = gets(fileNum)
    end if
    if atom(line) then
        exit -- end of file
    else
        if match_case then
        match_line = line
        else
        match_line = fast_lower(line)
        end if
        if wild_string then
        found = wildcard_match(string, match_line)
        else
        found = match(string, match_line)
        end if
        if found then
        both_puts(clean(file_name & ": " & line))
        line_hits += 1
        found_in_file = TRUE
        end if
    end if
    end while

    scanned += 1
    close(fileNum)
    return found_in_file
end function

function look_at(sequence path_name, sequence entry)
-- see if a file name qualifies for searching
    boolean matched_one
    sequence file_name

    if find('d', entry[D_ATTRIBUTES]) then
    return 0 -- a directory
    end if
    file_name = entry[D_NAME]
    if equal(file_name, log_name) then
    return 0 -- avoid circularity
    end if
    if equal(file_spec[1], "*.*") then
    -- check skip list
    for i = 1 to length(skip_list) do
        if wildcard_file(skip_list[i], file_name) then
        skipped += 1
        return get_key() >= ESC
        end if
    end for
    else
    -- go through list of file specs
    matched_one = FALSE
    for i = 1 to length(file_spec) do
        if wildcard_file(file_spec[i], file_name) then
        matched_one = TRUE
        exit
        end if
    end for
    if not matched_one then
        skipped += 1
        return get_key() >= ESC
    end if
    end if
    path_name &= SLASH
    if equal(path_name[1..2], '.' & SLASH) then
    path_name = path_name[3..length(path_name)]
    end if
    path_name &= file_name
    if length(string) = 0 then
    -- just looking for file names
    both_printf("%4d-%02d-%02d %2d:%02d", entry[D_YEAR..D_MINUTE])
    both_printf(" %7d  %s\n", {entry[D_SIZE], path_name})
    file_hits += 1
    else
    file_hits += scan(path_name, entry[D_SIZE], string)
    end if
    return abort_now or get_key() >= ESC
end function

function blank_delim(sequence s)
-- break up a blank-delimited string
    sequence list, segment
    integer i
    list = {}
    i = 1
    while i < length(s) do
    while find(s[i], " \t") do
        i += 1
    end while
    if s[i] = '\n' then
        exit
    end if
    segment = ""
    while not find(s[i], " \t\n") do
        segment &= s[i]
        i += 1
    end while
    list = append(list, segment)
    end while
    return list
end function

procedure get_file_spec()
-- read in a list of file specifications from user
-- result is stored in file_spec sequence of strings
    sequence spec

    puts(SCREEN, "file-spec (*.*): ")
    spec = gets(KEYB)
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
    file_spec = blank_delim(spec)
    if length(file_spec) = 0 then
    file_spec = {"*.*"}
    end if
end procedure

if platform() != LINUX then
    log_name = upper(log_name)
end if

cmd = command_line()   -- ex search.ex [string]

if length(cmd) >= 3 then
    orig_string = cmd[3]
else
    puts(SCREEN, "string (* and ? may be used): ")
    orig_string = gets(KEYB)
    orig_string = orig_string[1..length(orig_string)-1] -- remove \n
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
end if

if alphabetic(orig_string) then
    puts(SCREEN, "match case? (n)")
    pos = get_position()
    position(pos[1], pos[2] - 2)
    match_case = find('y', gets(KEYB))
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
else
    match_case = TRUE
end if

string = orig_string
if not match_case then
    string = fast_lower(string)
end if

wild_string = find('?', string) or find('*', string)
if wild_string then
    string = '*' & string & '*' -- to match whole line
end if

get_file_spec()

object d
d = dir(current_dir())
if atom(d) then
    puts(SCREEN, "network drive not available\n")
    abort(1)
end if
-- avoid asking about subdirectories
-- when there aren't any...
scan_subdirs = FALSE
for i = 1 to length(d) do
    if find('d', d[i][D_ATTRIBUTES]) then
    if not find(d[i][D_NAME], {".", ".."}) then
        puts(SCREEN, "scan subdirectories? (y)")
        pos = get_position()
        position(pos[1], pos[2] - 2)
        scan_subdirs = not match("n", gets(KEYB))
        exit
    end if
    end if
end for

puts(SCREEN, "\npress q to quit\n\n")

log_file = open(log_path, "w")
if log_file = -1 then
    puts(ERR, "Couldn't open " & log_path & '\n')
    abort(1)
end if

sequence top_dir
start_time = time()
if sequence(dir(".")) then
    puts(log_file, "Searching " & current_dir() & "\n\n")
    top_dir = "."
else
    top_dir = current_dir()
end if

if walk_dir(top_dir, routine_id("look_at"), scan_subdirs) then
end if

final_stats(FALSE)

-- without warning


SYNCOLOR.E
4297
--              Syntax Color
-- Break Euphoria statements into words with multiple colors.
-- The editor and pretty printer (eprint.ex) both use this file.

-- The user must define the following symbols to be colors for the
-- various syntax classes:
--       NORMAL_COLOR
--      COMMENT_COLOR
--      KEYWORD_COLOR
--      BUILTIN_COLOR
--       STRING_COLOR
--      BRACKET_COLOR  (a sequence of colors)

include keywords.e

-- character classes
constant DIGIT = 1,
     OTHER = 2,
     LETTER  = 3,
     BRACKET = 4,
     QUOTE   = 5,
     DASH = 6,
     WHITE_SPACE = 7,
     NEW_LINE = 8

sequence char_class

global procedure init_class()
-- set up character classes for easier line scanning
-- (assume no 0 char)
    char_class = repeat(OTHER, 255)

    char_class['a'..'z'] = LETTER
    char_class['A'..'Z'] = LETTER
    char_class['_'] = LETTER
    char_class['0'..'9'] = DIGIT
    char_class['['] = BRACKET
    char_class[']'] = BRACKET
    char_class['('] = BRACKET
    char_class[')'] = BRACKET
    char_class['{'] = BRACKET
    char_class['}'] = BRACKET
    char_class['\''] = QUOTE
    char_class['"'] = QUOTE
    char_class[' '] = WHITE_SPACE
    char_class['\t'] = WHITE_SPACE
    char_class['\r'] = WHITE_SPACE
    char_class['\n'] = NEW_LINE
    char_class['-'] = DASH
end procedure

constant DONT_CARE = -1  -- any color is ok - blanks, tabs

sequence line  -- the line being processed
integer seg_start, seg_end -- start and end of current segment of line
integer current_color
sequence color_segments -- the value returned

procedure seg_flush(integer new_color)
-- if the color must change,
-- add the current color segment to the sequence
-- and start a new segment
    if new_color != current_color then
    if current_color != DONT_CARE then
        color_segments = append(color_segments,
                    {current_color, line[seg_start..seg_end]})
        seg_start = seg_end + 1
    end if
    current_color = new_color
    end if
end procedure

global function SyntaxColor(sequence pline)
-- Break up a '\n'-terminated line into colored text segments identifying the
-- various parts of the Euphoria language.
-- Consecutive characters of the same color are all placed in the
-- same 'segment' - seg_start..seg_end.
-- A sequence is returned that looks like:
--     {{color1, "text1"}, {color2, "text2"}, ... }
    integer class, last, i, c, bracket_level
    sequence word

    line = pline
    current_color = DONT_CARE
    bracket_level = 0
    seg_start = 1
    seg_end = 0
    color_segments = {}

    while 1 do
    c = line[seg_end+1]
    class = char_class[c]

    if class = WHITE_SPACE then
        seg_end += 1  -- continue with current color

    elsif class = LETTER then
        last = length(line)-1
        for j = seg_end + 2 to last do
        c = line[j]
        class = char_class[c]
        if class != LETTER then
            if class != DIGIT then
            last = j - 1
            exit
            end if
        end if
        end for
        word = line[seg_end+1..last]
        if find(word, keywords) then
        seg_flush(KEYWORD_COLOR)
        elsif find(word, builtins) then
        seg_flush(BUILTIN_COLOR)
        else
        seg_flush(NORMAL_COLOR)
        end if
        seg_end = last

    elsif class <= OTHER then -- DIGIT too
        seg_flush(NORMAL_COLOR)
        seg_end += 1

    elsif class = BRACKET then
        if find(c, "([{") then
        bracket_level += 1
        end if
        if bracket_level >= 1 and
           bracket_level <= length(BRACKET_COLOR) then
        seg_flush(BRACKET_COLOR[bracket_level])
        else
        seg_flush(NORMAL_COLOR)
        end if
        if find(c, ")]}") then
        bracket_level -= 1
        end if
        seg_end += 1

    elsif class = NEW_LINE then
        exit  -- end of line

    elsif class = DASH then
        if line[seg_end+2] = '-' then
        seg_flush(COMMENT_COLOR)
        seg_end = length(line)-1
        exit
        end if
        seg_flush(NORMAL_COLOR)
        seg_end += 1

    else  -- QUOTE
        i = seg_end + 2
        while i < length(line) do
        if line[i] = c then
            i += 1
            exit
        elsif line[i] = '\\' then
            if i < length(line)-1 then
            i += 1 -- ignore escaped char
            end if
        end if
        i += 1
        end while
        seg_flush(STRING_COLOR)
        seg_end = i - 1
    end if
    end while
    -- add the final piece:
    if current_color = DONT_CARE then
    current_color = NORMAL_COLOR
    end if
    return append(color_segments, {current_color, line[seg_start..seg_end]})
end function

WHERE.BAT
34
@echo off
ex.exe where.ex %1

WHERE.EX
1688
-- search the PATH for all occurrences of a file
-- usage:  where filename
-- (give complete file name including .exe .bat etc.)

include file.e

constant TRUE = 1
constant SCREEN = 1, ERROR = 2

integer separator, SLASH
if platform() = LINUX then
    SLASH='/'
    separator = ':'
else
    SLASH='\\'
    separator = ';'
end if

sequence path
integer p

function next_dir()
-- get the next directory name from the path sequence
    sequence dir

    if p > length(path) then
    return -1
    end if
    dir = ""
    while p <= length(path) do
    if path[p] = separator then
        p += 1
        exit
    end if
    dir &= path[p]
    p += 1
    end while
    if length(dir) = 0 then
    return -1
    end if
    return dir
end function


procedure search_path()
-- main routine
    sequence file, cmd, full_path
    object dir_name, dir_info

    cmd = command_line()
    if length(cmd) < 3 then
    puts(ERROR, "usage: ex where file\n")
    abort(1)
    end if

    path = getenv("PATH")
    if atom(path) then
    puts(ERROR, "NO PATH?\n")
    abort(1)
    end if

    if platform() != LINUX then
    path = ".;" & path -- check current directory first
    end if

    file = cmd[3]
    p = 1
    while TRUE do
    dir_name = next_dir()
    if atom(dir_name) then
        exit
    end if

    full_path = dir_name & SLASH & file
    dir_info = dir(full_path)
    if sequence(dir_info) then
        -- file or directory exists
        if length(dir_info) = 1 then
        -- must be a file
        printf(SCREEN, "%4d-%02d-%02d %2d:%02d",
              dir_info[1][D_YEAR..D_MINUTE])
        printf(SCREEN, "  %d  %s\n",
           {dir_info[1][D_SIZE], dir_name & SLASH & dir_info[1][D_NAME]})
        end if
    end if
    end while
end procedure

search_path()

ALLSORTS.EX
8738
        ----------------------------------------
        -- Sorting Algorithms in Euphoria     --
        ----------------------------------------
-- Notes:

-- The slower sorts will be omitted after a while.

-- Bucket sort looks really good, but remember that the other sorts are
-- generic, and can handle integers, floating-point numbers, strings, etc.
-- Bucket sort can only sort integers, and the integers need to be
-- in a reasonably small, well-defined range, as is the case in this
-- benchmark. It also uses more memory than some of the other sorts.

without type_check

include machine.e
include misc.e

tick_rate(100) -- get better clock resolution on DOS32

constant MAX = 20000
constant TRUE = 1, FALSE = 0
constant CHECK_RESULTS = FALSE

integer hybrid_limit

type natural(integer x)
    return x >= 0
end type

type file_number(integer x)
    return x >= -1
end type

function simple_sort(sequence x)
-- put x into ascending order
-- using a very simple sort
object temp

    for i = 1 to length(x) - 1 do
    for j = i + 1 to length(x) do
        if compare(x[j],x[i]) < 0 then
        temp = x[j]
        x[j] = x[i]
        x[i] = temp
        end if
    end for
    end for
    return x
end function

function bubble_sort(sequence x)
-- put x into ascending order
-- using bubble sort
object temp
natural flip, limit

    flip = length(x)
    while flip > 0 do
    limit = flip
    flip = 0
    for i = 1 to limit - 1 do
        if compare(x[i+1], x[i]) < 0 then
        temp = x[i+1]
        x[i+1] = x[i]
        x[i] = temp
        flip = i
        end if
    end for
    end while
    return x
end function

function insertion_sort(sequence x)
-- put x into ascending order
-- using insertion sort
object temp
natural final

    for i = 2 to length(x) do
    temp = x[i]
    final = 1
    for j = i-1 to 1 by -1 do
        if compare(temp, x[j]) < 0 then
        x[j+1] = x[j]
        else
        final = j + 1
        exit
        end if
    end for
    x[final] = temp
    end for
    return x
end function

function shell_sort(sequence x)
-- Shell sort based on insertion sort

    integer gap, j, first, last
    object tempi, tempj

    last = length(x)
    gap = floor(last / 3) + 1
    while TRUE do
    first = gap + 1
    for i = first to last do
        tempi = x[i]
        j = i - gap
        while TRUE do
        tempj = x[j]
        if compare(tempi, tempj) >= 0 then
            j += gap
            exit
        end if
        x[j+gap] = tempj
        if j <= gap then
            exit
        end if
        j -= gap
        end while
        x[j] = tempi
    end for
    if gap = 1 then
        return x
    else
        gap = floor(gap / 3) + 1
    end if
    end while
end function


global function quick_sort(sequence x)
-- put x into ascending order
-- using recursive quick sort
    natural n, last, mid
    object temp, midval

    n = length(x)
    if n < 2 then
    return x -- already sorted (trivial case)
    end if

    mid = floor((n + 1) / 2)
    midval = x[mid]
    x[mid] = x[1]

    last = 1
    for i = 2 to n do
    if compare(x[i], midval) < 0 then
        last += 1
        temp = x[last]  x[last] = x[i]  x[i] = temp
    end if
    end for

    return quick_sort(x[2..last]) & {midval} & quick_sort(x[last+1..n])
end function


global function hybrid_sort(sequence x)
-- put x into ascending order
-- using recursive quick sort
-- but call insertion sort for short sequences
    natural n, last, mid
    object midval, temp

    n = length(x)
    if n < hybrid_limit then
    return insertion_sort(x)
    end if

    mid = floor((n + 1) / 2)
    midval = x[mid]
    x[mid] = x[1]

    last = 1
    for i = 2 to n do
    if compare(x[i], midval) < 0 then
        last += 1
        temp = x[last]  x[last] = x[i]  x[i] = temp
    end if
    end for

    return hybrid_sort(x[2..last]) & {midval} & hybrid_sort(x[last+1..n])
end function

sequence x

procedure g_insertion_sort()
-- put global variable x into ascending order
-- using insertion sort of general objects
object temp
natural final

    for i = 2 to length(x) do
    temp = x[i]
    final = 1
    for j = i-1 to 1 by -1 do
        if compare(temp, x[j]) < 0 then
        x[j+1] = x[j]
        else
        final = j + 1
        exit
        end if
    end for
    x[final] = temp
    end for
end procedure

procedure best_sort(natural m, natural n)
-- put x[m..n] into (roughly) ascending order
-- using recursive quick sort
    natural last, mid
    object midval, temp

    if n - m < hybrid_limit then
    return
    end if
    mid = floor((m + n) / 2)
    midval = x[mid]
    x[mid] = x[m]

    last = m
    for i = m+1 to n do
    if compare(x[i], midval) < 0 then
        last += 1
        temp = x[last]  x[last] = x[i]  x[i] = temp
    end if
    end for
    x[m] = x[last]
    x[last] = midval
    best_sort(m, last-1)
    best_sort(last+1, n)
end procedure

global function great_sort(sequence a)
-- Avoids dynamic storage allocation - just passes indexes into
-- a global sequence.
-- Not much better than hybrid_sort which makes full use of dynamic
-- storage allocation.
-- Note that we only partition down to a certain degree, then do an
-- insertion sort which runs fast because things are roughly in order.
-- See Knuth for the details.
    x = a
    best_sort(1, length(x))
    g_insertion_sort()
    return x
end function

global function merge_sort(sequence x)
-- put x into ascending order
-- using recursive merge sort
    natural n, mid
    sequence merged, a, b

    n = length(x)
    if n < 2 then
    return x
    end if

    mid = floor(n/2)
    a = merge_sort(x[1..mid])       -- sort the first half
    b = merge_sort(x[mid+1..n])     -- sort the second half

    -- merge the two sorted halves into one
    merged = {}
    while length(a) > 0 and length(b) > 0 do
    if compare(a[1], b[1]) < 0 then
        merged = append(merged, a[1])
        a = a[2..length(a)]
    else
        merged = append(merged, b[1])
        b = b[2..length(b)]
    end if
    end while
    return merged & a & b -- merged data plus leftovers
end function

integer min_value, max_value -- for bucket sort

function bucket_sort(sequence s)
-- Sort s into ascending order. No elements are compared.
-- The values of s must be integers from min_value to max_value.
    sequence count, sorted
    integer value, k, offset, c

    count = repeat(0, max_value-min_value+1)
    offset = min_value - 1
    -- count the number of occurrences of each integer value:
    for i = 1 to length(s) do
    value = s[i] - offset
    count[value] += 1
    end for
    sorted = repeat(0, length(s))
    k = 1
    -- make the resulting sorted sequence
    for i = 1 to length(count) do
    c = count[i]
    if c then
        sorted[k..k+c-1] = i + offset
        k += c
    end if
    end for
    return sorted
end function

procedure check_results(sequence sdata, sequence data)
-- compare results with another sort to make sure they are correct
    if CHECK_RESULTS then
    if not equal(sdata, shell_sort(data)) then
        puts(2, "\nabort!\n")
        print(2, 1/0)
    end if
    end if
end procedure

integer nsquared_ok
nsquared_ok = TRUE -- do N-squared sorts

integer iterations
sequence data
file_number printer

procedure measure(sequence name)
-- time one sort
    integer id
    atom t0, t
    sequence sdata

    id = routine_id(name)
    t0 = time()
    for i = 1 to iterations do
    sdata = call_func(id, {data[i]})
    check_results(sdata, data[i])
    end for
    t = time() - t0
    if t > 6 then
    nsquared_ok = FALSE -- time to give up on the slow ones!
    end if
    printf(printer, "%15s %9.4f\n", {name, t/iterations})
end procedure

procedure all_sorts()
-- test all sorting routines over a range of numbers of items

    natural nitems

    printer = 1  -- open("PRN", "w")
    hybrid_limit = 20

    nitems = 5
    iterations = floor(MAX/nitems)

    while TRUE do
    -- get several sets of data of length nitems
    printf(printer, "\ntime (sec.) to sort %d items (averaged over %d trials)\n",
            {nitems, iterations})

    data = rand(repeat(repeat(nitems, nitems), iterations))
    min_value = 1
    max_value = nitems

    if nsquared_ok then
        -- do the really slow ones
        measure("bubble_sort")
        measure("simple_sort")
        measure("insertion_sort")
    end if

    measure("merge_sort")
    measure("quick_sort")
    measure("hybrid_sort")
    measure("great_sort")
    measure("shell_sort")
    measure("bucket_sort")

    nitems *= 2
    iterations = floor(MAX/nitems)
    if iterations < 1 then
        exit
    end if

    puts(1, "\nPress Enter to continue. Press q to quit: ")
    if find('q', gets(0)) then
        abort(0)
    end if
    end while
end procedure

all_sorts()

ANIMAL.EX
3030
            ----------------------
            -- GUESS THE ANIMAL --
            ----------------------
-- How it Works:
-- animal.ex builds up a tree structure that tells it what
-- question to ask, and which branch to follow in the tree
-- depending on whether the answer is Yes or No.

constant
    node_type = 1,
       DESCRIPTION = 1,
       ANIMAL = 2,
    question = 2,
    when_true = 3,
    when_false = 4

constant
    TRUE = 1,
    FALSE = 0

constant KEYBOARD = 0, SCREEN = 1

object database, p, prev_p, prev_answer

function Yes()  -- returns TRUE if the answer is yes
    object answer

    answer = '?'
    while answer = '?' do
    answer = gets(KEYBOARD)
    if length(answer) > 0 then
        if answer[1] = 'y' or answer[1] = 'Y' then
        answer = TRUE
        elsif answer[1] = 'n' or answer[1] = 'N' then
        answer = FALSE
        else
        answer = '?'
        end if
    else
        answer = '?'
    end if
    if answer = '?' then
        puts(SCREEN, "\nPlease answer y or n: ")
    end if
    end while
    return answer
end function

procedure guess()  -- narrows it down to one animal
    while TRUE do
    if database[p][node_type] = ANIMAL then
        return
    end if
    printf(SCREEN, "\n%s? ", {database[p][question]})
    prev_p = p
    if Yes() then
        p = database[p][when_true]
        prev_answer = when_true
    else
        p = database[p][when_false]
        prev_answer = when_false
    end if
    end while
end procedure

global procedure animal()
-- updates database of animal information

    object new, new_question, correct, answer

    -- initial database:
    --           record type     text         Y  N
    database = {{DESCRIPTION, "\tCan it fly", 2, 3},
        {ANIMAL,      "an eagle"},
        {ANIMAL,      "a dog"   }}
    while TRUE do
    p = 1
    printf(SCREEN, "%s\n",
      {"\nThink of an animal. Hit <cr> when you are ready, q to quit"})
    answer = gets(KEYBOARD)
    if length(answer) > 0 then
        if answer[1] = 'q' then
        return
        end if
    end if
    guess()
    printf(SCREEN, "\n\tIs it %s? ", {database[p][question]})
    if not Yes() then
        puts(SCREEN, "\nI give up. What was it? ")
        correct = gets(KEYBOARD)
        correct = correct[1..length(correct)-1]
        database = append(database, {ANIMAL, correct})
        new = length(database)
        printf(SCREEN, "\n%s%s%s%s\n",
        {"Please give me a question that would distinguish ",
        database[p][question], " from ", correct})
        new_question = '\t' & gets(KEYBOARD)
        new_question = new_question[1..length(new_question)-1]
        if new_question[length(new_question)] = '?' then
        new_question = new_question[1..length(new_question)-1]
        end if
        printf(SCREEN, "\nFor %s the answer would be: ", {correct})
        if Yes() then
        database = append(database, {DESCRIPTION, new_question, new, p})
        else
        database = append(database, {DESCRIPTION, new_question, p, new})
        end if
        database[prev_p][prev_answer] = length(database)
    end if
    end while
end procedure

animal()

BENCH.DOC
5619
        Benchmark Results
        =================

 In this directory there are a series of benchmark programs written in
 Euphoria and Microsoft QBasic.

 QBasic should be available if you have MS-DOS 5.0 or later, although it
 might not be installed under Windows 95/98 or NT. To run a QBasic program
 type:
    qbasic /run filename.bas

 To run a Euphoria program type:
    ex filename
   or
        exw filename.ex

 Each benchmark will run for about 15 seconds before reporting a result.

 We've also included "filesort.ex" - a tiny Euphoria program that we clocked
 at 9.6x the speed of the MS-DOS "sort" command on a 2000-line input file.
 Furthermore, filesort.ex uses extended memory to sort files that are too big
 for MS-DOS sort. Type:

        ex filesort < input_file > sorted_file
               vs.
    sort < input_file > sorted_file

 Using conventional technology, Euphoria could have been developed to run at
 the speed of BASIC. In fact you'd expect it to run *slower* than BASIC,
 since data types are not predetermined and fixed; it checks for uninitialized
 variables; it has dynamic storage allocation, etc. In fact, Euphoria programs
 run 10 to 20, or even more times faster than equivalent programs in Microsoft
 QBasic. And QBasic is not particularly slow. Look at some other results:

 Language                         Benchmark      Result
 --------                         ---------      ------
 Java (JDK 1.0.2 interpreter)     sieve          Euphoria is   8x faster
 Perl (DOS version)               fibonnacci     Euphoria is  65x faster
 Perl (Linux version)             sieve          Euphoria is  34x faster
 Python (WIN32 v1.5)              sieve          Euphoria is  43x faster
 Python (Linux version)           sieve          Euphoria is  34x faster
 PC-LISP v3.0                     Queens         Euphoria is  28x faster
 Small C Interpreter              sieve          Euphoria is 545x faster

 We have yet to find an interpreter that even comes close to Euphoria in speed.

 Compare Euphoria against any interpreted or compiled language that you are
 interested in. Euphoria is * F A S T * -- but don't take our word for it.
 Make your own measurements on your own machine.

 About The Benchmarks
 --------------------
 sieve is based on the classic Byte magazine benchmark. It generates a list of
       prime numbers using the sieve technique. See the execution-count
       and time profiles for sieve in sieve1.pro and sieve2.pro

 shell is a sort of 50 integers using the Shell sort technique.

 database is a series of transactions against a small in-memory data structure
       that must sometimes grow or shrink as information is added, deleted or
       updated.

 sequence shows the *extra* (TURBO!) speed that kicks in when you take
       advantage of Euphoria's unique ability to process entire sequences of
       data in a single statement.

 When benchmarking Euphoria programs you should include the statement
 "without type_check" at the top of the main file. This gives permission
 to Euphoria to simplify or remove some runtime type checking.  An
 unexplained machine exception will still be impossible, and as always,
 subscript checking, uninitialized variable checking, integer overflow
 checking, stack overflow checking, and all other checks are still performed.
 Remove any "with trace" or "with profile" statements for benchmark runs.

 We gave QBasic the benefit of the doubt by declaring 16-bit integers,
 "DEFINT A-Z". Declaring 32-bit integers, "DEFLNG A-Z", slows things down
 significantly. Also, in some cases we used QBasic character-string operations
 to compare with the much more general Euphoria sequence operations.

 The Euphoria interpreter achieves its high speed while maintaining the
 ultimate in language flexibility and runtime safety.

 Comparison with Microsoft QBasic
 --------------------------------
 The measurements below were made on a Pentium II 350 MHz using
 Euphoria 2.2 DOS32 platform, running under Windows 98 in a full-screen
 DOS window.

                         QBasic         Euphoria     speed ratio
 scalar benchmarks:
   sieves per second ...........     498.44           6286.7         12.6
   sorts per second ............     783.81           9654.3         12.3
   transactions per second .....   23594            408000           17.3

 sequence benchmarks:
   initializations per second ..   11085            590299           53.3
   sequence-adds per second ....    6026            191893           31.8
   appends per second ..........   82474           7406976           89.8
   slices per second ...........   69167           2195182           31.7
   look-ups per second .........    5430            331694           61.1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

            Conclusions
            -----------
 Interpreted programming languages are enjoyable and productive to use
 due to their simplicity, ease-of-use, flexibility, runtime safety,
 debuggability etc. The only drawback is speed. Compiled languages like C/C++
 have dominated, despite the fact that they are harder to learn, harder to use,
 difficult to debug, cause mysterious crashes, and require you to compile and
 link after every small change. Programmers have put up with this inconvenient,
 often frustrating, low-productivity environment for essentially one reason:
 speed.

 With the introduction of Euphoria, programmers can now have the best of
 both worlds!

DATABASE.BAS
3527
DECLARE SUB purge ()
'$DYNAMIC

DEFINT A-Z

CONST BATCH = 200
CONST BENCHTIME = 15

TYPE rd
  pname AS STRING * 20
  amount AS DOUBLE
  code AS INTEGER
END TYPE

TYPE dbrec
  pname AS STRING * 20
  amount AS DOUBLE
END TYPE

DECLARE SUB dump ()
DECLARE SUB xupdate (datastream() AS rd)

DIM SHARED database(0) as dbrec
'backup array needed because REDIM wipes out your data
DIM SHARED database2(0) as dbrec

CONST INPUTSIZE = 30

REM update commands
CONST NEW = 1      ' add a new account
CONST UPDATE = 2   ' add/subtract from their account
CONST DELETE = 3   ' delete someone's account

DIM SHARED rawdata(INPUTSIZE) AS rd
DATA "George Bush", 1000, 1
DATA "Bill Clinton", 2000, 1
DATA "Brian Mulroney", 500, 1
DATA "Ross Perot", 10000, 1
DATA "Ross Perot", 0, 3
DATA "George Bush", -30.55, 2
DATA "Madonna", 2500, 1
DATA "Boris Yeltsin", 100, 1
DATA "Michael Jackson", 50, 1
DATA "Peter Mansbridge", 1200, 1
DATA "Bill Clinton", +500, 2
DATA "Rod Stewart", 3000, 1
DATA "Boris Yeltsin", 0, 3
DATA "Sharon Stone", 1500, 1
DATA "Clint Eastwood", 1900, 1
DATA "Madonna", 0, 3
DATA "Sally Jessy Raphael", 750, 1
DATA "Brian Mulroney", -400, 3
DATA "Richard Gere", 299, 1
DATA "Rod Stewart", 0, 3
DATA "Demi Moore", 350, 1
DATA "Bruce Willis", 480, 1
DATA "Sharon Stone", +900.50, 2
DATA "Arsenio Hall", 300, 1
DATA "David Letterman", 450, 1
DATA "Whoopi Goldberg", 1050, 1
DATA "Clint Eastwood", +2500, 2
DATA "Michael Jackson", -50, 2
DATA "Clint Eastwood", 0, 3
DATA "Jack Nicholson", 3000, 1

DIM SHARED size
size = 0  'current database size

FOR i = 0 TO INPUTSIZE - 1
    READ rawdata(i).pname
    READ rawdata(i).amount
    READ rawdata(i).code
NEXT i

PRINT "database benchmark ..."
cycles& = 0
t# = TIMER
WHILE TIMER < t# + BENCHTIME
    FOR b = 1 TO BATCH
    purge
    CALL xupdate(rawdata())
    NEXT b
    cycles& = cycles& + BATCH * INPUTSIZE
WEND
t# = TIMER - t#
PRINT USING "##### transactions per second"; cycles& / t#
dump

SYSTEM

SUB dump
REM used to verify that program works correctly
REM not part of timing loop
    FOR i = 0 TO size - 1
    PRINT database(i).pname, database(i).amount
    NEXT i
END SUB

SUB purge
REM empty the database - free all storage
    size = 0
    REDIM database(0)
    REDIM database2(0)
END SUB

SUB xupdate (datastream() AS rd)
    FOR i = 0 TO INPUTSIZE - 1
    transactioncode = datastream(i).code

    IF transactioncode = NEW THEN
        FOR j = 0 TO size - 1
        database2(j) = database(j)
        NEXT j
        size = size + 1
        REDIM database(size)
        FOR j = 0 TO size - 2
        database(j) = database2(j)
        NEXT j
        database(size - 1).pname = datastream(i).pname
        database(size - 1).amount = datastream(i).amount
        REDIM database2(size)

    ELSE
        REM look up name
        pname$ = datastream(i).pname
        FOR accountno = 0 TO size - 1
        IF pname$ = database(accountno).pname THEN
            EXIT FOR
        END IF
        NEXT accountno

        IF transactioncode = UPDATE THEN
        database(accountno).amount = database(accountno).amount + datastream(i).amount

        ELSE  'DELETE
        FOR j = 0 TO size - 1
            database2(j) = database(j)
        NEXT j
        size = size - 1
        REDIM database(size)
        j = 0
        FOR k = 0 TO accountno - 1
            database(j) = database2(k)
            j = j + 1
        NEXT k
        FOR k = accountno + 1 TO size
            database(j) = database2(k)
            j = j + 1
        NEXT k
        REDIM database2(size)
        END IF
    END IF
    NEXT i
END SUB

DATABASE.EX
2861
            -------------------------------
            -- database update benchmark --
            -------------------------------
without type_check -- makes no difference

-- output device
constant LOG = 1

constant BATCH = 200
constant BENCH_TIME = 15

-- data fields
constant NAME = 1,
     AMOUNT = 2,
     CODE = 3

-- update codes
constant NEW = 1,    -- add a new account
     UPDATE = 2, -- update an account
     DELETE = 3  -- delete an account

sequence raw_data
raw_data = {
{"George Bush", 1000, NEW},
{"Bill Clinton", 2000, NEW},
{"Jean Chretien", 500, NEW},
{"Ross Perot", 10000, NEW},
{"Ross Perot", 0, DELETE},
{"George Bush", -30.55, UPDATE},
{"Madonna", 2500, NEW},
{"Boris Yeltsin", 100, NEW},
{"Michael Jackson", 50, NEW},
{"Peter Mansbridge", 1200, NEW},
{"Bill Clinton", +500, UPDATE},
{"Rod Stewart", 3000, NEW},
{"Boris Yeltsin", 0, DELETE},
{"Sharon Stone", 1500, NEW},
{"Clint Eastwood", 1900, NEW},
{"Madonna", 0, DELETE },
{"Sally Jessy Raphael", 750, NEW},
{"Jean Chretien", -400, DELETE},
{"Richard Gere", 299, NEW},
{"Rod Stewart", 0, DELETE},
{"Demi Moore", 350, NEW},
{"Bruce Willis", 480, NEW},
{"Sharon Stone", +900.50, UPDATE},
{"Arsenio Hall", 300, NEW},
{"David Letterman", 450, NEW},
{"Whoopi Goldberg", 1050, NEW},
{"Clint Eastwood", +2500, UPDATE},
{"Michael Jackson", -50, UPDATE},
{"Clint Eastwood", 0, DELETE},
{"Jack Nicholson", 3000, NEW}
}

sequence database
database = {}

procedure dump()
-- used to verify that the program has worked correctly
-- not part of timing loop
    for i = 1 to length(database) do
    printf(LOG, "%20s: %8.2f\n", database[i])
    end for
end procedure

procedure purge()
-- empty the database - free all storage
    database = {}
end procedure

procedure update(sequence data_stream)
-- process a series of transactions
    integer account_no, action
    sequence record, pname

    for i = 1 to length(data_stream) do
    record = data_stream[i]
    action = record[CODE]

    if action = NEW then
        database = append(database, record[NAME..AMOUNT])

    else
        -- look up name
        pname = record[NAME]
        for j = 1 to length(database) do
        if equal(pname, database[j][NAME]) then
            account_no = j
            exit
        end if
        end for

        if action = UPDATE then
        database[account_no][AMOUNT] += record[AMOUNT]

        elsif action = DELETE then
        database = database[1..account_no-1] &
               database[account_no+1..length(database)]
        end if
    end if
    end for
end procedure

atom t, cycles

puts(1, "database update benchmark ...\n\n")
cycles = 0
t = time()
while time() < t + BENCH_TIME do
    for i = 1 to BATCH do
    purge()
    update(raw_data)
    end for
    cycles += BATCH * length(raw_data)
end while
t = time() - t
printf(1, "%d transactions per second\n\n", cycles / t)
dump()

FILESORT.EX
3401
    ----------------------------------------------------------
    -- file sort - a tutorial example of a Euphoria program --
    ----------------------------------------------------------

-- Alphabetically sorts the lines in a text file.
-- usage: ex filesort < source > dest

include sort.e  -- This pulls in the standard Euphoria generic sort routine. It
        -- will sort any type of data. e.g. sort({5, 1, 8, 9, 4}) or
        -- sort({1.5, 9, 0, -999.9e5}) or sort({"ABC", "FRED", "XX"})
        -- etc. see include\sort.e

constant TRUE = 1

procedure file_sort()  -- this is the main procedure
    sequence buffer,   -- these variables can be assigned sequence values
         sorted_buffer
    object line        -- this variable can be assigned *any* value, atom or
               -- sequence

    buffer = {}        -- initialize buffer to the empty sequence (0 lines)

    while TRUE do         -- "infinite loop"
    line = gets(0) -- read a line (sequence of chars) from standard input
    if atom(line) then -- gets(0) returns atom -1 on end of file
        exit       -- quit the while loop
    end if
    buffer = append(buffer, line) -- add the line to the buffer of lines
                      -- buffer is a sequence of sequences
                      -- where each (sub)sequence represents
    end while                         -- one line of text

    sorted_buffer = sort(buffer) -- call the sort routine, it will compare
                 -- the lines against each other
                 -- alphabetically and return a new, sorted
                 -- sequence of lines as a result

    for i = 1 to length(sorted_buffer) do
    puts(1, sorted_buffer[i]) -- write out the lines of text to
    end for                       -- the standard output
end procedure

file_sort() -- execution starts here

   -- What are the good points about this program?

-- 1. The sizes of data structures are not declared.
--    In most languages, such as C, you would have to declare a somewhat
--    arbitrary maximum size for line and for buffer, or you would have to set
--    up a complicated system of allocating storage using malloc and free.

-- 2. gets() does not require you to specify the maximum length of line
--    that can be read in. It will automatically create a sequence of
--    characters of the appropriate length to hold each incoming line.

-- 3. The sort routine is very simple. It takes a sequence as an argument,
--    and returns a sequence as a result. In C, you might set up a
--    complicated call to a quicksort routine, requiring you to pass in
--    a pointer to a compare function. You'd have to consult a manual to
--    figure out how to do this.

-- 4. You did not overspecify the loop counter, i, by declaring it
--    as a 16 or 32-bit integer. Its job is to count from 1 to the length
--    of the buffer - who cares how many bits should be allocated for it?

-- 5. Extended memory will automatically be used to let buffer grow
--    to a very large size. No 640K limit.

-- 6. The program executes with full runtime safety checking for bad
--    subscripts, uninitialized variables etc.

-- 7. You can edit the program and immediately rerun it, without fussing
--    with compiler options, linker options, makefiles etc.

-- 8. This program is FAST! It will easily outperform the MS-DOS sort command
--    (machine language) and can handle much larger files. [see bench.doc]


SEQUENCE.BAS
3043
REM QBasic Array (Sequence) Benchmarks

DEFINT A-Z  ' makes it faster, but integers are only 16-bits

CONST BENCHTIME = 15
CONST SIZE = 100
CONST INITBATCH = 2000
CONST ADDBATCH = 1000
CONST LOOKUPBATCH = 2000
CONST SLICEBATCH = 5
CONST CONCATBATCH = 5
CONST CONCATSIZE = 5000

DIM x(SIZE)
DIM y(SIZE)
DIM z(SIZE)
DIM states$(50)

PRINT
PRINT "                QBasic Array Benchmarks"
PRINT
PRINT "* Initializing a length -"; SIZE; "array ---> ";
cycles& = 0
t# = TIMER
WHILE TIMER < t# + BENCHTIME
    FOR j = 1 TO INITBATCH
    FOR k = 1 TO SIZE
        z(k) = 999
    NEXT k
    NEXT j
    cycles& = cycles& + INITBATCH
WEND
t# = TIMER - t#
n = cycles& / t#
PRINT n; " initializations per second"

PRINT
PRINT "* Adding two length -"; SIZE; "arrays ---> ";

FOR i = 1 TO SIZE
    x(i) = RND(1000)
    y(i) = RND(1000)
NEXT i

cycles& = 0
t# = TIMER
WHILE TIMER < t# + BENCHTIME
    FOR j = 1 TO ADDBATCH
    FOR k = 1 TO SIZE   ' one-at-a-time loop
        z(k) = x(k) + y(k)
    NEXT k
    NEXT j
    cycles& = cycles& + ADDBATCH
WEND
t# = TIMER - t#
n = cycles& / t#
PRINT n; " array-adds per second"

PRINT
PRINT "* String concatenation ---> ";

cycles& = 0
t# = TIMER
WHILE TIMER < t# + BENCHTIME
    FOR i = 1 to CONCATBATCH
    S$ = ""
    FOR j = 1 TO CONCATSIZE
        S$ = S$ + "*"
    NEXT j
    NEXT i
    x& = CONCATBATCH
    x& = x& * CONCATSIZE
    cycles& = cycles& + x&
WEND
t# = TIMER - t#
n# = cycles& / t#
PRINT n#; " concatenations per second"

PRINT
PRINT "* Substring selection ---> ";

cycles& = 0
t# = TIMER
WHILE TIMER < t# + BENCHTIME
    FOR i = 1 to SLICEBATCH
    partial$ = s$
    WHILE LEN(partial$) >= 2
        partial$ = MID$(partial$, 2, LEN(partial$)-2)
    WEND
    NEXT i
    x& = SLICEBATCH
    x& = x& * LEN(s$) / 2
    cycles& = cycles& + x&
WEND
t# = TIMER - t#
n# = cycles& / t#
PRINT n#; " substrings per second"

DATA "Kentucky", "Alabama", "California", "Washington", "Ohio", "Texas"
DATA "Nevada", "Florida", "Wyoming", "New York", "Maine", "Massachusetts"
DATA "North Carolina", "South Carolina", "North Dakota", "South Dakota"
DATA "Mississippi", "Arizona", "Hawaii", "Alaska", "Oregon", "Michigan"
DATA "Illinois", "Pennsylvania", "Kansas", "Virginia", "New Mexico"
DATA "Rhode Island", "New Hampshire", "Delaware", "Tennessee", "Colorado"
DATA "Wisconsin", "Vermont", "Indiana", "Maryland", "Connecticut", "Louisiana"
DATA "Missouri", "Minnesota", "Iowa", "Idaho", "Arkansas", "Montana"
DATA "Nebraska", "Georgia", "West Virginia", "Utah", "New Jersey", "Oklahoma"

FOR i = 1 TO 50
    READ states$(i)
NEXT i

PRINT
PRINT "* Name look-up ---> ";
cycles& = 0
t# = TIMER
WHILE TIMER < t# + BENCHTIME
    FOR j = 1 TO LOOKUPBATCH
    FOR k = 1 TO 50
        IF states$(k) = "Oklahoma" THEN
        EXIT FOR
        END IF
    NEXT k
    IF k <> 50 THEN
        PRINT "whoops!"
    END IF
    NEXT j
    cycles& = cycles& + LOOKUPBATCH
WEND
t# = TIMER - t#
n = cycles& / t#
PRINT n; " look-ups per second"

SYSTEM


SEQUENCE.EX
3277
-- Sequence Operations Benchmarks

without type_check

constant BENCH_TIME = 15   -- run for at least this many seconds
constant SIZE = 100        -- sequence size for init, add

-- We check the time after performing each "batch". The overhead of checking
-- the time should be negligible. However we should check often enough so
-- a very slow machine running QBasic does not take too long to perform a
-- single batch.
constant INIT_BATCH = 2000
constant ADD_BATCH = 1000
constant LOOKUP_BATCH = 2000
constant SLICE_BATCH = 5
constant CONCAT_BATCH = 5

constant CONCAT_SIZE = 5000
constant SCREEN = 1

atom t, cycles

puts(SCREEN, "\n\t\tEuphoria Sequence Benchmarks\n")

sequence x, y, z

printf(SCREEN, "\n* Initializing a length-%d sequence ---> ", SIZE)
cycles = 0
t = time()
while time() < t + BENCH_TIME do
    for j = 1 to INIT_BATCH do
    z = repeat(999, SIZE)
    end for
    cycles += INIT_BATCH
end while
t = time() - t
printf(SCREEN, "%d initializations per second\n", cycles / t)


printf(SCREEN, "\n* Adding two length-%d sequences ---> ", SIZE)

x = rand(repeat(999, SIZE))
y = rand(repeat(999, SIZE))

cycles = 0
t = time()
while time() < t + BENCH_TIME do
    for j = 1 to ADD_BATCH do
    z = x + y   -- add two sequences
    end for
    cycles += ADD_BATCH
end while
t = time() - t
printf(SCREEN, "%5d sequence-adds per second\n", cycles / t)

puts(SCREEN, "\n* Appending to a sequence ---> ")
sequence s
cycles = 0
t = time()
while time() < t + BENCH_TIME do
    for j = 1 to CONCAT_BATCH do
    s = ""
    for k = 1 to CONCAT_SIZE do
        s = append(s, '*')
    end for
    end for
    cycles += CONCAT_BATCH * CONCAT_SIZE
end while
t = time() - t
printf(SCREEN, "%d appends per second\n", cycles / t)


puts(SCREEN, "\n* Slicing a sequence ---> ")
sequence partial
cycles = 0
t = time()
while time() < t + BENCH_TIME do
    for j = 1 to SLICE_BATCH do
    partial = s
    while length(partial) >= 2 do
        -- delete an element from each end
        partial = partial[2..length(partial)-1]
    end while
    end for
    cycles += SLICE_BATCH * length(s) / 2
end while
t = time() - t
printf(SCREEN, "%d slices per second\n", cycles / t)


puts(SCREEN, "\n* Name look-up ---> ")

sequence states
states = {
  "Kentucky", "Alabama", "California", "Washington", "Ohio", "Texas",
  "Nevada", "Florida", "Wyoming", "New York", "Maine", "Massachusetts",
  "North Carolina", "South Carolina", "North Dakota", "South Dakota",
  "Mississippi", "Arizona", "Hawaii", "Alaska", "Oregon", "Michigan",
  "Illinois", "Pennsylvania", "Kansas", "Virginia", "New Mexico",
  "Rhode Island", "New Hampshire", "Delaware", "Tennessee", "Colorado",
  "Wisconsin", "Vermont", "Indiana", "Maryland", "Connecticut", "Louisiana",
  "Missouri", "Minnesota", "Iowa", "Idaho", "Arkansas", "Montana",
  "Nebraska", "Georgia", "West Virginia", "Utah", "New Jersey",  "Oklahoma"
}

cycles = 0
t = time()
while time() < t + BENCH_TIME do
    for i = 1 to LOOKUP_BATCH do
    if find("Oklahoma", states) != 50 then
        puts(SCREEN, "whoops!\n")
    end if
    end for
    cycles += LOOKUP_BATCH
end while
t = time() - t
printf(SCREEN, "%d look-ups per second\n", cycles / t)

without warning

SHELL.BAS
1341
DECLARE SUB sort ()

DEFINT A-Z

CONST BATCH = 100
CONST BENCHTIME = 15
CONST NITEMS = 50
DIM SHARED xlist(NITEMS), slist(NITEMS)

DATA 9, 34, 14, 18, 33, 46, 11, 13, 7, 26, 22, 10, 36, 40, 2, 28, 32, 1
DATA 23, 31, 43, 5, 24, 42, 45, 50, 16, 3, 47, 39, 21, 49, 41, 6, 19, 30
DATA 20, 35, 44, 38, 25, 15, 27, 17, 8, 4, 29, 37, 48, 12

FOR i = 1 TO NITEMS
    READ xlist(i)
NEXT i

PRINT "shell sort benchmark ..."

cycles& = 0
t# = TIMER
WHILE TIMER < t# + BENCHTIME
    FOR b = 1 TO BATCH
        REM must preserve the original array
        FOR x = 1 TO NITEMS
        slist(x) = xlist(x)
        NEXT x
        sort
    NEXT b
    cycles& = cycles& + BATCH
WEND
t# = TIMER - t#
PRINT USING "######.## sorts per second"; cycles& / t#

FOR i = 1 TO NITEMS
    PRINT slist(i),
NEXT i

SYSTEM

SUB sort
REM put slist into ascending order
REM using a shell sort

    gap = INT(NITEMS / 4) + 1
    DO
    FOR i = gap + 1 TO NITEMS
        tempi = slist(i)
        j = i - gap
        DO
        tempj = slist(j)
        IF tempi >= tempj THEN
            j = j + gap
            EXIT DO
        END IF
        slist(j + gap) = tempj
        IF j <= gap THEN
            EXIT DO
        END IF
        j = j - gap
        LOOP
        slist(j) = tempi
    NEXT i
    IF gap = 1 THEN
        EXIT SUB
    ELSE
        gap = INT(gap / 4) + 1
    END IF
    LOOP
END SUB

SHELL.EX
1379
            --------------------------
            -- Shell sort Benchmark --
            --------------------------
without type_check -- makes no difference

constant BATCH = 100
constant BENCH_TIME = 15
constant TRUE = 1

sequence list, slist

list = {9, 34, 14, 18, 33, 46, 11, 13, 7, 26, 22, 10, 36, 40, 2, 28, 32, 1,
    23, 31, 43, 5, 24, 42, 45, 50, 16, 3, 47, 39, 21, 49, 41, 6, 19, 30,
    20, 35, 44, 38, 25, 15, 27, 17, 8, 4, 29, 37, 48, 12}

function shell_sort(sequence x)
-- Shell sort
-- will sort any sequence of integers
    integer gap, j
    integer first, last
    integer tempi, tempj

    last = length(x)
    gap = floor(last / 4) + 1
    while TRUE do
    first = gap + 1
    for i = first to last do
        tempi = x[i]
        j = i - gap
        while TRUE do
        tempj = x[j]
        if tempi >= tempj then
            j += gap
            exit
        end if
        x[j+gap] = tempj
        if j <= gap then
            exit
        end if
        j -= gap
        end while
        x[j] = tempi
    end for
    if gap = 1 then
        return x
    else
        gap = floor(gap / 4) + 1
    end if
    end while
end function

atom t, cycles

puts(1, "shell sort benchmark ...\n")
cycles = 0
t = time()
while time() < t + BENCH_TIME do
    for i = 1 to BATCH do
    slist = shell_sort(list)
    end for
    cycles += BATCH
end while
t = time() - t
printf(1, "%6.1f sorts per second\n", cycles / t)
? slist

SIEVE.BAS
1014
' PRIME SIEVE BENCHMARK

DEFINT A-Z  'only 16-bit integers - runs faster than DEFLNG A-Z

DECLARE FUNCTION sieve()

'Constants
CONST BATCH = 50
CONST BENCHTIME = 15

CONST TRUE = -1
CONST FALSE = NOT TRUE
CONST SIZE = 500

'Global Variables
DIM SHARED flags(SIZE)

PRINT "prime sieve benchmark ..."

cycles& = 0
t# = TIMER
WHILE TIMER < t# + BENCHTIME
    FOR b = 1 TO BATCH
    IF sieve <> 167 THEN
        PRINT "whoops"
    END IF
    NEXT b
    cycles& = cycles& + BATCH
WEND
t# = TIMER - t#
PRINT USING "###.## sieves per second"; cycles& / t#

'Display results
PRINT "   2";
FOR b = 1 TO SIZE
    IF flags(b) THEN
    PRINT USING "####"; b*2+1;
    END IF
NEXT b

SYSTEM

FUNCTION sieve
    count = 0
    FOR f = 1 TO SIZE
    flags(f) = TRUE
    NEXT f
    FOR i = 1 TO SIZE
    IF flags(i) THEN
        prime = 2 * i + 1
        FOR k = i + prime TO SIZE STEP prime
        flags(k) = FALSE
        NEXT k
        count = count + 1
    END IF
    NEXT i
    sieve = count
END FUNCTION

SIEVE.EX
1300
           ---------------------------
           -- Prime Sieve Benchmark --
           ---------------------------
-- with profile
-- with profile_time -- (DOS only)

without type_check -- makes no difference

constant BATCH = 50
constant BENCH_TIME = 15

constant SIZE = 500  -- finds primes up to SIZE*2+1
             -- (only tests odd numbers)
constant ON = 1, OFF = 0
constant SCREEN = 1

sequence flags

atom t, cycles

function sieve()
    integer prime, start, count, still_prime

    count = 0
    flags = repeat(ON, SIZE)
    for i = 1 to SIZE do
    still_prime = flags[i]
    if still_prime then
        prime = 2 * i
        prime += 1
        start = prime + i
        for k = start to SIZE by prime do
        flags[k] = OFF
        end for
        count += 1
    end if
    end for
    return count
end function

puts(SCREEN, "prime sieve benchmark ...\n")
cycles = 0
t = time()
while time() < t + BENCH_TIME do
    for iter = 1 to BATCH do
    if sieve() != 167 then
        puts(SCREEN, "whoops!\n")
    end if
    end for
    cycles += BATCH
end while
t = time() - t
printf(SCREEN, "%6.1f sieves per second\n", cycles / t)

-- display results
puts(SCREEN, "   2") -- 2 is also a prime
for i = 1 to SIZE do
    if flags[i] then
    printf(SCREEN, " %3d", i*2+1)
    end if
end for

SIEVE1.PRO
1808
-- Execution-count profile.
-- Left margin shows the exact number of times that
-- the statement(s) on that line were executed.

       |-- with profile_time (DOS only)
       |
       |without type_check -- makes no difference
       |
       |constant BATCH = 50
       |constant BENCH_TIME = 0.00001 -- just do one BATCH --15
       |
       |constant SIZE = 500  -- finds primes up to SIZE*2+1
       |             -- (only tests odd numbers)
       |constant ON = 1, OFF = 0
       |constant SCREEN = 1
       |
       |sequence flags
       |
       |atom t, cycles
       |
       |function sieve()
       |    integer prime, start, count, still_prime
       |
    50 |    count = 0
    50 |    flags = repeat(ON, SIZE)
    50 |    for i = 1 to SIZE do
 25000 |    still_prime = flags[i]
 25000 |    if still_prime then
  8350 |        prime = 2 * i
  8350 |        prime += 1
  8350 |        start = prime + i
  8350 |        for k = start to SIZE by prime do
 35200 |        flags[k] = OFF
 35200 |        end for
  8350 |        count += 1
       |    end if
 25000 |    end for
    50 |    return count
       |end function
       |
     1 |puts(SCREEN, "prime sieve benchmark ...\n")
     1 |cycles = 0
     1 |t = time()
     1 |while time() < t + BENCH_TIME do
     1 |    for iter = 1 to BATCH do
    50 |    if sieve() != 167 then
       |        puts(SCREEN, "whoops!\n")
       |    end if
    50 |    end for
     1 |    cycles += BATCH
     1 |end while
     1 |t = time() - t
     1 |printf(SCREEN, "%6.1f sieves per second\n", cycles / t)
       |
       |-- display results
     1 |puts(SCREEN, "   2") -- 2 is also a prime
     1 |for i = 1 to SIZE do
   500 |    if flags[i] then
   167 |    printf(SCREEN, " %3d", i*2+1)
       |    end if
   500 |end for
       |

SIEVE2.PRO
1796
-- Time profile based on 10003 samples.
-- Left margin shows the percentage of total execution time
-- consumed by the statement(s) on that line.

       |
       |without type_check -- makes no difference
       |
       |constant BATCH = 50
       |constant BENCH_TIME = 100 -- do a long run for better results --15
       |
       |constant SIZE = 500  -- finds primes up to SIZE*2+1
       |             -- (only tests odd numbers)
       |constant ON = 1, OFF = 0
       |constant SCREEN = 1
       |
       |sequence flags
       |
       |atom t, cycles
       |
       |function sieve()
       |    integer prime, start, count, still_prime
       |
       |    count = 0
  4.79 |    flags = repeat(ON, SIZE)
  0.04 |    for i = 1 to SIZE do
 13.24 |    still_prime = flags[i]
  8.39 |    if still_prime then
  2.91 |        prime = 2 * i
  4.95 |        prime += 1
  8.16 |        start = prime + i
 11.63 |        for k = start to SIZE by prime do
 16.61 |        flags[k] = OFF
 16.44 |        end for
  1.10 |        count += 1
       |    end if
 11.49 |    end for
  0.15 |    return count
       |end function
       |
       |puts(SCREEN, "prime sieve benchmark ...\n")
       |cycles = 0
       |t = time()
       |while time() < t + BENCH_TIME do
       |    for iter = 1 to BATCH do
  0.09 |    if sieve() != 167 then
       |        puts(SCREEN, "whoops!\n")
       |    end if
  0.01 |    end for
       |    cycles += BATCH
       |end while
       |t = time() - t
       |printf(SCREEN, "%6.1f sieves per second\n", cycles / t)
       |
       |-- display results
       |puts(SCREEN, "   2") -- 2 is also a prime
       |for i = 1 to SIZE do
       |    if flags[i] then
  0.03 |    printf(SCREEN, " %3d", i*2+1)
       |    end if
       |end for
       |

BUZZ.EX
2370
    -- Buzzword Generator
    -- Add your own phrases!

-- How it Works:
-- buzz has lists of parts of sentences that it matches up at random.
-- It will always make a grammatically correct sentence.

constant leadins = {
"Unfortunately",
"In the final analysis,",
"For all intents and purposes",
"We may definitely conclude that",
"Leading industry analysts agree that",
"Therefore",
"Without a doubt",
"According to the National Enquirer,",
"It is rumoured that"
}

constant subjects = {
"the Asian economic crisis",
"the Year 2000 Problem",
"Bill Clinton",
"shareware",
"the North American Free Trade Deal",
"C++",
"IBM",
"multimedia PCs",
"local bus video",
"fax modems",
"Euphoria",
"Rapid Deployment Software",
"Bill Gates",
"Microsoft",
"the Pentium processor",
"pen-based computing",
"the promised land of 21st century computing",
"RISC machines",
"object-oriented technology",
"case tools",
"Windows",
"lap top computers",
"notebook computers",
"the World Wide Web",
"the Information Super Highway"
}

constant verbs = {
"will no longer support",
"can save",
"will nibble away at the installed base of",
"will be the downfall of",
"will lead the way to",
"will be like a cancerous growth in",
"will destroy",
"will make a mockery of",
"will not be compatible with",
"will be a great embarrassment to"
}

function buzz(integer n)
-- generate a paragraph containing n sentences of pure nonsense
    sequence paragraph

    paragraph = ""
    for i = 1 to n do
    paragraph &= leadins [rand(length(leadins))]  & " " &
             subjects[rand(length(subjects))] & " " &
             verbs   [rand(length(verbs))]    & " " &
             subjects[rand(length(subjects))] & ". "
    end for
    return paragraph
end function

procedure display(sequence paragraph)
-- neatly display a paragraph
    integer column
    sequence line

    column = 1
    line = ""
    for i = 1 to length(paragraph) do
    line &= paragraph[i]  -- faster to print a whole line at a time
    column += 1
    if column > 65 and (paragraph[i] = ' ' or paragraph[i] = '-') then
        puts(1, line & '\n')
        column = 1
        line = ""
    end if
    end for
    puts(1, line & '\n')
end procedure

puts(1, "\n\t\tComputer Industry Forecast\n")
puts(1, "\t\t--------------------------\n\n")
display(buzz(8))
puts(1, "\n\n")

CSORT.EX
1393
-- Demo of custom_sort(), routine_id()
-- The Euphoria custom_sort routine is passed the routine id
-- of the comparison function to be used when sorting.

include sort.e  -- contains custom_sort()

constant NAME = 1,
     POPULATION = 2

constant statistics = {
    {"Canada", 27.4},
    {"United States", 255.6},
    {"Brazil", 150.8},
    {"Denmark", 5.2},
    {"Sweden", 8.7},
    {"France", 56.9},
    {"Germany", 80.6},
    {"Netherlands", 15.2},
    {"Italy", 58.0},
    {"New Zealand", 3.4}
}

function compare_name(sequence a, sequence b)
-- Compare two sequences (records) according to NAME.
    return compare(a[NAME], b[NAME])
end function

function compare_pop(sequence a, sequence b)
-- Compare two sequences (records) according to POPULATION.
-- Note: comparing b vs. a, rather than a vs. b, makes
-- the bigger population come first.
    return compare(b[POPULATION], a[POPULATION])
end function

sequence sorted_by_pop, sorted_by_name
integer by_pop, by_name

by_pop  = routine_id("compare_pop")
by_name = routine_id("compare_name")

sorted_by_pop = custom_sort(by_pop, statistics)
sorted_by_name = custom_sort(by_name, statistics)

puts(1, "sorted by population\t\t  sorted by name\n\n")
for i = 1 to length(sorted_by_pop) do
    printf(1, "%13s %6.1f\t\t%13s %6.1f\n",
       sorted_by_pop[i] & sorted_by_name[i])
end for

DEMO.DOC
3533

        DEMO Programs Written in Euphoria
        ---------------------------------

 This directory contains a number of example programs written in Euphoria.
 These programs are being contributed to the Public Domain by Rapid Deployment
 Software. You are encouraged to modify and redistribute any of these programs.

 Programs in the DOS32 subdirectory will only run using ex.exe. Programs
 in the WIN32 subdirectory will only run using exw.exe. Programs in the
 Linux subdirectory will only using exu. All other demo programs
 can be run with any interpreter. You will have either DOS32 and WIN32
 subdirectories, or a Linux subdirectory depending on which distribution
 of Euphoria you have downloaded.

 Be sure that you have restarted your computer after installing Euphoria.
 AUTOEXEC.BAT will add EUPHORIA\BIN to your PATH and make ex.exe and exw.exe
 usable from any directory on your machine, including this DEMO directory.

 To run a program type 'ex', 'exw' or 'exu' followed by the file name. e.g.

      ex buzz

      exw buzz.ex

      exu buzz.ex

 If the file type is .ex, you can try to run it with exw or exu, but you must
 explicitly type the ".ex" part.

 If you have associated .ex files with ex.exe, and .exw files with exw.exe
 you can simply double-click to run any file. However, many programs expect
 to be run from the command line and they will terminate immediately after
 displaying something.

 You can view and modify these programs using any editor, but we recommend
 using the Euphoria editor, ed, so you can get color syntax highlighting.

 See also the tutorial directory for some very simple programs.

 NAME      DESCRIPTION
 ----      -----------

 allsorts.ex - comparison of different sorting algorithms

 animal.ex - guess the animal game. It learns as you play.

 buzz.ex   - "buzzword" generator - Try adding your own phrases.

 csort.ex    - an example of calling custom_sort() with a routine id

 hash.ex   - counts the frequency of words in standard input by building a
             hash table (compare with tree.ex below).
             Example:

                   ex hash < demo.doc

             Then view the hash.out file.

 mydata.ex - a simple database program

 queens.ex - solves the N queens problem - how to place N queens on an NxN
         chess board so they do not attack each other

 sanity.ex - this program tests hundreds of features of Euphoria, in a quick,
         self-test. If this program reports "PASSED" then Euphoria is
         working on your machine. If not, there may be something wrong.
             You can run "ex sanity" or "exw sanity.ex"

 tree.ex   - counts the frequency of words in standard input by building a
             binary tree (compare with hash.ex above).
             Example:

                 ex tree < demo.doc

 bench directory   - contains benchmark programs for comparing Euphoria
             against QBasic.

 langwar directory - contains a real-time star wars type game
                   - runs with ex

 win32 directory   - programs that require exw.exe

 dos32 directory   - programs that require ex.exe

 linux directory   - programs that require exu

  --------------------------------------------------------------
  -- See the source files themselves for more details.        --
  -- You can view them with:   ed filename.ex                 --
  --------------------------------------------------------------

BITMAP.EX
1712
-- bitmap displayer
-- usage: ex bitmap file[.bmp]
--
-- example:  ex bitmap c:\windows\forest
--
-- It tries to use mode 261 for 256-color bitmaps and
-- mode 18 for 16-color or less. If you can't get into mode 261
-- try mode 19, or see graphics.e

without type_check
include image.e

constant ERR = 2

sequence cl
object bitmap
integer xlen, ylen
sequence image, Palette, vc

cl = command_line()
if length(cl) < 3 then
    puts(ERR, "usage: ex bitmap file.bmp\n")
    abort(1)
end if
if not find('.', cl[3]) then
    cl[3] &= ".bmp"
end if

bitmap = read_bitmap(cl[3])

if atom(bitmap) then
    -- failure
    if bitmap = BMP_OPEN_FAILED then
    puts(ERR, cl[3] & ": " & "couldn't open\n")
    elsif bitmap = BMP_UNEXPECTED_EOF then
    puts(ERR, cl[3] & ": " & "unexpected end of file\n")
    else
    puts(ERR, cl[3] & ": " & "unsupported format\n")
    end if
    abort(1)
end if

Palette = bitmap[1]
image = bitmap[2]

integer mode, xstart

if length(Palette) > 16 then
    mode = 261  -- do you have this mode?
else
    mode = 18   -- almost everyone has this one
end if
if graphics_mode(mode) then
    puts(ERR, "bad graphics mode\n")
    abort(1)
end if

all_palette(Palette/4)  -- set the whole palette

display_image({0,0}, image) -- always display first one

vc = video_config()

-- display others if there's room:
xlen = length(image[1])
ylen = length(image)
xstart = xlen+1
for y = 0 to vc[VC_YPIXELS]-floor(ylen/2) by ylen+1 do
    for x = xstart to vc[VC_XPIXELS]-floor(xlen/2) by xlen+1 do
    display_image({x,y}, image)
    end for
    xstart = 0
end for

while get_key() = -1 do
end while
if graphics_mode(-1) then
end if

CALLMACH.EX
2099
        -- Example of calling a machine code
        -- routine from Euphoria

include machine.e
include graphics.e

sequence vc
vc = video_config()

atom screen
if vc[VC_COLOR] then
    screen = #B8000 -- color
else
    screen = #B0000 -- mono
end if

sequence string_copy_code, string
atom code_space, string_space, screen_location

clear_screen()

string = {'E', BRIGHT_BLUE, 'u', BRIGHT_GREEN, 'p', BRIGHT_CYAN,
      'h', BRIGHT_RED, 'o', BRIGHT_MAGENTA, 'r', YELLOW,
      'i', BRIGHT_WHITE, 'a', GREEN, '!', BROWN+128}

string_space = allocate(length(string)+1)
screen_location = screen + 11*80*2 + 64 -- 11 lines down

        -- String Copy machine code:
        -- (will move at least one char)
string_copy_code =
      {#50,                            -- push eax
       #53,                            -- push ebx
       #52,                            -- push edx
       #B8} &                          -- mov eax,
       int_to_bytes(string_space) &    -- string address (source)
      {#BA} &                          -- mov edx,
       int_to_bytes(screen_location) & -- screen address (destination)
      {#8A, #18,                       -- L1: mov bl, [eax]
       #40,                            -- inc eax
       #88, #1A,                       -- mov [edx],bl
       #83, #C2, #01,                  -- add edx, #1
       #80, #38, #00,                  -- cmp byte ptr [eax], #00
       #75, #F3,                       -- jne L1
       #5A,                            -- pop edx
       #5B,                            -- pop ebx
       #58,                            -- pop eax
       #C3}                            -- ret

-- poke in the machine code:
code_space = allocate(length(string_copy_code))
poke(code_space, string_copy_code)

-- poke in the string:
poke(string_space, string & 0)

puts(1, "\n  calling machine code routine ... ")

-- call the machine code:
call(code_space) -- copies string to screen

-- these would be freed anyway when the program ends:
free(code_space)
free(string_space)

puts(1, "success\n")


DOS32.DOC
2570

        DEMO Programs for the DOS32 Platform
        ------------------------------------

 Run each program using ex.exe.

 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Note! If you have trouble running any of the graphics oriented programs, try
 changing the line that says:
    constant GRAPHICS_MODE = 261  -- SVGA
 to:
    constant GRAPHICS_MODE = 18   -- VGA
 This will provide VGA resolution, and shouldn't cause any problems.
 See include\graphics.e for other possible graphics modes. You should also
 run under DOS or in a full-screen DOS window under Windows. (Press Alt-Enter)

 Users of ATI and some other cards, may have to add the following
 two statements at the top of the .ex file:
      include machine.e
      use_vesa(1)
 This will force the use of the VESA graphics standard for SVGA modes.
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 bitmap.ex - displays bitmap (.BMP) pictures

 callmach.ex - an example of calling machine code from Euphoria

 dosint.ex - some examples of calling DOS system interrupt routines

 hardint.ex - a hardware interrupt handler

 mouse.ex  - simple demo of get_mouse() built-in function
       - you need DOS mouse support for this

 mset.ex   - Mandelbrot Set (fractal) generator
       - Press Enter to stop the display and change all the colors
           - Press Enter again to choose a region of the M-set to zoom in on
       - use the arrow keys to select a box to enlarge, or type 'q'
         to quit
       - your picture is saved in a .BMP file (suitable for wallpaper!)
        - it takes a few minutes as hundreds of floating-point calculations
          are performed *per pixel*.

 plot3d.ex - 3-D surface plotting of functions
       - add in your own function of x and y, and see it plotted
       - Press Enter to move on to the next sample function

 polygon.ex - displays interesting polygon patterns
        - hit space bar to see a new pattern

 sb.ex      - bouncing balls screen blank program

 stereo.ex - make a random dot stereo picture:
        - reads "picture" file by default

 ttt.ex  - 3-dimensional tic tac toe
         - try to get 4 in a row, on any plane or 1 per plane
         - play against "DEFENDO" or "AGGRESSO" or a human, or
       watch the AGGRESSO and DEFENDO algorithms slug it out
     - you need DOS mouse support for a human to play

 wire.ex - 3-D wire frame demo of the big 'E' in Euphoria
     - hit space bar to freeze/restart the display
     - Enter to quit


DOSINT.EX
1539
    -- DOS Interrupt examples

include machine.e

constant SCREEN = 1, ERR = 2

    -- Example 1: Get DOS version number

sequence reg_list -- list of register values

reg_list = repeat(0, 10)
reg_list[REG_AX] = #3000   -- function: AH = #30 ==> Get MS-DOS Version Number

reg_list = dos_interrupt(#21, reg_list) -- Call DOS interrupt #21

if and_bits(reg_list[REG_FLAGS], 1) then
    puts(ERR, "Problem with Get DOS version interrupt\n")
end if
printf(SCREEN, "DOS Version: %d.%d\n", {remainder(reg_list[REG_AX], #100),
                       floor(reg_list[REG_AX] / #100)})


    -- Example 2: Get name of current directory
    -- Note: Euphoria has a library routine for this. See current_dir().

integer low_buff, p  -- low memory addresses (integer ok)
sequence dir_name

low_buff = allocate_low(100)  -- space in low memory to hold directory name

reg_list = repeat(0, 10)
reg_list[REG_AX] = #4700                   -- function: AH = #47
reg_list[REG_DX] = 0                       -- select current drive
reg_list[REG_DS] = floor(low_buff / 16)    -- address - paragraph number
reg_list[REG_SI] = remainder(low_buff, 16) -- address - offset

reg_list = dos_interrupt(#21, reg_list)    -- Call DOS interrupt #21

if and_bits(reg_list[REG_FLAGS], 1) != 0 then
    puts(2, "Couldn't get name of current directory!\n")
end if

dir_name = "\\"
p = low_buff
while peek(p) != 0 do
    dir_name &= peek(p)
    p += 1
end while

free_low(low_buff)

puts(SCREEN, "Current Directory: " & dir_name & '\n')

HARDINT.EX
3868
    -- hardware interrupt handler example

include machine.e

atom handlerA_address, handlerB_address
sequence usual_address
atom code_segment

-- record the values of the data segment and code segment
atom segment, clock_ticks
segment = allocate(4)
lock_memory(segment, 4)

clock_ticks = allocate(4)
lock_memory(clock_ticks, 4)

sequence save_segment_code
save_segment_code = {
    #53,   -- push ebx
    #0E,   -- push cs   or #1E push ds -- only a 16-bit value
    #5B,   -- pop ebx
    #89, #1D} & int_to_bytes(segment) & -- mov segment, ebx
    {#5B,   -- pop ebx
    #C3    -- ret
}
-- note: there's no "pop cs" instruction

atom save_segment
save_segment = allocate(length(save_segment_code))
poke(save_segment, save_segment_code)
call(save_segment) -- save code segment

-- N.B. Only read the low order two bytes! - See data segment below
code_segment = peek(segment) + 256 * peek(segment+1)

poke(save_segment+1, #1E)
call(save_segment) -- save data segment

-- Here's one type of interrupt handler:
-- Handler A just returns from the interrupt
-- after incrementing clock_ticks.

sequence handlerA_code
handlerA_code = {
    #1E,       -- push ds
    #60,       -- pushad

    -- restore our data segment value:
    #BB} &

    -- N.B. Only read low-order 2 bytes of segment.
    peek({segment, 2}) & {0,0} & -- mov ebx, data segment value

   {#53,       -- push ebx
    #1F        -- pop ds
    } & {#FF, #05} & int_to_bytes(clock_ticks) &  -- inc clock_ticks
    {
    -- acknowledge the interrupt (might not be necessary?)
    #BA,#20,0,0,0,   -- mov edx, 20 -- port number
    #B0,#20,         -- mov al, value to send to port
    #EE,             -- out dx, al

    #61,       -- popad
    #1F,       -- pop ds
    #CF        -- iretd  -- return from interrupt
}

-- Here's another type of interrupt handler:

-- Handler B jumps to the usual clock tick interrupt handler after
-- incrementing clock_ticks

sequence handlerB_code
handlerB_code = {
    #1E,        -- push ds
    #60,        -- pushad

    -- restore our data segment value:
    #BB} & peek({segment, 2}) & {0,0} & -- mov ebx, data segment value
   {#53,    -- push ebx
    #1F,    -- pop ds

    #FF, #05} & int_to_bytes(clock_ticks) &  -- inc clock_ticks

   {#61,        -- popad  -- make things the same as when we were called
    #1F,        -- popds

    #EA,        -- jmp to the usual interrupt handler
    #00,        -- 6-byte segment and offset to be filled in later
    #00,
    #00,
    #00,
    #00,
    #00
}

handlerA_address = allocate(length(handlerA_code))

poke(handlerA_address, handlerA_code)

usual_address = get_vector(#1C) -- clock tick

handlerB_address = allocate(length(handlerB_code))

--plug in far address of usual handler:
handlerB_code[length(handlerB_code)-5..
          length(handlerB_code)] =
          int_to_bytes(usual_address[2]) &
          remainder(usual_address[1], 256) & floor(usual_address[1] / 256)

poke(handlerB_address, handlerB_code)

lock_memory(handlerA_address, length(handlerA_code))
lock_memory(handlerB_address, length(handlerB_code))

atom t
constant WAIT = 5

-- Handler A
poke4(clock_ticks, 0)
set_vector(#1C, {code_segment, handlerA_address})
t = time()
printf(1, "Handler A installed. wait %d seconds ...\n", WAIT)
while time() < t + WAIT do
end while
set_vector(#1C, usual_address)

printf(1, "Number of clock interrupts: %d\n", peek4u(clock_ticks))

-- Handler B
poke4(clock_ticks, 0)
set_vector(#1C, {code_segment, handlerB_address})
t = time()
printf(1, "Handler B installed. wait %d seconds ...\n", WAIT)
while time() < t + WAIT do
end while
set_vector(#1C, usual_address)

printf(1, "Number of clock interrupts: %d\n", peek4u(clock_ticks))

MOUSE.EX
2345
        ----------------
        -- mouse test --
        ----------------
-- This is a very simple program to demonstrate the get_mouse() built-in
-- function. No call is made to mouse_events(), so by default all events are
-- reported by get_mouse().

include mouse.e
include graphics.e

sequence vc
vc = video_config()
if graphics_mode(17 + vc[VC_COLOR]) then -- 640x480 (16 colors)
    puts(1, "Can't get good graphics mode\n")
    abort(1)
end if
vc = video_config()
constant origin = {vc[VC_XPIXELS]/2, vc[VC_YPIXELS]/2}
constant MAX_LINE = 5

procedure beep(integer pitch)
    atom t
    sound(pitch)
    t = time()
    while time() < t+0.07 do
    end while
    sound(0)
end procedure

procedure try_mouse()
    integer color, line, eventNo
    object event
    sequence movement, str

    color = 14
    eventNo = 0
    line = 1
    while 1 do
    event = get_mouse()
    if sequence(event) then
        eventNo += 1
        movement = "- -- -- --"

        if and_bits(event[1], MOVE) then
        movement[1] = 'M'
        mouse_pointer(0)
        draw_line(color, {origin, {event[2], event[3]}})
        mouse_pointer(1)
        end if

        if and_bits(event[1], LEFT_DOWN) then
        movement[3] = 'D'
        beep(500)
        color += 1
        if color > 15 then
            color = 0
        end if
        end if

        if and_bits(event[1], LEFT_UP) then
        movement[4] = 'U'
        beep(500)
        end if

        if and_bits(event[1], MIDDLE_DOWN) then
        movement[6] = 'D'
        beep(1000)
        end if

        if and_bits(event[1], MIDDLE_UP) then
        movement[7] = 'U'
        beep(1000)
        end if

        if and_bits(event[1], RIGHT_DOWN) then
        movement[9] = 'D'
        beep(1000)
        end if

        if and_bits(event[1], RIGHT_UP) then
        movement[10] = 'U'
        beep(1000)
        end if

        if eventNo > 1 then
        puts(1, str)
        line += 1
        if line > MAX_LINE then
            line = 1
        end if
        position(line, 1)
        end if

        str = sprintf("event# %4d: %s, x:%d, y:%d       \r",
           {eventNo, movement, event[2], event[3]})

        text_color(BRIGHT_MAGENTA)
        puts(1, str)
        text_color(WHITE)
        puts(1, '\n' & repeat(' ', length(str)))
        position(line, 1)
    end if

    if get_key() != -1 then
        exit
    end if
    end while
end procedure

try_mouse()

if graphics_mode(-1) then
end if

MSET.EX
6945
        ---------------------------------
        -- Plotting the Mandelbrot Set --
        ---------------------------------
-- Usage: ex mset

-- Generates M-Set pictures.
-- Hit Enter at any time to stop the display. Hit Enter again to save
-- the current picture and display a grid. Use the arrow keys to select
-- the most interesting box in the grid. Hit Enter to redraw this box at
-- the full size of the screen, or hit Esc to quit. The pictures that you
-- display are saved in eu_mseta.bmp, eu_msetb.bmp, ...

-- Move any eu_mset.bmp file of the right screen dimensions to \windows
-- and it will be added to your list of choices for "wallpaper".
-- Right click on your wallpaper to change it (Win95/98).

constant GRAPHICS_MODE = 261
               --  18 is  640x480  16 color  VGA (guaranteed to work)
               -- 257 is  640x480 256 color SVGA
               -- 259 is  800x600 256 color SVGA
               -- 261 is 1024x768 256 color SVGA

without type_check

include image.e
include select.e
include get.e

constant ZOOM_FACTOR = 20    -- grid size for zooming in

constant FALSE = 0, TRUE = 1
constant REAL = 1, IMAG = 2

constant ARROW_LEFT  = 331,
     ARROW_RIGHT = 333,
     ARROW_UP    = 328,
     ARROW_DOWN  = 336

    -- types --

type natural(integer x)
    return x >= 0
end type

type complex(sequence x)
    return length(x) = 2 and atom(x[1]) and atom(x[2])
end type

procedure beep()
-- make a beep sound
    atom t

    t = time()
    sound(500)
    while time() < t + .2 do
    end while
    sound(0)
end procedure

natural ncolors
natural max_iter

sequence vc -- current video configuration

procedure randomize_palette()
-- choose random color mixtures
    sequence new_pal

    new_pal = rand(repeat(repeat(64, 3), ncolors)) - 1
    if ncolors > 16 then
    new_pal[17] = {0,0,0}  -- black border
    end if
    all_palette(new_pal)
end procedure

procedure grid(sequence x, sequence y, natural color)
-- draw the grid
    atom dx, dy

    dx = vc[VC_XPIXELS]/ZOOM_FACTOR
    dy = vc[VC_YPIXELS]/ZOOM_FACTOR

    for i = x[1] to x[2] do
    draw_line(color, {{i*dx, y[1]*dy}, {i*dx, y[2]*dy}})
    end for
    for i = y[1] to y[2] do
    draw_line(color, {{x[1]*dx, i*dy}, {x[2]*dx, i*dy}})
    end for
end procedure

function zoom()
-- select place to zoom in on next time
    integer key
    sequence box

    grid({0, ZOOM_FACTOR}, {0, ZOOM_FACTOR}, 7)
    box = {0, ZOOM_FACTOR-1}
    while TRUE do
    grid({box[1], box[1]+1}, {box[2], box[2]+1}, rand(15))
    key = get_key()
    if key != -1 then
        grid({box[1], box[1]+1}, {box[2], box[2]+1}, 7)
        if key = ARROW_UP then
        if box[2] > 0 then
            box[2] -= 1
        end if
        elsif key = ARROW_DOWN then
        if box[2] < ZOOM_FACTOR-1 then
            box[2] += 1
        end if
        elsif key = ARROW_RIGHT then
        if box[1] < ZOOM_FACTOR-1 then
            box[1] += 1
        end if
        elsif key = ARROW_LEFT then
        if box[1] > 0 then
            box[1] -= 1
        end if
        elsif key >= 27  then
        return {}  -- quit
        else
        return {box[1], ZOOM_FACTOR - 1  - box[2]}
        end if
    end if
    end while
end function

procedure mset(complex lower_left,  -- lower left corner
          complex upper_right) -- upper right corner
-- Plot the Mandelbrot set over some region.
-- The Mandelbrot set is defined by the equation: z = z * z + C
-- where z and C are complex numbers. The starting point for z is 0.
-- If, for a given value of C, z approaches infinity, C is considered to
-- *not* be a member of the set. It can be shown that if the absolute value
-- of z ever becomes greater than 2, then the value of z will increase
-- towards infinity from then on. After a large number of iterations, if
-- the absolute value of z is still less than 2 then we assume with high
-- probability that C is a member of the Mset and this program will show
-- that point in black.
    complex c
    atom zr, zi, zr2, zi2, cr, ci, xsize, ysize
    natural member, stop, color, width, height
    sequence color_line

    clear_screen()
    height = vc[VC_YPIXELS]
    width = vc[VC_XPIXELS]
    color_line = repeat(0, width)
    xsize = (upper_right[REAL] - lower_left[REAL])/(width - 1)
    ysize = (upper_right[IMAG] - lower_left[IMAG])/(height - 1)
    c = {0, 0}

    for y = 0 to height - 1 do
    if get_key() != -1 then
        return
    end if
    c[IMAG] = upper_right[IMAG] - y * ysize
    for x = 0 to width - 1 do
        c[REAL] = lower_left[REAL] + x * xsize
        member = TRUE
        zr = 0
        zi = 0
        zr2 = 0
        zi2 = 0
        cr = c[REAL]
        ci = c[IMAG]
        for i = 1 to max_iter do
        zi = 2.0 * zr * zi + ci
        zr = zr2 - zi2 + cr
        zr2 = zr * zr
        zi2 = zi * zi
        if zr2 + zi2 > 4.0 then
            member = FALSE
            stop = i
            exit
        end if
        end for
        if member = TRUE then
        color = 0
        else
        color = stop + 51 -- gives nice sequence of colors
        while color >= ncolors do
            color -= ncolors
        end while
        end if
        color_line[x+1] = color
    end for
    pixel(color_line, {0, y}) -- write out a whole line of pixels at once
    end for
end procedure

procedure Mandelbrot()
-- main procedure
    sequence delta, new_box
    complex lower_left, upper_right
    sequence pic_name
    integer p, c
    natural file_no
    atom t

    -- initially show the upper half:
    max_iter = 30 -- increases as we zoom in
    lower_left = {-1, 0}
    upper_right = {1, 1}

    -- set up for desired graphics mode
    if not select_mode(GRAPHICS_MODE) then
    puts(2, "couldn't find a good graphics mode\n")
    return
    end if
    vc = video_config()
    ncolors = vc[VC_NCOLORS]

    while TRUE do
    -- Display the M-Set
    mset(lower_left, upper_right)
    beep()

    -- choose a new file to save the picture into
    file_no = 0
    for i = 'a' to 'z' do
        p = open("eu_mset" & i & ".bmp", "rb")
        if p = -1 then
        file_no = i
        exit
        else
        -- file exists
        close(p)
        end if
    end for
    if file_no then
        pic_name = "eu_mset" & file_no & ".bmp"
    else
        puts(1, "Couldn't find a new file name to use\n")
        return
    end if

    -- choose new colors
    while 1 do
        t = time() + 5
        while time() < t do
        c = get_key()
        if c != -1 then
            exit
        end if
        end while
        if c != -1 then
        exit
        end if
        randomize_palette()
    end while

    -- save the picture into a .bmp file
    if save_screen(0, pic_name) then
    end if

    -- clear the keyboard buffer
    while get_key() != -1 do
    end while

    new_box = zoom()
    if length(new_box) = 0 then
        exit
    end if

    delta = (upper_right - lower_left)
    lower_left += new_box / ZOOM_FACTOR * delta
    upper_right = lower_left + delta / ZOOM_FACTOR
    max_iter *= 2  -- need more iterations as we zoom in
    end while
end procedure

Mandelbrot()

if graphics_mode(-1) then
end if

PICTURE
1400
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
.......11111111111111111111.........................................
.......11111111111111111111.........................................
.......1111............1111.........................................
.......1111.........................................................
.......1111.........................................................
.......1111.........................................................
.......1111111111...................................................
.......1111111111..............1111........1111.....................
.......1111....................1111........1111.....................
.......1111....................1111........1111.....................
.......1111....................1111........1111.....................
.......1111............1111....1111........1111.....................
.......11111111111111111111....1111111111111111.....................
.......11111111111111111111.....11111111111111......................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
PLOT3D.EX
5939
        --------------------------------
        -- Plotting of 3-D Surfaces:  --
        -- Z as a function of X and Y --
        --------------------------------

-- The program does a quick plot of each function to get the scaling right,
-- then replots so the picture will fit neatly on the screen.
-- The 4 x-y quadrants are in different colors.
-- Where z is positive, a brighter shade of color is used.
-- edit the_function() to insert your function
-- set GRAPHICS_MODE = a good mode for your machine
--                     (see euphoria\include\graphics.e for a list of modes)
-- Press Enter at any time to skip to the next function.

constant GRAPHICS_MODE = 261  -- SVGA, if this fails try mode 18

without type_check

include graphics.e
include select.e

constant NFUNCS = 6
constant c = sqrt(2.0) / 2
constant SCREEN = 1

atom x_min, x_max, x_inc
atom y_min, y_max, y_inc
atom z_min, z_max
atom xc_min, xc_max, yc_min, yc_max

atom origin_x, origin_y
origin_x = 400
origin_y = 150

integer func_no
integer grid_width, fine
integer x_res, y_res

atom h_magnifier, v_magnifier

sequence prev_coord

function abs(atom x)
    if x < 0 then
    return -x
    else
    return x
    end if
end function

function the_function(atom x, atom y)
-- compute a function z of two variables x and y
-- There are actually several different functions below,
-- selected by the func_no variable
    sequence pq, pr, ps -- points in the plane
    atom dq, dr, ds     -- distance from p
    atom z, w

    if func_no = 1 then
    return 100*x*x + 100*y*y - 50

    elsif func_no = 2 then
    return 200*x*x*x - 200*y*y*y

    elsif func_no = 3 then
    return 50 * cos(8*x*y)

    elsif func_no = 4 then
    return 50 * cos(8*(x+y))

    elsif func_no = 5 then
    z = 50 * cos(50 * sqrt(x*x+y*y))
    if z >= -0.01 then
        if (x < 0 and y < 0) or (x > 0 and y > 0) then
        return z / 10
        else
        return z
        end if
    else
        return -0.01
    end if
    elsif func_no = 6 then
    pq = {.6, -.4}
    pr = {-.6, 0}
    ps = {.5, +.5}
    dq = sqrt((x-pq[1]) * (x-pq[1]) + (y-pq[2]) * (y-pq[2]))
    dr = sqrt((x-pr[1]) * (x-pr[1]) + (y-pr[2]) * (y-pr[2]))
    ds = sqrt((x-ps[1]) * (x-ps[1]) + (y-ps[2]) * (y-ps[2]))
    z = -25 * cos(ds*15)/(0.1 + ds*sqrt(ds)) +
         75 * cos(dq*3) /(0.1 + dq*sqrt(dq))
    if x < 0 then
        w = 60 * cos(9 * dr)
        if w < 0 then
        w = 0
        else
        w *= 2 * sqrt(-x)
        end if
        z += w
    end if
    return z
    end if
end function

procedure set_range()
    -- magnification factors
    h_magnifier = 1.0
    v_magnifier = 1.0

    -- extreme values
    xc_min = 1e307
    xc_max = -1e307
    yc_min = xc_min
    yc_max = xc_max
    z_min = xc_min
    z_max = xc_max

    -- range of values to plot
    x_min = -1
    x_max = +1
    y_min = -1
    y_max = +1

   -- calculate some derived values:
    x_inc = (x_max - x_min) / x_res
    y_inc = (y_max - y_min) / y_res
end procedure

procedure note_extreme(sequence coord, atom z)
-- record the extreme values
    if coord[1] < xc_min then
    xc_min = coord[1]
    elsif coord[1] > xc_max then
    xc_max = coord[1]
    end if
    if coord[2] < yc_min then
    yc_min = coord[2]
    elsif coord[2] > yc_max then
    yc_max = coord[2]
    end if
    if z > z_max then
    z_max = z
    elsif z < z_min then
    z_min = z
    end if
end procedure

function set_coord(atom x, atom y, atom z)
-- return the coordinates to plot, given the x, y and z values
    atom k

    k = (x - x_min)/x_inc * c
    return {h_magnifier * (origin_x + (y - y_min)/y_inc - k),
        v_magnifier * (origin_y - z + k)}
end function

procedure plot(atom x, atom y)
-- plot the point according to 3-D perspective
    atom z, col
    sequence coord

    z = the_function(x, y)
    coord = set_coord(x, y, z)
    note_extreme(coord, z)
    -- select color by quadrant
    col = (z >= 0) * 8 + (x >= 0) * 2 + (y >= 0) + 1
    if length(prev_coord) = 0 then
    pixel(col, coord)
    else
    draw_line(col, {prev_coord, coord})
    end if
    prev_coord = coord
end procedure

function plot_a_function()
-- generate 3d plotted graph

    for x = x_min to x_max by grid_width * x_inc do
    if get_key() != -1 then
        return 0
    end if
    prev_coord = {}
    for y = y_min to y_max by fine * y_inc do
        plot(x, y)
    end for
    end for

    for y = y_min to y_max by grid_width * y_inc do
    if get_key() != -1 then
        return 0
    end if
    prev_coord = {}
    for x = x_min to x_max by fine * x_inc do
        plot(x, y)
    end for
    end for
    return 1
end function

procedure box()
-- draw a box around the outside of edge of the screen
    polygon(5, 0, {{0, 0}, {0, y_res-1}, {x_res-1, y_res-1}, {x_res-1, 0}})
end procedure

procedure plot3d()
-- main program
    func_no = 1
    while func_no <= NFUNCS do
    set_range()
    -- do a quick trial run to establish range of values
    grid_width = 20
    fine = 4
    if plot_a_function() then
        clear_screen()
        box()
        -- make next one fit screen better
        v_magnifier = (y_res - 1) / (yc_max - yc_min)
        h_magnifier = (x_res - 1) / (xc_max - xc_min)
        origin_x -= xc_min
        origin_y -= yc_min
        grid_width = 20
        fine = 1
        if plot_a_function() then
        position(2, 2)
        printf(SCREEN, "x: %5.1f to %4.1f", {x_min, x_max})
        position(3, 2)
        printf(SCREEN, "y: %5.1f to %4.1f", {y_min, y_max})
        position(4, 2)
        printf(SCREEN, "z: %5.1f to %4.1f", {z_min, z_max})
        while get_key() = -1 do
        end while
        end if
    end if
    func_no += 1
    clear_screen()
    end while
end procedure

sequence config

-- execution starts here:
if select_mode(GRAPHICS_MODE) then
    config = video_config()
    x_res = config[VC_XPIXELS]
    y_res = config[VC_YPIXELS]
    plot3d()
    if graphics_mode(-1) then
    end if
else
    puts(1, "couldn't find a good graphics mode\n")
end if

POLYGON.EX
2362
        -----------------------------
        -- Polygon Pattern Program --
        -----------------------------

-- press space bar to see a new pattern
-- press any other key to quit

constant GRAPHICS_MODE = 261 -- SVGA, if this fails try mode 18
                 -- see also euphoria\include\graphics.e
without type_check

include graphics.e
include select.e

constant TRUE = 1

constant X = 1,
     Y = 2

sequence config
integer nlines, npoints, spacing, solid

function poly_pattern()
    integer color, color_step, ncolors, key
    sequence points, deltas, history

    config = video_config()
    ncolors = config[VC_NCOLORS]
    color = 1
    color_step = 1
    points = rand(repeat(config[VC_XPIXELS..VC_YPIXELS], npoints)) - 1
    deltas = rand(repeat({2*spacing-1, 2*spacing-1}, npoints)) - spacing
    history = {}
    clear_screen()
    while TRUE do
    if length(history) >= nlines then
        -- blank out oldest line
        polygon(0, solid, history[1])
        history = history[2..nlines]
    end if
    polygon(color, solid, points)
    history = append(history, points)
    points += deltas
    -- make vertices change direction at edge of screen
    for j = 1 to npoints do
        if points[j][X] <= 0 or points[j][X] >= config[VC_XPIXELS] then
        deltas[j][X] = -deltas[j][X]
        end if
        if points[j][Y] <= 0 or points[j][Y] >= config[VC_YPIXELS] then
        deltas[j][Y] = -deltas[j][Y]
        end if
    end for
    -- step through the colors
    color += color_step
    if color >= ncolors then
        color_step = rand(ncolors)
        color = color_step
    end if
    -- change background color once in a while
    if rand(100) = 1 then
        bk_color(rand(ncolors)-1)
    end if
    -- see if user wants to quit
    key = get_key()
    if key = ' ' then
        return 0
    elsif key != -1 then
        return 1
    end if
    end while
end function

if not select_mode(GRAPHICS_MODE) then
    puts(1, "couldn't find a good graphics mode\n")
    abort(1)
end if

while TRUE do
    -- Play with these parameters for neat effects!
    nlines = 1+rand(140)   -- number of lines on screen at one time
    npoints = 2+rand(16)   -- number of points in polygons
    spacing = 1+rand(24)   -- spacing between lines
    solid = rand(2)-1      -- solid polygons? 1 or 0
    if poly_pattern() then
    exit
    end if
end while

if graphics_mode(-1) then
end if

SB.EX
2119
        ------------------------------------
        -- Atomic Reaction Screen Blanker --
        ------------------------------------
without type_check

include graphics.e
include select.e

constant GRAPHICS_MODE = 18 -- VGA

constant MAX_POPULATION = 125          -- maximum number of circles
constant MAX_SIZE = 5, MIN_SIZE = 1    -- size of circles

constant TRUE = 1
constant X = 1, Y = 2
constant FILL = 1

sequence size, circles, dirs, colors
sequence vc

procedure init()
-- initialize global variables
    if not select_mode(GRAPHICS_MODE) then
    puts(1, "needs VGA graphics\n")
    abort(1)
    end if
    vc = video_config()
    circles = {}
    dirs = {}
    colors = {}
    size = {}
end procedure

procedure bounce()
-- main routine
    sequence top_left, prev_circle
    integer x, y, s
    atom t

    init()
    t = time()
    while t+1 > time() do
    -- wait for screen to settle - looks better
    end while
    while TRUE do
    if get_key() != -1 then
        exit
    end if

    if length(circles) < MAX_POPULATION then
        -- add a new circle
        x = 0  y = 0 -- start each circle at top left corner of screen
        s = MIN_SIZE + rand(MAX_SIZE+1-MIN_SIZE) - 1
        size = append(size, s)
        circles = append(circles, {{x, y}, {x, y}+s})
        dirs = append(dirs, floor(s/2)+rand({10*s, 10*s})/10)
        colors = append(colors, 8+rand(vc[VC_NCOLORS]/2-1))
    end if

    -- move all the circles
    for i = 1 to length(circles) do
        top_left = circles[i][1]
        prev_circle = circles[i]
        if top_left[X] < 0 or top_left[X]+size[i] >= vc[VC_XPIXELS] then
        dirs[i][X] = -dirs[i][X]
        end if
        if top_left[Y] < 0 or top_left[Y]+size[i] >= vc[VC_YPIXELS] then
        dirs[i][Y] = -dirs[i][Y]
        end if
        top_left += dirs[i]
        circles[i] = {top_left, top_left+size[i]}
        -- blank out old position
        ellipse(BLACK, FILL, prev_circle[1], prev_circle[2])
        -- draw at new position
        ellipse(colors[i], FILL, circles[i][1], circles[i][2])
    end for
    end while
    if graphics_mode(-1) then
    end if
end procedure

bounce()

SELECT.E
869
        -------------------------------------
        -- search for a good graphics mode --
        -------------------------------------

constant nice_color_modes = {261,18,260,259,258,257,256,19,16,14,13,4},
     nice_mono_modes = {17, 11, 15, 6, 5}

global function select_mode(integer choice)
-- Try to select the choice mode, but if it fails try other modes.
-- This is not guaranteed to work - you may have to set the mode
-- yourself by editing the code.
    sequence vc, modes
    integer fail

    vc = video_config()
    if vc[VC_COLOR] then
    modes = choice & nice_color_modes
    else
    modes = choice & nice_mono_modes
    end if
    for i = 1 to length(modes) do
    fail = graphics_mode(modes[i])
    vc = video_config()
    if not fail and vc[VC_XPIXELS] > 40 and vc[VC_YPIXELS] > 40 then
        return 1
    end if
    end for
    return 0
end function

STEREO.EX
1968
-- Random Dot Stereo Pictures
-- Like the ones you've seen in all the shopping malls!
-- Relax your eyes so that you are focusing a few inches
-- behind the screen - maybe on your reflection if you have
-- a lot of glare. You should see 2 letters of the alphabet,
-- one upper case, one lower case.

-- usage:  ex stereo [filename]
-- (will read PICTURE file by default)

-- picture can contain digits from 1 to 9 to indicate "depth"

without type_check
include graphics.e

constant DEPTH = 13
sequence vc
integer xpixels_per_char, ypixels_per_char, in_file

procedure gstereo()
    object input
    sequence image, row, line
    integer index, height, w

    image = {}
    while 1 do
    input = gets(in_file)
    if atom(input) then
        exit
    end if
    image = append(image, repeat(' ', DEPTH) & input)
    end while
    w = DEPTH * xpixels_per_char
    for y = 0 to (length(image)-1)*ypixels_per_char do
    line = image[floor(y/ypixels_per_char+1)]
    row = repeat(0, (length(image[1])-1)*xpixels_per_char)
    row[1..w] = rand(repeat(vc[VC_NCOLORS], w))-1
    for x = w + 1 to length(row) do
        height = line[x/xpixels_per_char+1]
        index = x - w
        if height >= '0' then
        if height <= '9' then
            index += (height - '0') * xpixels_per_char
        end if
        end if
        row[x] = row[index]
    end for
    pixel(row, {0, y})
    end for
end procedure

if graphics_mode(18) then
    puts(2, "need VGA graphics\n")
    abort(1)
end if

sequence cmd, file_name

cmd = command_line()
if length(cmd) >= 3 then
    file_name = cmd[3]
else
    file_name = "picture"
end if

in_file = open(file_name, "r")
if in_file = -1 then
    printf(1, "Can't open %s\n", {file_name})
    abort(1)
end if

clear_screen()
vc = video_config()
xpixels_per_char = floor(vc[VC_XPIXELS]/80)
ypixels_per_char = floor(vc[VC_YPIXELS]/25)

gstereo()

while get_key() = -1 do
end while
if graphics_mode(-1) then
end if

TTT.EX
20126
        -------------------------------
        -- 3-Dimensional Tic Tac Toe --
        -------------------------------

-- Play 3 dimensional tic-tac-toe against one of two computer algorithms
-- or against another human -- or let the two computer algorithms play
-- each other. Which algorithm is better?

-- How it Works:
-- * There are two major data structures. positions describes each board
--   position. lines describes each possible winning line of 4 positions
--   in a row.
-- * ttt keeps a close eye on the lines data structure, looking first for
--   lines where it has 3 of the 4 positions, and the 4th is empty. If it
--   finds one of those, it wins (don't worry - it *will* always find it
--   if it's there!)
-- * If it can't win right away, it looks for lines where *you* have 3
--   positions and the 4th is empty. It will take the empty position to block
--   you.
-- * After that, it looks for various forced-win patterns for itself and
--   for you, e.g. creating two winning lines of 3 with one move.
-- * If it can't find any winning patterns, it evaluates each remaining
--   free position and assigns it a score, based on how many possibilities
--   are created by that position. This is where "DEFENDO" and "AGGRESSO"
--   differ in their strategies. AGGRESSO is more concerned with its
--   own possibilities of winning than with blocking your possibilities.

include graphics.e
include mouse.e
include wildcard.e

constant TRUE = 1, FALSE = 0
constant ON = 1, OFF = 0

constant COLORS = {BRIGHT_RED, BRIGHT_GREEN, YELLOW, BRIGHT_MAGENTA}

sequence pcolors -- colors of circular markers
pcolors = {BRIGHT_BLUE, BRIGHT_WHITE}

constant SQUARE_SIZE = 24

constant TOP_LEFT = {240, 26}

constant KEYB = 0, SCREEN = 1  -- I/O devices

constant
    NPOSITIONS = 64,  -- number of board positions
    NLINES = 76   -- number of 4-in-a-row lines

type line(integer x)
    return x >= 0 and x <= NLINES
end type

type Position(integer x)
    return x >= 0 or x <= NPOSITIONS
end type

type all_positions(sequence x)
    return length(x) = NPOSITIONS
end type

type all_lines(sequence x)
    return length(x) = NLINES
end type

type boolean(integer x)
    return x = TRUE or x = FALSE
end type

type players(sequence x)
    return length(x) = 4
end type

type player_number(integer x)
    return x = 1 or x = 2
end type

type positive_int(integer x)
    return x >= 1
end type

type natural(integer x)
    return x >= 0
end type

type human_count(integer x)
    return x >=0 and x <= 2
end type

type move_value(integer x)
    return integer(x) and x >= -1
end type

type time_delay(integer x)
    return x >= 0 and x < 1000
end type

type reason_number(integer x)
    return x >= 1 and x <= 10
end type

type three_digits(sequence x)
    return length(x) = 3
end type

type move_number(integer x)
    return x >= 111 and x <= 444
end type

all_positions positions
    -- positions is a list of all the board positions

constant
    -- positions 2-d sequence columns:
    LINES_THRU = 1, -- the number of lines passing through this position
    LINE1 = 2,      -- the first of up to 7 lines passing
            -- through this position
    NLIVE = 9,      -- the number of "live" lines passing through this position
    NEXTP = 10,     -- index of next position (or 0)
    PREVP = 11,     -- index of previous position (or 0)
    AVAIL = 12      -- is this position available, 1 = yes, 0 = no

all_lines lines     -- lines is a list of all the lines of 4 positions in a row
            -- it is indexed from 1 to NLINES

constant
    -- lines 2-d sequence columns:
    COUNT = 1,   -- number of "live" markers on this line
    POS1 = 2,    -- first position of 4
    POS4 = 5,    -- last position
    NEXTL = 6,   -- index of next line (or 0)
    PREVL = 7,   -- index of previous line (or 0)
    STATUS = 8,  -- status of this line
    -- possible status of a line:
    EMPTY = 0,
    COMPUTER = 1,
    HUMAN = 2,
    DEAD = 3

sequence lp       -- L->P format
all_positions pl  -- P->L format
sequence dbl      -- used in 3x3 check
players ptype,    -- player types
    pname     -- player names

line fptr,  -- free position list
     cptr,  -- computer's line list
     hptr,  -- human's line list
     eptr   -- empty line list
player_number player
natural cmoves, hmoves, l2
boolean endgame, found
human_count humans
move_value bestval
atom x

procedure Delay(time_delay t)
-- waste some time
    atom t0

    if humans = 0 and endgame = FALSE then
    return
    end if
    t0 = time()
    while time() < t0 + t/700 do
    end while
end procedure

procedure Why(reason_number reason)
-- show the reason why the computer made its move
    position(22, 11)
    if reason = 1 then
    puts(SCREEN, "BLOCK 3 IN A ROW")
    elsif reason = 2 then
    puts(SCREEN, "FORCE 3X3       ")
    elsif reason = 3 then
    puts(SCREEN, "FORCE 3-2-2-1   ")
    elsif reason = 4 then
    puts(SCREEN, "FORCE 3-2-2     ")
    elsif reason = 5 then
    puts(SCREEN, "PREVENT 3X3     ")
    elsif reason = 6 then
    puts(SCREEN, "PREVENT 3-2-2-1 ")
    elsif reason = 7 then
    puts(SCREEN, "PREVENT 3-2-2   ")
    elsif reason = 8 then
    printf(SCREEN, "VALUE=%d         ", bestval)
    else
    puts(SCREEN, "                ")
    end if
end procedure


function Get4th()
-- grab the final winning 4th position in a line
integer pos
    for z = POS1 to POS4 do
    pos = lines[x][z]
    if positions[lp[pos]][AVAIL] = 0 then
        return pos
    end if
    end for
end function


function Find2()
-- Find two lines that intersect where I have 2 markers on each line.
-- I can take the intersection and create two lines of 3 at once.
integer pos
    for z = POS1 to POS4 do
    pos = lines[x][z]
    if positions[lp[pos]][AVAIL] = 0 then
        dbl[l2] = pos
        l2 += 1
    end if
    end for
    if l2 < 4 then
    return 0
    end if
    for z = l2 - 2 to l2 - 1 do
    for z1 = 1 to l2 - 3 do
        if dbl[z] = dbl[z1] then
        found = TRUE
        return dbl[z]
        end if
    end for
    end for
    return 0
end function


function FindA()
-- find forcing pattern "A"
integer k, z1, line, zz
    k = 0
    for z = POS1 to POS4 do
    z1 = lp[lines[x][z]]
    for i = LINE1 to positions[z1][LINES_THRU] + 1 do
        line = positions[z1][i]
        if lines[line][STATUS] = l2 then
        if lines[line][COUNT] = 2 then
            k += 1
            exit
        end if
        end if
    end for
    if k = 3 then
        zz = z
        exit
    end if
    end for
    if k = 3 then
    found = TRUE
    return lines[x][zz]
    end if
    return 0
end function


function FindB()
-- find forcing pattern "B"
integer k, z1, line
    k = 0
    for z = POS1 to POS4 do
    z1 = lp[lines[x][z]]
    if positions[z1][AVAIL] = 0 then
        for i = LINE1 to positions[z1][LINES_THRU] + 1 do
        line = positions[z1][i]
        if lines[line][STATUS] = l2 then
            if lines[line][COUNT] = 2 then
            k += 1
            exit
            end if
        end if
        end for
        if k = 2 then
        found = TRUE
        return lines[x][z]
        end if
    end if
    end for
    return 0
end function


function FindMax()
-- find best free position
integer i, bestm
    i = fptr
    bestval = -1
    while i do
    if positions[i][NLIVE] > bestval then
        bestval = positions[i][NLIVE]
        bestm = i
    elsif positions[i][NLIVE] = bestval then
        if rand(7) = 1 then
        bestm = i
        end if
    end if
    i = positions[i][NEXTP]
    end while
    return pl[bestm]
end function

function mouse_square(sequence spot)
-- map x,y mouse coordinate to plane, row, column
    integer x, y
    natural m

    spot -= TOP_LEFT
    x = spot[1]
    y = spot[2]
    -- which plane are we on?
    m = 111
    while y > 4 * SQUARE_SIZE do
    y -= 4.5 * SQUARE_SIZE
    x -= 2.5 * SQUARE_SIZE
    m += 100
    end while
    -- which row are we on?
    while y > SQUARE_SIZE do
    y -= SQUARE_SIZE
    m += 10
    end while
    if x > 4 * SQUARE_SIZE then
    return 0
    end if
    -- which column are we on?
    while x > SQUARE_SIZE do
    x -= SQUARE_SIZE
    m += 1
    end while
    if x < 0 or y < 0 then
    return 0
    else
    return m
    end if
end function


function GetMove()
-- get human's move via the mouse
    natural m
    object event

    while TRUE do
    position(20, 1)
    puts(SCREEN, repeat(' ', 30))
    position(20, 1)
    puts(SCREEN, ' ' & pname[player])
    puts(SCREEN, "'s move? ")
    event = -1
    while atom(event) do
        event = get_mouse()
        if get_key() != -1 then
        if graphics_mode(-1) then
        end if
        abort(1)
        end if
    end while
    m = mouse_square(event[2..3])
    if m >= 111 and m <= 444 then
        if lp[m] then
        if positions[lp[m]][AVAIL] = 0 then
            puts(SCREEN, repeat(' ', 30))
            exit
        end if
        end if
    end if
    end while
    return m
end function


procedure AdjValues(integer x, integer delta)
-- adjust the "value" of positions along a line
integer pos
    for z = POS1 to POS4 do
    pos = lp[lines[x][z]]
    positions[pos][NLIVE] += delta
    end for
end procedure


procedure Relink(integer player, integer x)
-- adjust some data structures after a move
    line prev, next

    next = lines[x][NEXTL]
    prev = lines[x][PREVL]

    if player = COMPUTER then
    AdjValues(x, 1)
    lines[x][NEXTL] = cptr
    lines[x][PREVL] = 0
    if cptr then
        lines[cptr][PREVL] = x
    end if
    cptr = x
    else
    lines[x][NEXTL] = hptr
    lines[x][PREVL] = 0
    if hptr then
        lines[hptr][PREVL] = x
    end if
    hptr = x
    end if
    if prev then
    lines[prev][NEXTL] = next
    if next then
        lines[next][PREVL] = prev
    end if
    else
    eptr = next
    if eptr then
        lines[eptr][PREVL] = 0
    end if
    end if
end procedure

function digits(natural x)
-- return the 3-digits in number x
    three_digits d

    d = {0, 0, 0}
    while x >= 100 do
    d[1] += 1
    x -= 100
    end while

    while x >= 10 do
    d[2] += 1
    x -= 10
    end while

    d[3] = x
    return d
end function


procedure PrintMove(move_number move)
-- print the move that was just made
    three_digits d
    integer px, py

    d = digits(move)
    py = (d[1] - 1) * 4.5 * SQUARE_SIZE + (d[2]-1) * SQUARE_SIZE + TOP_LEFT[2]
    px = (d[1] - 1) * 2.5 * SQUARE_SIZE + (d[3]-1) * SQUARE_SIZE + TOP_LEFT[1]
    mouse_pointer(OFF)
    for i = 1 to 3 do
    ellipse(GRAY, 1, {px+1, py+1},
              {px + SQUARE_SIZE - 2, py + SQUARE_SIZE - 2})
    Delay(70)
    ellipse(pcolors[player], 1, {px+1, py+1},
                    {px + SQUARE_SIZE - 2, py + SQUARE_SIZE - 2})
    Delay(70)
    end for
    mouse_pointer(ON)
    if endgame then
    return
    end if
    if player = COMPUTER then
    cmoves += 1
    else
    hmoves += 1
    end if
end procedure


procedure Another(line x)
-- add to the number of positions occupied by a player
-- along a line x
    integer inarow

    inarow = lines[x][COUNT] + 1
    lines[x][COUNT] = inarow
    if inarow < 4 then
    return
    end if
    position(21,6)
    text_color(BRIGHT_RED)
    puts(SCREEN, pname[player])
    puts(SCREEN, " WINS!          ")
    text_color(YELLOW)
    endgame = TRUE
    mouse_pointer(OFF)
    for i = 1 to 4 do
    for j = POS1 to POS4 do
        PrintMove(lines[x][j])
    end for
    Delay(80)
    end for
    mouse_pointer(ON)
end procedure


procedure Delete_c(line x)
-- delete from computer list
    line prev, next

    prev = lines[x][PREVL]
    next = lines[x][NEXTL]
    if prev then
    lines[prev][NEXTL] = next
    else
    cptr = next
    end if
    if next then
    lines[next][PREVL] = prev
    end if
end procedure


procedure Delete_h(line x)
-- delete from human list
    line prev, next

    prev = lines[x][PREVL]
    next = lines[x][NEXTL]
    if prev then
    lines[prev][NEXTL] = next
    else
    hptr = next
    end if
    if next then
    lines[next][PREVL] = prev
    end if
end procedure


procedure init()
-- initialize variables
    integer temp, u, line, t

    clear_screen()
    endgame = FALSE
    cmoves = 0
    hmoves = 0
    for i = 1 to NLINES do
    lines[i][STATUS] = EMPTY
    lines[i][COUNT] = 0
    end for
    for i = 1 to NPOSITIONS do
    positions[i][LINES_THRU] = 0
    positions[i][AVAIL] = 0
    end for
    line = 1
    for i = POS1 to POS4 do
    lines[line][i] = (i-1) * 111
    lines[line+1][i] = (i-1) * 109 + 5
    lines[line+2][i] = (i-1) * 91 + 50
    lines[line+3][i] = (i-1) * 89 + 55
    end for
    line += 4
    for i = 1 to 4 do
    for j = POS1 to POS4 do
        lines[line][j] = i * 100 + (j-1) * 11
        lines[line+1][j] = i * 100 + (j-1) * 9 + 5
        lines[line+2][j] = (j-1) * 101 + i * 10
        lines[line+3][j] = (j-1) * 99 + i * 10 + 5
        lines[line+4][j] = (j-1) * 110 + i
        lines[line+5][j] = (j-1) * 90 + 50 + i
    end for
    line += 6
    end for
    for i = 1 to 4 do
    for j = 1 to 4 do
        for k = POS1 to POS4 do
        t = 100 * i + 10 * j + k - 1
        u = (i - 1) * 16 + (j - 1) * 4 + k - 1
        lp[t] = u
        pl[u] = t
        lines[line][k] = t
        lines[line+1][k] = 100 * j + 10 * (k-1) + i
        lines[line+2][k] = 100 * (k-1) + 10 * i + j
        end for
        line += 3
    end for
    end for
    for i = 1 to NPOSITIONS do
    positions[i][PREVP] = i - 1
    positions[i][NEXTP] = i + 1
    end for
    positions[1][PREVP] = 0
    positions[NPOSITIONS][NEXTP] = 0
    fptr = 1
    for i = 1 to NLINES do
    lines[i][NEXTL] = i + 1
    lines[i][PREVL] = i - 1
    for j = POS1 to POS4 do
        t = lines[i][j]
        u = lp[t]
        temp = positions[u][LINES_THRU] + 1
        positions[u][LINES_THRU] = temp
        positions[u][temp+1] = i
    end for
    end for
    cptr = 0
    hptr = 0
    eptr = 0
    lines[NLINES][NEXTL] = 0
    lines[1][PREVL] = 0
    for i = 1 to NPOSITIONS do
    positions[i][NLIVE] = positions[i][LINES_THRU]
    end for
    position(15, 2)
    text_color(COLORS[1])
    puts(SCREEN, "3-D ")
    text_color(COLORS[2])
    puts(SCREEN, "tic ")
    text_color(COLORS[3])
    puts(SCREEN, "TAC ")
    text_color(COLORS[4])
    puts(SCREEN, "toe ")
end procedure


procedure UpdateMove(move_number m)
-- update data structures after making move m
    Position x1
    line x2
    integer prev, next, val, s

    x1 = lp[m]
    positions[x1][AVAIL] = 1
    prev = positions[x1][PREVP]
    next = positions[x1][NEXTP]
    if prev then
    positions[prev][NEXTP] = next
    if next then
        positions[next][PREVP] = prev
    end if
    else
    fptr = next
    if fptr then
        positions[fptr][PREVP] = 0
    end if
    end if
    for j = LINE1 to 1+positions[x1][LINES_THRU] do
    x2 = positions[x1][j]
    s = lines[x2][STATUS]
    if s = EMPTY then
        lines[x2][STATUS] = player
        lines[x2][COUNT] = 1
        Relink(player, x2)
    elsif s = COMPUTER then
        if player = COMPUTER then
        Another(x2)
        else
        lines[x2][STATUS] = DEAD
        AdjValues(x2, -2)
        Delete_c(x2)
        end if
    elsif s = HUMAN then
        if player = HUMAN then
        Another(x2)
        if lines[x2][COUNT] = 2 then
            val = 4
        else
            val = 0
        end if
        AdjValues(x2, val)
        else
        if lines[x2][COUNT] > 1 then
            val = -5
        else
            val = -1
        end if
        lines[x2][STATUS] = DEAD
        AdjValues(x2, val)
        Delete_h(x2)
        end if
    end if
    end for
end procedure


function Think()
-- pick the best move, return {move, reason for it}
    integer m, mymoves, myptr, me, him, hisptr, hismoves

    found = FALSE
    if player = COMPUTER then
    mymoves = cmoves
    hismoves = hmoves
    myptr = cptr
    hisptr = hptr
    me = COMPUTER
    him = HUMAN
    else
    mymoves = hmoves
    hismoves = cmoves
    myptr = hptr
    hisptr = cptr
    me = HUMAN
    him = COMPUTER
    end if

    -- Have I got 3 in a row?
    if mymoves >= 3 then
    x = myptr
    while x do
        if lines[x][COUNT] = 3 then
        return {Get4th(), 9}
        end if
        x = lines[x][NEXTL]
    end while
    end if

    -- Does the other guy have 3 in a row?
    if hismoves >= 3 then
    x = hisptr
    while x do
        if lines[x][COUNT] = 3 then
        return {Get4th(), 1}
        end if
        x = lines[x][NEXTL]
    end while
    end if

    -- Do I have a 2x2 force?
    if mymoves >= 4 then
    x = myptr
    l2 = 1
    while x do
        if lines[x][COUNT] = 2 then
        m = Find2()
        if found then
            return {m, 2}
        end if
        end if
        x = lines[x][NEXTL]
    end while

    -- Do I have a 3-2-2-1 force ?
    x = eptr
    l2 = me
    while x do
        m = FindA()
        if found then
        return {m, 3}
        end if
        x = lines[x][NEXTL]
    end while

    -- do I have a 3-2-2 force?
    if mymoves >= 5 then
        x = myptr
        while x do
        if lines[x][COUNT] = 1 then
            m = FindB()
            if found then
            return {m, 4}
            end if
        end if
        x = lines[x][NEXTL]
        end while
    end if
    end if

    -- does the other guy have a 2x2 force?
    if hismoves >= 4 then
    x = hisptr
    l2 = 1
    while x do
        if lines[x][COUNT] = 2 then
        m = Find2()
        if found then
            return {m, 5}
        end if
        end if
        x = lines[x][NEXTL]
    end while

    -- does the other guy have a 3-2-2-1 force?
    x = eptr
    l2 = him
    while x do
        m = FindA()
        if found then
        return {m, 6}
        end if
        x = lines[x][NEXTL]
    end while

    -- does the other guy have a 3-2-2 force?
    if hismoves >= 5 then
        x = hisptr
        while x do
        if lines[x][COUNT] = 1 then
            m = FindB()
            if found then
            return {m, 7}
            end if
        end if
        x = lines[x][NEXTL]
        end while
    end if
    end if
    -- just pick the move with the most possibilities
    return {FindMax(), 8}
end function


procedure Setup()
-- create major sequences
    object name

    positions = repeat(repeat(0, 12), NPOSITIONS)
    lines = repeat(repeat(0, 8), NLINES)
    lp = repeat(0, 444)
    pl = repeat(0, 64)
    dbl = repeat(0, 52)
    ptype = repeat(0, 4)
    pname = ptype
    ptype[1] = COMPUTER
    ptype[2] = COMPUTER
    pname[1] = "DEFENDO"
    pname[2] = "AGGRESSO"
    position(15, 1)
    puts(SCREEN, " Name of player 1? (cr for DEFENDO) ")
    name = gets(KEYB)
    name = name[1..length(name)-1]
    humans = 0
    if length(name) > 0 then
    pname[1] = name
    ptype[1] = HUMAN
    humans += 1
    end if
    puts(SCREEN, "\n Name of player 2? (cr for AGGRESSO) ")
    name = gets(KEYB)
    name = name[1..length(name)-1]
    if (length(name) > 0) then
    pname[2] = name
    ptype[2] = HUMAN
    humans += 1
    end if
end procedure

procedure draw_plane(integer color, integer x, integer y)
-- draw one plane of the board
     for i = 0 to 4 do
    draw_line(color, {{x, y+i*SQUARE_SIZE},
              {x+4*SQUARE_SIZE, y+i*SQUARE_SIZE}})
     end for
     for i = 0 to 4 do
    draw_line(color, {{x+i*SQUARE_SIZE, y},
              {x+i*SQUARE_SIZE, y+4*SQUARE_SIZE}})
     end for
end procedure

procedure make_board(sequence top_left)
-- display the board
    bk_color(8)
    for i = 0 to 3 do
    draw_plane(COLORS[i+1], top_left[1]+2.5*SQUARE_SIZE*i,
                top_left[2]+4.5*SQUARE_SIZE*i)
    end for
end procedure

procedure ttt()
-- this is the main routine
    sequence m

    Setup()
    player = rand(2) -- first game is random
             -- loser goes first in subsequent games
    while TRUE do
    mouse_pointer(OFF)
    init()
    make_board(TOP_LEFT)
    mouse_pointer(ON)
    text_color(YELLOW)
    mouse_events(LEFT_DOWN)
    while endgame = FALSE do
        if fptr then
        if ptype[player] = HUMAN then
            m = {GetMove()}
        else
            m = Think()
            Why(m[2])
        end if
        PrintMove(m[1])
        UpdateMove(m[1])
        player = 3 - player
        else
        position(18,1)
        puts(SCREEN, " A DRAW             ")
        Delay(500)
        exit
        end if
    end while
    position(19, 1)
    text_color(BRIGHT_MAGENTA)
    puts(SCREEN, " Another game? (y or n) ")
    text_color(YELLOW)
    if not find('y', lower(gets(KEYB))) then
        exit
    end if
    end while
end procedure

if graphics_mode(18) then -- VGA
    puts(1, "VGA graphics is required\n")
else
    ttt()
end if

if graphics_mode(-1) then
end if

WIRE.EX
8163
        ----------------------------
        -- 3-D Wire Frame Picture --
        ----------------------------
-- Hit space bar to freeze/restart the picture.
-- Any other key to quit.

without type_check

include graphics.e
include select.e

constant GRAPHICS_MODE = 261  -- SVGA, N.B. If this fails try mode 18.

constant X = 1, Y = 2, Z = 3
constant TRUE = 1
constant SCREEN = 1
constant ANY_MODE_WHITE = 255

type point(sequence x)
    return length(x) = 3
end type

type matrix(sequence x)
    return length(x) = 4 and sequence(x[1])
end type

type vector(sequence x)
    return length(x) = 4 and atom(x[1])
end type

integer axis
atom sin_angle, cos_angle

function product(sequence factor)
-- matrix multiply a number of 4-vectors/4x4 matrices
-- only the first one could be a vector
    sequence a, c
    matrix b

    a = factor[1]
    for f = 2 to length(factor) do
    b = factor[f]
    if atom(a[1]) then
        -- a is a vector
        c = repeat(0, 4)
        for j = 1 to 4 do
        c[j] = a[1] * b[1][j] +
               a[2] * b[2][j] +
               a[3] * b[3][j] +
               a[4] * b[4][j]
        end for
    else
        -- a is a matrix
        c = repeat(repeat(0, 4), 4)
        for i = 1 to 4 do
        for j = 1 to 4 do
            for k = 1 to 4 do
            c[i][j] += a[i][k] * b[k][j]
            end for
        end for
        end for
    end if
    a = c
    end for
    return c
end function

sequence vc -- video configuration

procedure display(sequence old_coords, sequence coords)
-- erase the old lines, draw the new ones
    for i = 1 to length(old_coords) do
    draw_line(BLACK, old_coords[i][1..2])
    end for
    for i = 1 to length(coords) do
    if vc[VC_COLOR] then
        draw_line(coords[i][3], coords[i][1..2])
    else
        draw_line(ANY_MODE_WHITE, coords[i][1..2])
    end if
    end for
end procedure

function view(point view_point)
-- compute initial view
    matrix t1, t2, t3, t4, n
    atom cos_theta, sin_theta, hyp, a_b

    -- change origin
    t1 = {{1, 0, 0, 0},
      {0, 1, 0, 0},
      {0, 0, 1, 0},
      -view_point & 1}

    -- get left-handed coordinate system
    t2 = {{-1, 0,  0, 0},
      { 0, 0, -1, 0},
      { 0, 1,  0, 0},
      { 0, 0,  0, 1}}

    -- rotate so Ze points properly
    hyp = sqrt(view_point[1] * view_point[1] + view_point[2] * view_point[2])
    sin_theta = view_point[1] / hyp
    cos_theta = view_point[2] / hyp
    t3 = {{cos_theta, 0, sin_theta, 0},
      {        0, 1,         0, 0},
      {-sin_theta,0, cos_theta, 0},
      {        0, 0,         0, 1}}

    -- rotate so Ze points at the origin (0, 0, 0)
    t4 = {{1, 0, 0, 0},
      {0, cos_theta, -sin_theta, 0},
      {0, sin_theta, cos_theta, 0},
      {0, 0, 0, 1}}

    a_b = 2

    n = {{a_b, 0, 0, 0},
     {0, a_b, 0, 0},
     {0, 0, 1, 0},
     {0, 0, 0, 1}}

    return product({t1, t2, t3, t4, n})
end function

function new_coords(sequence overall, sequence shape)
-- compute the screen coordinates from the 3-D coordinates
    sequence screen_coords, final
    point p
    atom x2, y2

    x2 = vc[VC_XPIXELS]/2
    y2 = vc[VC_YPIXELS]/2
    screen_coords = repeat({0, 0, 0}, length(shape))
    for i = 1 to length(shape) do
    for j = 1 to 2  do
        p = shape[i][j]
        final = product({p & 1, overall})
        screen_coords[i][j] = {x2*(final[X]/final[Z]+1),
                   y2*(final[Y]/final[Z]+1)}
    end for
    screen_coords[i][3] = shape[i][3]
    end for
    return screen_coords
end function

function x_rotate(point p)
-- compute x rotation of a point
    return {p[X],
        p[Y] * cos_angle + p[Z] * sin_angle,
        p[Z] * cos_angle - p[Y] * sin_angle}
end function

function y_rotate(point p)
-- compute y rotation of a point
    return {p[X] * cos_angle - p[Z] * sin_angle,
        p[Y],
        p[X] * sin_angle + p[Z] * cos_angle}
end function

function z_rotate(point p)
-- compute z rotation matrix
    return {p[X] * cos_angle + p[Y] * sin_angle,
        p[Y] * cos_angle - p[X] * sin_angle,
        p[Z]}
end function

function compute_rotate(integer axis, sequence shape)
-- rotate a shape
    for i = 1 to length(shape) do
    for j = 1 to 2 do
        if axis = X then
        shape[i][j] = x_rotate(shape[i][j])
        elsif axis = Y then
        shape[i][j] = y_rotate(shape[i][j])
        else
        shape[i][j] = z_rotate(shape[i][j])
        end if
    end for
    end for
    return shape
end function

-- lines for a block E
constant E = {
{{.2, 1.1, 2}, {.2, -.5, 2}, BLUE},
{{.2, -.5, 2}, {.2, -.5, -2}, YELLOW},
{{.2, -.5, -2}, {.2, 1.1, -2}, GREEN},
{{.2, 1.1, -2}, {.2, 1.2, -1.6}, BRIGHT_RED},
{{.2, 1.2, -1.6}, {.2, 1, -1.8}, BRIGHT_RED},
{{.2, 1, -1.8}, {.2, 0, -1.8}, MAGENTA},
{{.2, 0, -1.8}, {.2, 0, -.1}, BRIGHT_CYAN},
{{.2, 0, -.1}, {.2, .5, -.1}, BLUE},
{{.2, .5, -.1}, {.2, .6, -.2}, BLUE},
{{.2, .6, -.2}, {.2, .6, .2}, ANY_MODE_WHITE},
{{.2, .6, .2}, {.2, .5, .1}, BLUE},
{{.2, .5, .1}, {.2, 0, .1}, BRIGHT_BLUE},
{{.2, 0, .1}, {.2, 0, 1.8}, BRIGHT_GREEN},
{{.2, 0, 1.8}, {.2, 1, 1.8}, BRIGHT_CYAN},
{{.2, 1, 1.8}, {.2, 1.2, 1.6}, BRIGHT_CYAN},
{{.2, 1.2, 1.6}, {.2, 1.1, 2}, BRIGHT_RED},

-- opposite side:
{{-.2, 1.1, 2}, {-.2, -.5, 2}, BLUE},
{{-.2, -.5, 2}, {-.2, -.5, -2}, YELLOW},
{{-.2, -.5, -2}, {-.2, 1.1, -2}, GREEN},
{{-.2, 1.1, -2}, {-.2, 1.2, -1.6}, BRIGHT_RED},
{{-.2, 1.2, -1.6}, {-.2, 1, -1.8}, BRIGHT_RED},
{{-.2, 1, -1.8}, {-.2, 0, -1.8}, MAGENTA},
{{-.2, 0, -1.8}, {-.2, 0, -.1}, BRIGHT_CYAN},
{{-.2, 0, -.1}, {-.2, .5, -.1}, BLUE},
{{-.2, .5, -.1}, {-.2, .6, -.2}, BLUE},
{{-.2, .6, -.2}, {-.2, .6, .2}, ANY_MODE_WHITE},
{{-.2, .6, .2}, {-.2, .5, .1}, BLUE},
{{-.2, .5, .1}, {-.2, 0, .1}, BRIGHT_BLUE},
{{-.2, 0, .1}, {-.2, 0, 1.8}, BRIGHT_GREEN},
{{-.2, 0, 1.8}, {-.2, 1, 1.8}, BRIGHT_CYAN},
{{-.2, 1, 1.8}, {-.2, 1.2, 1.6}, BRIGHT_CYAN},
{{-.2, 1.2, 1.6}, {-.2, 1.1, 2}, BRIGHT_RED},

-- cross pieces:
{{.2, 1.1, 2}, {-.2, 1.1, 2}, BLUE},
{{.2, -.5, 2}, {-.2, -.5, 2}, BLUE},
{{.2, -.5, -2}, {-.2, -.5, -2}, GREEN},
{{.2, 1.1, -2}, {-.2, 1.1, -2}, GREEN},
{{.2, 1.2, -1.6}, {-.2, 1.2, -1.6}, BRIGHT_GREEN},
{{.2, .6, -.2}, {-.2, .6, -.2}, ANY_MODE_WHITE},
{{.2, .6, .2}, {-.2, .6, .2}, ANY_MODE_WHITE},
{{.2, 1.2, 1.6}, {-.2, 1.2, 1.6}, BRIGHT_GREEN}
}

procedure spin(sequence shape)
-- spin a 3-D shape around on the screen in interesting ways
    sequence history, coords, overall
    point view_point
    integer spread, r, c
    atom rot_speed

    view_point = {6, 8, 7.5} / 2.2
    overall = view(view_point)
    rot_speed = 0.09
    sin_angle = sin(rot_speed)
    cos_angle = cos(rot_speed)
    axis = Z
    history = {}
    spread = 0
    while TRUE do
    coords = new_coords(overall, shape)
    if length(history) > spread then
        display(history[1], coords)
        history = history[2..length(history)]
        if length(history) > spread then
        display(history[1], {})
        history = history[2..length(history)]
        end if
    else
        display({}, coords)
    end if
    history = append(history, coords)
    c = get_key()
    if c != -1 then
        if c = ' ' then
        while TRUE do
            c = get_key()
            if c != -1 and c != ' ' then
            return
            elsif c = ' ' then
            exit
            end if
        end while
        else
        return
        end if
    end if
    r = rand(250)
    if r = 1 then
        axis = X
    elsif r = 2 then
        axis = Y
    elsif r = 3 then
        axis = Z
    elsif r = 4 then
        spread = 5 * rand(25)  -- leave behind many trailing wire images
    elsif r = 5 or r = 6 then
        spread = 0             -- reduce the images back to a sharp picture
    elsif r = 7 then
        if rand(2) = 1 then
        rot_speed = .04
        spread = 0
        else
        rot_speed = .02 * rand(10)
        end if
        sin_angle = sin(rot_speed)
        cos_angle = cos(rot_speed)
    end if
    shape = compute_rotate(axis, shape)
    end while
end procedure

-- execution starts here:
if not select_mode(GRAPHICS_MODE) then
    puts(SCREEN, "can't find a good graphics mode\n")
else
    vc = video_config()
    bk_color(7)
    text_color(5)
    clear_screen()
    spin(E)
    bk_color(0)
    if graphics_mode(-1) then
    -- we do this just to ignore the result of graphics_mode(-1)
    end if
end if

HASH.EX
5170
-- Hash Table Demo
-- written by Junko C. Miura, RDS
-- This reads standard input and builds a hash table containing all of
-- the unique words plus a count of how many times each word occurred.
-- It outputs the words to standard output and writes a bunch of hash table
-- statistics to "hash.out".

-- example:
--          ex hash < \euphoria\doc\library.doc
--
-- You can direct standard output to a file with '>'
-- hash.ex (hash table) is faster than tree.ex (binary tree),
-- but does not produce a sorted list of words.

-- How it Works:
-- * hashing is generally much faster than searching a long linear list for a
--   word. Instead of searching one big list, we create hundreds of small
--   lists, and then use a "hash function" to tell us which small list (or
--   "bucket") to search. For each word, the hash function will return an
--   integer. For a given word, the hash function must always return the same
--   integer. That integer is used as the index into a sequence of small
--   word-lists. We can quickly search the selected small list for the word.

without type_check

constant EOF = -1
constant STANDARD_IN = 0, STANDARD_OUT = 1, SCREEN = 2
constant TRUE = 1
constant STRING = 1, COUNT = 2 -- fields for one hash table entry

constant HASH_BUCKETS = 1009  -- prime
    -- With the hash function below, it helps (a little bit)
    -- to have a prime number here. Don't use a power of 2.
    -- You'll get better performance by using a
    -- bigger size of table, but it wastes space.

-- Initialize the hash table to a sequence of empty "buckets"
sequence hash_table
hash_table = repeat({}, HASH_BUCKETS)

integer compares
compares = 0

function hash_function(sequence string)
-- This function works well for English words.
-- It's fast to calculate and it gives a pretty even distribution.
-- These are the two properties that you want in a hash function.
    integer len
    atom val

    len = length(string)
    val = string[len]
    if len > 4 then
    len = 4
    end if
    for i = 1 to len - 1 do
    val = val * 64 + string[i]  -- shift 6 bits and add
    end for
    return remainder(val, HASH_BUCKETS) + 1
end function

procedure hash_add(sequence string)
-- If string is not in the table already, add it, with a count of 1,
-- otherwise just increment its count.
    integer hash_val, found
    sequence bucket

    -- which bucket to search?
    hash_val = hash_function(string)
    bucket = hash_table[hash_val]
    found = 0
    -- search this bucket for the string
    for i = 1 to length(bucket) do
    compares += 1
    if equal(string, bucket[i][STRING]) then
        -- found it
        found = i
        exit
    end if
    end for
    if found then
    -- increment count
    bucket[found][COUNT] += 1
    else
    -- add new string with count 1:
    bucket = append(bucket, {string, 1})
    end if
    hash_table[hash_val] = bucket
end procedure

function next_word()
-- Read standard input to get the next "word".
    integer c
    sequence word

    word = ""
    while TRUE do
    c = getc(STANDARD_IN)
    if (c >= 'a' and c <= 'z') then
        word &= c
    elsif (c >= 'A' and c <= 'Z') then
        word &= c
    elsif length(word) > 0 then
        return word
    elsif c = EOF then
        return 0
    end if
    end while
end function

procedure build_table()
-- build a hash table containing all unique words in standard input
    object word

    while TRUE do
    word = next_word()
    if atom(word) then
        exit
    else
        hash_add(word)
    end if
    end while
end procedure

puts(SCREEN, "terminate typed input with: control-Z Enter\n")

atom t
t = time()         -- Time the table-building process only
build_table()
t = time() - t     -- stop timer


---------------- Statistics ------------------
integer numZeroBucket, max, items, len, stats, total_words

stats = open("hash.out", "w")
if stats = -1 then
    puts(SCREEN, "Couldn't open output file\n")
    abort(1)
end if
printf(stats, "time: %.2f\n", t)
numZeroBucket = 0
items = 0
max = 0
total_words = 0
for i = 1 to length(hash_table) do
    len = length(hash_table[i])
    items += len
    if len = 0 then
    numZeroBucket += 1
    else
    -- calculate total compares required to lookup all words again
    for j = 1 to length(hash_table[i]) do
        total_words +=  hash_table[i][j][COUNT]
    end for
    if len > max then
        max = len
    end if
    end if
end for

printf(stats, "number of hash table buckets     : %d\n", HASH_BUCKETS)
printf(stats, "number of words in input stream  : %d\n", total_words)
printf(stats, "number of items in hash table    : %d\n", items)
printf(stats, "number of empty buckets          : %d\n", numZeroBucket)
printf(stats, "largest bucket                   : %d\n", max)
printf(stats, "compares per lookup              : %.2f\n",
           compares/total_words)

for i = 1 to length(hash_table) do
    printf(stats, "\nbucket#%d: ", i)
    for j = 1 to length(hash_table[i]) do
    printf(stats, "%s:%d ", hash_table[i][j])
    printf(STANDARD_OUT, "%s:%d\n", hash_table[i][j])
    if remainder(j,5) = 0 then
        puts(stats, '\n')
    end if
    end for
    if remainder(length(hash_table[i]), 5) then
    puts(stats, '\n')
    end if
end for

printf(SCREEN, "\n%.2f seconds\n", t)


COMMANDS.E
8432
-- commands.e
-- process user commands

constant ESC = 27

type keycode(integer x)
-- a keyboard code
    return x >= -1 and x < 512
end type

natural nchars
nchars = 0

natural pen

keycode curcom

direction wdir -- weapons direction

integer dir_adjust

type digit_char(integer x)
    return (x >= '0' and x <= '9')
end type

global procedure quit()
-- end the game and tidy up the screen
    sound(0)
    if graphics_mode(-1) then
    end if
    abort(0)
end procedure

procedure echo(char com)
-- echo first char of new command
    set_bk_color(WHITE)
    set_color(BLUE)
    position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS)
    console_puts(com)
    console_puts("         ")
    position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS + 2)
end procedure

procedure dircom(digit_char d)
-- process direction change commands
    nchars = 0
    if reptime[GUIDANCE] then
    errbeep()
    msg("GUIDANCE SYSTEM DAMAGED")
    return
    end if

    if d = '9' then
    d = '1'
    elsif d = '0' then
    d = '8'
    end if

    echo(d)
    curdir = d - '0'
    dir_box()

    if d = '1' then
    exi = 1
    eyi = 0
    esym = esymr
    elsif d = '2' then
    exi = 1
    eyi = -1
    esym = esymr
    elsif d = '3' then
    exi = 0
    eyi = -1
    elsif d = '4' then
    exi = -1
    eyi = -1
    esym = esyml
    elsif d = '5' then
    exi = -1
    eyi = 0
    esym = esyml
    elsif d = '6' then
    exi = -1
    eyi = 1
    esym = esyml
    elsif d = '7' then
    exi = 0
    eyi = 1
    elsif d = '8' then
    exi = 1
    eyi = 1
    esym = esymr
    end if
end procedure

function docom(keycode com, keycode chr)
-- process commands
    natural t
    positive_atom t_stop

    set_bk_color(WHITE)
    set_color(BLUE)
    if com = 'p' then      -- phasor
    if nchars = 0 then
        dir_adjust = ' '
        echo(chr)
        set_color(BLUE)
        console_puts('_')
        set_color(BLUE)
        console_puts("00 _._ ")
        nchars = 1
    elsif nchars = 1 then
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+2)
        pen = 100 * (chr - '0')
        console_puts(chr)
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+6)
        set_color(BLUE)
        console_puts('_')
        nchars = 2
    elsif nchars = 2 then
        if chr = '<' or chr = '>' then
        dir_adjust = chr
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+5)
        console_puts(chr)
        else
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+6)
        if chr = '0' then
            chr = '8'
        elsif chr = '9' then
            chr = '1'
        end if
        console_puts(chr)
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+8)
        set_color(BLUE)
        console_puts('_')
        wdir = chr - '0'
        nchars = 3
        end if
    else
        -- nchars is 3 or 4
        if (chr = '<' or chr = '>') then
        if nchars = 3 then
            dir_adjust = chr
            position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+8)
            console_puts(chr)
            nchars += 1
        end if
        else
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+5+nchars)
        console_puts(chr)
        if reptime[PHASORS] then
            errbeep()
            msg("PHASORS DAMAGED")
        elsif quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN] <= pen then
            errbeep()
            msg("NOT ENOUGH ENERGY")
        else
            wdir += (chr - '0')/10
            p_energy(-pen)
            esetpt(wdir, dir_adjust)
            phasor(EUPHORIA, pen)
        end if
        nchars = 0
        end if
    end if

    elsif com = 'w' then    -- warp change
    if nchars = 0 then
        echo(chr)
        nchars = 1
        set_color(BLUE)
        console_puts('_')
    else
        if chr < '6' then
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+2)
        console_puts(chr)
        nchars = 0
        if wlimit then
            setwarp(chr - '0')
        else
            errbeep()
            msg("ALL ENGINES DAMAGED")
        end if
        end if
    end if

    elsif com = 't' then    -- torpedo
    if nchars = 0 then
        dir_adjust = ' '
        echo(chr)
        nchars = 1
        set_color(BLUE)
        console_puts('_')
        set_color(BLUE)
        console_puts("._")
    elsif nchars = 1 then
        if chr = '<' or chr = '>' then
        dir_adjust = chr
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+1)
        console_puts(chr)
        else
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+2)
        if chr = '0' then
            chr = '8'
        elsif chr = '9' then
            chr = '1'
        end if
        console_puts(chr)
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+4)
        set_color(BLUE)
        console_puts('_')
        wdir = chr - '0'
        nchars = 2
        end if
    else
        -- nchars is 2 or 3
        if (chr = '<' or chr = '>') then
        if nchars = 2 then
            dir_adjust = chr
            position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+4)
            console_puts(chr)
            nchars += 1
        end if
        else
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+2+nchars)
        console_puts(chr)
        wdir += (chr - '0')/10
        if reptime[TORPEDOS] then
            errbeep()
            msg("TORPEDO LAUNCHER DAMAGED")
        else
            t = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_TORP]
            if t then
            t -= 1
            quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_TORP] = t
            ts = ts[2..length(ts)]
            wtext()
            esetpt(wdir, dir_adjust)
            torpedo(EUPHORIA)
            else
            errbeep()
            msg("OUT OF TORPEDOS")
            end if
        end if
        nchars = 0
        end if
    end if

    elsif com = 'g' then    -- galaxy scan
    echo(chr)
    if scanon then
        end_scan()
    else
        if reptime[GALAXY_SENSORS] then
        errbeep()
        msg("SENSORS DAMAGED")
        else
        BlueScreen()
        scanon = TRUE
        refresh_scan()
        gtext()
        gsbox(qrow, qcol)
        schedule(t_gquad, 0.4, 0.4, 0.06, {})
        end if
    end if
    nchars = 0

    elsif com = 13 then
    EnterPressed = TRUE

    elsif com = 'a' then   -- antimatter pod
    if nchars = 0 then
        dir_adjust = ' '
        echo(chr)
        nchars = 1
        set_color(BLUE)
        console_puts('_')
        set_color(BLUE)
        console_puts("._")
    elsif nchars = 1 then
        if chr = '<' or chr = '>' then
        dir_adjust = chr
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+1)
        console_puts(chr)
        else
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+2)
        if chr = '0' then
            chr = '8'
        elsif chr = '9' then
            chr = '1'
        end if
        console_puts(chr)
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+4)
        set_color(BLUE)
        console_puts('_')
        wdir = chr - '0'
        nchars = 2
        end if
    else
        -- nchars is 2 or 3
        if (chr = '<' or chr = '>') then
        if nchars = 2 then
            dir_adjust = chr
            position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+4)
            console_puts(chr)
            nchars += 1
        end if
        else
        position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS+2+nchars)
        console_puts(chr)
        if length(ps) > 0 then
            wdir += (chr - '0')/10
            ps = ps[2..length(ps)]
            wtext()
            esetpt(wdir, dir_adjust)
            EnterPressed = FALSE
            pod()
        else
            errbeep()
            msg("OUT OF PODS")
        end if
        nchars = 0
        end if
    end if

    elsif com = 's' then   -- shuttlecraft
    echo(chr)
    if not shuttle then
        if equal(esym[1], esymr[1]) then
        esym = SHUTTLE_R
        else
        esym = SHUTTLE_L
        end if
        esyml = SHUTTLE_L
        esymr = SHUTTLE_R
        otype[G_EU] = "SHUTTLE"
        oshape[G_EU] = {SHUTTLE_L, SHUTTLE_R}
        write_screen(quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X],
             quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y], quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_UNDER])
        quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_UNDER] = read_screen(quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X],
                              quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y],
                              esym)
        write_screen(quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X],
             quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y], esym)
        for r = 1 to NSYS do
        if reptime[r] then
            reptime[r] = 0
            repair(r)
        end if
        end for
        quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_DEFL] = 1
        ds = "d"
        quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_TORP] = 0
        quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN] = 5000
        ts = ""
        ps = ""
        wtext()
        shuttle = TRUE
        p_energy(0)
    end if

    elsif com = 'c' or com = BS then   -- cancel
    chr = ' '
    echo(chr)
    nchars = 0

    elsif com = 'f' then   -- freeze the game (pause until cancelled)
    echo(chr)
    t_stop = time()
    while not find(get_key() , {'c', BS, ESC}) do
    end while
    shift_task_times(time() - t_stop)
    echo(' ')
    nchars = 0

    elsif com = ESC then
    quit()

    else
    return FALSE

    end if

    return TRUE
end function

global function task_keyb()
-- independent task: check the keyboard for command input
    boolean x
    natural tempchars
    keycode chr

    while TRUE do
    chr = get_key()
    if not char(chr) then
        exit
    end if
    if (chr >= '0' and chr <= '9') or chr = '<' or chr = '>' then
        if nchars then
        x = docom(curcom, chr)
        else
        if chr >= '0' and chr <= '9' then
            dircom(chr)
        end if
        end if
    else
        tempchars = nchars
        nchars = 0
        if docom(chr, chr) then
        curcom = chr
        else
        nchars = tempchars
        end if
    end if
    end while
    return {}
end function

DAMAGE.E
11803
-- damage.e
-- compute effects of damage

global function Java_target(valid_quadrant_row r)
-- select target for Java ship at row r
    sequence flive

    flive = {}
    for i = 1 to length(quadrant) do
    if i != r and quadrant[i][Q_TYPE] != DEAD then
        flive &= i
    end if
    end for
    return flive[rand(length(flive))]
end function

procedure setrmt(valid_quadrant_row newtarg)
-- set BASIC group target

    basic_targ = newtarg
    if bstat = TRUCE then
    if basic_targ = EUPHORIA or quadrant[basic_targ][Q_TYPE] = G_BS then
        truce_broken = TRUE
        schedule(t_bstat, 2.5, 2.5, 0.1, {})
    end if
    end if
    for row = 2 to length(quadrant) do
    if quadrant[row][Q_TYPE] = G_BAS then
        quadrant[row][Q_TARG] = basic_targ
    end if
    end for
end procedure

procedure setnt(quadrant_row victim)
-- target is dead
-- set new target for everyone that was shooting at him
    natural t -- type or 0
    valid_quadrant_row targ

    for row = 2 to length(quadrant) do
    if quadrant[row][Q_TARG] = victim then
        t = quadrant[row][Q_TYPE]
        if t = G_BS then
        quadrant[row][Q_FRATE] = 0
        else
        if t = G_JAV then
            targ = Java_target(row)
        else
            targ = EUPHORIA
        end if
        quadrant[row][Q_TARG] = targ
        end if
    end if
    end for
    if victim = basic_targ then
    basic_targ = EUPHORIA
    end if
end procedure

global procedure repair(subsystem sys)
-- repair a subsystem
    if sys = ENGINES then
    wlimit = 5
    set_bk_color(WHITE)
    set_color(BLACK)
    position(WARP_LINE, WARP_POS+5)
    console_printf("%d   ", curwarp)
    end if
    ndmg -= 1
end procedure

procedure edmg(positive_atom blast)
-- Euphoria damage
    subsystem sys

    if blast > rand(256) * 80 then
    sys = rand(NSYS)
    if reptime[sys] = 0 then
        reptime[sys] = rand(81) + 9
        if sys = GALAXY_SENSORS then
        end_scan()
        end if
        if sys = ENGINES then
        wlimit = rand(4) - 1
        if wlimit = 0 then
            msg("ALL ENGINES DAMAGED")
        else
            msg("ENGINES DAMAGED")
        end if
        if curwarp > wlimit then
            setwarp(wlimit)
        end if
        else
        fmsg("%s DAMAGED", {dtype[sys]})
        end if
        ndmg += 1
        schedule(t_damage_report, 1.5, 1.5, 0.1, {})
    end if
    end if
end procedure

boolean drep_on
drep_on = FALSE

procedure drep_blank()
-- clear the damage report area
    position(WARP_LINE, DREP_POS)
    console_puts(repeat(' ', 13))
    position(WARP_LINE+1, DREP_POS)
    console_puts(repeat(' ', 13))
end procedure

global procedure drep()
-- damage report update
    set_bk_color(RED)
    set_color(BLACK)
    if not drep_on then
    drep_blank()
    drep_on = TRUE
    end if
    position(WARP_LINE, DREP_POS+1)
    console_printf("P%-2d T%-2d S%-2d", {reptime[PHASORS],
                reptime[TORPEDOS],
                reptime[GALAXY_SENSORS]})
    position(CMD_LINE, DREP_POS+1)
    console_printf("G%-2d E%d", {reptime[GUIDANCE], reptime[ENGINES]})
    if reptime[ENGINES] > 0 then
    console_printf(":%d ", wlimit)
    else
    console_puts("   ")
    end if
end procedure

global function task_damage_report()
-- independent task: damage countdown

    if ndmg = 0 then
    schedule(t_damage_report, INACTIVE, INACTIVE, 0, {})
    set_bk_color(WHITE)
    drep_blank()
    drep_on = FALSE
    else
    for i = 1 to NSYS do
        if reptime[i] then
        reptime[i] -= 1
        if reptime[i] = 0 then
            repair(i)
            fmsg("%s REPAIRED", {dtype[i]})
        end if
        end if
    end for
    drep()
    end if
    return {}
end function

global function who_is_it(h_coord x1, v_coord y1, sequence shape)
-- map a rectangular region of the screen to the quadrant sequence rows
-- of the object(s) that occupy it (or return {} if it's just a POD)

    extended_h_coord x2, ix1, ix2
    extended_v_coord y2, iy1, iy2
    natural t, bestover, iover
    sequence who

    x2 = x1 + length(shape[1]) - 1
    y2 = y1 + length(shape) - 1
    bestover = 0
    who = {}

    for i = EUPHORIA to length(quadrant) do
    t = quadrant[i][Q_TYPE]

    if t then
        ix1 = quadrant[i][Q_X]
        ix2 = ix1 + length(oshape[t][1][1]) - 1

        iy1 = quadrant[i][Q_Y]
        iy2 = iy1 + length(oshape[t][1]) - 1

        -- compute amount of overlap
        iover = 0
        if (ix2 >= x1 and ix1 <= x2) and
           (iy2 >= y1 and iy1 <= y2) then
        -- there is some overlap
        who = append(who, i)
        end if
    end if
    end for
    if length(who) = 0 then
    -- check for POD
    if is_pod(read_screen(x1, y1, shape)) then
        return {}
    else
        -- something is wrong: we must always know who's there
        return 1/0
    end if
    else
    return who
    end if
end function

global function task_dead()
-- independent task: clean dead bodies off the screen
    integer c
    image r
    sequence ri
    boolean all_zero

    c = 1
    while c <= length(wipeout) do
    r = read_screen(wipeout[c][1], wipeout[c][2], wipeout[c][3])
    if all_clear(r) then
        all_zero = TRUE
        for i = 1 to length(r) do
        ri = r[i]
        for j = 1 to length(ri) do
            if and_bits(ri[j], #F) != 0 then
            if rand(2) = 1 then
                ri[j] = 0
            else
                all_zero = FALSE
            end if
            end if
        end for
        r[i] = ri
        end for
        write_screen(wipeout[c][1], wipeout[c][2], r)
        if all_zero then
        -- finished, delete this one
        wipeout = wipeout[1..c-1] & wipeout[c+1..length(wipeout)]
        else
        -- more clearing to do later
        c += 1
        end if
    else
        -- another object is in the way, skip it
        c += 1
    end if
    end while
    if c > 1 then
    -- we skipped something - finish later
    schedule(t_dead, 1.0, 1.0, 0.2, {})
    else
    schedule(t_dead, INACTIVE, INACTIVE, 0, {})
    end if
    return {}
end function

global function task_explosion(sequence dots)
-- Plays out an explosion on the screen.
-- Accesses screen variable directly for maximum speed.
    integer p, c, x, y
    boolean draw

    draw = FALSE
    for i = 1 to length(dots) do
    if sequence(dots[i]) then
        x = floor(dots[i][2])
        y = floor(dots[i][3])
        p = screen[y][x]
        if p >= 33 and p <= 64 then
        screen[y][x] = 48 -- blank out old position
        if not scanon then
            pixel(48, {x-1, y-1})
        end if
        end if
        dots[i][2] += dots[i][4]
        dots[i][3] += dots[i][5]
        x = floor(dots[i][2])
        y = floor(dots[i][3])
        -- draw at new position
        if rand(15) = 1 or
        x < 1 or x > HSIZE or
        y < 1 or y > VSIZE then
        -- delete this dot
        dots[i] = 0
        else
        -- draw it at new position
        draw = TRUE
        c = dots[i][1]
        p = screen[y][x]
        if p != c and (p = 0 or (p >= 33 and p <= 64)) then
            screen[y][x] = c
            if not scanon then
            pixel(c, {x-1, y-1})
            end if
        end if
        end if
    end if
    end for

    if not draw then
    schedule(t_dead, 0, INACTIVE, 0.4, {})
    delete_task(current_task)
    return {}
    else
    return {dots}
    end if
end function

procedure explosion(h_coord x, v_coord y, natural xsize, natural ysize,
            natural ndots,
            natural color)
-- initiate an explosion on the screen centered at x, y
-- xsize and ysize must be at least 3
    sequence dots
    task t
    natural tempx, tempy

    -- create initial set of colored dots
    dots = repeat(0, ndots)
    tempx = floor(xsize/2)-1
    tempy = floor(ysize/2)-1
    color += 32
    for i = 1 to ndots do
    dots[i] = {color,
           x+rand(tempx)+rand(tempx),
           y+rand(tempy)+rand(tempy),
           rand(400)/100 * (rand(2)*2-3),
           rand(400)/100 * (rand(2)*2-3)}
    end for
    t = create_task(routine_id("task_explosion"))
    schedule(t, 0.3, .07+.00002*ndots, .03, {dots})
end procedure

global procedure sched_move_fire()
-- schedule enemy move and fire tasks according to number of
-- ships in the quadrant
    atom move_time, fire_time
    integer enemy

    enemy = 0
    for i = 2 to length(quadrant) do
    if quadrant[i][Q_TYPE] != DEAD then
        enemy += 1
    end if
    end for

    move_time = .01 + .20 / (1+enemy)
    fire_time = .50 + 3 / (4+enemy)
    if level = 'n' then
    move_time *= 3
    fire_time *= 3
    end if
    schedule(t_move, move_time, move_time, .02, {})
    schedule(t_fire, rand(1+floor(fire_time)), fire_time, .10, {})
end procedure

-- bright version of object color for better-looking explosion
sequence ocolor
ocolor = {YELLOW,
      BRIGHT_RED,
      BRIGHT_RED,
      BRIGHT_MAGENTA,
      BRIGHT_BLUE,
      BRIGHT_GREEN,
      YELLOW,
      YELLOW}

procedure dead(valid_quadrant_row row)
-- process a dead object

    object_type t
    pb_row pbx
    h_coord x
    v_coord y
    natural lenx, leny
    image dead_body

    if row = EUPHORIA then
    -- Euphoria destroyed !
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN] = 0
    p_energy(-1)
    end if
    t = quadrant[row][Q_TYPE]
    nobj[t] -= 1
    x = quadrant[row][Q_X]
    y = quadrant[row][Q_Y]
    dead_body = (read_screen(x, y, oshape[t][1]) != 32) * (ocolor[t]+32)
    lenx = length(oshape[t][1][1])
    leny = length(oshape[t][1])
    write_screen(x, y, dead_body)
    wipeout = append(wipeout, {x, y, dead_body})
    explosion(floor(quadrant[row][Q_X]),
          floor(quadrant[row][Q_Y]),
          lenx,
          leny,
          floor(lenx*leny+5),
          ocolor[t])
    explosion_sound(lenx)
    if t >= G_PL then
    pbx = quadrant[row][Q_PBX]
    pb[pbx][P_TYPE] = DEAD
    else
    if c_remaining() = 0 then
        gameover = TRUE
    end if
    end if
    quadrant[row][Q_TYPE] = DEAD
    quadrant[row][Q_X] = HSIZE + 1
    quadrant[row][Q_Y] = VSIZE + 1
    if not gameover then
    setnt(row)
    galaxy[qrow][qcol][t] -= 1
    end if
    fmsg("%s DESTROYED!", {otype[t]})
    sched_move_fire()
    if scanon then
    upg(qrow, qcol)
    gtext()
    end if
end procedure

global procedure dodmg(positive_atom blast, boolean wtorp,
               valid_quadrant_row shooter, valid_quadrant_row victim)
-- damage a struck object
    object_type t
    natural d
    positive_atom ven

    t = quadrant[victim][Q_TYPE]
    if quadrant[shooter][Q_TYPE] = G_POD then
    if t = G_BAS then
        setrmt(EUPHORIA)
    elsif t != G_BS then
        quadrant[victim][Q_TARG] = EUPHORIA
    end if
    else
    -- note: shooter may have launched weapon just before he died
    if quadrant[shooter][Q_TYPE] != DEAD then
        if t = G_BAS then
        setrmt(shooter)
        elsif t = G_BS and shooter = EUPHORIA then
        -- do nothing if EUPHORIA hits base
        else
        quadrant[victim][Q_TARG] = shooter
        end if
    end if
    end if
    if wtorp then
    -- torpedo
    d = quadrant[victim][Q_DEFL]
    if d then
        deflected_sound()
        msg("DEFLECTED")
        quadrant[victim][Q_DEFL] = d-1
        ds = repeat(DEFL_SYM, quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_DEFL])
        wtext()
        blast = 0
    else
        torpedo_hit()
    end if
    end if
    if blast then
    fmsg("%d UNIT HIT ON %s", {blast, otype[t]})
    ven = quadrant[victim][Q_EN]
    if blast >= ven then
        dead(victim)
    else
        ven -= blast
        quadrant[victim][Q_EN] = ven
        if t <= G_JAV then
        if victim = EUPHORIA then
            p_energy(0)
            edmg(blast)
        else
            fmsg("%d UNITS REMAIN", ven)
        end if
        end if
    end if
    end if
end procedure

-- global constant ASPECT_RATIO = 1.0 -- vertical vs. horizontal pixel size

global function bcalc(positive_atom energy, valid_quadrant_row shooter,
              valid_quadrant_row victim)
-- calculate amount of phasor blast
    atom xdiff, ydiff

    xdiff = quadrant[victim][Q_X] - quadrant[shooter][Q_X]
    ydiff = (quadrant[victim][Q_Y] - quadrant[shooter][Q_Y]) --* ASPECT_RATIO
    return 1500 * energy / (50 + sqrt(xdiff * xdiff + ydiff * ydiff))
end function

DISPLAY.E
14859
-- display.e
-- graphics, sound and text display on screen

global sequence oshape -- images for all objects

global sequence ds -- Euphoria deflectors
global sequence ts -- Euphoria torpedos
global sequence ps -- Euphoria anti-matter pods

global function c_remaining()
-- number of C ships (of all types) left
    return nobj[G_KRC] + nobj[G_ANC] + nobj[G_CPP]
end function

type negative_atom(atom x)
    return x <= 0
end type

global procedure p_energy(negative_atom delta)
-- print Euphoria energy
    atom energy

    energy = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN] + delta
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN] = energy
    if energy < 0 then
    energy = 0
    gameover = TRUE
    end if
    position(WARP_LINE, ENERGY_POS+7)
    set_bk_color(WHITE)
    if energy < 5000 then
    set_color(RED)
    else
    set_color(BLACK)
    end if
    console_printf("%d    ", floor(energy))
end procedure

global function task_life()
-- independent task: update energy on console, including "life support" energy
    if shuttle then
    p_energy(-3)
    else
    p_energy(-13)
    end if
    return {}
end function

------------------------- message handler -----------------------------
-- All messages come here. A task ensures that messages will be displayed
-- on the screen for at least a second or so, before being overwritten by
-- the next message. If there is no queue, a message will be printed
-- immediately, otherwise it is added to the queue.

constant MESSAGE_GAP = 1.2  -- seconds between messages for readability

sequence message_queue
message_queue = {}

constant MAX_MSG_LEN = 55

global procedure display_msg(sequence text)
-- print a message immediately
    set_bk_color(WHITE)
    set_color(RED)
    position(MSG_LINE, MSG_POS)
    if length(text) > MAX_MSG_LEN then
    text = text[1..MAX_MSG_LEN]
    end if
    console_puts(text)
    console_puts(BLANK_LINE[1..MAX_MSG_LEN-length(text)])
end procedure

global procedure msg(sequence text)
-- print a plain text message on the message line
    if length(message_queue) = 0 then
    -- print it right away
    display_msg(text)
    schedule(t_message, MESSAGE_GAP, MESSAGE_GAP, 0.2, {})
    end if
    message_queue = append(message_queue, text)
end procedure

global procedure fmsg(sequence format, object values)
-- print a formatted message on the message line
    msg(sprintf(format, values))
end procedure

global function task_message()
-- task to display next message in message queue

    -- first message is already on the screen - delete it
    message_queue = message_queue[2..length(message_queue)]
    if length(message_queue) = 0 then
    schedule(t_message, INACTIVE, INACTIVE, 0, {}) -- no more messages
    else
    display_msg(message_queue[1])
    -- speed up a bit when there's a queue
    schedule(t_message, MESSAGE_GAP-0.4, MESSAGE_GAP-0.4, 0.2, {})
    end if
    return {}
end function

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

global procedure show_warp()
-- show current speed (with warning)
    set_bk_color(WHITE)
    set_color(BLACK)
    position(WARP_LINE, WARP_POS)
    console_puts("WARP:")
    if curwarp > wlimit then
    set_color(RED)
    end if
    console_printf("%d", curwarp)
end procedure

-- how long it takes Euphoria to move at warp 0 thru 5:
global constant warp_time = {INACTIVE, 20, .60, .15, .04, .02}

global procedure setwarp(warp new)
-- establish a new warp speed for the Euphoria

    if new != curwarp then
    schedule(t_emove, warp_time[new+1], warp_time[new+1], (5-new)/100, {})
    curwarp = new
    show_warp()
    end if
end procedure

global procedure gtext()
-- print text portion of galaxy scan
    set_bk_color(BLUE)
    position(22, 37)
    set_color(BRIGHT_RED)
    console_printf("C: %d ", c_remaining())
    position(23, 24)
    set_color(BROWN)
    console_printf("Planets: %d", nobj[G_PL])
    set_color(BRIGHT_CYAN)
    console_printf("   BASIC: %d", nobj[G_BAS])
    if bstat = TRUCE then
    console_puts(" TRUCE   ")
    elsif bstat = HOSTILE then
    console_puts(" HOSTILE ")
    else
    console_puts(" CLOAKING")
    end if
    position(24, 24)
    set_color(YELLOW)
    console_printf("Bases: %d", nobj[G_BS])
    set_color(BRIGHT_GREEN)
    console_printf("     Java: %d ", nobj[G_JAV])
    position(25, 67)
    set_color(BLUE)
    set_bk_color(WHITE)
    if level = 'n' then
    console_puts("novice level")
    else
    console_puts("expert level")
    end if
end procedure

constant XSCALE = QXSIZE/HSIZE,
     YSCALE = (QYSIZE-1)/VSIZE  -- -1 or CPP might protrude below quad

constant KNOWN_QUAD = repeat(repeat(GRAY, QXSIZE), QYSIZE),
       CURRENT_QUAD = repeat(repeat(WHITE, QXSIZE), QYSIZE)

constant C_ICON = repeat(repeat(BRIGHT_RED, 3), 2),
       CPP_ICON = repeat(repeat(BRIGHT_MAGENTA, 3), 3),
     BASIC_ICON = repeat(repeat(BRIGHT_BLUE, 2), 2),
      JAVA_ICON = repeat(repeat(BRIGHT_GREEN, 2), 2),
  EUPHORIA_ICON = repeat(repeat(YELLOW, 2), 2),
      BASE_ICON = repeat(repeat(YELLOW, 4), 4),
    PLANET_ICON = repeat(repeat(BROWN, 6), 6)

function display_rand(image quad, image icon, natural count)
-- display ships in random positions for non-current quadrant
    natural xpos, ypos, xlen, ylen, xrange, yrange, back, y
    boolean collide
    sequence qy

    back = KNOWN_QUAD[1][1]
    xlen = length(icon[1])
    ylen = length(icon)
    xrange = QXSIZE-xlen-1 -- avoid the edges
    yrange = QYSIZE-ylen-1
    for i = 1 to count do
    for j = 1 to 10 do -- avoid infinite loop
        xpos = 1+rand(xrange)
        ypos = 1+rand(yrange)
        collide = FALSE
        y = ypos
        while y < ypos+ylen and not collide do
        qy = quad[y]
        for x = xpos to xpos+xlen-1 do
            if qy[x] != back then
            collide = TRUE
            exit
            end if
        end for
        y += 1
        end while
        if not collide then
        quad = update_image(quad, xpos, ypos, icon)
        exit
        end if
    end for
    end for
    return quad
end function

global procedure gquad(g_index r, g_index c)
-- print one galaxy scan quadrant

    natural qx, qy, qt, back
    sequence quad_info
    h_coord x
    v_coord y
    object icon
    image this_quad

    quad_info = galaxy[r][c]
    if quad_info[1] = 0 then
    return -- unknown quadrant (screen is already black)
    end if
    x = c * QXSIZE + 31
    y = r * QYSIZE - 8
    if r = qrow and c = qcol then
    -- the current quadrant
    this_quad = CURRENT_QUAD
    for i = length(quadrant) to 1 by -1 do
        qt = quadrant[i][Q_TYPE]
        if qt = EUPHORIA then
        icon = EUPHORIA_ICON
        elsif qt = G_KRC or qt = G_ANC then
        icon = C_ICON
        elsif qt = G_CPP then
        icon = CPP_ICON
        elsif qt = G_BAS and bstat != CLOAKING then
        icon = BASIC_ICON
        elsif qt = G_JAV then
        icon = JAVA_ICON
        elsif qt = G_PL then
        -- round the edges (assumes size 6)
        back = CURRENT_QUAD[1][1]
        icon = PLANET_ICON
        icon[1][1] = back
        icon[1][6] = back
        icon[6][1] = back
        icon[6][6] = back
        if pb[quadrant[i][Q_PBX]][P_EN] <= 0 then
            -- make it white if it's out of energy
            icon += (icon != back) * (BRIGHT_WHITE-icon)
        end if
        elsif qt = G_BS then
        icon = BASE_ICON
        if pb[quadrant[i][Q_PBX]][P_EN] <= 0 then
            -- make it white if out of energy
            icon += (BRIGHT_WHITE-icon)
        end if
        else
        icon = DEAD
        end if

        if sequence(icon) then
        -- scaling assumes icons have reasonable proportions
        -- compared to real objects
        qx = 1+floor(quadrant[i][Q_X]*XSCALE)
        qy = 1+floor(quadrant[i][Q_Y]*YSCALE)
        -- avoids flicker
        this_quad = update_image(this_quad, qx, qy, icon)
        end if
    end for
    else
    -- other known quadrants
    this_quad = KNOWN_QUAD
    if quad_info[G_BS] or quad_info[G_PL] then
        back = KNOWN_QUAD[1][1]
        for i = 1 to length(pb) do
        if pb[i][P_TYPE] != DEAD and pb[i][P_QR] = r and
                         pb[i][P_QC] = c then
            if pb[i][P_TYPE] = G_PL then
            -- round the edges
            icon = PLANET_ICON
            icon[1][1] = back
            icon[1][6] = back
            icon[6][1] = back
            icon[6][6] = back
            else
            icon = BASE_ICON
            end if
            if pb[i][P_EN] <= 0 then
            -- make it white if it's out of energy
            icon += (icon != back) * (BRIGHT_WHITE-icon)
            end if
            qx = 1+floor(pb[i][P_X]*XSCALE)
            qy = 1+floor(pb[i][P_Y]*YSCALE)
            this_quad = update_image(this_quad, qx, qy, icon)
        end if
        end for
    end if

    if bstat != CLOAKING then
        this_quad = display_rand(this_quad, BASIC_ICON, quad_info[G_BAS])
    end if
    this_quad = display_rand(this_quad, JAVA_ICON, quad_info[G_JAV])
    this_quad = display_rand(this_quad, C_ICON, quad_info[G_KRC] +
                            quad_info[G_ANC])
    this_quad = display_rand(this_quad, CPP_ICON, quad_info[G_CPP])
    end if
    -- display final picture of this quadrant
    display_image({x,y}, this_quad)
end procedure

global function task_gquad()
-- update the current quadrant display on the galaxy scan
    gquad(qrow, qcol)
    return {}
end function

global procedure upg(g_index qrow, g_index qcol)
-- update galaxy scan quadrant
    if scanon then
    gquad(qrow, qcol)
    end if
end procedure

sequence prev_box
prev_box = {}

global procedure gsbox(g_index qrow, g_index qcol)
-- indicate current quadrant on galaxy scan
    if scanon then
    if length(prev_box) = 2 then
        -- clear the previous "box" (could be gone already)
        gquad(prev_box[1], prev_box[2])
    end if
    gquad(qrow, qcol)
    prev_box = {qrow, qcol}
    end if
end procedure

constant dir_places = {{1, 6},{0, 6},{0, 3},{0, 0},{1, 0},{2, 0},{2, 3},{2, 6}}

global procedure dir_box()
    -- direction box
    sequence place

    set_bk_color(BLUE)
    set_color(BRIGHT_WHITE)
    position(WARP_LINE, DIRECTIONS_POS)
    console_puts("4  3  2")
    position(CMD_LINE, DIRECTIONS_POS)
    console_puts("5  @  1")  -- @ redefined as big '+'
    position(MSG_LINE, DIRECTIONS_POS)
    console_puts("6  7  8")
    place = dir_places[curdir]
    position(place[1]+WARP_LINE,place[2]+DIRECTIONS_POS)
    set_bk_color(GREEN)
    console_printf("%d", curdir)
    set_bk_color(WHITE)
end procedure

global procedure wtext()
-- print torpedos, pods, deflectors in text window
    sequence s
    set_bk_color(WHITE)
    set_color(BLACK)
    position(WARP_LINE, WEAPONS_POS)
    s = sprintf("%s %s %s", {ts, ds, ps})
    console_puts(s)
    -- max 10 torps, blank, 3 def, blank, 4 pods
    console_puts(repeat(' ', 20-length(s)))
end procedure

global procedure stext()
-- print text window info
    position(QUAD_LINE, 1)
    set_bk_color(GREEN)
    set_color(BRIGHT_WHITE)
    console_puts("  1-8  w")
    set_color(BLACK)
    console_puts("arp  ")
    set_color(BRIGHT_WHITE)
    console_puts("p")
    set_color(BLACK)
    console_puts("hasor  ")
    set_color(BRIGHT_WHITE)
    console_puts("t")
    set_color(BLACK)
    console_puts("orpedo  ")
    set_color(BRIGHT_WHITE)
    console_puts("a")
    set_color(BLACK)
    console_puts("ntimatter  ")
    set_color(BRIGHT_WHITE)
    console_puts("g")
    set_color(BLACK)
    console_puts("alaxy  ")
    set_color(BRIGHT_WHITE)
    console_puts("s")
    set_color(BLACK)
    console_puts("huttle  ")
    set_color(BRIGHT_WHITE)
    console_puts("f")
    set_color(BLACK)
    console_puts("reeze  ")
    set_color(BRIGHT_WHITE)
    console_puts("c")
    set_color(BLACK)
    console_puts("ancel  ")
    set_color(BRIGHT_WHITE)
    console_puts("Esc  ")
    set_bk_color(WHITE)
    set_color(BLACK)
    show_warp()
    wtext()
    position(WARP_LINE, ENERGY_POS)
    console_printf("ENERGY:%d    ", floor(quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN]))
    position(CMD_LINE, CMD_POS-9)
    console_puts("COMMAND: ")
    dir_box()
end procedure

procedure p_source(valid_quadrant_row row)
-- print a base or planet
    h_coord x
    v_coord y

    x = quadrant[row][Q_X]
    y = quadrant[row][Q_Y]
    if quadrant[row][Q_TYPE] = G_PL then
    write_screen(x, y, PLANET)
    else
    write_screen(x, y, BASE)
    end if
end procedure

procedure p_ship(valid_quadrant_row row)
-- reprint a ship to get color
    h_coord x
    v_coord y
    object_type t
    sequence shape

    x = quadrant[row][Q_X]
    y = quadrant[row][Q_Y]
    t = quadrant[row][Q_TYPE]
    shape = read_screen(x, y, oshape[t][1])
    write_screen(x, y, shape)
end procedure

global procedure end_scan()
-- end display of galaxy scan
    if scanon then
    scanon = FALSE
    ShowScreen()
    schedule(t_gquad, INACTIVE, INACTIVE, 0, {})
    end if
end procedure

global procedure refresh_scan()
    for r = 1 to G_SIZE do
    for c = 1 to G_SIZE do
        gquad(r, c)
    end for
    end for
end procedure

global procedure pobj()
-- print objects in a new quadrant
    h_coord x
    v_coord y
    sequence c
    natural len, height
    object_type t
    sequence taken

    -- print dull stars
    for i = 1 to 40 do
    x = rand(HSIZE)
    y = rand(VSIZE)
    screen[y][x] = STAR2
    if not scanon then
        pixel(STAR2, {x-1, y-1})
    end if
    end for

    -- print brighter stars
    for i = 1 to 15 do
    x = rand(HSIZE)
    y = rand(VSIZE)
    screen[y][x] = STAR1
    if not scanon then
        pixel(STAR1, {x-1, y-1})
    end if
    end for

    -- print planets and bases
    taken = {}
    for row = 2 to length(quadrant) do
    if find(quadrant[row][Q_TYPE], {G_PL, G_BS}) then
        -- look it up in pb sequence
        for pbi = 1 to length(pb) do
        if pb[pbi][P_TYPE] = quadrant[row][Q_TYPE] then
            if pb[pbi][P_QR] = qrow and pb[pbi][P_QC] = qcol then
            if not find(pbi, taken) then
                quadrant[row][Q_X] = pb[pbi][P_X]
                quadrant[row][Q_Y] = pb[pbi][P_Y]
                quadrant[row][Q_PBX] = pbi
                taken &= pbi
                exit
            end if
            end if
        end if
        end for
        p_source(row)
    end if
    end for

    -- print ships
    for row = 2 to length(quadrant) do
    if not find(quadrant[row][Q_TYPE], {G_PL, G_BS})  then
        height = length(oshape[quadrant[row][Q_TYPE]][1])
        len =    length(oshape[quadrant[row][Q_TYPE]][1][1])
        -- look for an empty place to put the ship.
        -- Euphoria is already in the quadrant.
        while TRUE do
        x = rand(HSIZE - len + 1)
        y = rand(VSIZE - height + 1)
        c = read_screen(x, y, oshape[quadrant[row][Q_TYPE]][1])
        if all_clear(c) then
            exit -- found a good place
        end if
        end while
        quadrant[row][Q_UNDER] = c
        quadrant[row][Q_X] = x
        quadrant[row][Q_Y] = y
        t = quadrant[row][Q_TYPE]
        if x < quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X] then
        c = oshape[t][2]
        else
        c = oshape[t][1]
        end if
        write_screen(x, y, c)
    end if
    end for
end procedure
EMOVE.E
8252
-- emove.e
-- move the Euphoria

-- Energy consumed per ship movement at warp 0 thru 5.
-- WARP 4 is the most efficient after you take life support
-- energy into account. WARP 5 is good if you can use it to avoid
-- getting blasted.

constant fuel = {0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 9}

global function gmod(natural x)
-- quadrant wraparound
    if x = 0 then
    return G_SIZE
    elsif x > G_SIZE then
    return 1
    else
    return x
    end if
end function

constant ZERO_FILL = repeat(0, QCOLS-7)

-- standard row in quadrant sequence for a type
global constant stdtype =
-- TYPE    EN    TORP    DEFL  FRATE  MRATE   TARG
{{}, -- dummy (Euphoria)
 {G_KRC,  4000,  2,       0,   100,   160,  EUPHORIA} & ZERO_FILL, -- K&R C
 {G_ANC,  8000,  4,       0,   100,   200,  EUPHORIA} & ZERO_FILL, -- ANSI C
 {G_CPP, 25000, 10,       0,   200,   250,  EUPHORIA} & ZERO_FILL, -- C++
 {G_BAS,  2000,  2,       0,    70,   150,  EUPHORIA} & ZERO_FILL, -- BASIC
 {G_JAV,  3000,  0,       0,    40,    90,   -1}      & ZERO_FILL, -- Java
 {G_PL,   7000,  0,       0,     0,     0,   -1}      & ZERO_FILL, -- planet
 {G_BS,   6000,  5,       1,   120,     0,   -1}      & ZERO_FILL  -- base
}

procedure setup_quadrant()
-- set up quadrant sequence for a new quadrant

    sequence g_info

    g_info = galaxy[qrow][qcol]
    quadrant = quadrant[EUPHORIA..EUPHORIA]

    for i = 1 to g_info[G_ANC] do
    quadrant = append(quadrant, stdtype[G_ANC])
    quadrant[length(quadrant)][Q_UNDER] = oshape[G_ANC] * 0
    end for

    for i = 1 to g_info[G_KRC] do
    quadrant = append(quadrant, stdtype[G_KRC])
    quadrant[length(quadrant)][Q_UNDER] = oshape[G_KRC] * 0
    end for

    for i = 1 to g_info[G_CPP] do
    quadrant = append(quadrant, stdtype[G_CPP])
    quadrant[length(quadrant)][Q_UNDER] = oshape[G_CPP] * 0
    end for

    for i = 1 to g_info[G_BS] do
    quadrant = append(quadrant, stdtype[G_BS])
    end for

    for i = 1 to g_info[G_PL] do
    quadrant = append(quadrant, stdtype[G_PL])
    end for

    basic_targ = -1
    for i = 1 to g_info[G_BAS] do
    quadrant = append(quadrant, stdtype[G_BAS])
    quadrant[length(quadrant)][Q_UNDER] = oshape[G_BAS] * 0
    basic_targ = EUPHORIA
    end for

    for i = 1 to g_info[G_JAV] do
    quadrant = append(quadrant, stdtype[G_JAV])
    quadrant[length(quadrant)][Q_UNDER] = oshape[G_JAV] * 0
    end for

end procedure

boolean contacted, allowed_to_dock
contacted = FALSE
allowed_to_dock = TRUE

function dock(h_coord x, v_coord y)
-- Euphoria docks with a base or planet at (x,y)

    object_type t
    valid_quadrant_row r
    sequence who
    pb_row pbr
    natural maxen, torp, availtorp, xdiff, ydiff
    positive_atom energy, availen
    extended_h_coord newx
    extended_v_coord newy

    who = who_is_it(x, y, esym)
    r = EUPHORIA
    for i = 1 to length(who) do
    -- if any base or planet, then we are bumping it (docking)
    if find(quadrant[who[i]][Q_TYPE], {G_BS, G_PL}) then
        r = who[i]
    end if
    end for
    t = quadrant[r][Q_TYPE]
    if t = G_PL or t = G_BS then
    if curwarp != 1 then
        if not contacted then
        contacted = TRUE
        if t = G_PL then
            fmsg("PLANET TO %s: PLEASE DOCK AT WARP 1", {otype[G_EU]})
        else
            fmsg("BASE TO %s: PLEASE DOCK AT WARP 1", {otype[G_EU]})
        end if
        end if
        return FALSE
    end if
    if not allowed_to_dock then
        return FALSE
    end if
    -- perform the docking
    pbr = quadrant[r][Q_PBX]
    if pb[pbr][P_POD] > 0 then
        pb[pbr][P_POD] -= 1
        ps &= POD_SYM
    end if
    torp = 10 - quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_TORP]
    availtorp = pb[pbr][P_TORP]
    if torp > availtorp then
        torp = availtorp
    end if
    pb[pbr][P_TORP] = availtorp - torp
    torp += quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_TORP]
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_TORP] = torp
    ts = repeat(TORP_SYM, torp)
    if t = G_BS then
        -- extra stuff you get at a base
        for i = 1 to NSYS do
        -- fix each subsystem
        if reptime[i] then
            reptime[i] = 0
            repair(i)
        end if
        end for
        if shuttle then
        -- if there's room, restore larger EUPHORIA ship
        newx = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X]
        newy = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y]
        if quadrant[r][Q_X] > quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X] then
            xdiff = length(EUPHORIA_L[1]) - length(SHUTTLE_L[1])
            newx -= xdiff
        end if
        if quadrant[r][Q_Y] > quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y] then
            ydiff = length(EUPHORIA_L) - length(SHUTTLE_L)
            newy -= ydiff
        end if
        if h_coord(newx) and
           v_coord(newy) and
           -- short circuit avoids error:
            all_clear(read_screen(newx, newy, EUPHORIA_L)) then
            -- restore larger ship
            quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X] = newx
            quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y] = newy
            esyml = EUPHORIA_L
            esymr = EUPHORIA_R
            if equal(esym[1], SHUTTLE_L[1]) then
            esym = EUPHORIA_L
            else
            esym = EUPHORIA_R
            end if
            otype[G_EU] = "EUPHORIA"
            oshape[G_EU] = {EUPHORIA_L, EUPHORIA_R}
            shuttle = FALSE
        end if
        end if
        quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_DEFL] = 3
        ds = repeat(DEFL_SYM, 3)
    end if
    if shuttle then
        maxen = 5000
    else
        maxen = 50000
    end if
    energy = maxen - quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN]
    availen = pb[pbr][P_EN]
    if energy > availen then
        energy = availen
    end if
    pb[pbr][P_EN] = availen - energy
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN] += energy
    p_energy(0)
    wtext()
    docking_sound()
    upg(qrow, qcol)
    msg("DOCKING COMPLETED")
    allowed_to_dock = FALSE -- until it moves free again
    return TRUE
    end if
    return FALSE
end function

type increment(integer x)
    return x = -1 or x = 0 or x = +1
end type

global function task_emove()
-- independent task: move the Euphoria
    h_coord x, exold
    v_coord y, eyold
    increment eqx, eqy
    sequence c

    if curwarp > wlimit then
    if curwarp - wlimit > rand(12) then
        msg("ALL ENGINES DAMAGED")
        wlimit = 0
        reptime[ENGINES] += rand(11)
        setwarp(0)
        return {}
    end if
    end if
    eqx = 0
    eqy = 0
    exold = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X]
    eyold = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y]
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X] += exi
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y] += eyi

    -- check for switching quadrants:

    if quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X] > HSIZE - length(esym[1]) + 1 then
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X] = 1
    eqx = 1
    elsif quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X] < 1 then
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X] = HSIZE - length(esym[1]) + 1
    eqx = -1
    end if

    if quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y] > VSIZE - length(esym) + 1 then
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y] = 1
    eqy = 1
    elsif quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y] < 1 then
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y] = VSIZE - length(esym) + 1
    eqy = -1
    end if

    if shuttle then
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN] -= fuel[curwarp+1]/6
    else
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN] -= fuel[curwarp+1]
    end if
    if quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN] <= 0 then
    p_energy(0)
    end if
    c = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_UNDER]
    delayed_write_screen(exold, eyold, c) -- avoid flicker
    if eqx != 0 or eqy != 0 then
    -- new quadrant
    flush_screen()
    stop_weapons()
    wipeout = {}
    purge_tasks(routine_id("task_explosion"))
    qcol = gmod(qcol + eqx)
    qrow = gmod(qrow + eqy)
    BlackScreen()
    setup_quadrant()
    for i = 2 to length(quadrant) do
        if quadrant[i][Q_TYPE] = G_JAV then
        quadrant[i][Q_TARG] = Java_target(i)
        end if
    end for
    sched_move_fire()
    galaxy[qrow][qcol][1] = TRUE
    msg("")
    end if
    x = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X]
    y = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y]
    c = read_screen(x, y, esym)
    if all_clear(c) then
    contacted = FALSE -- no longer bumping a base/planet
    allowed_to_dock = TRUE
    else
    -- there's something in our way
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X] = exold
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y] = eyold
    if not dock(x, y) then -- docking could change esym
        end_scan()
    end if
    x = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X]
    y = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y]
    c = read_screen(x, y, esym)
    end if
    delayed_write_screen(x, y, esym)
    flush_screen()
    if eqx != 0 or eqy != 0 then
    -- print other guys after EUPHORIA is in new quadrant
    pobj()
    gsbox(qrow, qcol)
    end if
    c *= (c > 64) -- keep stars, discard phasor/torpedo dust
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_UNDER] = c
    return {}
end function

ENEMY.E
10794
-- enemy.e
-- operate the enemy ships

procedure set_basic_color()
-- set new color and "shape" for BASIC ships after truce/hostile change
    sequence shape, new_shape

    for i = 2 to length(quadrant) do
    if quadrant[i][Q_TYPE] = G_BAS then
        shape = read_screen(quadrant[i][Q_X], quadrant[i][Q_Y], BASIC_L)
        -- reprint with new shape & color
        if equal(shape, BASIC_L) then
        new_shape = oshape[G_BAS][1]
        else
        new_shape = oshape[G_BAS][2]
        end if
        write_screen(quadrant[i][Q_X], quadrant[i][Q_Y], new_shape)
    end if
    end for
end procedure

global function task_bstat()
-- independent task: BASIC status change

    positive_atom w
    natural prevstat

    prevstat = bstat
    w = rand(200) + rand(200) + 20
    if bstat = TRUCE then
    if truce_broken then
        truce_broken = FALSE
        msg("TRUCE BROKEN!")
    else
        msg("BASIC STATUS: HOSTILE")
    end if
    if rand(20) < 16 then
        -- switch to hostile
        w *= 1.2
        oshape[G_BAS] = {BASIC_L, BASIC_R}
        oshape[G_BAS] = BLUE * (and_bits(oshape[G_BAS], #F) != 0)
                + 32 * (oshape[G_BAS] = 32)
        bstat = HOSTILE
    else
        -- switch to cloaking
        w *= .6
        oshape[G_BAS] = INVISIBLE_CHAR * (oshape[G_BAS] = oshape[G_BAS])
        bstat = CLOAKING
    end if
    else
    -- hostile/cloaking
    if rand(20) < 10 then
        -- switch to truce
        bstat = TRUCE
        msg("BASIC STATUS: TRUCE")
        w *= .83
        oshape[G_BAS] = {BASIC_L, BASIC_R}
    else
        if bstat = HOSTILE then
        -- hostile --> cloaking
        w *= .6
        bstat = CLOAKING
        oshape[G_BAS] = INVISIBLE_CHAR * (oshape[G_BAS] = oshape[G_BAS])
        else
        -- cloaking --> hostile
        w *= 1.2
        bstat = HOSTILE
        oshape[G_BAS] = {BASIC_L, BASIC_R}
        oshape[G_BAS] = BLUE * (and_bits(oshape[G_BAS], #F) != 0)
                + 32 * (oshape[G_BAS] = 32)
        end if
    end if
    end if
    set_basic_color()
    if scanon then
    gtext()
    if bstat = CLOAKING or prevstat = CLOAKING then
        refresh_scan()
    end if
    end if
    schedule(t_bstat, w, w, 0.2, {})
    return {}
end function

procedure orient(valid_quadrant_row row)
-- point the ship toward its target

    quadrant_row targ
    h_coord targx, rowx
    v_coord rowy
    object_type t

    targ = quadrant[row][Q_TARG]
    if targ = -1 then
    -- no target
    return
    end if
    targx = quadrant[targ][Q_X]
    rowx = quadrant[row][Q_X]
    rowy = quadrant[row][Q_Y]
    t = quadrant[row][Q_TYPE]
    if rowx < targx-4 then
    write_screen(rowx, rowy, oshape[t][2])
    elsif rowx > targx+4 then
    write_screen(rowx, rowy, oshape[t][1])
    end if
end procedure

procedure shoot(valid_quadrant_row shooter)
-- select torpedo or phasor for enemy shot

    natural torp
    positive_atom pen
    boolean w

    torp = quadrant[shooter][Q_TORP]
    w = torp > 0 and rand(4) = 1
    setpt(shooter, w)
    if w then
    quadrant[shooter][Q_TORP] = torp - 1
    torpedo(shooter)
    else
    pen = quadrant[shooter][Q_EN] / 8
    if quadrant[shooter][Q_TYPE] = G_JAV then
        Java_phasor(shooter, pen)
    else
        phasor(shooter, pen)
    end if
    quadrant[shooter][Q_EN] -= pen
    end if
end procedure


global function task_fire()
-- independent task: select an enemy ship for firing

    quadrant_row row
    natural rate
    quadrant_row targ

    if length(quadrant) = 1 then
    return {}  -- nobody in the quadrant except Euphoria
    end if

    row = rand(length(quadrant)-1) + EUPHORIA  -- choose a random ship
    if quadrant[row][Q_TYPE] = DEAD then
    row = rand(length(quadrant)-1) + EUPHORIA  -- try once more
    if quadrant[row][Q_TYPE] = DEAD then
        return {}
    end if
    end if
    rate = quadrant[row][Q_FRATE]
    if rate > rand(256) then
    -- shoot
    if quadrant[row][Q_TYPE] = G_BAS then
        if bstat != TRUCE then
        shoot(row)
        else
        if basic_targ != EUPHORIA then
            if quadrant[basic_targ][Q_TYPE] != G_BS then
            shoot(row)
            end if
        end if
        end if

    elsif quadrant[row][Q_TYPE] = G_BS then
        targ = quadrant[row][Q_TARG]
        if targ != -1 then
        if bstat != TRUCE then
            shoot(row)
        elsif quadrant[targ][Q_TYPE] != G_BAS then
            shoot(row)
        end if
        end if

    else
        shoot(row)
    end if
    end if
    return {}
end function

global function task_move()
-- independent task: select an enemy ship for moving

    quadrant_row row
    natural mrate
    h_coord fx
    v_coord fy
    extended_h_coord xtry
    extended_v_coord ytry
    image fchar, schar
    natural t
    object direction

    if length(quadrant) = 1 then
    return {}  -- nobody in the quadrant
    end if

    row = rand(length(quadrant)-1) + EUPHORIA  -- choose a random ship
    t = quadrant[row][Q_TYPE]
    if t = DEAD then
    return {}
    end if
    mrate = quadrant[row][Q_MRATE]
    if mrate > rand(256) then
    -- try to move
    fx = quadrant[row][Q_X]
    fy = quadrant[row][Q_Y]
    direction = quadrant[row][Q_DIRECTION]
    if atom(direction) or rand(25) = 1 then
        -- pick a new direction
        xtry = fx + rand(7) - 4
        ytry = fy + rand(7) - 4
    else
        xtry = fx + direction[1]
        ytry = fy + direction[2]
    end if
    if xtry >= 2 and xtry <= HSIZE - length(oshape[t][1][1]) and
       ytry >= 1 and ytry <= VSIZE - length(oshape[t][1]) then
        fchar = read_screen(fx, fy, oshape[t][1])
        write_screen(fx, fy, quadrant[row][Q_UNDER])
        schar = read_screen(xtry, ytry, oshape[t][1])
        if all_clear(schar) then
        -- keep stars, lose phasor/torpedo dust
        schar *= (schar > 64)
        quadrant[row][Q_UNDER] = schar
        write_screen(xtry , ytry, fchar)
        quadrant[row][Q_X] = xtry
        quadrant[row][Q_Y] = ytry
        quadrant[row][Q_DIRECTION] = {xtry-fx, ytry-fy}
        else
        write_screen(fx, fy, fchar) -- put it back
        end if
    else
        -- direction is bad
        quadrant[row][Q_DIRECTION] = 0
    end if
    orient(row)
    end if
    return {}
end function

function add2quadrant(object_type t, h_coord x, v_coord y)
-- add a ship to the quadrant sequence

    quadrant_row targ
    valid_quadrant_row row
    image c

    -- try to reuse a place in quadrant sequence
    row = 1
    for i = 2 to length(quadrant) do
    if quadrant[i][Q_TYPE] = DEAD then
       row = i
       exit
    end if
    end for
    if row = 1 then
    -- all slots in use - add a new row
    quadrant = append(quadrant, repeat(0, length(quadrant[1])))
    row = length(quadrant)
    end if

    -- choose his target
    if t < G_BAS then
    if galaxy[qrow][qcol][G_BS] then
        for r = 2 to length(quadrant) do
        if quadrant[r][Q_TYPE] = G_BS then
            targ = r
            exit
        end if
        end for
    else
        targ = EUPHORIA
    end if
    elsif t = G_BAS then
    if basic_targ = -1 then
        if galaxy[qrow][qcol][G_BS] then
        for r = 2 to length(quadrant) do
            if quadrant[r][Q_TYPE] = G_BS then
            basic_targ = r
            exit
            end if
        end for
        else
        basic_targ = EUPHORIA
        end if
    end if
    targ = basic_targ
    else
    targ = Java_target(row)
    end if

    quadrant[row] = stdtype[t]
    quadrant[row][Q_X] = x
    quadrant[row][Q_Y] = y
    c = read_screen(x, y, oshape[t][1])
    c *= (c > 64)
    quadrant[row][Q_UNDER] = c
    quadrant[row][Q_TARG] = targ
    if x < quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X] then
    c = oshape[t][2]
    else
    c = oshape[t][1]
    end if
    write_screen(x, y, c)
    return TRUE
end function

global function task_enter()
-- independent task: enemy ship enters quadrant

    natural q
    h_coord enterx, max_h
    v_coord entery, max_v
    natural entert
    sequence enterc
    g_index randcol, randrow, fromcol, fromrow
    image shape

    schedule(t_enter, 0,  3 + rand(30) * (curwarp > 2) +
               quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN]/(3000 + rand(6000)), 0.5, {})
    if rand(3+7*(level = 'n')) != 1 then
    return {}  -- adjust wait time only
    end if

    for i = 1 to 2 do
    entert = 0
    q = rand(8)
    if q = 1 then     -- left
        fromrow = qrow
        fromcol = gmod(qcol-1)

    elsif q = 2 then  -- top left
        fromrow = gmod(qrow-1)
        fromcol = gmod(qcol-1)

    elsif q = 3 then  -- top
        fromrow = gmod(qrow-1)
        fromcol = qcol

    elsif q = 4 then  -- top right
        fromrow = gmod(qrow-1)
        fromcol = gmod(qcol+1)

    elsif q = 5 then  -- right
        fromrow = qrow
        fromcol = gmod(qcol+1)

    elsif q = 6 then  -- bottom right
        fromrow = gmod(qrow+1)
        fromcol = gmod(qcol+1)

    elsif q = 7 then  -- bottom
        fromrow = gmod(qrow+1)
        fromcol = qcol

    else              -- bottom left
        fromrow = gmod(qrow+1)
        fromcol = gmod(qcol-1)

    end if
    if galaxy[fromrow][fromcol][G_CPP] then
        entert = G_CPP -- two tries to pick C++ to enter
        exit
    end if
    end for
    if entert = G_CPP then
    -- C++
    elsif galaxy[fromrow][fromcol][G_ANC] then
    entert = G_ANC
    elsif galaxy[fromrow][fromcol][G_KRC] then
    entert = G_KRC
    else
    randcol = rand(G_SIZE)
    randrow = rand(G_SIZE)
    if randcol != qrow or randcol != qcol then
        if galaxy[randrow][randcol][G_JAV] then
        fromrow = randrow
        fromcol = randcol
        enterx = rand(HSIZE-length(oshape[G_JAV][1][1]))
        entery = rand(VSIZE-length(oshape[G_JAV][1])+1)
        entert = G_JAV
        end if
    end if
    end if
    if entert = 0 then
    if galaxy[fromrow][fromcol][G_BAS] then
        entert = G_BAS
    end if
    end if
    if entert then
    shape = oshape[entert][1]
    if entert != G_JAV then
        max_v = VSIZE - length(shape) + 1
        max_h = HSIZE - length(shape[1]) + 1
        if q = 1 then     -- left
        enterx = 1
        entery = rand(max_v)

        elsif q = 2 then  -- top left
        enterx = 1
        entery = 1

        elsif q = 3 then  -- top
        enterx = rand(max_h)
        entery = 1

        elsif q = 4 then  -- top right
        enterx = max_h
        entery = 1

        elsif q = 5 then  -- right
        enterx = max_h
        entery = rand(max_v)

        elsif q = 6 then  -- bottom right
        enterx = max_h
        entery = max_v

        elsif q = 7 then  -- bottom
        enterx = rand(max_h)
        entery = max_v

        else              -- bottom left
        enterx = 1
        entery = max_v

        end if
    end if

    enterc = read_screen(enterx, entery, shape)
    if not all_clear(enterc) then
        return {}
    end if
    if add2quadrant(entert, enterx, entery) then
        galaxy[qrow][qcol][entert] += 1
        galaxy[fromrow][fromcol][entert] -= 1
        upg(qrow, qcol)
        upg(fromrow, fromcol)
        if entert = G_JAV then
        Java_enter_sound()
        end if
        fmsg("%s HAS ENTERED QUADRANT", {otype[entert]})
        sched_move_fire()
    end if
    end if
    return {}
end function

LW.DOC
18720
            ============
            Language War
            ============

 Open a full-screen DOS window (press Alt-Enter) and type:

      ex lw

 More games, with faster action and Sound Blaster sound effects, await you on
 the Euphoria Web site:

      http://members.aol.com/FilesEu/

      - click the "Archive" link and then click "Games"


 Object of the Game
 ------------------
 It's the year 2399. The galaxy is dominated by the evil forces of the
 C empire. Programmers' minds are being enslaved to the C language. Your
 objective as commander of the Euphoria is to rid the galaxy of the 50 C ships
 and spread euphoria throughout the galaxy. 40 of these evil ships are regular
 C ships, 9 are the more powerful ANSI C ships, and a single ship, lurking
 somewhere in the galaxy is the extremely powerful and terrifying C++.

 You will encounter other ships in the galaxy as well. These are the BASIC
 ships and the Java ships, remnants of previous empires. While it is not
 your prime objective to destroy these ships, they will at times attack you
 and you will want to eliminate them. This is particularly true when they
 threaten friendly bases and planets.

 Start at the novice level -- type 'n' to start the game. At the novice level
 the enemy ships don't move around as much, or shoot at you as often.
 When you are able to win at the novice level, move up to the expert level.
 Type 'e' or just hit Enter for the expert level.


 Moving the Euphoria through space
 ---------------------------------
 The galaxy consists of 49 quadrants arranged in a 7x7 grid. Due to the
 curvature of space, when you travel off the edge of the galaxy you will
 arrive in the quadrant on the opposite side. At any one time you can only
 see the action taking place in the current quadrant that you are located in.
 When you move past the edge of the screen you enter an adjacent quadrant.

 The ship moves at a certain warp speed from 0 to 5, and a certain direction
 from 1 to 8 as shown below.

                     directions

                         3
                    4    |    2
                         |
                  5------+------1
                         |
                    6    |    8
                         7

 To move at warp 3 in direction 2 you would type

     w 3
     2
     (or 2 w 3)

 i.e. entering a number from 1 to 8 by itself will set your direction.
 You cannot move in a fractional direction. Your current direction is
 displayed in the navigation box in the lower left of the screen. This box
 also serves to remind you of the directions for firing weapons.


 Weapon Systems (in General)
 ---------------------------
 Ships fire phasors with a certain amount of input energy. The impact of the
 phasor diminishes with distance to the target but the enemy always loses more
 energy than was put into the phasor. A ship loses energy when it fires a
 phasor, whether the phasor hits or not. Torpedos pack a 4000-unit impact
 regardless of the distance to the target. A torpedo will be neutralized
 by a torpedo deflector, if one exists on the target ship.


 Weapons on board the Euphoria
 -----------------------------
 The Euphoria comes equipped with conventional phasors and torpedos. It can
 also fire an extremely powerful antimatter pod. The Euphoria stores a maximum
 of 50000 units of energy, and must be refueled at either a base or a planet.
 It carries up to 10 torpedos, 3 torpedo deflectors and 4 antimatter pods.
 Weapons and deflectors can only be replenished at a base. They appear on
 your console as up-arrow, semi-circle, and circular pod shapes.

 You can fire a phasor with input energy from 000 to 900 units. This input
 energy is deducted from the amount that the Euphoria has left. To fire a
 500-unit phasor in direction 1.0 type:

      p 5 1 0

 To fire a torpedo in direction 3.9 type:

      t 3 9

 To fire an antimatter pod in direction 2.1 type:

      a 2 1   ... then press Enter to detonate

 Exactly 2 digits are required on directions for weapons. The '.' is
 displayed automatically for you - you don't actually type it. The torpedo,
 pod or phasor originates from a point near the middle of the Euphoria.

 Occasionally, you may need more than 2-digit precision, especially when the
 target is far away from you. You can adjust the fine control on your
 weapons by adding '<' (less than) or '>' (greater than) to the direction.
 For example, if both 1.5 and 1.6 miss the enemy, type:

      t 1 > 5    "tee one, greater than five"

 to get, effectively t 1.533. Or type:

      t 1 < 6    "tee one, less than six"

 to get t 1.566. Between any adjacent two-digit directions, you have 2,
 equally-spaced fine control directions. This works with phasors, torpedos and
 pods. You can also type:

      t > 1 5
 or
      t < 1 6

 i.e. the placement of the '<' or '>' symbol in the direction doesn't matter,
 as long as it comes after 't', 'a' or 'p x', and before you type the
 second digit. When you type the second digit the weapon fires immediately.

 Quickly typing the correct direction is important to winning the game. It may
 take you a while to get used to it. It's better to use the numbers across the
 top of your keyboard, than the numeric keypad on the right. The numbers on
 the keypad are not arranged according to the directions, and they may confuse
 you. (The intensity of the action in this game makes it necessary to use
 keyboard input for commands and directions, rather than mouse or arrow-key
 input.)

 The antimatter pod will head out from the Euphoria in the direction you have
 chosen. It will pass through any matter in its path. At the precise moment
 that you want it to detonate, press Enter. A powerful explosion, equivalent to
 a 1000-unit phasor blast in all directions, will spread out from the point of
 detonation. As with a phasor, the damage inflicted will decline with distance
 from the epicenter. All objects in the quadrant, including the Euphoria and
 any bases or planets, will be affected. If you leave the quadrant before
 pressing Enter, the antimatter pod will not receive your signal.

 The pod is clearly a double-edged sword in your arsenal. You should try to
 detonate it in the middle of a large number of C ships and other enemy ships,
 as far away as possible from the Euphoria and any planets or bases. It's very
 useful for destroying cloaking BASIC ships. When you have a truce with the
 BASIC ships, it's considered an act of war.

 The Euphoria initially carries one pod. Each base will provide one additional
 pod the first time you dock with it. If you fire more than one pod at one
 time, both will explode simultaneously when you press Enter. After you
 detonate a pod, any enemy survivors can probably be polished off with some
 weak phasor blasts (unless you leave the quadrant).


 Canceling a Command
 -------------------
 To cancel a command, you can stop, part way through the command, and start
 typing a new one that begins with a letter, or you can type Backspace or 'c'
 to clear the command display.


 Freezing the Game
 -----------------
 To temporarily suspend the game type 'f'. To resume type 'c' or Backspace.
 Note: This is only allowed to answer a phone call, or go to the bathroom.
 You can also press Esc to abort the game.


 Know Your Enemy
 ---------------
 C ships (red) come in 3 different sizes. All have torpedos and conventional
 phasors. The regular ships have 4000 units of energy and 2 torpedos. A single
 torpedo is just enough to destroy them. A 900-unit phasor from not too far
 way will also do the trick. The ANSI C ships are somewhat larger, have 8000
 units of energy and carry 4 torpedos. C++ has 25000 units of energy and
 carries 10 torpedos. C++ is the largest ship in the galaxy, and has a
 distinctive magenta color. A couple of phasor blasts from C++ at close range
 and you are dead. Watch out! C ships will never attack other C ships, and
 their phasors and torpedos have a safety mechanism that prevents accidental
 damage to other C ships.

 BASIC ships are sometimes at TRUCE (bright blue) and will not fire at you
 unless you fire first and break the TRUCE. Sometimes they will spontaneously
 change to HOSTILE (dark blue and harder to see), and will start firing. They
 also have a deadly cloaking device that can make them invisible. (If you
 watch very carefully you might see a star disappear temporarily when a
 cloaking BASIC ship moves in front of it.) When a BASIC ship is attacked, all
 other BASIC ships in the quadrant will fire back on the attacker. BASIC ships
 have 2 torpedos and conventional phasors. They only have 2000 units of energy.
 BASIC ships will never attack other BASIC ships, and their weapons use a
 similar safety mechanism as the C ships.

 The Java ships (green) are very unpredictable and will shoot at anything,
 including other Java ships. They can enter a higher dimension that lets them
 travel from any other quadrant in the galaxy and arrive at any point in the
 current quadrant. Their invisible phasors can travel through anything. They
 have a red spot that lights up while they are phasoring another ship. They
 have 3000 units of energy.

 Enemy ships always put a fixed percentage of their remaining energy into
 each phasor blast. A fresh ANSI C will hit you with twice the impact of a
 regular C ship. C++ will hit you with more than 6 times the impact!
 Enemy ships gradually weaken as they shoot more and more phasors.


 Destroying ships
 ----------------
 Any ship, including the Euphoria, is destroyed when its energy reserves reach
 0. Enemy ships regain their full energy when you leave the quadrant, so be
 sure to finish them off while you can. Bases and planets also regain their
 defensive energy when you leave.


 Damage
 ------
 5 different subsystems of the Euphoria are subject to damage. The harder you
 get hit by a phasor, torpedo or pod, the greater the chance of damage. On
 your console, you will see an estimate of the time required to repair each
 subsystem. The engines will sometimes sustain partial damage and a recommended
 maximum warp speed will be posted. You may exceed this speed, but only at
 great risk of total engine failure that will take a while to fix.


 The Assembly Language space shuttle
 -----------------------------------
 Your energy is about to expire! Your engines have broken down! Enemy ships
 at shooting at you! What do you do? Panic? Of course! But then you press 's',
 to abandon the Euphoria and enter the Assembly Language shuttle. This
 small craft carries 5000 units of energy and 1 torpedo deflector. It's your
 last hope. It can dock at a base or a planet for energy. You will get a
 new Euphoria-class ship if you dock with a base. Fortunately, this smaller
 ship consumes much less energy than the Euphoria while moving through space.


 Docking
 -------
 The Euphoria must periodically dock at an energy source (base or planet)
 to replenish its supplies. Planets offer energy only. Bases offer energy,
 torpedos, pods, deflectors, and quick repairs to any subsystems of the ship
 that need it. To dock, you must bump the Euphoria into the energy source
 while traveling at WARP 1. Moving once at WARP 1 takes about 20 seconds.
 Typically you will cruise up to the planet or base at warp 4 or so, bump
 into it, and then lower your speed to warp 1 and wait for the
 "DOCKING COMPLETED" message. The planet or base will remind you to lower your
 speed to warp 1. During these 20 seconds you must be prepared to defend
 yourself and the base or planet from attackers. Bases can fire back at any
 ship that fires upon them, but they only have 6000 units of defensive energy,
 so guard them well. C ships that enter the quadrant will usually attack your
 base first, rather than you. Planets have 7000 units of defensive energy to
 withstand attacks but cannot fire back. To dock again at the same source you
 must first move away from it, and then bump into it again.

 Bases and planets have finite reserves of energy to give you. After docking
 a few times at the same energy source, you may notice that it has dried
 up, and has not given you the full amount of energy that you expected. It is
 time to find new sources. A base will always provide repairs and new deflector
 shields, but it has only one pod and a finite supply of energy and torpedos.
 A base might still have some torpedos available, even when it has no energy
 to give you.


 The Galaxy Scan
 ---------------
 Command 'g' displays a view of the entire galaxy. You can see the locations
 of planets, bases and enemy ships for any quadrant that you have visited. The
 current quadrant is brighter, and is updated frequently so you can see the
 location of all objects including the Euphoria. Typing 'g' again will restore
 the normal full-screen view of the current quadrant. Sometimes your sensors
 will be damaged and you will not be able to view the galaxy scan. It also
 shows how many enemy ships are remaining, and you can find out if the BASIC
 ships are at TRUCE, are HOSTILE, or are CLOAKING (invisible). This scan is
 particularly important when your reserves are getting low and you are
 searching for an energy source. As you view the scan, the action continues.
 Your ship is still moving and you can be struck by enemy fire - watch out!

 Note that when you enter a quadrant the number of enemy ships will be as
 shown on the scan, but the positions of these ships could be very different.
 Only planets and bases have fixed positions in space. Only the scan for
 the current quadrant shows precise enemy locations.

 If you bump into anything while viewing the galaxy scan, it will be turned
 off immediately for your safety.

 The galaxy scan indicates a dried up energy source by showing the planet or
 base in white.

 When the BASIC ships are cloaking, you will not see any BASIC ships on the
 scan.


 Tips
 ----
 Winning this game requires your full concentration. You must act quickly and
 decisively when there is a threat to your safety. You must keep an eye on your
 energy reserves, and plan where your next docking will take place. Do not just
 fly around aimlessly, picking fights with whoever comes along. You need a plan.

 Be aware when your deflectors have run out and you become vulnerable to
 4000-unit torpedo blasts.

 It's a good idea to focus on quadrants that contain energy sources. Clear out
 any enemy ships and make it a safe place to dock.

 Do not have a showdown with C++ until you are physically and emotionally
 ready. It takes several torpedo hits or medium-range phasor blasts to kill
 him. He will hit you with phasor blasts that are much stronger than you are
 used to from other enemy craft. You might consider using a pod - but be sure
 to detonate it very close to him.

 From a tactical point of view you are safer to travel near the edge of
 quadrants, since you can quickly escape into the adjacent quadrant when
 you are in danger. When entering a new quadrant be prepared to immediately
 back out if you don't like what you see.

 Travel at WARP 4 most of the time. It's the most energy-efficient way to
 travel. WARP 5 is faster but burns energy at a very high rate. Note that
 even at warp 0, you still use a small amount of "life support" energy.

 Enemy ships can enter your quadrant from the 8 neighboring quadrants.
 (Javas can enter from any quadrant). They tend to do so when your energy
 is low or you are moving slowly. You should anticipate their sudden arrival,
 especially when you are attempting to dock. Be prepared to act quickly, or
 your energy source may be blown out from under you, just before you dock with
 it.

 You will need some practice before you are skilled at typing in commands and
 aiming your weapons. It might be a good idea to print lw.sum and have it
 beside you as you learn.

 You don't have to wait for a command to finish before typing in your next
 command. For instance, after firing a torpedo, you can fire a second, third,
 etc. torpedo without waiting for the first to hit or miss.

 When shooting at an enemy target, it helps to stop at WARP 0 or, if you are
 docking, move at WARP 1. You can shoot on the run, but it gets frustrating
 when you miss and waste your torpedo, or phasor energy. Enemy ships tend to
 keep moving in the same direction for a little while, before changing
 direction. Sometimes it helps to shoot just ahead of where they are moving.
 If you glance at the screen just before typing the last digit, you can
 sometimes make a last-second adjustment that will result in a hit.

 You can fire a trial phasor with 0 units of energy to see what the correct
 direction is before you waste energy on a real phasor. 0-unit phasors are
 also useful for finding cloaking BASIC ships, If the Euphoria suddenly stops
 moving, it's very likely that you have bumped into a cloaking BASIC ship.
 Destroy it immediately before it hits you with a huge close-range phasor blast!

 When docking, be very careful not to hit the planet or base you are docked
 with. Use a 0-unit phasor to test.

 Do not use 900-unit phasors when something a lot less will finish off your
 enemy. Torpedos are useful when the enemy ship is far away. Unfortunately,
 torpedos are slower than phasors, and the enemy ship might move away before
 the torpedo gets there.

 Enemy ships will always try to destroy the last ship that fired and struck
 them, but when you leave the quadrant this information is lost. You can
 often set up situations where two enemy ships will get into a battle among
 themselves.

 It is quite an achievement to win this game at the expert level.

 If you think of a way of improving the game, by all means go ahead!


                 Objects in the Galaxy
         ---------------------
 The Good Guys:
     Euphoria (yellow)
     Assembly Language Shuttle (yellow)
     Base     (yellow)
     Planet   (brown)

 The Bad Guys:
     C        (red)
     ANSI C   (red)
     C++      (magenta)

 The Annoying Guys:
     BASIC    (blue/dark blue/invisible)
     Java     (green)


     Good Luck!

LW.EX
9388
               ------------------
               -- Language War --
               ------------------
-- Run with:  ex lw
-- in pure DOS, or a full-screen DOS window. (press Alt+Enter)

-- See lw.doc for a complete description of how to play.
-- See lw.sum for a brief summary of the commands that you can print.

-- This is based on a space war game developed in 1979 for the TRS-80 by
-- David A. Craig with assistance from Robert H. Craig.

-- Language War uses graphics mode 18 and PC speaker sound effects.
-- Standard Euphoria routines, such as pixel(), display_image() etc. are used.
-- There are no calls to low-level routines such as peek(), poke(), or
-- mem_copy(). See the Euphoria Web site for examples of really fast graphics.

-- Language War is organized as a loose collection of independent "tasks"
-- that run in "parallel" with each other. A scheduler decides which task to
-- run next. See sched.e for the details. This cooperative, non-preemptive
-- tasking approach could be applied to other kinds of programs as well.

-- It seems to run well on any 486 or higher with at least 8Mb RAM. It should
-- also run on a 4Mb RAM system with SMARTDRV disabled. It will run correctly
-- on a 386, but the performance may be too sluggish for the game to be
-- enjoyable.

global constant QUIET = 0  -- set this to 1 to turn off all sounds

without type_check -- makes it a bit faster

type file_number(integer x)
    return x >= -1
end type

file_number sum_no
object line

include image.e
include graphics.e
include get.e

include vars.e

include putsxy.e

if graphics_mode(18) then
    puts(1, "you need mode 18\n")
    abort(0)
end if

text_color(7)

include pictures.e
include screen.e

set_bk_color(BLUE)
bk_color(BLUE)
set_color(WHITE)
clear_screen()

-- display summary file
sum_no = open("lw.sum", "r")
if sum_no != -1 then
    for i = 2 to 26 do
    line = gets(sum_no)
    if atom(line) then
        exit
    end if
    line = line[1..length(line)-1]
    position(i, 1)
    console_puts(line)
    end for
    close(sum_no)
end if

set_color(YELLOW)
position(28, 5)
console_puts("novice or expert level? (n or e): _ ")

include sched.e
include soundeff.e
include display.e
include damage.e
include weapons.e
include commands.e
include emove.e
include enemy.e

type energy_source(integer x)
    return x = G_PL or x = G_BS
end type

procedure setpb(pb_row row, energy_source stype)
-- initialize a planet or a base

    g_index r, c, ri, ci
    h_coord x, xi
    v_coord y, yi
    boolean unique
    natural e_height, e_width

    -- choose a quadrant
    pb[row][P_TYPE] = stype
    r = rand(G_SIZE)
    c = rand(G_SIZE)
    pb[row][P_QR] = r
    pb[row][P_QC] = c

    pb[row][P_EN] = (rand(250) + rand(250)) * 70 + 60000
    galaxy[r][c][stype] += 1
    e_height = length(EUPHORIA_L)
    e_width  = length(EUPHORIA_L[1])
    -- choose a position in the quadrant
    while TRUE do
    if stype = G_PL then
        x = e_width  + rand(HSIZE - length(PLANET[1]) - 2*e_width)
        y = e_height + rand(VSIZE - length(PLANET)    - 2*e_height)
    else
        x = e_width  + rand(HSIZE - length(BASE[1]) - 2*e_width)
        y = e_height + rand(VSIZE - length(BASE)    - 2*e_height)
        pb[row][P_POD] = 1
        pb[row][P_TORP] = rand(14) + 16
    end if
    pb[row][P_X] = x
    pb[row][P_Y] = y

    -- make sure position doesn't overlap another planet or base
    unique = TRUE
    for i = 1 to row - 1 do
        ri = pb[i][P_QR]
        ci = pb[i][P_QC]
        if r = ri and c = ci then
        -- in the same quadrant
        xi = pb[i][P_X]
        -- allow enough room for a planet - bigger than a base
        if x >= xi - length(PLANET[1]) and
           x <= xi + length(PLANET[1]) then
            yi = pb[i][P_Y]
            if y >= yi-length(PLANET) and y <= yi+length(PLANET) then
            unique = FALSE
            exit
            end if
        end if
        end if
    end for
    if unique then
        exit
    end if
    end while
end procedure

procedure init()
-- initialize
    g_index r, c

    wrap(0)

    -- objects in the Galaxy (facing left and right):

    oshape = {{EUPHORIA_L, EUPHORIA_R},  -- Euphoria
          {KRC_L,       KRC_R},      -- K&R C
          {ANC_L,       ANC_R},      -- ANSI C
          {CPP_L,       CPP_R},      -- C++
          {BASIC_L,     BASIC_R},    -- BASIC
          {JAVA_L,      JAVA_R},     -- Java
          {PLANET,      PLANET},     -- Planet
          {BASE,        BASE}}       -- Base

    otype = {"EUPHORIA",
         "C",
         "ANSI C",
         "C++",
         "BASIC",
         "Java",
         "PLANET",
         "BASE"}

    -- set number of objects in the galaxy
    nobj = {1,  -- Euphoria (must be 1)
       40,  -- regular K&R C ships
        9,  -- ANSI C ships
        1,  -- C++
       50,  -- BASIC ships
       20,  -- Java ships
       NPLANETS,  -- planets
       NBASES}    -- bases

    -- create the standard, initial tasks

    t_emove = create_task(routine_id("task_emove"))
    schedule(t_emove, 0, warp_time[1+4], 0.01, {}) -- runs first

    t_keyb  = create_task(routine_id("task_keyb"))
    schedule(t_keyb, 0.1, 0.20, 0.15, {})

    t_life  = create_task(routine_id("task_life"))
    schedule(t_life, 1.8, 1.8, .10, {})

    t_bstat = create_task(routine_id("task_bstat"))
    schedule(t_bstat, rand(300), INACTIVE, .3, {})

    t_fire  = create_task(routine_id("task_fire"))

    t_enter = create_task(routine_id("task_enter"))
    schedule(t_enter, rand(30), INACTIVE, 1, {})

    -- initially inactive tasks:
    t_move  = create_task(routine_id("task_move"))
    t_message = create_task(routine_id("task_message"))
    t_sound_effect = create_task(routine_id("task_sound_effect"))
    t_dead  = create_task(routine_id("task_dead"))
    t_damage_report = create_task(routine_id("task_damage_report"))
    t_gquad = create_task(routine_id("task_gquad"))
    scanon = FALSE

    -- blank lower portion
    set_bk_color(WHITE)
    for i = WARP_LINE to WARP_LINE + 2 do
    position(i, 1)
    console_puts(BLANK_LINE)
    end for

    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_TYPE] = G_EU
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_DEFL] = 3
    ds = repeat(DEFL_SYM, 3)
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_TORP] = 10
    ts = repeat(TORP_SYM, 10)
    ps = repeat(POD_SYM, 1)
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_EN] = 50000
    wlimit = 5
    curwarp = 4
    curdir = 1
    exi = 1
    eyi = 0
    truce_broken = FALSE
    qrow = 1
    qcol = 1
    stext()

    -- initialize galaxy sequence
    galaxy = repeat(repeat(repeat(0, NTYPES), G_SIZE), G_SIZE)
    for i = G_KRC to G_JAV do
    for j = 1 to nobj[i] do
        r = rand(G_SIZE)
        c = rand(G_SIZE)
        galaxy[r][c][i] += 1
    end for
    end for

    -- initialize planet/base sequence
    for i = 1 to nobj[G_BS] do
    setpb(i, G_BS)
    end for
    for i = nobj[G_BS]+1 to PROWS do
    setpb(i, G_PL)
    end for
    esymr = EUPHORIA_R
    esyml = EUPHORIA_L
    esym = EUPHORIA_R
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X] = HSIZE - length(esym[1]) + 1
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y] = floor(VSIZE/2) - length(esym) + 1
    quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_UNDER] = 0 * esym
    qrow = pb[1][P_QR]
    qcol = gmod(pb[1][P_QC] - 1)
    bstat = TRUCE
    reptime[1..NSYS] = 0
    ndmg = 0
    shuttle = FALSE
    set_bk_color(BLACK)
    bk_color(BLACK)
    set_color(WHITE)
    BlackScreen()  -- blank upper portion
end procedure

function task_end_game()
-- end the game
    gameover = TRUE
    return {}
end function

procedure trek()
-- Language War Main Routine

    natural nk

    init()

    current_task = t_keyb
    gameover = FALSE

    -- MAIN SCHEDULING LOOP FOR WHOLE GAME:
    while not gameover do
    next_task()
    end while

    -- shut down most tasks
    stop_weapons()
    delete_task(t_emove)
    delete_task(t_keyb)
    delete_task(t_life)
    delete_task(t_bstat)
    delete_task(t_fire)
    delete_task(t_move)
    delete_task(t_damage_report)
    delete_task(t_enter)
    delete_task(t_gquad)

    -- post game: allow 18 seconds max for explosions, pod explosion,
    -- messages, sounds to finish
    current_task = create_task(routine_id("task_end_game"))
    schedule(current_task, 0, 18, 15, {})
    gameover = FALSE
    while not gameover do
    next_task()
    end while

    nk = c_remaining()
    if nk = 0 then
    set_color(RED)
    display_msg("PROGRAMMERS THROUGHOUT THE GALAXY ARE EUPHORIC!!!!!")
    victory_sound()
    else
    display_msg(sprintf(
        "%d C SHIPS REMAIN. YOU ARE DEAD. C RULES THE GALAXY!", nk))
    end if

    position(WARP_LINE+1, ENERGY_POS)
    set_color(BLUE)
    set_bk_color(WHITE)
    if level = 'e' then
    console_puts("expert")
    else
    console_puts("novice")
    end if
    console_puts(" level")

    while get_key() != -1 do
    -- clear any extra keystrokes
    end while
    delay(1.5) -- make sure he sees his failure (or victory)
    if wait_key() then
    end if
    quit()
end procedure

tick_rate(TICK_RATE) -- do it before init_delay() - it speeds up time() call
init_delay()         -- uses up some time - do it here while user is thinking

integer in
while TRUE do
    in = get_key()
    if in != -1 then
    exit
    end if
end while

if in = 'n' or in = 'N' then
    level = 'n'
else
    level = 'e'
end if

trek()

LW.SUM
879
                Language War Command Summary
                ============================
 Examples
 --------
 3              move ship in direction 3 (up the screen)
 w 4            set warp speed to 4
 p 9 1 5        shoot 900-unit phasor in direction 1.5
 t 3 2          shoot torpedo in direction 3.2
 a 5 0          shoot antimatter pod in direction 5.0 - Press Enter to detonate
 g              display or cancel galaxy scan
 s              abandon Euphoria for shuttlecraft
 f              freeze the game - hit 'c' to resume
 c              cancel a partially entered command
 Esc            abort the game

                    directions
                        3
                   4    |    2
                        |
                 5------+------1
                        |
                   6    |    8
                        7
PICTURES.E
11357
    -----------------------------------------
    -- Bitmap images for various objects --
    -----------------------------------------

--   16 color graphics modes:

--   BLACK   = 0         GRAY           = 8
--   BLUE    = 1         BRIGHT_BLUE    = 9
--   GREEN   = 2         BRIGHT_GREEN   = A
--   CYAN    = 3         BRIGHT_CYAN    = B
--   RED     = 4         BRIGHT_RED     = C
--   MAGENTA = 5         BRIGHT_MAGENTA = D
--   BROWN   = 6         YELLOW         = E
--   WHITE   = 7         BRIGHT_WHITE   = F

-- low order 4 bits determine the color seen by the user
-- 0: black part of outer space
-- 1..15: colored part of a solid object
-- 16..31: POD - solid, but phasors/torps can pass through it
-- 32: black part of a solid object
-- 33..64: torpedos/phasors/explosion bits
--         - ignorable fluff with no effect on the game
-- 65...: stars - no effect on game, but they shouldn't be destroyed

function make_image(sequence digits)
-- convert a 2-d sequence of hex digits into a 2-d image
    integer c

    for i = 1 to length(digits) do
    for j = 1 to length(digits[i]) do
        c = digits[i][j]
        if c = ' ' then
        c = 32 -- BLACK (transparent) part of an object
        elsif c >= 'A' then
        c -= 'A' - 10
        else
        c -= '0'
        end if
        digits[i][j] = c
    end for
    end for
    return digits
end function

function flip_image(sequence digits)
-- make left-right mirror image
    integer temp

    for i = 1 to length(digits) do
    for j = 1 to floor(length(digits[i])/2) do
        temp = digits[i][j]
        digits[i][j] = digits[i][length(digits[i])-j+1]
        digits[i][length(digits[i])-j+1] = temp
    end for
    end for
    return digits
end function

global constant
    STAR1 = 64 + BRIGHT_WHITE,  -- bright star, greater than 64

    STAR2 = 64 + WHITE,   -- duller star, greater than 64

    TORPEDO = make_image({"FF",  -- the dot used for torpedos and phasors
              "FF"
             })+32,
    TORPEDO_WIDTH = length(TORPEDO[1]),
    TORPEDO_HEIGHT = length(TORPEDO),

    POD = make_image({"F0000F",
              "0FFFF0",
              "FF00FF",
              "0FFFF0",
              "F0000F"
             })+16,

    BASE = make_image({"          EEEEEEEE          ",
               "          EEEEEEEE          ",
               "             EE             ",
               "             EE             ",
               "             EE             ",
               "             EE             ",
               "        EEEEEEEEEEEE        ",
               "       EEEEEEEEEEEEEE       ",
               "      EEE    EE    EEE      ",
               "EE    EEE    EE    EEE    EE",
               "EE    EEE    EE    EEE    EE",
               "EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE",
               "EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE",
               "EE    EEE    EE    EEE    EE",
               "EE    EEE    EE    EEE    EE",
               "      EEE    EE    EEE      ",
               "       EEEEEEEEEEEEEE       ",
               "        EEEEEEEEEEEE        ",
               "             EE             ",
               "             EE             ",
               "             EE             ",
               "             EE             ",
               "          EEEEEEEE          ",
               "          EEEEEEEE          "
              }),

    PLANET  = make_image({
             "                   6666666666                   ",
             "                6666666666666666                ",
             "              66666666666666666666              ",
             "            666666666666666666666666            ",
             "          6666666666666666666666666666          ",
             "        66666666666666666666666666666666        ",
             "       6666666666666666666666666666666666       ",
             "      666666666666666666666666666666666666      ",
             "     66666666666666666666666666666666666666     ",
             "    6666666666666666666666666666666666666666    ",
             "    6666666666666666666666666666666666666666    ",
             "   666666666666666666666666666666666666666666   ",
             "   666666666666666666666666666666666666666666   ",
             "  66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666  ",
             "  66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666  ",
             "  66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666  ",
             " 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 ",
             " 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 ",
             " 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 ",
             "666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666",
             "666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666",
             "666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666",
             "666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666",
             "666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666",
             "666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666",
             "666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666",
             "666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666",
             "666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666",
             " 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 ",
             " 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 ",
             " 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 ",
             "  66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666  ",
             "  66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666  ",
             "  66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666  ",
             "   666666666666666666666666666666666666666666   ",
             "   666666666666666666666666666666666666666666   ",
             "    6666666666666666666666666666666666666666    ",
             "    6666666666666666666666666666666666666666    ",
             "     66666666666666666666666666666666666666     ",
             "      666666666666666666666666666666666666      ",
             "       6666666666666666666666666666666666       ",
             "        66666666666666666666666666666666        ",
             "          6666666666666666666666666666          ",
             "            666666666666666666666666            ",
             "              66666666666666666666              ",
             "                6666666666666666                ",
             "                   6666666666                   "
             }),

    BASIC_L = make_image({"            9 9  9 9   ",
              "            9 9  9 9   ",
              "           99999 9999  ",
              "99999999999     9      ",
              "           99999 9999  ",
              "            9 9  9 9   ",
              "            9 9  9 9   "
               }),
    BASIC_R = flip_image(BASIC_L),

    SHUTTLE_L = make_image({"            EE",
                "      EEEEEEE ",
                "EEEEEEE     E ",
                "      EEEEEEE ",
                "            EE"
               }),
    SHUTTLE_R = flip_image(SHUTTLE_L),

    EUPHORIA_L = make_image({
                "       EEEEEEEEEE",
                " EEEE    EE      ",
                "EE  EE   E       ",
                "E    EEEEEEE     ",
                "EE  EE   E       ",
                " EEEE    EE      ",
                "       EEEEEEEEEE"
              }),
    EUPHORIA_R = flip_image(EUPHORIA_L),

    -- Java when shooting
    JAVA_LS = make_image({
             "                  AAA",
             "      AAAA       AA  ",
             "    AACCCCAA    AAA  ",
             "  AAACCCCCCAAAAAAAA  ",
             "AAAAACCCCCCAAAAAAAAAA",
             "  AAACCCCCCAAAAAAAA  ",
             "    AACCCCAA    AAA  ",
             "      AAAA       AA  ",
             "                  AAA"
            }),
    JAVA_RS = flip_image(JAVA_LS),

    -- normal Java
    JAVA_L = make_image({
             "                  AAA",
             "      AAAA       AA  ",
             "    AA    AA    AAA  ",
             "  AAA      AAAAAAAA  ",
             "AAAAA      AAAAAAAAAA",
             "  AAA      AAAAAAAA  ",
             "    AA    AA    AAA  ",
             "      AAAA       AA  ",
             "                  AAA"
            }),
    JAVA_R = flip_image(JAVA_L),

    KRC_L = make_image({
            "              CC       ",
            "             CC        ",
            "            CC         ",
            "    CC     CC        CC",
            "   C  C    CC      CC  ",
            "   C  CCCCCCCCCCCCC    ",
            "CCCC  CCCCCCCCCCCCC    ",
            "   C  CCCCCCCCCCCCC    ",
            "   C  C    CC      CC  ",
            "    CC     CC        CC",
            "            CC         ",
            "             CC        ",
            "              CC       "
            }),
    KRC_R = flip_image(KRC_L),

    ANC_L = make_image({
            "                    CC        ",
            "                   CC         ",
            "                  CC          ",
            "       CCC       CCC       CCC",
            "     CC   CC    CCCC     CCC  ",
            "   CCC     CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC   ",
            "CCCCC      CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC",
            "   CCC     CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC   ",
            "     CC   CC    CCCC     CCC  ",
            "       CCC       CCC       CCC",
            "                  CC          ",
            "                   CC         ",
            "                    CC        "
            }),
    ANC_R = flip_image(ANC_L),

    -- =8**<",
    CPP_L = make_image({
            "                    DDDDDD    ",
            "                   DDDDD      ",
            "                  DDDDD       ",
            "                 DDDDD        ",
            "       DD       DDDD       DDD",
            "DDDDDDD  DD    DDDD       DD  ",
            "DDDDDD    DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD   ",
            "     D    DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD    ",
            "     D    DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD",
            "     D    DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD    ",
            "DDDDDD    DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD   ",
            "DDDDDDD  DD    DDDD       DD  ",
            "       DD       DDDD       DDD",
            "                 DDDDD        ",
            "                  DDDDD       ",
            "                   DDDDD      ",
            "                    DDDDDD    "
            }),
    CPP_R = flip_image(CPP_L)

font_index[1+'@'] = {  -- cross shape in direction box
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1},
        {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}}

global constant TORP_SYM = 250,
        DEFL_SYM = 251,
         POD_SYM = 252

font_index[1+TORP_SYM] = {  -- torpedo symbol on console
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0},
        {0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}}

font_index[1+DEFL_SYM] = {  -- deflector symbol on console
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0},
        {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0},
        {1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0},
        {1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0},
        {1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0},
        {1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}}

font_index[1+POD_SYM] = {  -- POD symbol on console
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1},
        {0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0},
        {0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0},
        {0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0},
        {0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0},
        {0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0},
        {0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0},
        {1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
        {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}}

PUTSXY.E
3315
--  file    : putsxy.e
--  author  : jiri babor
--  project : variation on David Alan Gay's putsxy include
--  tool    : euphoria 2.2
--  email   : [e-mail]
--  http    : homepages.paradise.net.nz/~jbabor/euphoria.html
--  date    : 00-01-12

----------------------------------------------------------------------
--  The previous version of putsxy with Rob's enhancements did not  --
--  work in mode 19, could be initialized only while in graphics    --
--  mode and on my NT machine it took forever to load the images... --
----------------------------------------------------------------------

without type_check
without warning

include image.e

global constant CLEAR = -1  -- transparent background 'color'
global sequence font_index  -- for compatibility with original putsxy.e (Rob)

function rtrim(sequence s)
    -- trim (discard) trailing zeros of sequence s
    integer i
    i=length(s)
    while i do
    if s[i] then exit end if
    i=i-1
    end while
    return s[1..i]
end function -- rtrim

procedure load_font()   -- load 8x16 font
    sequence cb,regs
    integer a

    regs = repeat(0,10)
    regs[REG_AX]=#1130
    regs[REG_BX]=#600
    regs=dos_interrupt(#10,regs)
    a=#10*regs[REG_ES]+regs[REG_BP]
    font_index={}
    for i=1 to 256 do
    cb=rtrim(peek({a,16}))              -- char bytes, right trimmed
    for j=1 to length(cb) do
        cb[j]=rtrim(and_bits(cb[j],{128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1}) and 1)
    end for
    a += 16
    font_index = append(font_index,cb)
    end for
end procedure -- load_font

global procedure putsxy(
    sequence loc,   -- {x,y} text pointer, top left pixel
    sequence text,  -- text to be displayed
    atom fc,        -- foreground color
    atom bc,        -- background color
    atom dir        -- print direction
    )
    -- Display text at an {x,y} pixel location, using the specified
    -- foreground and background colors. If direction is 'd' then text is
    -- printed down the screen, otherwise it is printed across the screen.

    sequence c,cj,s
    integer col,len,row,u,x,y

    len = length(text)
    x = loc[1]
    y = loc[2]
    if dir = 'd' or dir = 'D' then      -- down, vertical print
    if bc = CLEAR then
        s = save_image({x,y},{x+7,y+16*len-1})
    else
        s = repeat(repeat(bc, 8), 16*len)
    end if
    row = 1
    for i=1 to len do
        c = font_index[1+text[i]]   -- trimmed char image
        u = row
        for j=1 to length(c) do
        cj = c[j]
        for k=1 to length(cj) do
            if cj[k] then
            s[u][k] = fc
            end if
        end for
        u += 1
        end for
        row += 16
    end for
    else                                -- across, left-to-right
    if bc = CLEAR then
        s = save_image({x,y},{x+8*len-1,y+15})
    else
        s = repeat(repeat(bc, 8*len), 16)
    end if
    col = 1
    for i=1 to len do
        c = font_index[1+text[i]]   -- trimmed char image
        for j=1 to length(c) do
        cj = c[j]
        u = col
        for k=1 to length(cj) do
            if cj[k] then
            s[j][u] = fc
            end if
            u += 1
        end for
        end for
        col += 8
    end for
    end if
    display_image({x,y},s)
end procedure -- putsxy

load_font()


-- This file (unless modified) is FREE - 0 statements.
with 33046225 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

SCHED.E
7231
-- sched.e
-- Task Scheduler

-- This is perhaps the most interesting source file since it shows a
-- simple technique of task scheduling that could be used in any action
-- game or simulation program.

-- We have implemented a form of cooperative multitasking to manage over 10
-- independent tasks. There is a task that moves the Euphoria, another task
-- that checks the keyboard for input, a task that makes enemy ships fire,
-- another that counts down the damage report, etc. The sequence "tcb" records
-- the time at which each task wants to be activated next. When the time comes
-- to run a given task, next_task() will run it.

-- For example, the task that moves the Euphoria will ask to be activated
-- again in 20 seconds if the Euphoria is moving at warp 1, or much less at
-- higher warps. The keyboard checking task is activated very frequently, but
-- usually returns quickly (no key pressed).

-- Some tasks require very precise activation times to make things look
-- realistic, e.g. Euphoria moving at warp 5. Others do not, for example the
-- BASIC TRUCE/HOSTILE/CLOAKING task which is activated after a lengthy and
-- random amount of time. In recognition of this we have the "eat" (early
-- activation tolerance) variable. After choosing the next task to run, and
-- before entering into a delay loop to wait for the activation time to come,
-- next_task() will check T_EARLY to see if it can activate the task a bit
-- sooner. This will get this task out of the way and reduce the chance of a
-- timing conflict with the next task.

-- It's possible to have multiple logical tasks all running the same routine,
-- but with different private data (parameters and private variables). For
-- instance, there could be several torpedo tasks active at the same time.
-- Each torpedo task has it's own set of private variables. It returns a
-- sequence to next_task() containing the arguments that it wants to be
-- called with the next time it is activated. This sequence is saved in the
-- tcb for that task and allows it to preserve its own state variables
-- between activations.

sequence tcb -- task control block
tcb = {}

global integer t_keyb,    -- keyboard input
           t_emove,   -- Euphoria move
           t_life,    -- life support energy consumption
           t_dead,    -- dead body cleanup
           t_bstat,   -- BASIC status change
           t_fire,    -- enemy firing
           t_move,    -- enemy moving
           t_message, -- display messages
           t_damage_report,  -- damage count-down
           t_enter,   -- enemy ships enter quadrant
           t_sound_effect,   -- sound effects
           t_gquad    -- refresh current quadrant on scan

global constant INACTIVE = -1
constant HUGE_TIME = 1e30

constant T_ROUTINE     = 1,  -- routine id
     T_ACTIVATE    = 2,  -- next activation time
     T_NORMAL_WAIT = 3,  -- normal time between activations
     T_EARLY       = 4,  -- early activation tolerance
     T_ARGS        = 5   -- private data passed as arguments to this task

global type task(integer x)
-- is x a valid task number?
    return x >= 1 and x <= length(tcb)
end type

global task current_task -- current task executing

type valid_routine_id(integer id)
    return id >= 0 and id <= 1000
end type

global function create_task(valid_routine_id proc_id)
-- create a new independent task
    sequence entry

    entry = {proc_id, HUGE_TIME, HUGE_TIME, 0, {}}
    for i = 1 to length(tcb) do
    if tcb[i][T_ROUTINE] = -1 then
        -- found an empty spot, insert it here
        tcb[i] = entry
        return i
    end if
    end for
    -- grow the tcb
    tcb = append(tcb, entry)
    return length(tcb)
end function

global procedure delete_task(task t)
-- delete task t
    tcb[t][T_ROUTINE] = -1
    tcb[t][T_ACTIVATE] = HUGE_TIME
    tcb[t][T_NORMAL_WAIT] = HUGE_TIME
end procedure

global procedure purge_tasks(valid_routine_id r)
    for i = 1 to length(tcb) do
    if tcb[i][T_ROUTINE] = r then
        delete_task(i)
    end if
    end for
end procedure

global procedure schedule(task t, atom next,
                  atom again,
                  atom early,
                  object args)
-- schedule a task to start in <next> seconds from now,
-- repeat every <again> seconds,
-- with early activation tolerance of <early>
-- and private state information contained in <args>

    -- activate the task in wait seconds *from now*
    if next = INACTIVE then
    -- deactivate the task
    tcb[t][T_ACTIVATE] = HUGE_TIME
    else
    tcb[t][T_ACTIVATE] = time() + next
    end if

    if again = INACTIVE then
    -- no more after next activation
    tcb[t][T_NORMAL_WAIT] = HUGE_TIME
    else
    tcb[t][T_NORMAL_WAIT] = again
    end if

    tcb[t][T_EARLY] = early
    tcb[t][T_ARGS] = args
end procedure

integer late, not_late
not_late = 0
late = 0

global procedure next_task()
-- choose the next task and execute it

    positive_atom min_time, base_time, start_time
    task min_task

    -- reschedule the current task
    base_time = time()
    if base_time < tcb[current_task][T_ACTIVATE] then
    base_time = tcb[current_task][T_ACTIVATE]
    end if
    tcb[current_task][T_ACTIVATE] = base_time + tcb[current_task][T_NORMAL_WAIT]

    -- find the task with minimum activation time
    min_task = 1
    min_time = tcb[1][T_ACTIVATE]
    for i = 2 to length(tcb) do
    if tcb[i][T_ACTIVATE] < min_time then
        min_task = i
        min_time = tcb[i][T_ACTIVATE]
    end if
    end for

    -- subtract it's early-activation tolerance
    start_time = tcb[min_task][T_ACTIVATE] - tcb[min_task][T_EARLY]

    -- wait until it is time to activate it
    while time() < start_time do
    end while

    current_task = min_task
    tcb[current_task][T_ARGS] = call_func(tcb[current_task][T_ROUTINE],
                      tcb[current_task][T_ARGS])
end procedure

global procedure shift_task_times(atom amount)
-- adjust all task times (when user delays the game)
    for i = 1 to length(tcb) do
    tcb[i][T_ACTIVATE] += amount
    end for
end procedure


-- below we have some code that lets us perform short accurate time delays
-- with better resolution than the usual 18.2 ticks per second under MS-DOS
constant sample_interval = 1.0
atom sample_count

type reasonable_delay(atom x)
    return x >= 0 and x < 30
end type

global procedure init_delay()
-- since time() does not have fine enough
-- resolution for small delays, we see how many for-loop iterations
-- we can complete over a small sample period

    atom t

    t = time() + sample_interval
    for i = 1 to 999999999 do
    if time() < t then
    else
        sample_count = i
        exit
    end if
    end for
end procedure

global procedure delay(reasonable_delay t)
-- delay for t seconds
    atom stop
    if t > sample_interval then
    -- time() should be precise enough
    stop = time() + t
    while time() < stop do
    end while
    else
    -- loop a certain number of times
    stop = time() + sample_interval
    for i = 1 to floor(t / sample_interval * sample_count) do
        if time() < stop then
        else
        end if
    end for
    end if
end procedure

SCREEN.E
8404
-- screen.e: access to the screen

          ---------------------
          -- graphics screen --
          ---------------------
-- in calls to read_screen and write_screen
-- the screen looks like:

-- (1,1)..................(1,HSIZE)
-- ................................
-- ................................
-- (VSIZE,1)..........(VSIZE,HSIZE)

-- Note however that pixel() uses origin (0,0) coordinates

global constant HSIZE = 80 * 8,  -- horizontal size (char positions)
        VSIZE = 26 * 16  -- vertical size (lines)

global type h_coord(integer x)
-- true if x is a horizontal screen coordinate
    return x >= 1 and x <= HSIZE
end type

global type v_coord(integer y)
-- true if y is a vertical screen coordinate
    return y >= 1 and y <= VSIZE
end type

global type extended_h_coord(atom x)
    -- horizontal coordinate, can be reasonably far off the screen
    return x >= -1000 and x <= HSIZE + 1000
end type

global type extended_v_coord(atom y)
    -- vertical coordinate, can be reasonably far off the screen
    return y >= -1000 and y <= VSIZE + 1000
end type

integer last_text_color
last_text_color = -1

global procedure set_color(integer color)
-- all foreground color changes come through here
    last_text_color = color
end procedure

integer last_bk_color
last_bk_color = -1

global procedure set_bk_color(integer color)
-- all background color changes come through here
    last_bk_color = color
end procedure

global boolean scanon -- galaxy scan on/off

integer cursor_line, cursor_column

-- override position()

without warning
global procedure position(integer line, integer column)
    cursor_line = line
    cursor_column = column
end procedure

global type image(sequence s)
-- a 2-d rectangular image
    return sequence(s[1])
end type

global procedure console_puts(object string)
-- write text to the screen
    sequence gpos

    if atom(string) then
    string = {string}
    elsif length(string) = 0 then
    return
    end if

    gpos = {(cursor_column-1) * 8, (cursor_line-1) * 16}  -- {x pixel, y pixel}
    cursor_column += length(string)
    putsxy(gpos, string, last_text_color, last_bk_color, 'a')
end procedure

global procedure console_printf(sequence format, object values)
-- write printf output to the screen
    console_puts(sprintf(format, values))
end procedure

global function is_pod(image s)
-- check if an image contains any POD pixels, range 16..31
    sequence row

    for i = 1 to length(s) do
    row = s[i]
    for j = 1 to length(row) do
        if row[j] >= 16 and row[j] <= 31 then
        return TRUE
        end if
    end for
    end for
    return FALSE
end function

global function all_clear(image s)
-- check if an image contains only 0's, stars and torpedo/phasor/explosion
-- "fluff".
-- 33..47 is just "fluff" (not really there - phasors etc.)
-- 32 is transparent areas of an object
    sequence row

    for i = 1 to length(s) do
    row = s[i]
    for j = 1 to length(row) do
        if row[j] >= 1 and row[j] <= 32 then
        return FALSE
        end if
    end for
    end for
    return TRUE
end function

global sequence screen -- Contains a copy of what should be on the
               -- action screen above the console.
               -- The galaxy scan is handled separately.

global function read_screen(h_coord x, extended_v_coord y, image shape)
-- return the rectangular 2-d image at (x, y) with the same dimensions as shape
    sequence r
    integer width1

    width1 = length(shape[1])-1
    r = repeat(0, length(shape))
    y -= 1
    for i = 1 to length(shape) do
    r[i] = screen[y+i][x..x+width1]
    end for
    return r
end function

global function read_torp(h_coord x, v_coord y)
-- read the torpedo shape - assumed to be 2x2 for higher performance
    return {screen[y][x..x+1],
        screen[y+1][x..x+1]}
end function

global function update_image(image background, positive_int x, positive_int y,
                 image shape)
-- write shape into background image
    integer width1

    width1 = length(shape[1])-1
    y -= 1
    for i = 1 to length(shape) do
    background[y+i][x..x+width1] = shape[i]
    end for
    return background
end function

global procedure write_screen(h_coord x, extended_v_coord y, image shape)
-- write a rectangular 2-d image into the screen variable and onto the
-- physical screen

    integer width1

    width1 = length(shape[1])-1
    y -= 1
    for i = 1 to length(shape) do
    screen[y+i][x..x+width1] = shape[i]
    end for
    if not scanon then
    display_image({x-1, y}, shape)
    end if
end procedure

-- delayed-write rectangular region {{xmin,ymin}, {xmax, ymax}}
object delayed
delayed = 0

global procedure delayed_write_screen(h_coord x, extended_v_coord y, image shape)
-- write a rectangular 2-d image into the screen variable but *not* to the
-- physical screen (yet). Avoids flicker.

    integer w, x1, y1

    w = length(shape[1])-1
    y -= 1
    for i = 1 to length(shape) do
    screen[y+i][x..x+w] = shape[i]
    end for
    y += 1
    x1 = x + w
    y1 = y + length(shape)-1
    if atom(delayed) then
    delayed = {{x,y},{x1,y1}}
    else
    -- enlarge the delayed-write region?
    if x < delayed[1][1] then
        delayed[1][1] = x
    end if
    if y < delayed[1][2] then
        delayed[1][2] = y
    end if
    if x1 > delayed[2][1] then
        delayed[2][1] = x1
    end if
    if y1 > delayed[2][2] then
        delayed[2][2] = y1
    end if
    end if
end procedure

global procedure flush_screen()
-- write the delayed-write region to the physical screen
    sequence delayed_image
    natural xmin, xmax, ybase

    if not scanon and sequence(delayed) then
    delayed_image = repeat(0, delayed[2][2] - delayed[1][2] + 1)
    xmin = delayed[1][1]
    xmax = delayed[2][1]
    ybase = delayed[1][2]-1
    for i = 1 to length(delayed_image) do
        delayed_image[i] = screen[ybase+i][xmin..xmax]
    end for
    display_image(delayed[1]-1, delayed_image)
    end if
    delayed = 0
end procedure

global procedure write_torp(extended_h_coord x, v_coord y, image shape)
-- write a torpedo-shaped object - assumed to be 2x2 for higher performance
    screen[y  ][x..x+1] = shape[1]
    screen[y+1][x..x+1] = shape[2]
    if not scanon then
    x -= 1
    pixel(shape[1], {x, y-1})
    pixel(shape[2], {x, y  })
    end if
end procedure

global constant BLANK_LINE = repeat(' ', 80)

sequence black_screen
-- (doesn't use much space, because of shared pointers)
black_screen = repeat(repeat(BLACK, HSIZE), VSIZE)

-- quadrants on galaxy scan
global constant QXSIZE = 64,
        QYSIZE = 40,
        QXBASE = 31,
        QYBASE = -8

sequence blue_screen -- background for scan
sequence blue_black_line, blue_line
blue_screen = repeat(0, VSIZE)
blue_black_line = repeat(BLUE, QXBASE+QXSIZE) &
          repeat(BLACK, QXSIZE*G_SIZE) &
          repeat(BLUE, QXBASE+QXSIZE)
blue_line = repeat(BLUE, HSIZE)
for i = 1 to VSIZE do
    if i > QYBASE+QYSIZE and i <= QYBASE+QYSIZE+G_SIZE*QYSIZE then
    blue_screen[i] = blue_black_line
    else
    blue_screen[i] = blue_line
    end if
end for

global procedure BlueScreen()
-- set physical upper screen to BLUE for scan
    display_image({0,0}, blue_screen)
end procedure

global procedure BlackScreen()
-- Set physical upper screen to BLACK
-- and set the screen variable too.
-- Initially the screen variable is undefined

    screen = black_screen
    if not scanon then
    display_image({0,0}, screen)
    end if
end procedure

global procedure ShowScreen()
-- rewrite screen after galaxy scan
    display_image({0, 0}, screen)
end procedure

       ----------------------------
       -- text portion of screen --
       ----------------------------

global constant QUAD_LINE = VSIZE/16 + 1,
        WARP_LINE = VSIZE/16 + 2,
        CMD_LINE  = VSIZE/16 + 3,
        MSG_LINE  = VSIZE/16 + 4

global constant CMD_POS = 18,     -- place for first char of user command
           WARP_POS = 9,      -- place for "WARP:" to appear
           DREP_POS = 51,     -- place for damage report
           WEAPONS_POS = 30,  -- place for torpedos/pos/deflectors display
           ENERGY_POS = 67,   -- place for ENERGY display
           MSG_POS = 16,      -- place for messages to start
           DIRECTIONS_POS = 1 -- place to put directions

SOUNDEFF.E
4383
-- soundeff.e: Sound Effects

constant FREQ = 1, DURATION = 2

sequence sound_stream  -- sounds to be played
sound_stream = {{0,0}}

boolean playing_sound
playing_sound = FALSE

atom backlog  -- number of seconds of sounds still to play
backlog = 0

global function task_sound_effect()
-- process a stream of sound frequencies and durations

    if playing_sound then
    -- we've finished the previous frequency:
    backlog -= sound_stream[1][DURATION]
    sound_stream = sound_stream[2..length(sound_stream)]
    end if
    if length(sound_stream) > 0 then
    -- start a new frequency
    playing_sound = TRUE
    -- turn on the speaker
    sound(sound_stream[1][FREQ])
    -- we'll come back later to change it
    schedule(t_sound_effect, 0, sound_stream[1][DURATION], 0, {})
    else
    -- nothing left to do
    playing_sound = FALSE
    sound(0)
    schedule(t_sound_effect, INACTIVE, INACTIVE, 0, {})
    backlog = 0 -- otherwise f.p. "fuzz" might build up
    end if
    return {}
end function

procedure start_sound_effect()
-- start a new sound effect
    if QUIET then
    return
    end if
    if not playing_sound then
    schedule(t_sound_effect, 0, 0, 0, {}) -- start immediately
    end if
    -- else task_sound_effect is currently processing another effect -
    -- it will continue processing the sound stream when it's ready
end procedure

global procedure errbeep()
-- error signal
    if backlog < 1 then
    sound_stream = append(sound_stream, {1000, 0.1})
    backlog += .1
    start_sound_effect()
    end if
end procedure

global procedure explosion_sound(natural n)
-- something is destroyed
    if backlog < 2 then
    for i = 1 to floor(n/3) do
        sound_stream = append(sound_stream, {20+rand(30), .02})
        backlog += .02
    end for
    for i = 1 to 2*n do
        sound_stream = append(sound_stream, {200+rand(150), .01})
        backlog += .01
    end for
    for i = 1.5*n to 3 by -1 do
        sound_stream = append(sound_stream, {19+rand(i/2), .02})
        backlog += .02
    end for
    start_sound_effect()
    end if
end procedure

global procedure phasor_sound(atom n)
-- phasor hits enemy with n-unit blast
    if backlog < 0.4 then
    -- 0.4 seconds, no matter what n is
    for i = 1 to 1+log(n+1) do
        sound_stream = append(sound_stream, {1000, .025})
        sound_stream = append(sound_stream, {3000, .025})
        backlog += .05
    end for
    start_sound_effect()
    end if
end procedure

global procedure deflected_sound()
-- sound of a deflected torpedo
    if backlog < 0.4 then
    sound_stream = append(sound_stream, {1000, .1})
    backlog += .1
    start_sound_effect()
    end if
end procedure

global procedure pod_sound(integer freq, atom duration)
-- pod in flight
    if backlog < 0.4 then
    sound_stream = append(sound_stream,{freq, duration})
    backlog += duration
    start_sound_effect()
    end if
end procedure

global procedure torpedo_sound(integer freq, atom duration)
-- torpedo in flight
    if backlog < 0.1 then
    sound_stream = append(sound_stream, {freq, duration})
    backlog += duration
    start_sound_effect()
    end if
end procedure

global procedure torpedo_hit()
-- torpedo hits enemy
    if backlog < 0.4 then
    sound_stream = append(sound_stream, {120, .35})
    backlog += .35
    start_sound_effect()
    end if
end procedure

global procedure Java_enter_sound()
-- Java enters quadrant
    if backlog < 0.4 then
    sound_stream &= {{120, .08},{240, .08}, {480, .08}, {960, .08}}
    backlog += .32
    start_sound_effect()
    end if
end procedure

global procedure Java_phasor_sound(integer freq, atom duration)
-- torpedo in flight
    if backlog < 0.4 then
    sound_stream = append(sound_stream, {freq, duration})
    backlog += duration
    start_sound_effect()
    end if
end procedure

global procedure docking_sound()
-- Euphoria successfully docks with a planet or base
    if backlog < 3.0 then
    for i = 1 to 3 do
        sound_stream &= {{2000, .07}, {5000, .07}}
        backlog += .14
    end for
    start_sound_effect()
    end if
end procedure

global procedure victory_sound()
-- sound when you win the game
-- (no tasking going on at this point)
    if QUIET then
    return
    end if
    for j = 1 to 10 do
    for i = 1000 to 2000 by 20 do
        sound(i)
        delay(.02)
        sound(2*i)
        delay(.02)
    end for
    end for
    sound(0)
end procedure

VARS.E
6479
-- vars.e
-- declarations of global variables and constants

global constant TRUE = 1, FALSE = 0

global constant BS = 8  -- backspace key

global constant G_SIZE = 7 -- the galaxy is a G_SIZE x G_SIZE
               -- grid of quadrants

global constant INVISIBLE_CHAR = 32 -- prints as ' ', but has different value

global constant TICK_RATE = 100, TICK_PERIOD = 1/TICK_RATE

global type boolean(integer x)
    return x = TRUE or x = FALSE
end type

global type char(integer c)
-- true if c is a character that can be printed on the screen
    return c >= 0 and c <= 127
end type

global type byte(integer x)
    return x >= -1 and x <= 255
end type

global type natural(integer x)
    return x >= 0
end type

global type positive_int(integer x)
    return x >= 1
end type

global type positive_atom(atom x)
    return x >= 0
end type

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- the 2-d quadrant sequence: status of all objects in the current quadrant
-- The first object is always the Euphoria. There will be 0 or more
-- additional objects (planets/bases/enemy ships).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
global constant EUPHORIA = 1    -- object 1 is Euphoria

global constant
    Q_TYPE =   1, -- type of object
    Q_EN   =   2, -- energy
    Q_TORP =   3, -- number of torpedos
    Q_DEFL =   4, -- number of deflectors
    Q_FRATE =  5, -- firing rate
    Q_MRATE =  6, -- moving rate
    Q_TARG =   7, -- target
    Q_PBX =    8, -- planet/base sequence index
    Q_X =      9, -- x coordinate
    Q_Y =     10, -- y coordinate
    Q_UNDER = 11, -- characters underneath
    Q_DIRECTION = 12 -- direction enemy ship moved in last time
global constant QCOLS = 12 -- number of attributes for each object in quadrant

global sequence quadrant
quadrant = repeat(repeat(0, QCOLS), 1)

global type valid_quadrant_row(integer x)
-- true if x is a valid row number in the quadrant sequence
    return x >= 1 and x <= length(quadrant)
end type

global type quadrant_row(object x)
-- either a quadrant row or -1 or 0 (null value)
    return valid_quadrant_row(x) or x = -1 or x = 0
end type

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- the 3-d galaxy sequence: (records number of objects of each type in
--                           each quadrant of the galaxy)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- first two subscripts select quadrant, 3rd is type...

global constant DEAD = 0 -- object that has been destroyed
global constant
    G_EU = 1,   -- Euphoria (marks if Euphoria has been this quadrant)
    G_KRC = 2,  -- K&R C ship
    G_ANC = 3,  -- ANSI C ship
    G_CPP = 4,  -- C++
    G_BAS = 5,  -- basic
    G_JAV = 6,  -- Java
    G_PL = 7,   -- planet
    G_BS = 8,   -- base
    NTYPES = 8, -- number of different types of (real) object
    G_POD = 9   -- temporary pseudo object

global sequence otype

global type object_type(integer x)
-- is x a type of object?
    return x >= 1 and x <= NTYPES
end type

global sequence galaxy

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- the planet/base 2-d sequence (info on each planet and base in the galaxy)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
global constant NBASES = 3,  -- number of bases
        NPLANETS = 6 -- number of planets
global constant
    PROWS = NBASES+NPLANETS,
    PCOLS = 9     -- number of planet/base attributes
global constant
    P_TYPE  = 1, -- G_PL/G_BS/DEAD
    P_QR    = 2, -- quadrant row
    P_QC    = 3, -- quadrant column
    P_X     = 4, -- x coordinate within quadrant
    P_Y     = 5, -- y coordinate within quadrant
    P_EN    = 6, -- energy available
    P_TORP  = 7, -- torpedos available
    P_POD   = 8  -- pods available

global sequence pb
pb = repeat(repeat(0, PCOLS), PROWS)

global type pb_row(integer x)
-- is x a valid row in the planet/base sequence?
    return x >= 1 and x <= PROWS
end type

global type g_index(integer x)
-- a valid row or column index into the galaxy sequence
    return x >= 1 and x <= G_SIZE
end type

global boolean gameover  -- is game over?

global g_index qrow, qcol  -- current quadrant row and column

------------------
-- BASIC status:
------------------
global constant
    TRUCE    = 0,
    HOSTILE  = 1,
    CLOAKING = 2

type basic_status(object x)
    return find(x, {TRUCE, HOSTILE, CLOAKING})
end type

global basic_status bstat       -- BASIC status
global quadrant_row basic_targ  -- BASIC group target
global boolean truce_broken     -- was the truce with the BASICs broken?

global boolean shuttle -- are we in the shuttle?

-----------------
-- damage report:
-----------------
global constant NSYS = 5  -- number of systems that can be damaged
global constant ENGINES        = 1,
        TORPEDOS       = 2,
        GUIDANCE       = 3,
        PHASORS        = 4,
        GALAXY_SENSORS = 5

global constant dtype = {"ENGINES",
             "TORPEDO LAUNCHER",
             "GUIDANCE SYSTEM",
             "PHASORS",
             "SENSORS"}
global type subsystem(integer x)
    return x >= 1 and x <= NSYS
end type

global sequence reptime  -- time to repair a subsystem
reptime = repeat(0, NSYS)

type damage_count(integer x)
    return x >= 0 and x <= NSYS
end type

global damage_count ndmg

--------------
-- warp speed:
--------------
global constant MAX_WARP = 5

global type warp(integer x)
    return x >= 0 and x <= MAX_WARP
end type

global warp curwarp, wlimit

global type direction(atom x)
    return x >= 0 and x < 10
end type

global direction curdir -- current Euphoria direction

-------------------------------------
-- Euphoria position and direction:
-------------------------------------
type euphoria_x_inc(integer x)
    return x >= -1 and x <= +1
end type

type euphoria_y_inc(integer x)
    return x >= -1 and x <= +1
end type

global euphoria_x_inc exi
global euphoria_y_inc eyi

global sequence esym,   -- euphoria/shuttle symbol
        esyml,  -- euphoria/shuttle facing left
        esymr   -- euphoria/shuttle facing right

global sequence nobj  -- number of each type of object in galaxy

global sequence wipeout
wipeout = {}

type game_level(integer x)
    return x = 'n' or x = 'e'
end type

global game_level level

WEAPONS.E
16295
-- weapons.e
-- phasors, torpedos, antimatter pods

extended_h_coord x0
extended_v_coord y0
atom xinc
atom yinc

function diftype(valid_quadrant_row shooter, valid_quadrant_row victim)
-- return TRUE if shooter and victim are on opposing sides

    if quadrant[shooter][Q_TYPE] = G_BS then
    return victim != EUPHORIA
    else
    if find(quadrant[shooter][Q_TYPE], {G_KRC, G_ANC, G_CPP}) and
       find(quadrant[victim][Q_TYPE] , {G_KRC, G_ANC, G_CPP}) then
        -- both are C ships
        return FALSE
    else
        return quadrant[shooter][Q_TYPE] != quadrant[victim][Q_TYPE]
    end if
    end if
end function

function task_pod_effect(integer i, sequence p)
-- make the pod explosion effect

    if i < 25 then
    all_palette(rand(repeat({63, 63, 63}, 16)))
    i += 1
    return {i, p}
    else
    all_palette(p)
    delete_task(current_task)
    return {}
    end if
end function

procedure pod_effect(h_coord rx,v_coord ry)
-- Detonate an antimatter pod. All objects in the quadrant are
-- affected. It's like a 1000-unit phasor blast directed toward everyone
-- *including* the Euphoria and all planets and bases in the quadrant.
-- The closer an object is to the pod when it explodes, the more
-- of a blast that object will feel.
    sequence p
    task t
    valid_quadrant_row shooter

    p = get_all_palette()
    end_scan()
    -- add POD to the quadrant temporarily
    quadrant = append(quadrant, repeat(0, length(quadrant[1])))
    shooter = length(quadrant)
    quadrant[shooter][Q_TYPE] = G_POD
    quadrant[shooter][Q_X] = rx
    quadrant[shooter][Q_Y] = ry

    for i = length(quadrant)-1 to 1 by -1 do
    if quadrant[i][Q_TYPE] != DEAD then
        dodmg(bcalc(1000, shooter, i), FALSE, shooter, i)
    end if
    end for
    quadrant = quadrant[1..length(quadrant)-1] -- delete POD
    t = create_task(routine_id("task_pod_effect"))
    schedule(t, 0, .10, .02, {1, p})
end procedure

global boolean EnterPressed

function task_pod(extended_h_coord prev_rx,
          extended_v_coord prev_ry,
          extended_h_coord x,
          extended_v_coord y,
          extended_h_coord rx,
          extended_v_coord ry,
          atom xinc,
          atom yinc,
          sequence under)
-- Independent task to run one iteration of an antimatter pod.
-- There can be many "instances" of this task active simultaneously.
    image c

    if rx >= 1 and rx <= HSIZE-length(POD[1]) and
      ry >= 1 and ry <= VSIZE-length(POD) then
    if length(under) != 0 then
        write_screen(under[1][1], under[1][2], under[1][3])
    end if
    c = read_screen(rx, ry, POD)
    prev_rx = rx
    prev_ry = ry
    if all_clear(c) then
        -- keep stars, lose phasor/torpedo dust
        write_screen(rx, ry, POD)
        c = c * (c > 64)
        under = {{rx, ry, c}}
    else
        under = {}
    end if
    if EnterPressed then
        pod_effect(rx, ry)
    end if
    pod_sound(290, .01)
    if not EnterPressed then
        while TRUE do
        x += xinc
        y += yinc
        rx = floor(x+0.5)
        ry = floor(y+0.5)
        if rx != prev_rx or ry != prev_ry then
            exit
        end if
        end while
        return {prev_rx, prev_ry, x, y, rx, ry, xinc, yinc, under}
    end if
    end if

    if length(under) then
    write_screen(under[1][1], under[1][2], under[1][3])
    end if
    delete_task(current_task)
    return {}
end function

global procedure pod()
-- fire a pod from shooter starting from (x0,y0) and
-- proceeding in steps of xinc, yinc until Enter is pressed,
-- or the edge of the screen is reached

    task t

    t = create_task(routine_id("task_pod"))
    -- start right away, repeat every .06 sec.
    schedule(t, 0, .04, 0.02, {0, 0, x0, y0, x0, y0, xinc, yinc, {}})
    msg("PRESS Enter TO DETONATE!")
    msg("PRESS Enter TO DETONATE!")
end procedure

constant TORPEDO_ZERO = TORPEDO * 0

function task_phasor(extended_h_coord prev_rx,
             extended_v_coord prev_ry,
             extended_h_coord x,
             extended_v_coord y,
             extended_h_coord rx,
             extended_v_coord ry,
             atom xinc,
             atom yinc,
             sequence under,
             positive_atom strength,
             valid_quadrant_row my_shooter
)
-- Independent task to run one iteration of a phasor.
-- There can be many "instances" of this task active simultaneously.
    boolean ahit
    sequence who
    positive_atom units
    image c
    object u
    quadrant_row victim

    ahit = FALSE
    if rx >= 1 and rx <= HSIZE-TORPEDO_WIDTH and
      ry >= 1 and ry <= VSIZE-TORPEDO_HEIGHT then
    c = read_torp(rx, ry)
    if all_clear(c) then
        prev_rx = rx
        prev_ry = ry
        c *= (c > 64)
        if equal(c, TORPEDO_ZERO) then
        under = append(under, {rx, ry, 0})
        else
        under = append(under, {rx, ry, c})
        end if
        write_torp(rx, ry, TORPEDO)
    else
        who = who_is_it(rx, ry, TORPEDO)
        if find(FALSE, who = my_shooter) then
        -- if anyone other than the shooter
        ahit = TRUE
        end if
    end if
    if not ahit then
        -- skip to next location on path and return
        while TRUE do
        x += xinc
        y += yinc
        rx = floor(x+0.5)
        ry = floor(y+0.5)
        if rx != prev_rx or ry != prev_ry then
            exit
        end if
        end while
        return {prev_rx, prev_ry, x, y, rx, ry, xinc, yinc,
            under, strength, my_shooter}
    end if
    end if

    -- phasor completed
    if ahit then
    who = who_is_it(rx, ry, TORPEDO)
    for i = 1 to length(who) do
        if who[i] != my_shooter then
        victim = who[i]
        exit
        end if
    end for
    if diftype(my_shooter, victim) then
        units = bcalc(strength, my_shooter, victim)
        phasor_sound(units)
        dodmg(units, FALSE, my_shooter, victim)
    end if
    if gameover then
        delay(.10)
    else
        -- come back and erase the phasor a bit later
        schedule(current_task, .09, .09, .02, {})
        return {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, under, 0, 1}
    end if
    end if

    -- Erase the phasor, most recent first.
    -- Looks better when it's done quickly.
    for i = length(under) to 1 by -1 do
    x = under[i][1]
    y = under[i][2]
    c = read_torp(x, y)
    -- Some care is required,
    -- a solid object may have moved across the phasor path.
    if c[1][1] >= 33 then c[1][1] = 0 end if
    if c[1][2] >= 33 then c[1][2] = 0 end if
    if c[2][1] >= 33 then c[2][1] = 0 end if
    if c[2][2] >= 33 then c[2][2] = 0 end if
    u = under[i][3]
    if sequence(u) then
        -- star(s) to replace
        for r = 1 to TORPEDO_HEIGHT do
        for s = 1 to TORPEDO_WIDTH do
            if c[r][s] = 0 and u[r][s] > 64 then
            c[r][s] = u[r][s]  -- replace star
            end if
        end for
        end for
    end if
    write_torp(x, y, c)
    end for
    delete_task(current_task)
    return {}
end function

global procedure phasor(valid_quadrant_row shooter, positive_atom strength)
-- fire a phasor from shooter starting from (x0,y0) and
-- proceeding in steps of xinc, yinc until something is hit or the
-- edge of the screen is reached
    task t

    t = create_task(routine_id("task_phasor"))
    -- Start right away, repeat until done.
    -- Normal delay is less than the tick period (1/100),
    -- but setting T_EARLY to the tick period will give us the correct number
    -- of executions in each period (usually).
    schedule(t, 0, .002, TICK_PERIOD,
         {0, 0, x0, y0, x0, y0, xinc, yinc, {}, strength, shooter})
end procedure

function task_torpedo(extended_h_coord prev_rx,
              extended_v_coord prev_ry,
              extended_h_coord x,
              extended_v_coord y,
              extended_h_coord rx,
              extended_v_coord ry,
              atom xinc,
              atom yinc,
              sequence under,
              integer freq,
              valid_quadrant_row my_shooter)
-- Independent task to run one iteration of a torpedo.
-- There can be many "instances" of this task active simultaneously.

    boolean ahit
    sequence who
    image c, u
    quadrant_row victim

    ahit = FALSE
    if rx >= 1 and rx <= HSIZE-TORPEDO_WIDTH and
      ry >= 1 and ry <= VSIZE-TORPEDO_HEIGHT then
    if length(under) = 7 then
        c = read_torp(under[1][1], under[1][2])
        c *= (c < 33)
        -- merge in any stars that were hidden
        c += ((c = 0) and (under[1][3] > 64)) * under[1][3]
        write_torp(under[1][1], under[1][2], c)
        under = under[2..length(under)]
    end if
    c = read_torp(rx, ry)
    if all_clear(c) then
        prev_rx = rx
        prev_ry = ry
        write_torp(rx, ry, TORPEDO)
        c *= (c > 64) -- only keep stars
        under = append(under, {rx, ry, c})
        torpedo_sound(freq, .02)
        if freq > 600 then
        freq -= 50
        end if
    else
        who = who_is_it(rx, ry, TORPEDO)
        if find(FALSE, who = my_shooter) then
        -- if anyone other than the shooter
        ahit = TRUE
        end if
    end if
    if not ahit then
        while TRUE do
        x += xinc
        y += yinc
        rx = floor(x+0.5)
        ry = floor(y+0.5)
        if rx != prev_rx or ry != prev_ry then
            exit
        end if
        end while
        return {prev_rx, prev_ry, x, y, rx, ry, xinc, yinc,
            under, freq, my_shooter}
    end if
    end if

    -- torpedo completed
    if ahit then
    who = who_is_it(rx, ry, TORPEDO)
    for i = 1 to length(who) do
        if who[i] != my_shooter then
        victim = who[i]
        exit
        end if
    end for
    if diftype(my_shooter, victim) then
        dodmg(4000, TRUE, my_shooter, victim)
    end if
    if gameover then
        delay(.05)
    else
        -- display for a fraction of a second before erasing
        schedule(current_task, .04, .04, .02, {})
        return {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, under, 0, 1}
    end if
    end if

    for i = length(under) to 1 by -1 do
    x = under[i][1]
    y = under[i][2]
    c = read_torp(x, y)
    if c[1][1] >= 33 then c[1][1] = 0 end if
    if c[1][2] >= 33 then c[1][2] = 0 end if
    if c[2][1] >= 33 then c[2][1] = 0 end if
    if c[2][2] >= 33 then c[2][2] = 0 end if
    u = under[i][3]
    for r = 1 to TORPEDO_HEIGHT do
        for s = 1 to TORPEDO_WIDTH do
        if c[r][s] = 0 and u[r][s] > 64 then
            c[r][s] = u[r][s]  -- put star back
        end if
        end for
    end for
    write_torp(x, y, c)
    end for
    delete_task(current_task)
    return {}
end function

global procedure torpedo(valid_quadrant_row shooter)
-- fire a torpedo from shooter starting from (x0,y0) and
-- proceeding in steps of xinc, yinc until something is hit or the
-- edge of the screen is reached

    task t

    t = create_task(routine_id("task_torpedo"))
    -- start right away, repeat every .01 sec.
    schedule(t, 0, .01, .001, {0,0,x0,y0,x0,y0,xinc,yinc,{},3500,shooter})
end procedure

type object_height(integer x)
    return x >= TORPEDO_HEIGHT and x <= length(PLANET)
end type

procedure euphoria_color(natural c)
-- change color of EUPHORIA
    esym  += (esym != 32) * (c - esym)
    esyml += (esyml != 32) * (c - esyml)
    esymr += (esymr != 32) * (c - esymr)
end procedure

function task_Java_phasor(positive_atom blast,
              integer i,
              image v,
              image j,
              valid_quadrant_row shooter,
              valid_quadrant_row victim)
    h_coord targx
    v_coord targy
    natural c

    if quadrant[victim][Q_TYPE] != DEAD then
    targx = quadrant[victim][Q_X]
    targy = quadrant[victim][Q_Y]
    if i <= blast / 300 + 9 then
        Java_phasor_sound(1500 + 1000 * (integer(i / 2)), .08)
        if remainder(i, 2) then
        c = BRIGHT_WHITE
        else
        c = GREEN
        end if
        write_screen(targx, targy, v + (v != 32) * (c - v))
        if victim = EUPHORIA then
        euphoria_color(c)
        end if
        return {blast, i+1, v, j, shooter, victim}
    end if
    -- make sure right color is restored
    if quadrant[victim][Q_TYPE] = G_BS then
        v = BASE
    elsif quadrant[victim][Q_TYPE] = G_PL then
        v = PLANET
    end if
    write_screen(targx, targy, v)
    dodmg(blast, FALSE, shooter, victim)
    if victim = EUPHORIA then
        euphoria_color(YELLOW)
    end if
    end if
    if quadrant[shooter][Q_TYPE] != DEAD then
    write_screen(quadrant[shooter][Q_X], quadrant[shooter][Q_Y], j)
    quadrant[shooter][Q_MRATE] = 90
    quadrant[shooter][Q_FRATE] = 40
    end if
    delete_task(current_task)
    return {}
end function

global procedure Java_phasor(valid_quadrant_row shooter, positive_atom pen)
-- perform Java phasor: no phasor drawn, can't miss

    positive_atom blast
    h_coord targx
    v_coord targy
    image v, j
    natural len
    task t
    quadrant_row victim

    quadrant[shooter][Q_MRATE] = 0 -- don't move or fire until it's over
    quadrant[shooter][Q_FRATE] = 0
    j = read_screen(quadrant[shooter][Q_X], quadrant[shooter][Q_Y], JAVA_L)
    if equal(j, JAVA_L) then
    write_screen(quadrant[shooter][Q_X], quadrant[shooter][Q_Y],
             JAVA_LS)
    else
    write_screen(quadrant[shooter][Q_X], quadrant[shooter][Q_Y],
             JAVA_RS)
    end if
    victim = quadrant[shooter][Q_TARG]
    targx = quadrant[victim][Q_X]
    targy = quadrant[victim][Q_Y]
    len   = length(oshape[quadrant[victim][Q_TYPE]][1][1])
    blast = bcalc(pen, shooter, victim)
    v = read_screen(targx, targy, oshape[quadrant[victim][Q_TYPE]][1])
    t = create_task(routine_id("task_Java_phasor"))
    schedule(t, 0, .15, .15, {blast, 1, v, j, shooter, victim})
end procedure

global procedure setpt(valid_quadrant_row r, boolean torp)
-- set up enemy (or base) phasor or torpedo

    positive_atom dist, rough_dist, lead, fuzz
    valid_quadrant_row targ
    extended_h_coord targx
    extended_v_coord targy
    object_type t

    x0 = quadrant[r][Q_X]
    y0 = quadrant[r][Q_Y]
    targ = quadrant[r][Q_TARG]
    -- aim roughly at center
    targx = quadrant[targ][Q_X] + 10
    targy = quadrant[targ][Q_Y] + 3

    rough_dist = sqrt(power(x0-targx, 2) + power(y0-targy, 2))
    if targ = EUPHORIA and curwarp > 2 then
    -- Make a leading shot for better results.
    -- This is a rough adjustment for phasor or torpedo shot.
    lead = rough_dist / (830 * warp_time[1+curwarp]) * (1 + torp*4)
    targx += exi * lead
    targy += eyi * lead
    end if
    t = quadrant[r][Q_TYPE]

    -- decide which side to shoot from
    if x0 + 8 < targx then
    if t != G_BS then
        write_screen(x0, y0, oshape[t][2])
    end if
    x0 += length(oshape[t][1][1])
    else
    if t != G_BS then
        write_screen(x0, y0, oshape[t][1])
    end if
    x0 -= TORPEDO_WIDTH
    end if
    if y0 < targy then
    y0 += length(oshape[t][1])
    else
    y0 -= TORPEDO_HEIGHT
    end if

    -- add a bit of randomness so they might miss
    fuzz = 20 + rough_dist/10
    xinc = targx - x0 + rand(fuzz) - fuzz/2
    yinc = targy - y0 + rand(fuzz) - fuzz/2
    if xinc = 0 and yinc = 0 then
    xinc = 1 -- prevent infinite loop
    end if
    dist = sqrt(0.1 + xinc * xinc + yinc * yinc) / TORPEDO_HEIGHT
    xinc /= dist
    yinc /= dist
    -- make it a bit thicker
    xinc *= 0.8
    yinc *= 0.8
end procedure

type angle(atom x)
    return x >= -2 * PI and x <= 2 * PI
end type

global procedure esetpt(direction dir, integer dir_adjust)
-- set up for euphoria phasor/torpedo/pod firing

    angle theta
    atom xdir

    xdir = dir - 1
    if dir_adjust = '>' then
    xdir += .03333
    elsif dir_adjust = '<' then
    xdir -= .03333
    end if
    theta = xdir/8.0 * 2 * PI
    xinc = cos(theta) * TORPEDO_WIDTH
    yinc = -sin(theta) * TORPEDO_HEIGHT -- / ASPECT_RATIO

    -- make it a bit thicker:
    xinc *= 0.7
    yinc *= 0.7

    x0 = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_X]
    y0 = quadrant[EUPHORIA][Q_Y]
    if curdir = 3 or curdir = 7 then
    -- Euphoria can face either way
    if xinc < -0.001 then
        esym = esyml
        write_screen(x0, y0, esym)
    elsif xinc > 0.001 then
        esym = esymr
        write_screen(x0, y0, esym)
    end if
    end if
    -- start in middle
    x0 += floor(length(esym[1])/2)
    y0 += floor(length(esym)/2)
    -- skip first two iterations (inside the ship image)
    x0 = floor(x0 + 2*xinc + 0.5)
    y0 = floor(y0 + 2*yinc + 0.5)
end procedure

global procedure stop_weapons()
-- stop all active weapons
    purge_tasks(routine_id("task_phasor"))
    purge_tasks(routine_id("task_torpedo"))
    purge_tasks(routine_id("task_pod"))
    purge_tasks(routine_id("task_Java_phasor"))
    euphoria_color(YELLOW)
end procedure

MYDATA.EX
6809
----------------------- Simple Customizable Database -----------------------

-- files to store the database and a backup copy:
constant DB_NAME   = "mydata.dat",
     BACK_NAME = "mybackup.dat"

constant FIELDS = {  -- Have as many fields as you like. The first one is
             -- used for look-ups. Start a new database if you
             -- change or add fields.
-- example fields:
    "Surname",
    "First name and initial",
    "Phone number"
    }

constant FALSE = 0

-- Assume all field values are strings:
constant SOME_NUMERIC_FIELDS = FALSE

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- How it works:
--
-- The database is just a big Euphoria sequence that is read from
-- a disk file using get(), updated in memory, then written back
-- to the file using print().
--
-- For small amounts of data (up to a few thousand records) this works fine.
-- For very large databases you should use the random access I/O
-- functions: seek() and where(), to read/write only a specific portion
-- of the data each time.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

include get.e
include sort.e
include wildcard.e

constant KEYBOARD = 0,
     SCREEN   = 1,
     ERROR    = 2

constant TRUE = 1
constant WHITE_SPACE = " \t\n"
constant FORM_FEED = 12

type file_number(integer x)
    return x >= -1
end type

type record(sequence s)
    return length(s) = length(FIELDS)
end type

file_number db    -- number of file containing database

sequence database -- the in-memory database

type record_number(integer x)
    return x >= 0 and x <= length(database)
end type

procedure error(sequence msg)
-- fatal error
    puts(ERROR, '\n' & msg & '\n')
    abort(1)
end procedure

function user_input()
-- get user input from keyboard
    object line

    while TRUE do
    line = gets(KEYBOARD)
    if sequence(line) then
        -- delete any leading whitespace
        while find(line[1], WHITE_SPACE) do
        line = line[2..length(line)]
        if length(line) = 0 then
            exit
        end if
        end while
        if length(line) > 0 then
        exit
        end if
    end if
    puts(SCREEN, "\n? ")
    end while
    -- delete trailing whitespace
    while find(line[length(line)], WHITE_SPACE) do
    line = line[1..length(line)-1]
    end while
    return line
end function

procedure show(file_number f, record rec)
    puts(f, "\n" & rec[1] & '\n')
    for i = 2 to length(FIELDS) do
    puts(f, '\t' & rec[i] & '\n')
    end for
end procedure

function lookup(sequence name)
-- return record numbers matching name
    sequence matches

    matches = {}
    name = upper(name)
    for i = 1 to length(database) do
    if equal(name, upper(database[i][1])) then
        matches &= i
    end if
    end for
    return matches
end function

procedure db_add()
-- add a new record to the database
    record rec
    sequence matches

    rec = repeat(0, length(FIELDS))
    puts(SCREEN, "\n\t" & FIELDS[1] & ": ")
    rec[1] = user_input()
    matches = lookup(rec[1])
    for i = 1 to length(matches) do
    show(SCREEN, database[matches[i]])
    end for
    for i = 2 to length(FIELDS) do
    puts(SCREEN, "\n\t" & FIELDS[i] & ": ")
    rec[i] = user_input()
    end for
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
    database = append(database, rec)
end procedure

procedure db_delete()
-- delete a record, given first field
    sequence name, answer
    record_number rec_num
    sequence matches
    integer i

    puts(SCREEN, "\n\t" & FIELDS[1] & ": ")
    name = user_input()
    matches = lookup(name)
    if length(matches) = 0 then
    puts(SCREEN, "\n\tnot found\n")
    return
    end if
    i = 1
    while i <= length(matches) do
    show(SCREEN, database[matches[i]])
    puts(SCREEN, "Delete? ")
    answer = gets(KEYBOARD)
    if find('y', answer) then
        rec_num = matches[i]
        database = database[1..rec_num-1] &
               database[rec_num+1..length(database)]
        exit
    end if
    i += 1
    end while
end procedure

procedure db_find()
-- find all records that match value of first field
    sequence name, matches

    puts(SCREEN, "\n\t" & FIELDS[1] & ": ")
    name = user_input()
    matches = lookup(name)
    if length(matches) = 0 then
    puts(SCREEN, "\n\tnot found\n")
    end if
    for i = 1 to length(matches) do
    show(SCREEN, database[matches[i]])
    end for
end procedure

procedure db_list(file_number f)
-- list the entire database to a device
    sequence sorted_database

    sorted_database = sort(database)
    puts(f, '\n')
    for i = 1 to length(sorted_database) do
    show(f, sorted_database[i])
    end for
end procedure

procedure db_save()
-- save in-memory database to disk file
    system("copy " & DB_NAME & " " & BACK_NAME, 2)
    db = open(DB_NAME, "w")
    if db = -1 then
    system("copy " & BACK_NAME & " " & DB_NAME, 2)
    error("Can't save database")
    end if

    if SOME_NUMERIC_FIELDS then
    print(db, database)  -- very simple: fields can be strings or numbers
    else
    -- Save space in the file by using puts() to output strings
    -- as "ABC". print() outputs strings as {65, 66, 67}.
    -- This way the database file is more human-readable.

    puts(db, "{\n")
    for i = 1 to length(database) do
        -- output next record
        puts(db, '{')
        for j = 1 to length(FIELDS) do
        puts(db, "\"" & database[i][j] & "\"")
        if j != length(FIELDS) then
            puts(db, ",")
        end if
        end for
        puts(db, "}")
        if i != length(database) then
        puts(db, ",")
        end if
        puts(db, '\n')
    end for
    puts(db, "}\n")
    end if
    close(db)
end procedure

procedure db_create()
-- create a new database

    db = open(DB_NAME, "w")
    database = {}
    print(db, database)
    close(db)
    db = open(DB_NAME, "r")
    if db = -1 then
    error("Couldn't open database")
    end if
end procedure

procedure db_main()
    sequence command
    file_number printer

    db = open(DB_NAME, "r")
    if db = -1 then
    db_create()
    else
    database = get(db)
    if database[1] != GET_SUCCESS then
        error("Couldn't read database")
    end if
    database = database[2]
    end if
    close(db)

    clear_screen()
    puts(SCREEN, "\t\tSimple Database\n")
    while TRUE do
    puts(SCREEN,
    "\n(a)dd, (d)elete, (f)ind, (l)ist, (p)rint, (s)ave, (q)uit: ")
    command = upper(user_input())
    if 'A' = command[1] then
        db_add()

    elsif 'D' = command[1] then
        db_delete()

    elsif 'F' = command[1] then
        db_find()

    elsif 'Q' = command[1] then
        exit

    elsif 'S' = command[1] then
        db_save()
        exit

    elsif 'L' = command[1] then
        db_list(SCREEN)

    elsif 'P' = command[1] then
        printer = open("PRN", "w")
        if printer = -1 then
        puts(SCREEN, "Can't open printer device\n")
        else
        db_list(printer)
        puts(printer, FORM_FEED)
        close(printer)
        end if
    else
        puts(SCREEN, "\nsay what?\n")
    end if
    end while
end procedure

db_main()

QUEENS.EX
2074
-- The N Queens Problem:
-- Place N Queens on an NxN chess board
-- such that they don't threaten each other.

constant N = 8 -- try some other sizes

constant ROW = 1, COLUMN = 2
constant TRUE = 1, FALSE = 0

type square(sequence x)
-- a square on the board
    return length(x) = 2
end type

type row(integer x)
-- a row on the board
    return x >= 1 and x <= N
end type

function threat(square q1, square q2)
-- do two queens threaten each other?
    if q1[COLUMN] = q2[COLUMN] then
    return TRUE
    elsif q1[ROW] - q1[COLUMN] = q2[ROW] - q2[COLUMN] then
    return TRUE
    elsif q1[ROW] + q1[COLUMN] = q2[ROW] + q2[COLUMN] then
    return TRUE
    elsif q1[ROW] = q2[ROW] then
    return TRUE
    else
    return FALSE
    end if
end function

function conflict(square q, sequence queens)
-- Would square p cause a conflict with other queens on board so far?
    for i = 1 to length(queens) do
    if threat(q, queens[i]) then
        return TRUE
    end if
    end for
    return FALSE
end function

integer soln
soln = 0 -- solution number

procedure print_board(sequence queens)
-- print a solution, showing the Queens on the board
    integer k

    position(1, 1)
    printf(1, "Solution #%d\n\n  ", soln)
    for c = 'a' to 'a' + N - 1 do
    printf(1, "%2s", c)
    end for
    puts(1, "\n")
    for r = 1 to N do
    printf(1, "%2d ", r)
    for c = 1 to N do
        if find({r,c}, queens) then
        puts(1, "Q ")
        else
        puts(1, ". ")
        end if
    end for
    puts(1, "\n")
    end for
    puts(1, "\nPress Enter. (q to quit) ")
    while TRUE do
    k = get_key()
    if k = 'q' then
        abort(0)
    elsif k != -1 then
        exit
    end if
    end while
end procedure

procedure place_queen(sequence queens)
-- place queens on a NxN chess board
-- (recursive procedure)
    row r -- only need to consider one row for each queen

    if length(queens) = N then
    soln += 1
    print_board(queens)
    return
    end if
    r = length(queens)+1
    for c = 1 to N do
    if not conflict({r,c}, queens) then
        place_queen(append(queens, {r,c}))
    end if
    end for
end procedure

clear_screen()
place_queen({})

SANITY.EX
27141
        ------------------------------------------
        -- AUTOMATIC SELF-CHECKING SANITY TEST  --
        -- for Euphoria                         --
        -- A quick test of most of the features --
        ------------------------------------------
-- Usage:
--        ex sanity
--       exw sanity.ex

with type_check
with trace
trace(0)
include get.e
include graphics.e  -- comment after include is ok
include sort.e
include machine.e
include file.e
include wildcard.e
include image.e
include misc.e
include dll.e
include msgbox.e

integer SLASH
if platform() = LINUX then
    SLASH = '/'
else
    SLASH = '\\'
end if

constant msg = 1 -- place to send messages
atom t
t = time()
object y

procedure the_end()
    puts(msg, "Press Enter to continue\n")
    if atom(gets(0)) then
    end if
    if graphics_mode(-1) then
    end if
    abort(0)
end procedure

procedure make_sound()
-- test sound() built-in
    for i = 400 to 4000 by 400 do
    sound(i)
    for j = 1 to 100000 do
    end for
    sound(0)
    end for
end procedure

without warning
procedure abort()
-- force abort with trace back
    puts(msg, "\ndivide by 0 to get trace back...Press Enter\n")
    if sequence(gets(0)) then
    end if
    ? 1/0
end procedure
with warning

constant epsilon = 1e-10 -- allow for small floating point inaccuracy

procedure show(object x, object y)
-- show the mismatched values
    puts(msg, "\n   ---MISMATCH--- \n   x is ")
    ? x
    puts(msg, "   y is ")
    ? y
    puts(msg, " y - x is ")
    ? y - x
    abort()
end procedure

procedure same(object x, object y)
-- object x must be identical to object y else abort program
    atom ratio

    if atom(x) and atom(y) then
    if x = y then
        return
    else
        if y = 0 then
        show(x, y)
        else
        ratio = x / y
        if ratio < 1 - epsilon or ratio > 1 + epsilon then
            show(x, y)
        end if
        end if
    end if
    elsif length(x) = length(y) then
    for i = 1 to length(x) do
        same(x[i], y[i])
    end for
    else
    show(x, y)
    end if
end procedure

integer abs_id

function built_in()
-- built-in tests
    sequence d

    d = date()
    if d[1] < 93 or d[2] > 12 or d[3] < 1 or d[4] > 23 or d[5] > 59 or
    d[6] >59 or d[7] > 7  or d[8] > 366 then
    abort()
    end if
    d = power({-5, -4.5, -1,  0, 1,  2,  3.5, 4, 6},
          { 3,    2, -1,0.5, 0, 29, -2.5, 5, 8})
    if d[1] != -125 or d[2] != 20.25 or d[3] != -1 or d[4] != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    if d[5] != 1 or d[6] != 536870912 or d[7] <.043 or d[7] > .044 then
    abort()
    end if
    if d[8] != 1024 or d[9] != 1679616 or power(2,3) != 8 then
    abort()
    end if
    same(power(16, 0.5), 4)
    d = remainder({5, 9, 15, -27}, {3, 4, 5, 6})
    if d[1] != 2 or d[2] != 1 or d[3] != 0 or d[4] != -3 then
    abort()
    end if
    d = remainder({11.5, -8.8, 3.5, 5.0}, {2, 3.5, -1.5, -100.0})
    if d[1] != 1.5 or d[2] < -1.81 or d[2] > -1.79 or d[3] != 0.5 or d[4] != 5 then
    abort()
    end if
    same(4, sqrt(16))
    same(3, length("ABC"))
    same({1, 1, 1, 1}, repeat(1, 4))
    if rand(10) > 10 or rand(20) < 1 or not find(rand(5.5), {1,2,3,4,5}) then
    abort()
    end if
    if equal(0,1) or
       not equal(-9,-9) or
       equal(5,{{{}}}) or
       not equal(5,5.0) then
    abort()
    end if
    set_rand(5555)
    d = rand(repeat(10,20))
    set_rand(5555)
    if not equal(d, rand(repeat(10,20))) then
    abort()
    end if
    if time() < 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    if call_func(abs_id, {sin(3.1415)}) > 0.02 then
    abort()
    end if
    if cos(0) < .98 then
    abort()
    end if
    if call_func(abs_id, {tan(3.14/4) - 1}) > .02 then
    abort()
    end if
    if (call_func(abs_id, {tan(arctan(1)) - 1}) > 000.02) then
    abort()
    end if
    if log(2.7) < 0.8 or log(2.7) > 1.2 then
    abort()
    end if
    if floor(-3.3) != -4 then
    abort()
    end if
    if floor(-999/3.000000001) != -333 then
    abort()
    end if
    if floor(9.99/1) != 9 then
    abort()
    end if
    for i = -9 to 2 do
    if i = 1 then
        return i
    end if
    end for
end function

function abs(atom x)
-- absolute value
    if x < 0 then
    return -x
    else
    return x
    end if
end function

abs_id = routine_id("abs")
if abs_id = -1 then
    abort()
end if

procedure sub()
    y = 200
end procedure

procedure overflow()
-- test overflows from integer into floating point
    object two29, two30, maxint, prev_i
    integer two30i, mtwo30i
    sequence s

    two30 = 1
    for i = 1 to 30 do
    two30 *= 2
    end for
    s = {two30, two30+1, two30+2}
    s += s
    if compare(s, {two30*2, two30*2+2, two30*2+4}) then
    abort()
    end if
    mtwo30i = -1
    for i = 1 to 29 do
    mtwo30i *= 2
    end for
    two30i = 1
    for i = 1 to 29 do
    two30i *= 2
    end for
    if 2 * two30i != -2 * mtwo30i then
    abort()
    end if
    if two30i*2 != two30 then
    abort()
    end if
    two29 = floor(two30 / 2)
    if two29 + two29 != two30 then
       abort()
    end if

    maxint = floor(two30 - 1)
    if maxint + 1 != two30 then
    abort()
    end if

    if 2 + maxint != two30 + 1 then
    abort()
    end if

    if (-maxint - 1) * -1 != two30 then
    abort()
    end if

    prev_i = -maxint + 1
    for i = -maxint to -maxint -5 by -1 do
    if i != prev_i - 1 then
        abort()
    end if
    prev_i = i
    end for

    prev_i = maxint - 5
    for i = maxint - 3 to maxint + 3 by 2 do
    if i != prev_i + 2 then
        abort()
    end if
    prev_i = i
    end for

    if floor(two30) != two30 then
    abort()
    end if

    if floor(two30 + two30 - 1) != two30 * 2 - 1 then
    abort()
    end if
end procedure

type natural(integer x)
    return x >= 0
end type

procedure atomic_ops()
-- test operations on atoms
    object a, x, z
    integer n, m
    natural p

    if arcsin(.5) <.523 or arcsin(.5) >.524 then
    abort()
    end if
    p = 0
    p = 0.000
    p = 4.0/2.0
    if p != 2.0 then
    abort()
    end if
    n = 1
    m = 1
    if n and m then
    else
    abort()
    end if
    if atom(n) or 1/0 then
    -- short-circuit skips the divide
    end if
    if sequence(n) and n[1] then
    -- short-circuit skips the subscript
    end if
    if 1 xor 1 then
    abort()
    end if
    if not ((0 xor 1) and (1 xor 0))then
    abort()
    end if
    if 0 xor 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    x = 100
    sub() -- y = 200
    z = 300

    if x + y != z then
    abort()
    end if

    if x != 100 then
    abort()
    end if

    if 3 * 3 != 9 or
       3 * 900000000 != 2700000000 or
       15000 * 32000 != 480000000 or
       32000 * 15000 != 480000000 or
       1000 * 13000 != 13000000 or
       13000 * 1000 != 13000000 then
    abort()
    end if
    while x != 100 do
    abort()
    end while

    if not (z - y = 100) then
    abort()
    end if

    if #FFFFFFFF != 4294967295 then
    abort()
    end if

    p = 20
    while not (p < 10) do
    p -= 2
    end while
    if p != 8 then
    abort()
    end if

    if x * 1000.5 != 100050 or x * y != 20000 or x / y != 0.5 then
    abort()
    end if

    if y < x then
    abort()
    end if

    if y <= x then
    abort()
    end if

    if x > y then
    abort()
    end if

    if x >= y then
    abort()
    end if

    if -x != -100 then
    abort()
    end if

    if x = x and y > z then
    abort()
    end if

    x = 0

    y = {"ten", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight",
     "nine", "ten", "ten"}

    while x <= 11 do
    if x = 1 then a = "one"
    elsif x = 2 then a = "two"
    elsif x = 3 then a = "three"
    elsif x = 4 then a = "four"
    elsif x = 5 then a = "five"
    elsif x = 6 then a = "six"
    elsif x = 7 then a = "seven"
             if 1 + 1 = 2 then
                 same(a, "seven")
             elsif 1 + 1 = 3 then
                 abort()
             else
                 abort()
             end if
    elsif x = 8 then a = "eight"
    elsif x = 9 then a = "nine"
    else a = "ten"
    end if
    same(a, y[1+x])
    x = x + 1
    end while

    y = 0
    for xx = 100 to 0 by -2 do
    y = y + xx
    end for
    same(y, 50 * 51)

    for xx = 1 to 10 do
    if xx = 6 then
        x = 6
        exit
    end if
    y = 1
    while y < 25 do
        y = y + 1
        if y = 18 then
        exit
        end if
    end while
    same(y, 18)
    end for
    y = repeat(-99, 7)
    for xx = +3 to -3 by -1 do
    y[xx+4] = xx
    end for
    same(y, {-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3})

    y = {1,2,3}
    for xx = 1.5 to +3.0 by .5 do
      y[xx] = xx
    end for
    same(y, {1.5, 2.5, 3.0})
    y = {}
    for xx = -9.0 to -9.5 by -.25 do
      y = y & xx
    end for
    same(y, {-9, -9.25, -9.5})
    y = {}
    for i = 800000000 to 900000000 by 800000000 do
    y = append(y, i)
    end for
    if compare(y, {800000000}) then
    abort()
    end if
    y = 5
    n = 3
    a = 2
    for i = 1 to y by a do
    n = n - 1
    y = 155
    a = 1
    end for
    same(n, 0)
end procedure

procedure floating_pt()
-- test floating-point operations
    sequence x
    atom final

    x = {1.5, -3.5, 1e10, -1e20, 0.0, 0.0001}
    y = repeat(x, 10)
    if x[1]/x[2] > -0.42 or x[1]/x[2] < -0.43 then
    abort()
    end if
    if find(1e10, x) != 3 then
    abort()
    end if
    for a = -1.0 to sqrt(999) by 2.5 do
    if a > 20.0 then
        final = a
        exit
    end if
    end for
    if final < 20.0 or final > 23 then
    abort()
    end if
end procedure

function one()
    return 1
end function

function two()
    return 2.000
end function

function sequence_ops()
-- test operations on sequences
    object i, w, x, y, z
    sequence s
    integer j

    x = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
    y = {1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0}

    if not equal(x xor y, y xor x) then
    abort()
    end if
    if compare({{1,1,0,0,1,1}}, {x} xor {y}) != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    if compare({{1,1}, {2,3}} xor
           {{0,0}, {1,1}},
           {{1,1}, {0,0}}) != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    x = "Hello "
    y = "World"

    if find(0, x = x) then
    abort()
    end if
    if x[two()*two() - two()] != 'e' then
    abort()
    end if
    if x[one()+one()] != x[two()] then
    abort()
    end if

    j = x[1]
    if j != 'H' then
    abort()
    end if
    s = {3.0}
    s[1] = 1.0000
    j = s[1]
    if j != 1 then
    abort()
    end if
    i = 1
    if not atom(i) or not integer(i) then
    abort()
    end if
    if length(y) != 5 then
    abort()
    end if
    while i <= 5 do
    x = append(x, y[i])
    i = i + 1
    end while
    i = 1
    while i <= 3 do
    x = append(x, '.')
    x = append(x, '\'')
    i = i + 1
    end while
    same(x, "Hello World.'.'.'")
    x = {}
    x = append(x, {20,30,5})
    same(x, {{20,30,5}})
    x = repeat(5, 19)
    x = append(x, 20)
    x[7] = 9
    y = {9, 9, {9}}
    y = prepend(y, 8)
    y = prepend(y, {9, 9})
    same(y, {{9, 9}, 8, 9, 9, {9}})
    y = x
    z = y * x + x + 1000
    w = z > 1030 or x = 9
    same(z, {1030, 1030, 1030, 1030, 1030, 1030, 1090, 1030, 1030, 1030,
         1030, 1030, 1030, 1030, 1030, 1030, 1030, 1030, 1030, 1420})
    same(w, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0,
         0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1})
    x = {"",""}
    x[1] &= "Euph"
    x[2] &= "oria"
    same(x, {"Euph", "oria"})
    x = {100, 200, {1, 2, {0, 0, 0}}, 300}
    x[3][3][3] = 26
    x[3][3][3] += 0+0
    x[3][3][3] -= 2
    x[3][3][2..3] += 1
    x[3][3][2..3] -= {0,0}
    x[3][3][3] *= 8
    x[3][3][3] /= 8
    x = x * x
    same(x, {10000, 40000, {1, 4, {0, 1, 625}}, 90000})
    y = x / {1, 2, 3, 4}
    same(y, {10000, 20000, {1/3, 4/3, {0, 1/3, 625/3}}, 22500})
    -- & tests

    same(2 & {5, 6,7}, {2, 5, 6, 7})
    same({} & 3, {3})
    same("ABC" & "DEF" & "GHIJ" & {}, "ABCDEFGHIJ")
    same('A' & 'B' & 'C', "ABC")

    -- slice tests
    x = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP"
    same(x[1..4], "ABCD")
    y = x[2..5]
    same(y, "BCDE")
    same(x[4..3], {})
    same(x[4..4], "D")
    x[3..5] = "000"
    same(x, "AB000FGHIJKLMNOP")
    x[6..9] = '8'
    same(x, "AB0008888JKLMNOP")

    same(floor({1, 2, -3, 4, -5} / 3), {0, 0, -1, 1, -2})
    same(and_bits({#0FFFFFFF, #7000, 5},
          {#F0F0F0F0, #4010, 3}),
          {#00F0F0F0, #4000, 1})
    same(or_bits({#0FFFFFFF, #7000, 5},
         {#00F0F0F0, #4010, 3}),
         {#0FFFFFFF, #7010, 7})
    same(xor_bits({#0FFFFFFF, #7000, 5},
          {#00F0F0F0, #4010, 3}),
          {#0F0F0F0F, #3010, 6})
    same(and_bits(not_bits({#0FFFFFFF, #7000, #05}), #0000FFFF),
          {#00000000, #00008FFF, #0000FFFA})
    return y
end function


procedure sequence_ops2()
-- more tests of sequence operations
object x, y

    x = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP"
    if find('D', x) != 4 then
    abort()
    end if
    if match("EFGH", x) != 5 then
    abort()
    end if
    if match({"AB", "CD"}, {0, 1, 3, {}, {"AB", "C"}, "AB", "CD", "EF"}) != 6 then
    abort()
    end if
    if not equal(x,x) then
    abort()
    end if
    if compare({}, {}) != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    y = repeat(repeat(repeat(99, 5), 5), 5)
    if y[3][3][3] != 99 then
    abort()
    end if
    if compare(y[4][4][3..5], repeat(99, 3)) != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    y[3][2][1..4] = 88
    if compare(y[3][2], {88, 88, 88, 88, 99}) != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
end procedure

procedure circularity()
-- test for circular references in internal garbage collector
    object x, y

    x = {{"abc", {0, 0, 0}}, "def", 1, 2}
    x[3] = x
    x[1..2] = x[2..3]
    x = append(x, x)
    x = prepend(x, x)
    if compare(x, x) != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    y = "ABCDE"
    y[2] = repeat(y, 3)
    if compare(y, y) != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
end procedure

procedure patterns()
-- test wildcard routines
    if wildcard_file("ABC*DEF.*", "XBCDEF.E") then
    abort()
    end if
    if not wildcard_file("A?B?C?D", "a1b2C3D") then
    abort()
    end if
    if wildcard_match("AAA", "AAa") then
    abort()
    end if
    if not wildcard_match("??Z*Z*", "ABZ123Z123") then
    abort()
    end if
end procedure

procedure conversions()
-- test conversion of values to/from string representation
    sequence v

    v = sprintf("values are: %5d, %3d, %4.2f", {1234, -89, 6.22})
    if compare(v, "values are:  1234, -89, 6.22") != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    v = value("{1,2,3}")
    if compare(v, {GET_SUCCESS, {1,2,3}}) != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    for x = 1 to 100 by 3 do
    v = value(sprintf("%d", x))
    if compare(v, {GET_SUCCESS, x}) != 0 then
        abort()
    end if
    v = value(sprintf("#%x ", x))
    if compare(v, {GET_SUCCESS, x}) != 0 then
        abort()
    end if
    end for
end procedure

procedure output()
-- test file output routines
    integer file_no

    file_no = open("sanityio.tst", "w")
    if file_no < 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    puts(file_no, "-- io test\n")
    print(file_no, {1,2,3})
    puts(file_no, '\n')
    print(file_no, -99)
    puts(file_no, " {11, {33, {#33}}, 4, 5 } {\t\t}\n")
    puts(file_no, "{} .999 -.999 1.55e00 {11,   22 , {33, 33}, 4, 5  }\n")
    printf(file_no, "%e", 10000)
    printf(file_no, " %d", -123)
    printf(file_no, " %5.1f", 5+1/2)
    printf(file_no, "%50s\n", {"+99 1001 {1,2,3} 1E-4 {1.002e23,-59e-5,"})
    printf(file_no, "%9e}\t\t-1e-20\t   -.00001e5\n", 59e30)
    puts(file_no, "\"Rob\" \"ert\" \"Craig\"  ")
    puts(file_no, "\"\" \"\\n\" \"\\t\\r\"\t")
    puts(file_no, "\"\\'\\\"\" 'A' '\\n' '\\\"' '\\'' '\\r'\n")
    printf(file_no, "{#%x, ", 291)
    puts(file_no, "\"ABC\"} {'A', 'B', '\\n'}")
    close(file_no)
end procedure

procedure input()
-- test file input routines
    integer file_no
    object line
    integer char

    file_no = open("sanityio.tst", "r")
    if file_no < 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    if seek(file_no, 5) then
    abort()
    end if
    if seek(file_no, -1) then
    abort()
    end if
    if seek(file_no, 0) then
    abort()
    end if
    if where(file_no) != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    line = gets(file_no)
    if compare(line, "-- io test\n") != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    char = getc(file_no)
    if char != '{' then
    abort()
    end if
    close(file_no)
end procedure

without type_check
integer color
color = 1
sequence v

procedure testgr()
-- test basic VGA graphics operations
    sequence x

    if v[VC_XPIXELS] < 100 or v[VC_YPIXELS] < 100 then
    abort()
    end if
    draw_line(BLUE, {{20, 100}, {600, 100}})

    for i = 1 to 200 by 5 do
    pixel(WHITE, {3*i, i})
    if get_pixel({3*i, i}) != 7 then
        abort()
    end if
    end for

    polygon(color, 0, {{20,350}, {40, 250}, {80, 400}})
    ellipse(color+5, 1, {350, 350}, {440,440})
    color = color + 1
    x = {}
    for i = 0 to 63 do
    x = x & repeat(i, 2)
    end for
    for p = 220 to 320 by 4 do
    display_image({p,p}, repeat(x+color, 2))
    end for
end procedure
with type_check

constant TRUE = 1/1, FALSE = 0, junk=-TRUE
if junk != -1 then
    abort()
end if

procedure testget()
-- test input of Euphoria objects
    object gd
    object x, i
    object results

    gd = open("sanityio.tst", "r")
    if gd < 0 or gd > 10 then
    abort()
    end if
    if not sequence(gets(gd)) then
    abort()
    end if
    results = {
     {0, {1,2,3}},
     {0, -99},
     {0, {11, {33, {#33}}, 4, 5}},
     {0, {}},
     {0, {}},
     {0, 0.999},
     {0, -0.999},
     {0, 1.55},
     {0, {11, 22, {33, 33}, 4, 5}},
     {0, 10000},
     {0, -123},
     {0, 5.5},
     {0, 99},
     {0, 1001},
     {0, {1, 2, 3}},
     {0, 0.0001},
     {0, {1.002e+23, -0.00059, 5.9e+31}},
     {0, -1e-20},
     {0, -1},
     {0, "Rob"},
     {0, "ert"},
     {0, "Craig"},
     {0, ""},
     {0, "\n"},
     {0, "\t\r"},
     {0, "\'\""},
     {0, 'A'},
     {0, '\n'},
     {0, '\"'},
     {0, '\''},
     {0, '\r'},
     {0, {#123, "ABC"}},
     {0, {'A', 'B', '\n'}},
     {-#1, 0}
    }
    i = 1
    while TRUE do
    x = get(gd)
    if x[1] = -1 then
        exit
    end if
    same(x, results[i])
    i = i + 1
    end while
    if compare(results[i], {-1, 0}) != 0 then
    puts(2, "wrong number of get values\n")
    end if
    close(gd)
end procedure

function fib(integer n)
-- fibonacci
    if n < 2 then
    return n
    else
    return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
    end if
end function

integer rp

procedure recursive_proc()
-- a recursively-called procedure
    if rp > 0 then
    rp = rp - 1
    recursive_proc()
    end if
end procedure

procedure machine_level()
-- quick test of machine-level routines
    atom addr, dest, src

    if 9.99 != float64_to_atom(atom_to_float64(9.99)) then
    abort()
    end if
    if -27 != float32_to_atom(atom_to_float32(-27)) then
    abort()
    end if
    addr = allocate(100)
    poke4(addr, #12345678)
    if peek4u(addr) != #12345678 then
    abort()
    end if
    if peek4s(addr) != #12345678 then
    abort()
    end if
    poke(addr, {77, -1, 5.1, -1.1})
    if compare(peek({addr, 4}), {77, 255, 5, 255}) then
    abort()
    end if
    poke(addr, #C3) -- RET instruction
    if peek(addr) != #C3 then
    abort()
    end if
    call(addr)
    free(addr)
    for x = 0 to +2000000 by 99999 do
    if bytes_to_int(int_to_bytes(x)) != x then
        abort()
    end if
    end for
    if bits_to_int({1,0,1,0}) != 5 then
    abort()
    end if
    if not equal(int_to_bits(17,8), {1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0}) then
    abort()
    end if
    -- mem_copy() and mem_set()
    dest = allocate(20)
    src = allocate(20)
    poke(src, {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9})
    mem_copy(dest, src, 9)
    if compare(peek({dest, 9}), peek({src,9})) != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    mem_set(dest+3, 100, 4)
    if compare(peek({dest, 9}), {1,2,3,100,100,100,100,8,9}) != 0 then
    abort()
    end if
end procedure

global type sorted(sequence x)
-- return TRUE if x is in ascending order
    for i = 1 to length(x)-1 do
    if compare(x[i], x[i+1]) > 0 then
        return FALSE
    end if
    end for
    return TRUE
end type


procedure win32_tests()
-- tests that require WIN32 platform (exw sanity.ex)
    atom lib
    integer Sleep, Beep

    if instance() < 0 then
    abort()
    end if

    lib = open_dll("kernel32")
    if lib = 0 then
    abort()
    end if
    Beep = define_c_func(lib, "Beep", {C_INT, C_INT}, C_INT)
    if Beep = -1 then
    abort()
    end if
    Sleep = define_c_proc(lib, "Sleep", {C_INT})
    if Sleep = -1 then
    abort()
    end if
    for i = 1 to 3 do
    if c_func(Beep, {0, 0}) = 0 then
        abort()
    end if
    t = time()
    c_proc(Sleep, {1000}) -- 1000 milliseconds
    if time() - t < .5 then
        abort()
    end if
    end for
end procedure

integer last_sum

function checksum(sequence filename)
-- Return the simple sum of all the bytes in a file,
-- or 0 if file not found
    integer fn, c

    fn = open(filename, "rb")
    last_sum = 0
    if fn != -1 then
    while TRUE do
        c = getc(fn)
        if c = -1 then
        exit
        end if
        last_sum += c
    end while
    close(fn)
    end if
    return last_sum
end function

constant SUM_EX = 18883540,
     SUM_EXW = 7968963,
     SUM_PDEX = 18925198,
     SUM_PDEXW = 8028603

object eudir
sequence edition
edition = ""

procedure corrupt(sequence filename)
-- say that a file is corrupt
    sequence full_name

    full_name = lower(eudir & filename)
    puts(msg, "\n\n")
    if length(edition) then
    puts(msg, lower(eudir) & "ex.exe" & " is the " &
         edition & " Edition ex.exe file. \n")
    end if
    if last_sum = 0 then
    puts(msg, full_name & " does not exist. \n")
    puts(msg, "The install is not correct. ")
    else
    printf(msg, "%s seems to be incorrect. \n", {full_name})
    if    last_sum = SUM_EX then
        puts(msg, "It's the Complete Edition ex.exe file. ")
    elsif last_sum = SUM_EXW then
        puts(msg, "It's the Complete Edition exw.exe file. ")
    elsif last_sum = SUM_PDEX then
        puts(msg, "It's the Public Domain Edition ex.exe file. ")
    elsif last_sum = SUM_PDEXW then
        puts(msg, "It's the Public Domain Edition exw.exe file. ")
    else
        printf(msg, "Its check-sum (%d) is wrong. \n", last_sum)
        puts(msg,
        "Either it's an old version, or it has been corrupted. \n")
        puts(msg,
        "You can download the latest version of Euphoria from: \n")
        puts(msg, "    http://www.RapidEuphoria.com/ ")
    end if
    end if
    puts(msg, "\n\n\n")
    the_end()
end procedure

procedure reboot_msg()
    if platform() = LINUX then
    puts(msg, "Did you forget to edit your profile and log in again?\n")
    else
    puts(msg, "Did you forget to reboot (restart) your machine?\n")
    end if
    puts(msg, "See INSTALL.DOC\n")
    the_end()
end procedure

procedure check_install(integer doit)
-- see if Euphoria was installed correctly
    object path
    integer ex_sum

    if not doit then
    puts(1, "skipping checksum - press Enter\n")
    if getc(0) then
    end if
    return
    end if
    path = getenv("PATH")
    eudir = getenv("EUDIR")
    if atom(path) then
    puts(msg, "Note: Your PATH variable has not been set.\n")
    reboot_msg()
    else
    if not match("EUPHORIA" & SLASH & "BIN", upper(path)) then
        puts(msg, "Note: EUPHORIA" & SLASH & "BIN is not on your PATH.\n")
        reboot_msg()
    end if
    end if
    if atom(eudir) then
    puts(msg, "Note: Your EUDIR variable has not been set.\n")
    reboot_msg()
    else
    if length(eudir) and eudir[length(eudir)] = '\\' then
        eudir = eudir[1..length(eudir)-1]
    end if
    if platform() = LINUX then
        eudir &= "/bin/"
    else
        eudir &= "\\BIN\\"
    end if

    -- check for corrupted files:
    ex_sum = checksum(eudir & "ex.exe")
    if ex_sum = SUM_EX then
        edition = "Complete"
        if checksum(eudir & "exw.exe") != SUM_EXW then
        corrupt("exw.exe")
        end if
        if checksum(eudir & "pdex.exe") != SUM_PDEX then
        corrupt("pdex.exe")
        end if
        if checksum(eudir & "pdexw.exe") != SUM_PDEXW then
        corrupt("pdexw.exe")
        end if
    elsif ex_sum = SUM_PDEX then
        -- Public Domain Edition
        edition = "Public Domain"
        if checksum(eudir & "exw.exe") != SUM_PDEXW then
        corrupt("exw.exe")
        end if
    else
        corrupt("ex.exe")
    end if
    end if
end procedure

without profile
without warning
global procedure sanity()
-- main program
    sequence cmd_line, save_colors, s1, s2
    integer vga, ok

    check_install(TRUE)
    if platform() = WIN32 then
    vga = FALSE
    ok = message_box("Run the test?", "Euphoria WIN32 Sanity Test",
    {MB_OKCANCEL, MB_SYSTEMMODAL})
    if ok = IDCANCEL then
        return
    end if
    else
    -- some text mode tests
    clear_screen()
    position(1,1)
    puts(1, "ABC")
    position(2,1)
    puts(1, "def")
    s1 = save_text_image({1,1}, {2,3})
    display_text_image({10,20}, s1)
    s2 = save_text_image({10, 20}, {11, 22})
    if not equal(s1, s2) then
        abort()
    end if

    -- graphics mode and other tests
    vga = not graphics_mode(18)
    v = video_config()
    clear_screen()
    position(12, 20)
    if compare({12, 20}, get_position()) != 0 then
        abort()
    end if
    puts(msg, "Euphoria SANITY TEST ... ")
    end if

    if platform() = WIN32 then
    win32_tests()
    end if

    for j = 0 to 8 by 2 do
    cmd_line = command_line()
    if length(cmd_line) < 1 or length(cmd_line) > 10 then
        abort()
    end if
    if length(current_dir()) < 2 then
        abort()
    end if
    if length(dir(".")) < 2 then
        abort()
    end if
    if vga then
--          testgr()
    end if
    make_sound()
    same(built_in(), 1)
    atomic_ops()

    overflow()
    floating_pt()
    if compare(sequence_ops(), "BCDE") != 0 then
        puts(msg, "sequence_ops failed\n")
    end if
    sequence_ops2()
    circularity()
    output()
    input()
    testget()
    conversions()
    patterns()
    machine_level()
    rp = 100
    recursive_proc()
    if rp != 0 then
        puts(msg, "recursive proc failed\n")
    end if
    if fib(20) != 6765 then
        puts(msg, "fib failed\n")
    end if
    if not sorted(sort(-500 + rand(repeat(1000, 1000)))) then
        puts(msg, "standard sort failed\n")
    end if
    if not sorted(sort({"robert", "junko", "dave", "ken", "lurdes"})) then
        puts(msg, "standard general sort failed\n")
    end if
    end for
    if platform() = LINUX then
    system("rm sanityio.tst", 2)
    else
    system("del sanityio.tst", 2)
    end if
    save_colors = {}
    if platform() = DOS32 then
    for i = 0 to v[VC_NCOLORS]-1 do
        save_colors = append(save_colors, palette(i, {0,0,0}))
    end for
    for i = 1 to 200 do
        sound(i*15)
        all_palette(rand(repeat({63,63,63}, v[VC_NCOLORS])))
    end for
    sound(0)
    all_palette(save_colors)
    end if
    if platform() = WIN32 then
    ok = message_box("PASSED (100%)", "Euphoria WIN32 Sanity Test", MB_OK)
    else
    puts(msg, "\nPASSED (100%)\n")
    the_end()
    end if
end procedure

integer z

-- another for-loop test
z = 0
for j = 1 to 10 do
    z = z + j
end for
if z != 55 then
    abort()
end if

sanity()


TREE.EX
2845
-- Count frequencies of words in standard input.
-- Uses a binary tree to speed lookups and write
-- an alphabetic listing to standard output.

-- usage:
--        ex tree < file1
--
-- You can direct standard output to a file with '>'

-- How it Works:
-- * tree.ex reads in words from a text file and inserts them
--   alphabetically into a Euphoria sequence that is being used
--   as a "tree". The tree data structure is created by nesting
--   sequences inside one another to whatever depth is required.
--   Looking up a word in a tree is generally faster than searching
--   through a linear list, since unless the tree is very lop-sided,
--   we should have fewer comparisons to make.

without type_check

constant EOF = -1
constant TRUE = 1

constant STANDARD_IN = 0,
     STANDARD_OUT = 1,
     SCREEN = 2

constant NAME = 1,
     COUNT = 2,
     LEFT = 3,
     RIGHT = 4

function next_word()
-- read standard input to get next alphabetic string
    integer c
    sequence word

    word = ""
    while TRUE do
    c = getc(STANDARD_IN)
    if (c >= 'A' and c <= 'Z') or
       (c >= 'a' and c <= 'z') then
        word &= c
    elsif length(word) > 0 then
        return word
    elsif c = EOF then
        return 0
    end if
    end while
end function

function insert(sequence node, sequence word)
-- Insert new word into tree or increment existing word count by 1.
-- Return modified node.
-- This is quite fast since internally Euphoria is copying
-- pointers to subtrees, *not* all the data as it might appear.
    integer x

    if length(node) = 0 then
    -- couldn't find it - create new node
    node = {word, 1, {}, {}}
    else
    x = compare(word, node[NAME])
    if x = 0 then
        node[COUNT] += 1                       -- found it, increment count
    elsif x < 0 then
        node[LEFT] = insert(node[LEFT], word)  -- insert it on the left
    else
        node[RIGHT] = insert(node[RIGHT], word)-- insert it on the right
    end if
    end if
    return node
end function

procedure printTree(sequence node)
-- recursively print tree information
-- in alphabetical order
    if length(node) = 0 then
    return
    end if
    printTree(node[LEFT])
    printf(STANDARD_OUT, "%s:%d\n", {node[NAME], node[COUNT]})
    printTree(node[RIGHT])
end procedure

-- root of the whole tree
sequence root
root = {}

procedure word_count()
-- build a binary tree containing words in standard input
    object word

    while TRUE do
    word = next_word()
    if atom(word) then
        exit
    end if
    root = insert(root, word)
    end while
end procedure

puts(SCREEN, "terminate typed input with: control-Z Enter\n")

atom t
t = time()         -- Time the table-building process only
word_count()
t = time() -t      -- Stop timer

printTree(root)
printf(2, "\n%.2f seconds\n\n", t)

DSEARCH.EXW
3321
-- search for a .DLL that contains a given routine
-- usage:
--      exw dsearch [routine]
--
-- If you don't supply a string on the command line you will be prompted
-- for it.


-- Some of the common WIN32 .DLLs. Feel free to add more.
sequence dll_list
dll_list = {
    "kernel32.dll",
    "user32.dll",
    "gdi32.dll",
    "winmm.dll",
    "comdlg32.dll",
    "comctl32.dll"
}

include file.e
include dll.e
include machine.e

constant KEYB = 0, SCREEN = 1

constant TRUE = 1, FALSE = 0

type boolean(integer x)
    return x = 0 or x = 1
end type

type c_routine(integer x)
    return x >= -1 and x <= 1000
end type

sequence cmd, orig_string

integer scanned, no_open
scanned = 0
no_open = 0

c_routine FreeLibrary, GetProcAddress

atom string_pointer
sequence routine_name

function scan(sequence file_name)
-- process an eligible file
    boolean found_in_file
    atom lib

    lib = open_dll(file_name)
    if lib = 0 then
    no_open += 1
    puts(SCREEN, file_name & ": Couldn't open.\n")
    return 0
    end if
    printf(SCREEN, "%s: ", {file_name})
    scanned += 1
    string_pointer = allocate(length(routine_name)+1)
    poke(string_pointer, routine_name & 0)
    found_in_file = FALSE
    if c_func(GetProcAddress, {lib, string_pointer}) then
    printf(SCREEN, "\n\n%s was FOUND in %s\n", {routine_name, file_name})
    found_in_file = TRUE
    end if
    free(string_pointer)
    if not c_func(FreeLibrary, {lib}) then
    puts(SCREEN, "\nFreeLibrary failed!\n")
    end if
    return found_in_file
end function

procedure CSetup()
-- set up C routines that we need:
    atom kernel32

    kernel32 = open_dll("kernel32.dll")
    if kernel32 = 0 then
    puts(SCREEN, "Can't open kernel32.dll!\n")
    abort(1)
    end if
    FreeLibrary = define_c_func(kernel32, "FreeLibrary", {C_POINTER}, C_INT)
    if FreeLibrary = -1 then
    puts(1, "Can't find FreeLibrary\n")
    abort(1)
    end if
    GetProcAddress = define_c_func(kernel32, "GetProcAddress",
             {C_POINTER, C_POINTER}, C_INT)
    if GetProcAddress = -1 then
    puts(1, "Can't find GetProcAddress\n")
    abort(1)
    end if
end procedure

function delete_trailing_white(sequence name)
-- get rid of blanks, tabs, newlines at end of string
    while length(name) > 0 do
    if find(name[length(name)], "\n\r\t ") then
        name = name[1..length(name)-1]
    else
        exit
    end if
    end while
    return name
end function

CSetup()

cmd = command_line()   -- exw dsearch [string]

if length(cmd) >= 3 then
    orig_string = cmd[3]
else
    puts(SCREEN, "C function name:")
    orig_string = delete_trailing_white(gets(KEYB))
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
end if

routine_name = orig_string

procedure locate(sequence name)
    routine_name = name
    puts(1, "Looking for " & routine_name & "\n ")
    for i = 1 to length(dll_list) do
    if scan(dll_list[i]) then
        if getc(0) then
        end if
        abort(1)
    end if
    end for
    puts(1, '\n')
end procedure

if length(routine_name) = 0 then
    abort(0)
end if

locate(orig_string)
locate(orig_string & "A")
locate(orig_string & "Ex")
locate(orig_string & "ExA")

puts(1, "\nCouldn't find " & orig_string & '\n')
puts(1, "Press Enter\n")

if getc(0) then
end if

EMAIL.EXW
3442
-- Simple MAPI (Messaging API) Demo Program

-- Performs MapiLogon, MapiSendMail, MapiLogoff
-- Constants and structure declarations are from
-- the file MAPI.H available from Microsoft

-- If you have Outlook Express you can make it your
-- "default Simple MAPI client" on the Tools/Options menu.

-- MS Exchange Inbox should work too.

include dll.e
include machine.e
include wildcard.e
include msgbox.e

without warning

constant MAPI_TO = 1,
     MAPI_LOGON_UI = 1,           -- display a logon user interface
     MAPI_FORCE_DOWNLOAD = #1000, -- force download of new messages
                      -- when logging in to MAPI
     MAPI_USE_DEFAULT = #0040     -- use default profile

constant Title = "Euphoria E-Mail Demo"

integer MAPILogon, MAPILogoff, MAPISendMail
atom mapi_dll, session, error, message, recipient

mapi_dll = open_dll("mapi32.dll")
if mapi_dll = 0 then
    puts(1, "Couldn't find MAPI DLL\n")
    abort(1)
end if

MAPILogon = define_c_func(mapi_dll, "MAPILogon",
           {C_LONG, C_POINTER, C_POINTER, C_LONG, C_LONG, C_POINTER},
           C_LONG)
if MAPILogon = -1 then
    puts(1, "Couldn't find MAPILogon\n")
    abort(1)
end if

MAPILogoff = define_c_func(mapi_dll, "MAPILogoff",
        {C_INT, C_INT, C_INT, C_INT},
        C_LONG)
if MAPILogoff = -1 then
    puts(1, "Couldn't find MapiLogoff\n")
    abort(1)
end if

MAPISendMail = define_c_func(mapi_dll, "MAPISendMail",
        {C_INT, C_INT, C_POINTER, C_INT, C_INT},
        C_LONG)
if MAPISendMail = -1 then
    puts(1, "Couldn't find MapiSendMail\n")
    abort(1)
end if

session = allocate(4)

integer yn

yn = message_box(
      "Would you like to send an e-mail message\nto the U.S. President?",
      Title, MB_YESNO)
if yn = IDNO then
    abort(0)
end if

error = c_func(MAPILogon, {0, 0, 0, MAPI_USE_DEFAULT, 0, session})

if error then
    error = message_box(sprintf("MAPILogon failed - code %d\n", error),
                   Title, MB_ICONWARNING)
    abort(error)
end if

session = peek4u(session)

-- recipient structure:
constant RECIPCLASS = 4,
     NAME = 8,
     ADDRESS = 12

recipient = allocate(100)
mem_set(recipient, 0, 100)
poke4(recipient+RECIPCLASS, MAPI_TO)
poke4(recipient+NAME, allocate_string("Bill Clinton"))
poke4(recipient+ADDRESS, allocate_string("SMTP:[e-mail]"))

-- message structure offsets:
constant SUBJECT = 4,
     TEXT = 8,
     RECIPCOUNT = 32,
     RECIPIENTS = 36

message = allocate(100)
mem_set(message, 0, 100)
poke4(message+SUBJECT, allocate_string("I'm programming in Euphoria " &
                "and you can't stop me!"))
poke4(message+TEXT, allocate_string(
              "Hi Bill,\n\n" &
              "\tEuphoria is a GREAT programming language!\n\n" &
              "\tPlease visit http://members.aol.com/FilesEu/\n"))
poke4(message+RECIPCOUNT, 1)
poke4(message+RECIPIENTS, recipient)

error = c_func(MAPISendMail, {session, 0, message, MAPI_LOGON_UI, 0})
if error then
    error = message_box(sprintf("MAPISendMail failed, code %d\n", error),
               Title, MB_ICONWARNING)
    abort(1)
end if

-- MAPILogoff may crash if your system isn't set up right for MAPI
-- error = c_func(MAPILogoff, {session, 0, 0, 0})
-- if error then
--  error = message_box(sprintf("MAPILogoff failed, code %d\n", error),
--                     Title, MB_ICONWARNING)
-- end if

error = message_box("Check your OUTBOX (or Sent Mail)",
           Title, MB_ICONINFORMATION)

WIN32.DOC
1147

        DEMO Programs for the WIN32 Platform
        ------------------------------------

 These are very basic examples of how to call C routines in .DLL's and
 how to create simple windows. Bigger and nicer Windows demo programs are
 on the Archive page in the WIN32 section, and on the Recent User Contributions
 page. Most use David Cuny's Win32Lib package, also on the Euphoria Web site.

 Run each program using exw.exe.

 window.exw  - A simple example of making a Window

 email.exw   - A demo of the MAPI (Messaging API) subsystem of the WIN32 API
               You may have to set up Outlook Express as your
               "default Simple MAPI client" on the Tools/Options menu.

 winwire.exw - A wire frame spinning E, inside a window (or full-screen if
               you edit a line in the file)

 dsearch.exw - A tool for finding out which .DLL contains the C function
               that you want to call


 For more information on WIN32 programming in Euphoria, see DOC\PLATFORM.DOC

 To make GUI programs in Euphoria, download David Cuny's excellent Win32Lib
 package.

WINDOW.EXW
7490
-- A Standard Windows Window

include misc.e
include machine.e
include dll.e

constant cbSize = 0,
     style  = 4,
     lpfnWndProc = 8,
     cbClsExtra = 12,
     cbWndExtra = 16,
     hInstance  = 20,
     hIcon      = 24,
     hCursor    = 28,
     hbrBackground = 32,
     lpszMenuName  = 36,
     lpszClassName = 40,
     hIconSm = 44,
     SIZE_OF_WNDCLASS = 48

constant SIZE_OF_MESSAGE = 40

constant CS_HREDRAW = 2,
     CS_VREDRAW = 1

constant SW_SHOWNORMAL = 1

constant WM_CREATE = #01,
     WM_PAINT  = #0F,
     WM_DESTROY= #02

constant SND_FILENAME = #00020000,
     SND_ASYNC    = #00000001

constant DT_SINGLELINE = #0020,
     DT_CENTER     = #0001,
     DT_VCENTER    = #0004

function or_all(sequence s)
-- or together all elements of a sequence
    atom result

    result = 0
    for i = 1 to length(s) do
    result = or_bits(result, s[i])
    end for
    return result
end function

constant WS_OVERLAPPED  = #00000000,
     WS_CAPTION     = #00C00000,
     WS_SYSMENU     = #00080000,
     WS_THICKFRAME  = #00040000,
     WS_MINIMIZEBOX = #00020000,
     WS_MAXIMIZEBOX = #00010000

constant IDC_ARROW = 32512,
     WHITE_BRUSH = 0,
     CW_USEDEFAULT = #80000000,
     WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW = or_all({WS_OVERLAPPED, WS_CAPTION, WS_SYSMENU,
                       WS_THICKFRAME, WS_MINIMIZEBOX,
                       WS_MAXIMIZEBOX})


integer LoadIcon, LoadCursor, GetStockObject, RegisterClassEx,
    CreateWindow, ShowWindow, UpdateWindow, GetMessage,
    TranslateMessage, DispatchMessage, PlaySound, BeginPaint,
    GetClientRect, DrawText, EndPaint, PostQuitMessage, DefWindowProc

procedure not_found(sequence name)
    puts(1, "Couldn't find " & name & '\n')
    abort(1)
end procedure

function link_c_func(atom dll, sequence name, sequence args, atom result)
-- dynamically link a C routine as a Euphoria function
    integer handle

    handle = define_c_func(dll, name, args, result)
    if handle = -1 then
    not_found(name)
    else
    return handle
    end if
end function

function link_c_proc(atom dll, sequence name, sequence args)
-- dynamically link a C routine as a Euphoria function
    integer handle

    handle = define_c_proc(dll, name, args)
    if handle = -1 then
    not_found(name)
    else
    return handle
    end if
end function

procedure link_dll_routines()
-- get handles to all dll routines that we need
    atom user32, gdi32, winmm

    user32 = open_dll("user32.dll")
    if user32 = NULL then
    not_found("user32.dll")
    end if
    gdi32 = open_dll("gdi32.dll")
    if gdi32 = NULL then
    not_found("gdi32.dll")
    end if
    winmm = open_dll("winmm.dll")
    if winmm = NULL then
    not_found("winmm.dll")
    end if

    LoadIcon = link_c_func(user32, "LoadIconA", {C_POINTER, C_INT}, C_INT)
    LoadCursor = link_c_func(user32, "LoadCursorA", {C_POINTER, C_INT}, C_INT)
    GetStockObject = link_c_func(gdi32, "GetStockObject", {C_INT}, C_INT)
    RegisterClassEx = link_c_func(user32, "RegisterClassExA", {C_POINTER}, C_INT)
    CreateWindow = link_c_func(user32, "CreateWindowExA",
     {C_INT, C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT},
      C_INT)
    ShowWindow = link_c_proc(user32, "ShowWindow", {C_INT, C_INT})
    UpdateWindow = link_c_proc(user32, "UpdateWindow", {C_INT})
    GetMessage = link_c_func(user32, "GetMessageA",
                 {C_INT, C_INT, C_INT, C_INT}, C_INT)
    TranslateMessage = link_c_proc(user32, "TranslateMessage", {C_INT})
    DispatchMessage = link_c_proc(user32, "DispatchMessageA", {C_INT})
    PlaySound = link_c_proc(winmm, "PlaySound", {C_INT, C_INT, C_INT})
    BeginPaint = link_c_func(user32, "BeginPaint", {C_INT, C_POINTER}, C_INT)
    GetClientRect = link_c_proc(user32, "GetClientRect", {C_INT, C_POINTER})
    DrawText = link_c_proc(user32, "DrawTextA",
               {C_INT, C_INT, C_INT, C_INT, C_INT})
    EndPaint = link_c_proc(user32, "EndPaint", {C_INT, C_INT})
    PostQuitMessage = link_c_proc(user32, "PostQuitMessage", {C_INT})
    DefWindowProc = link_c_func(user32, "DefWindowProcA",
                {C_INT, C_INT, C_INT, C_INT}, C_INT)
end procedure

link_dll_routines()

atom wav_file, Euphoria
wav_file = allocate_string("\\Windows\\Media\\The Microsoft Sound.wav")
Euphoria = allocate_string("A Plain Vanilla Window using Euphoria!")

global function WndProc(atom hwnd, atom iMsg, atom wParam, atom lParam)
-- callback routine to handle Window class
    atom hdc
    atom ps
    atom rect

    ps = allocate(64)
    rect = allocate(16)
    if iMsg = WM_CREATE then
    c_proc(PlaySound, {wav_file,
               NULL,
               or_bits(SND_FILENAME, SND_ASYNC)})
    return 0

    elsif iMsg = WM_PAINT then
    hdc = c_func(BeginPaint, {hwnd, ps})
    c_proc(GetClientRect, {hwnd, rect})
    c_proc(DrawText, {hdc, Euphoria, -1, rect,
              or_all({DT_SINGLELINE, DT_CENTER, DT_VCENTER})})
    c_proc(EndPaint, {hwnd, ps})
    return 0

    elsif iMsg = WM_DESTROY then
    c_proc(PostQuitMessage, {0})
    return 0

    end if

    return c_func(DefWindowProc, {hwnd, iMsg, wParam, lParam})
end function

atom my_title
my_title = allocate_string("Euphoria for WIN32")

procedure WinMain()
-- main routine
    atom szAppName
    atom hwnd
    atom msg
    atom wndclass
    atom WndProcAddress
    atom class
    integer id
    atom icon_handle

    wndclass = allocate(SIZE_OF_WNDCLASS)
    msg = allocate(SIZE_OF_MESSAGE)
    szAppName = allocate_string("HelloWin")

    id = routine_id("WndProc")
    if id = -1 then
    puts(1, "routine_id failed!\n")
    abort(1)
    end if
    WndProcAddress = call_back(id) -- get 32-bit address for callback

    poke4(wndclass + cbSize, SIZE_OF_WNDCLASS)
    poke4(wndclass + style, or_bits(CS_HREDRAW, CS_VREDRAW))
    poke4(wndclass + lpfnWndProc, WndProcAddress)
    poke4(wndclass + cbClsExtra, 0)
    poke4(wndclass + cbWndExtra, 0)
    poke4(wndclass + hInstance, 0) --hInstance

    icon_handle = c_func(LoadIcon, {instance(), allocate_string("exw")})
    poke4(wndclass + hIcon, icon_handle)
    poke4(wndclass + hIconSm, icon_handle)

    poke4(wndclass + hCursor, c_func(LoadCursor, {NULL, IDC_ARROW}))
    poke4(wndclass + hbrBackground, c_func(GetStockObject, {WHITE_BRUSH}))
    poke4(wndclass + lpszMenuName, NULL)
    poke4(wndclass + lpszClassName, szAppName)

    class = c_func(RegisterClassEx, {wndclass})
    if class = 0 then
    puts(1, "Couldn't register class\n")
    abort(1)
    end if
    hwnd = c_func(CreateWindow, {
            0,                       -- extended style
            szAppName,               -- window class name
            my_title,                -- window caption
            WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,     -- window style
            CW_USEDEFAULT,           -- initial x position
            CW_USEDEFAULT,           -- initial y position
            CW_USEDEFAULT,           -- initial x size
            CW_USEDEFAULT,           -- initial y size
            NULL,                    -- parent window handle
            NULL,                    -- window menu handle
            0 ,                 --hInstance // program instance handle
            NULL})              -- creation parameters
    if hwnd = 0 then
    puts(1, "Couldn't CreateWindow\n")
    abort(1)
    end if
    c_proc(ShowWindow, {hwnd, SW_SHOWNORMAL})
    c_proc(UpdateWindow, {hwnd})

    while c_func(GetMessage, {msg, NULL, 0, 0}) do
    c_proc(TranslateMessage, {msg})
    c_proc(DispatchMessage, {msg})
    end while
end procedure

WinMain()

WINWIRE.EXW
18703
        ----------------------------
        -- 3-D Wire Frame Picture --
        --  * * WIN32 Version * * --
        ----------------------------
-- Run in a window or in full screen.

-- In a window, just close the window to stop it.

-- When running in Full Screen, press any key to stop.
-- Make a full-screen DOS window to clear up your screen.

constant FULL_SCREEN = 0  -- 1 for full screen display


without type_check
include dll.e
include machine.e
include wildcard.e

without warning

constant X = 1, Y = 2, Z = 3

global constant BLACK = 0,
     BLUE  = 1,
     GREEN = 2,
     CYAN =  3,
     RED   = 4,
     MAGENTA = 5,
     BROWN = 6,
     WHITE = 7,
     GRAY  = 8,
     BRIGHT_BLUE = 9,
     BRIGHT_GREEN = 10,
     BRIGHT_CYAN = 11,
     BRIGHT_RED = 12,
     BRIGHT_MAGENTA = 13,
     YELLOW = 14,
     BRIGHT_WHITE = 15

global constant VC_COLOR = 1,
     VC_MODE  = 2,
     VC_LINES = 3,
     VC_COLUMNS = 4,
     VC_XPIXELS = 5,
     VC_YPIXELS = 6,
     VC_NCOLORS = 7,
     VC_PAGES = 8

constant BLACK_PEN = 7,
     WHITE_PEN = 6

constant PS_SOLID = 0

sequence vc -- video configuration

integer CreateDC, GetDC, MoveToEx, LineTo, CreatePen, SelectObject
integer GetStockObject
atom black_pen, white_pen, red_pen, green_pen, blue_pen
atom gdi_dll, user_dll, hdc
integer axis
atom sin_angle, cos_angle

integer LoadIcon, LoadCursor, RegisterClassEx,
    CreateWindow, ShowWindow, UpdateWindow, GetMessage,
    TranslateMessage, DispatchMessage, PlaySound, BeginPaint,
    GetClientRect, DrawText, EndPaint, PostQuitMessage, DefWindowProc,
    SetTimer, KillTimer, ReleaseDC

type point(sequence x)
    return length(x) = 3
end type

type matrix(sequence x)
    return length(x) = 4 and sequence(x[1])
end type

type vector(sequence x)
    return length(x) = 4 and atom(x[1])
end type


function product(sequence factor)
-- matrix multiply a number of 4-vectors/4x4 matrices
-- only the first one could be a vector
    sequence a, c
    matrix b

    a = factor[1]
    for f = 2 to length(factor) do
    b = factor[f]
    if atom(a[1]) then
        -- a is a vector
        c = repeat(0, 4)
        for j = 1 to 4 do
        c[j] = a[1] * b[1][j] +
               a[2] * b[2][j] +
               a[3] * b[3][j] +
               a[4] * b[4][j]
        end for
    else
        -- a is a matrix
        c = repeat(repeat(0, 4), 4)
        for i = 1 to 4 do
        for j = 1 to 4 do
            for k = 1 to 4 do
            c[i][j] += a[i][k] * b[k][j]
            end for
        end for
        end for
    end if
    a = c
    end for
    return c
end function

procedure not_found(sequence name)
    puts(1, "Couldn't find " & name & '\n')
    abort(1)
end procedure

function link_c_func(atom dll, sequence name, sequence args, atom result)
-- dynamically link a C routine as a Euphoria function
    integer handle

    handle = define_c_func(dll, name, args, result)
    if handle = -1 then
    not_found(name)
    else
    return handle
    end if
end function

function link_c_proc(atom dll, sequence name, sequence args)
-- dynamically link a C routine as a Euphoria procedure
    integer handle

    handle = define_c_proc(dll, name, args)
    if handle = -1 then
    not_found(name)
    else
    return handle
    end if
end function

procedure link_dll_routines()
-- get handles to all dll routines that we need
    atom user32, gdi32, winmm

    -- open the .DLL files
    user32 = open_dll("user32.dll")
    if user32 = NULL then
    not_found("user32.dll")
    end if

    gdi32 = open_dll("gdi32.dll")
    if gdi32 = NULL then
    not_found("gdi32.dll")
    end if

    winmm = open_dll("winmm.dll")
    if winmm = NULL then
    not_found("winmm.dll")
    end if

    -- link the C routines
    LoadIcon = link_c_func(user32, "LoadIconA", {C_POINTER, C_INT}, C_INT)
    LoadCursor = link_c_func(user32, "LoadCursorA", {C_POINTER, C_INT}, C_INT)
    GetStockObject = link_c_func(gdi32, "GetStockObject", {C_INT}, C_INT)
    RegisterClassEx = link_c_func(user32, "RegisterClassExA", {C_POINTER}, C_INT)
    CreateWindow = link_c_func(user32, "CreateWindowExA",
    {C_INT, C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT,C_INT},
     C_INT)
    ShowWindow = link_c_proc(user32, "ShowWindow", {C_INT, C_INT})
    UpdateWindow = link_c_proc(user32, "UpdateWindow", {C_INT})
    GetMessage = link_c_func(user32, "GetMessageA",
          {C_INT, C_INT, C_INT, C_INT}, C_INT)
    TranslateMessage = link_c_proc(user32, "TranslateMessage", {C_INT})
    DispatchMessage = link_c_proc(user32, "DispatchMessageA", {C_INT})
    PlaySound = link_c_proc(winmm, "PlaySound", {C_INT, C_INT, C_INT})
    BeginPaint = link_c_func(user32, "BeginPaint", {C_INT, C_INT}, C_INT)
    GetClientRect = link_c_proc(user32, "GetClientRect", {C_INT, C_INT})
    DrawText = link_c_proc(user32, "DrawTextA",
           {C_INT, C_INT, C_INT, C_INT, C_INT})
    EndPaint = link_c_proc(user32, "EndPaint", {C_INT, C_INT})
    PostQuitMessage = link_c_proc(user32, "PostQuitMessage", {C_INT})
    DefWindowProc = link_c_func(user32, "DefWindowProcA",
      {C_INT, C_INT, C_INT, C_INT}, C_INT)
    SetTimer = link_c_proc(user32, "SetTimer", {C_INT, C_INT, C_INT, C_INT})
    KillTimer = link_c_proc(user32, "KillTimer", {C_INT, C_INT})
    GetDC = link_c_func(user32, "GetDC", {C_INT}, C_INT)
    ReleaseDC = link_c_proc(user32, "ReleaseDC", {C_INT, C_INT})
    CreateDC = link_c_func(gdi32, "CreateDCA",
              {C_POINTER, C_POINTER, C_POINTER, C_POINTER},
              C_LONG)

    MoveToEx = link_c_func(gdi32, "MoveToEx",
              {C_LONG, C_LONG, C_LONG, C_POINTER}, C_LONG)

    LineTo = link_c_func(gdi32, "LineTo", {C_LONG, C_LONG, C_LONG},
             C_LONG)

    SelectObject = link_c_func(gdi32, "SelectObject",
                   {C_LONG, C_LONG}, C_ULONG)

    CreatePen = link_c_func(gdi32, "CreatePen",
                   {C_LONG, C_LONG, C_LONG}, C_LONG)

    GetStockObject = link_c_func(gdi32, "GetStockObject", {C_LONG}, C_LONG)
end procedure

link_dll_routines()

procedure draw_line(integer color, sequence coords)
-- WIN32 line drawing routine
    atom ok

    if color = WHITE then
    ok = c_func(SelectObject, {hdc, white_pen})
    elsif color = RED or color = BRIGHT_RED then
    ok = c_func(SelectObject, {hdc, red_pen})
    elsif color = GREEN or color = BRIGHT_GREEN then
    ok = c_func(SelectObject, {hdc, green_pen})
    elsif color = BLUE or color = BRIGHT_BLUE then
    ok = c_func(SelectObject, {hdc, blue_pen})
    else
    ok = c_func(SelectObject, {hdc, black_pen})
    end if

    ok = c_func(MoveToEx, {hdc, coords[1][1], coords[1][2], NULL})
    if not ok then
    puts(1, "MoveToEx failed!\n")
    end if

    ok = c_func(LineTo, {hdc, coords[2][1], coords[2][2]})
    if not ok then
    puts(1, "LineTo failed!\n")
    end if
end procedure

procedure display(sequence old_coords, sequence coords)
-- erase the old lines, draw the new ones
    for i = 1 to length(old_coords) do
    draw_line(WHITE, old_coords[i][1..2])
    end for
    for i = 1 to length(coords) do
    draw_line(coords[i][3], coords[i][1..2])
    end for
end procedure

function view(point view_point)
-- compute initial view
    matrix t1, t2, t3, t4, n
    atom cos_theta, sin_theta, hyp, a_b

    -- change origin
    t1 = {{1, 0, 0, 0},
      {0, 1, 0, 0},
      {0, 0, 1, 0},
      -view_point & 1}

    -- get left-handed coordinate system
    t2 = {{-1, 0,  0, 0},
      { 0, 0, -1, 0},
      { 0, 1,  0, 0},
      { 0, 0,  0, 1}}

    -- rotate so Ze points properly
    hyp = sqrt(view_point[1] * view_point[1] + view_point[2] * view_point[2])
    sin_theta = view_point[1] / hyp
    cos_theta = view_point[2] / hyp
    t3 = {{cos_theta, 0, sin_theta, 0},
      {        0, 1,         0, 0},
      {-sin_theta,0, cos_theta, 0},
      {        0, 0,         0, 1}}

    -- rotate so Ze points at the origin (0, 0, 0)
    t4 = {{1, 0, 0, 0},
      {0, cos_theta, -sin_theta, 0},
      {0, sin_theta, cos_theta, 0},
      {0, 0, 0, 1}}

    a_b = 2

    n = {{a_b, 0, 0, 0},
     {0, a_b, 0, 0},
     {0, 0, 1, 0},
     {0, 0, 0, 1}}

    return product({t1, t2, t3, t4, n})
end function

function new_coords(sequence overall, sequence shape)
-- compute the screen coordinates from the 3-D coordinates
    sequence screen_coords, final
    point p
    atom x2, y2

    x2 = vc[VC_XPIXELS]/2
    y2 = vc[VC_YPIXELS]/2
    screen_coords = repeat({0, 0, 0}, length(shape))
    for i = 1 to length(shape) do
    for j = 1 to 2  do
        p = shape[i][j]
        final = product({p & 1, overall})
        screen_coords[i][j] = {x2*(final[X]/final[Z]+1),
                   y2*(final[Y]/final[Z]+1)}
    end for
    screen_coords[i][3] = shape[i][3]
    end for
    return screen_coords
end function

function x_rotate(point p)
-- compute x rotation of a point
    return {p[X],
        p[Y] * cos_angle + p[Z] * sin_angle,
        p[Z] * cos_angle - p[Y] * sin_angle}
end function

function y_rotate(point p)
-- compute y rotation of a point
    return {p[X] * cos_angle - p[Z] * sin_angle,
        p[Y],
        p[X] * sin_angle + p[Z] * cos_angle}
end function

function z_rotate(point p)
-- compute z rotation matrix
    return {p[X] * cos_angle + p[Y] * sin_angle,
        p[Y] * cos_angle - p[X] * sin_angle,
        p[Z]}
end function

function compute_rotate(integer axis, sequence shape)
-- rotate a shape
    for i = 1 to length(shape) do
    for j = 1 to 2 do
        if axis = X then
        shape[i][j] = x_rotate(shape[i][j])
        elsif axis = Y then
        shape[i][j] = y_rotate(shape[i][j])
        else
        shape[i][j] = z_rotate(shape[i][j])
        end if
    end for
    end for
    return shape
end function

-- lines for a block E
constant E = {
{{.2, 1.1, 2}, {.2, -.5, 2}, BLUE},
{{.2, -.5, 2}, {.2, -.5, -2}, YELLOW},
{{.2, -.5, -2}, {.2, 1.1, -2}, GREEN},
{{.2, 1.1, -2}, {.2, 1.2, -1.6}, BRIGHT_RED},
{{.2, 1.2, -1.6}, {.2, 1, -1.8}, BRIGHT_RED},
{{.2, 1, -1.8}, {.2, 0, -1.8}, MAGENTA},
{{.2, 0, -1.8}, {.2, 0, -.1}, BRIGHT_CYAN},
{{.2, 0, -.1}, {.2, .5, -.1}, BLUE},
{{.2, .5, -.1}, {.2, .6, -.2}, BLUE},
{{.2, .6, -.2}, {.2, .6, .2}, BLACK},
{{.2, .6, .2}, {.2, .5, .1}, BLUE},
{{.2, .5, .1}, {.2, 0, .1}, BRIGHT_BLUE},
{{.2, 0, .1}, {.2, 0, 1.8}, BRIGHT_GREEN},
{{.2, 0, 1.8}, {.2, 1, 1.8}, BRIGHT_CYAN},
{{.2, 1, 1.8}, {.2, 1.2, 1.6}, BRIGHT_CYAN},
{{.2, 1.2, 1.6}, {.2, 1.1, 2}, BRIGHT_RED},

-- opposite side:
{{-.2, 1.1, 2}, {-.2, -.5, 2}, BLUE},
{{-.2, -.5, 2}, {-.2, -.5, -2}, YELLOW},
{{-.2, -.5, -2}, {-.2, 1.1, -2}, GREEN},
{{-.2, 1.1, -2}, {-.2, 1.2, -1.6}, BRIGHT_RED},
{{-.2, 1.2, -1.6}, {-.2, 1, -1.8}, BRIGHT_RED},
{{-.2, 1, -1.8}, {-.2, 0, -1.8}, MAGENTA},
{{-.2, 0, -1.8}, {-.2, 0, -.1}, BRIGHT_CYAN},
{{-.2, 0, -.1}, {-.2, .5, -.1}, BLUE},
{{-.2, .5, -.1}, {-.2, .6, -.2}, BLUE},
{{-.2, .6, -.2}, {-.2, .6, .2}, BLACK},
{{-.2, .6, .2}, {-.2, .5, .1}, BLUE},
{{-.2, .5, .1}, {-.2, 0, .1}, BRIGHT_BLUE},
{{-.2, 0, .1}, {-.2, 0, 1.8}, BRIGHT_GREEN},
{{-.2, 0, 1.8}, {-.2, 1, 1.8}, BRIGHT_CYAN},
{{-.2, 1, 1.8}, {-.2, 1.2, 1.6}, BRIGHT_CYAN},
{{-.2, 1.2, 1.6}, {-.2, 1.1, 2}, BRIGHT_RED},

-- cross pieces:
{{.2, 1.1, 2}, {-.2, 1.1, 2}, BLUE},
{{.2, -.5, 2}, {-.2, -.5, 2}, BLUE},
{{.2, -.5, -2}, {-.2, -.5, -2}, GREEN},
{{.2, 1.1, -2}, {-.2, 1.1, -2}, GREEN},
{{.2, 1.2, -1.6}, {-.2, 1.2, -1.6}, BRIGHT_GREEN},
{{.2, .6, -.2}, {-.2, .6, -.2}, BLACK},
{{.2, .6, .2}, {-.2, .6, .2}, BLACK},
{{.2, 1.2, 1.6}, {-.2, 1.2, 1.6}, BRIGHT_GREEN}
}

black_pen = c_func(GetStockObject, {BLACK_PEN})
white_pen = c_func(GetStockObject, {WHITE_PEN})

  red_pen = c_func(CreatePen, {PS_SOLID, 1, 255})
green_pen = c_func(CreatePen, {PS_SOLID, 1, 255 * 256})
 blue_pen = c_func(CreatePen, {PS_SOLID, 1, 255 * 256 * 256})

sequence history, coords, overall
point view_point
integer spread, r
atom rot_speed
sequence shape

view_point = {6, 8, 7.5} / 2.2
overall = view(view_point)
rot_speed = 0.09
sin_angle = sin(rot_speed)
cos_angle = cos(rot_speed)
axis = Z
history = {}
spread = 0
shape = E

procedure spin()
-- spin a 3-D shape around on the screen in interesting ways
-- each call makes one slight movement
    coords = new_coords(overall, shape)
    if length(history) > spread then
    display(history[1], coords)
    history = history[2..length(history)]
    if length(history) > spread then
        display(history[1], {})
        history = history[2..length(history)]
    end if
    else
    display({}, coords)
    end if
    history = append(history, coords)

    r = rand(250)
    if r = 1 then
    axis = X
    elsif r = 2 then
    axis = Y
    elsif r = 3 then
    axis = Z
    elsif r = 4 then
    spread = 5 * rand(25)  -- leave behind many trailing wire images
    elsif r = 5 or r = 6 then
    spread = 0             -- reduce the images back to a sharp picture
    elsif r = 7 then
    if rand(2) = 1 then
        rot_speed = .04
        spread = 0
    else
        rot_speed = .02 * rand(10)
    end if
    sin_angle = sin(rot_speed)
    cos_angle = cos(rot_speed)
    end if
    shape = compute_rotate(axis, shape)
end procedure

constant cbSize = 0,
     style  = 4,
     lpfnWndProc = 8,
     cbClsExtra = 12,
     cbWndExtra = 16,
     hInstance  = 20,
     hIcon      = 24,
     hCursor    = 28,
     hbrBackground = 32,
     lpszMenuName  = 36,
     lpszClassName = 40,
     hIconSm = 44,
     SIZE_OF_WNDCLASS = 48 -- (to be safe) 48

constant SIZE_OF_MESSAGE = 40 -- (to be safe) 28

constant CS_HREDRAW = 2,
     CS_VREDRAW = 1

constant SW_SHOWNORMAL = 1

constant WM_CREATE = #0001,
     WM_PAINT  = #000F,
     WM_DESTROY= #0002,
     WM_TIMER  = #0113,
     WM_SIZE   = #0005

constant SND_FILENAME = #00020000,
     SND_ASYNC    = #00000001

constant DT_SINGLELINE = #0020,
     DT_CENTER     = #0001,
     DT_VCENTER    = #0004,
     DT_WORDBREAK  = #0010

function or_all(sequence s)
-- or together all elements of a sequence
    atom result

    result = 0
    for i = 1 to length(s) do
    result = or_bits(result, s[i])
    end for
    return result
end function

constant WS_OVERLAPPED  = #00000000,
     WS_CAPTION     = #00C00000,
     WS_SYSMENU     = #00080000,
     WS_THICKFRAME  = #00040000,
     WS_MINIMIZEBOX = #00020000,
     WS_MAXIMIZEBOX = #00010000

constant IDI_APPLICATION = 32512,
     IDC_ARROW = 32512,
     WHITE_BRUSH = 0,
     CW_USEDEFAULT = #80000000,
     WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW = or_all({WS_OVERLAPPED, WS_CAPTION, WS_SYSMENU,
                       WS_THICKFRAME, WS_MINIMIZEBOX,
                       WS_MAXIMIZEBOX})

sequence big
atom ps, rect, wav, big_string
ps = allocate(64)
rect = allocate(16)
wav = allocate_string("\\Windows\\Media\\Jungle Default.wav")
big = ""
for i = 1 to 300 do
    big &= " Resize This Window! "
end for
big_string = allocate_string(big)

global function WndProc(atom hwnd, atom iMsg, atom wParam, atom lParam)
-- callback routine to handle Window class

    if iMsg = WM_CREATE then
    return 0

    elsif iMsg = WM_PAINT then
    hdc = c_func(BeginPaint, {hwnd, ps})
    c_proc(GetClientRect, {hwnd, rect})
    c_proc(DrawText, {hdc, big_string, -1, rect, DT_WORDBREAK})
    c_proc(EndPaint, {hwnd, ps})
    c_proc(SetTimer, {hwnd, 1, 10, NULL})
    return 0

    elsif iMsg = WM_SIZE then
    c_proc(PlaySound, {wav,
               NULL,
               or_bits(SND_FILENAME, SND_ASYNC)})
    vc[VC_XPIXELS] = and_bits(lParam, #FFFF)
    vc[VC_YPIXELS] = and_bits(lParam/#10000, #FFFF)

    elsif iMsg = WM_TIMER then
    hdc = c_func(GetDC, {hwnd})
    -- make 5 iterations before giving control back to Windows
    for i = 1 to 5 do
        spin()
    end for
    c_proc(ReleaseDC, {hwnd, hdc})
    return 0

    elsif iMsg = WM_DESTROY then
    c_proc(PostQuitMessage, {0})
    c_proc(KillTimer, {hwnd, 1})
    return 0

    end if

    return c_func(DefWindowProc, {hwnd, iMsg, wParam, lParam})
end function

procedure WinMain()
-- main routine
    atom szAppName
    atom hwnd
    atom msg
    atom wndclass
    atom WndProcAddress
    atom class
    integer id

    wndclass = allocate(SIZE_OF_WNDCLASS)
    msg = allocate(SIZE_OF_MESSAGE)
    szAppName = allocate_string("HelloWin")

    id = routine_id("WndProc")
    if id = -1 then
    puts(1, "routine_id failed!\n")
    abort(1)
    end if
    WndProcAddress = call_back(id) -- get 32-bit address for callback

    poke4(wndclass + cbSize, SIZE_OF_WNDCLASS)
    poke4(wndclass + style, or_bits(CS_HREDRAW, CS_VREDRAW))
    poke4(wndclass + lpfnWndProc, WndProcAddress)
    poke4(wndclass + cbClsExtra, 0)
    poke4(wndclass + cbWndExtra, 0)
    poke4(wndclass + hInstance, 0) --hInstance
    poke4(wndclass + hIcon, c_func(LoadIcon, {NULL, IDI_APPLICATION}))
    poke4(wndclass + hCursor, c_func(LoadCursor, {NULL, IDC_ARROW}))
    poke4(wndclass + hbrBackground, c_func(GetStockObject, {WHITE_BRUSH}))
    poke4(wndclass + lpszMenuName, NULL)
    poke4(wndclass + lpszClassName, szAppName)
    poke4(wndclass + hIconSm, c_func(LoadIcon, {NULL, IDI_APPLICATION}))

    class = c_func(RegisterClassEx, {wndclass})
    if class = 0 then
    puts(1, "Couldn't register class\n")
    abort(1)
    end if
    hwnd = c_func(CreateWindow, {
            0,                       -- extended style
            szAppName,               -- window class name
            allocate_string("Euphoria for WIN32"), -- window caption
            WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,     -- window style
            CW_USEDEFAULT,           -- initial x position
            CW_USEDEFAULT,           -- initial y position
            CW_USEDEFAULT,           -- initial x size
            CW_USEDEFAULT,           -- initial y size
            NULL,                    -- parent window handle
            NULL,                    -- window menu handle
            0 ,                 --hInstance // program instance handle
            NULL})              -- creation parameters
    if hwnd = 0 then
    puts(1, "Couldn't CreateWindow\n")
    abort(1)
    end if
    c_proc(ShowWindow, {hwnd, SW_SHOWNORMAL})
    c_proc(UpdateWindow, {hwnd})

    while c_func(GetMessage, {msg, NULL, 0, 0}) do
    c_proc(TranslateMessage, {msg})
    c_proc(DispatchMessage, {msg})
    end while
end procedure

vc = {1, 257, 25, 80, 800, 600, 256, 1}

atom t

procedure FullMain()
-- Display graphics using the full screen
    puts(1, "\nPress any key to stop.\n")
    puts(1, "Make a full-screen DOS window\n")
    puts(1, "to clear the screen...\n")
    t = time()
    while time() < t + 4 do
    end while
    hdc = c_func(CreateDC, {allocate_string("DISPLAY"), NULL, NULL, NULL})
    if hdc = NULL then
    puts(1, "CreateDC failed!\n")
    abort(1)
    end if
    while get_key() = -1 do
    spin()
    end while
    clear_screen()
end procedure

-- execution starts here:
if FULL_SCREEN then
    FullMain()
    clear_screen()
else
    WinMain()
end if

BASIC.HTX
2122
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>An important message for all BASIC programmers...</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#006633" size=+2>
<br>
            An important message for all BASIC programmers...
</font></_center>
<br>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
     13 Reasons Why You Are Going to Write Your Next Program in Euphoria!
</font></_center>
<p>

<ul>
<li>
 because Euphoria programs run on DOS, Windows and Linux.
<p>
<li>
 because Euphoria is actually
 <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>simpler</i></_ba></font> than BASIC
<p>
<li>
 because Euphoria is
  <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>10 to 20 times faster</i></b></font> than
  Microsoft QBasic (see <font color="#5500FF"><b>demo\bench</b></font>)
<p>
<li>
 because QBasic limits the size of your program and data to 160K bytes
<p>
<li>
 because Euphoria checks for uninitialized variables - BASIC just quietly
  sets them to 0
<p>
<li>
 because Euphoria lets you say precisely what values may be stored in
  each variable
<p>
<li>
 because Euphoria has <font color="#CC0099"><b>true</b></font> dynamic
  storage allocation - you do not wipe out your data when you redimension
  an array
<p>
<li>
 because Euphoria is <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>more flexible</i></b></font>
  than BASIC - you can declare types for your variables or not; you can
  store objects of any size into an array (Euphoria sequence); you can
  have arrays of mixed type of data
<p>
<li>
 because Euphoria lets you perform operations on entire sequences
<p>
<li>
 because BASIC is an old "ad-hoc" language that carries 25 years of
  redundant, excess baggage along with it
<p>
<li>
 because there is no effective standard for BASIC across different machines
  and there probably never will be
<p>
<li>
 because QBasic provides no built-in functions for using a <b>mouse</b>
<p>
<li>
 because QBasic does not support <b>SVGA</b> graphics

</ul>

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>

BIND.HTX
14708
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Shrouding and Binding</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                         Shrouding and Binding
</font></_center>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366" size=+1>
                        (Complete Edition only)
</font></_center>
<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>What is Shrouding and Binding?</_dul>

</font>
<p>
 In the Euphoria Complete Edition for DOS32+WIN32,
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>shroud.bat</b></font>,
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>bind.bat</b></font>,
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>bindw.bat</b></font> and
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>bind.ex</b></font> are in
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\bin</b></font>. In the Complete Edition
 for Linux, you will find
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>shroud</b></font>,
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>bindu</b></font> and
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>bind.ex</b></font> in
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria/bin</b></font>.
 The documentation for
 these programs is given below.
<p>
<a name=steps></a>
 The <font color="#5500FF"><b>shroud</b></font> command will prompt you for the name
 of your main Euphoria file, and the name of
 the new <font color="#993333"><b>shrouded</b></font> file
 that you want to create. <font color="#993333"><b>Shrouding</b></font>
 does the following to your program:

<p>
 <table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_4clist
  name="1."
  pos=10
  description="Your main file is combined with all of the
   <b>.e</b> files that it directly or indirectly includes. This makes a
   single Euphoria file with no include statements."
>

<_4clist
  name="2."
  pos=10
  description="All comments and blank lines are removed."
>

<_4clist
  name="3."
  pos=10
  description="All keywords are replaced by single-byte codes."
>

<_4clist
  name="4."
  pos=10
  description="All variable names and
   (<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>optionally</b></font>) subroutine names are
   converted to short meaningless names chosen by the shroud program."
>

<_4clist
  name="5."
  pos=10
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>(optional)</b></font> All strings
   are converted to sequences of ASCII codes so they can't be easily read."
>

<_4clist
  name="6."
  pos=10
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>(optional)</b></font> The resulting
   shrouded file from steps 1 to 5 can be further
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b><i>\"scrambled\"</i></b></font> so it becomes
   completely unreadable and highly tamper-resistant. For an example of a
   shrouded and scrambled file, have a
   look at <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>bin\bind.ex</b></font>"
>

</table>

<p>
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>bind</b></font>
 (<font color="#5500FF"><b>bindw</b></font> or
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>bindu</b></font>) does the same thing as
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>shroud</b></font>. It then combines your
 shrouded, and possibly scrambled, file with the Public Domain Edition
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font> to make a
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>single, stand-alone executable</b></font> file that you
 can use and distribute. Each time your executable file is run, a
 quick integrity check is performed to detect any tampering or corruption.

<p>
 <a href="bind.htm#steps">Step 5 above</a> goes beyond the typical <b>.exe</b>
 file produced by other languages, where you can easily read character strings
 in the <b>.exe</b>. <font color="#993333"><b>Shrouding</b></font> not only
 conceals your source code, it also combines it into a single, very compact
 file.

<p>
 To further enhance security, <font color="#993333"><b>scrambling</b></font>
 is also provided. Only RDS has the knowledge required to descramble a
 program and we promise never to do so. If someone managed to descramble your
 program, they would only recover the shrouded version of the source
 (after steps 1 to 5), not the original source code. The comments, and the
 meaningful variable and routine names can
 <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>never</i></_ba></font> be recovered.
 <font color="#006633"><_ba>Always keep a copy of your original source
 files.</_ba></font>

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>How to Shroud and Bind</_dul>

</font>
<p>
 Your program should at least be free of syntax errors before you
 <font color="#993333"><b>bind</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>shroud</b></font> it.
 If you are actively developing a program you'll find it is more
 convenient to run it in the normal way with
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex</b></font>
 (or <font color="#993333"><b>exw</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>), rather than binding it and
 running it as a <b>.exe</b> file. Error messages generated against shrouded
 code will be difficult to relate back to your original source, since the
 line numbering and symbol names will be very different.

<p>
 You can distribute a <font color="#993333"><b>shrouded/scrambled</b></font>
 <b>.e</b> include file that people can include in their programs
 without seeing your
 source code. Symbols declared as <font color="#993333"><b>global</b></font>
 in your main <b>.e</b> file will not be
 renamed, so your users can access routines and variables with meaningful
 long names, while the rest of your file remains shrouded. Try to make the
 <font color="#993333"><b>global</b></font> names in your <b>.e</b> file at
 least 2 or 3 characters long to avoid conflicting with any short names
 already assigned by the <font color="#993333"><b>shrouder</b></font>. You'll
 be warned if there are any naming conflicts, and the
 <font color="#993333"><b>shrouder</b></font> will assign a new name. In this
 case you might want to choose a different (longer) name for the offending
 global symbol.

<p>
 In most cases you should simply type:
<pre>
        shroud
</pre>
 or:
<pre>
        bind
</pre>
 or:
<pre>
        bindw
</pre>
 or:
<pre>
        bindu
</pre>
 and you will be prompted for the source file name and other options.
<p>
 If you type:
<pre>
        shroud filename
</pre>
 or:
<pre>
        bind filename
</pre>
 or:
<pre>
        bindw filename
</pre>
 or:
<pre>
        bindu filename
</pre>
 It will be assumed that you want:
<pre>
        <font color="#003366">hide_strings:</font> <font color="#FF0000">NO</font>
        <font color="#003366">clear_routines:</font> <font color="#FF0000">NO</font>
        <font color="#003366">scramble:</font> <font color="#FF0000">NO</font>
        <font color="#003366">full_keywords:</font> <font color="#FF0000">NO</font>
</pre>
<p>
 <font color="#993333"><b>shroud</b></font> and
 <font color="#993333"><b>bind</b></font> can also be run non-interactively
 using <font color="#993333"><b>command-line</b></font> arguments.
 For example:
<pre>
        bind -scramble -clear_routines myprog
</pre>
 or
<pre>
        bindw -hide_strings myprog
</pre>

 This might be useful if you wish to create a <b>.bat</b> or shell
 file to automatically
 <font color="#993333"><b>bind</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>shroud</b></font> your program. The full set of
 command-line options is described <a href="bind.htm#cl_options">below</a>.

<p>
 Only the Public Domain Edition interpreter files can be bound. Users of
 the Euphoria Complete Edition for DOS32 + WIN32 will have
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> (Complete) and
 <font color="#993333"><b>pdex.exe</b></font> (Public Domain), as well as
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font> (Complete) and
 <font color="#993333"><b>pdexw.exe</b></font> (Public Domain) in
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\bin</b></font>.
 The <font color="#993333"><b>bind</b></font>
 (<font color="#993333"><b>bindw</b></font>) program will use the
 <font color="#993333"><b>pdex.exe</b></font>
 (<font color="#993333"><b>pdexw.exe</b></font>) files for binding.
 On Linux, you'll have
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font> (Complete) and
 <font color="#993333"><b>pdexu</b></font> (Public Domain), with
 <font color="#993333"><b>pdexu</b></font> used for binding.
<p>
 A one-line Euphoria program will result in an executable file as large as
 the interpreter you are binding with, but the size increases
 very slowly as you add to your program.
 <font color="#006633"><b>When bound, the entire Euphoria editor adds only
 20K to the size of the interpreter.</b></font> All three interpreters are
 compressed to reduce their size. <b>exw.exe</b> and <b>exu</b>
 are compressed using <b>UPX</b> (see http://upx.tsx.org).
 <b>ex.exe</b> is compressed using a tool that comes with the CauseWay DOS
 extender. <b>ex.exe</b> is the largest of the three since it
 includes a lot of pixel graphics routines, not part of <b>exw.exe</b>
 or <b>exu</b>. Note: In some cases, a compressed executable will trigger a
 warning message from a virus scanner. This is simply because
 the executable file looks abnormal to the virus scanner. If demo\sanity.ex
 runs correctly, you can safely ignore these warnings.
 Otherwise contact RDS.

<p>
 The first two arguments returned by the
 <font color="#006699"><b>command_line()</b></font> library routine will be
 slightly different when your program is bound. See
 <a href="lib_c_d.htm#command_line"><font color="#5500FF"><b>library.doc</b></font></a>
 for the details.

<p>
 A <b><font color="#993333">bound</font> executable</b> file
 <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>can</i></b></font> handle standard input and
 output redirection. e.g.
<pre>
        myprog.exe < file.in > file.out
</pre>

 If you were to write a small DOS <b>.bat</b> file <_bq>myprog.bat</_bq> that
 contained the line "<b>ex myprog.ex</b>" you would <i>not</i> be able to
 redirect input and output in the following manner:
<pre>
        myprog.bat < file.in > file.out     <font color="#FF0000">(doesn't work in DOS!)</font>
</pre>
 You <i>could</i> however use redirection on individual lines <i>within</i>
 the <b>.bat</b> file.

<p>
<a name=cl_options></a>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>Summary of Options for Bind and Shroud</_dul>

</font>
<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

 <_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#003366\">Syntax:</font>"
  description="<font color=\"#003366\">
   bind <i>options</i> filename.ex<p>
   bindw <i>options</i> filename.exw<p>
   bindu <i>options</i> filename.exu<p>
   shroud <i>options</i> filename.ex<p>
   shroud <i>options</i> filename.exw<p>
   shroud <i>options</i> filename.exu<p>
   </font>"
 >

</table>

<p>
<font color="#006633"><b><_sul>where <i>options</i> can be:</_sul></b></font>
<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_4clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">-hide_strings</font>"
  pos=20
  description="Convert strings to sequences of ASCII codes. This provides
   better shrouding, but increases the size of the shrouded file."
>

<_4clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">-clear_routines</font>"
  pos=20
  description="All procedures, types and functions will retain their full
   name. This is needed if your program uses
   <font color=\"#006699\"><b>routine_id()</b></font>.
   <p>
   You will get warnings when routines from different included files happen
   to have the same name. The <font color=\"#993333\"><b>shrouder</b></font>
   will pick a new name, which should be fine, unless the original name is
   used in a call to <font color=\"#006699\">routine_id()</font>."
>

<_4clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">-scramble</font>"
  pos=20
  description="Make the shrouded code extremely difficult to read or tamper
   with. Your program might load a few percent slower when you use this
   option."
>

<_4clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">-icon <i>filename[.ico]</i></font>"
  pos=20
  description="When you bind a program, you can patch in your own
  customized icon, overwriting the one in <b>exw.exe</b>.
  <b>exw.exe</b> contains a 32x32 icon using 256 colors. It resembles
  an <b>E)</b> shape. Windows will display this shape beside exw.exe,
  and beside your bound program, in file listings. You can also
  load this icon as a resource, using the name \"exw\"
  (see euphoria\demo\win32\window.exw for an example).
  When you bind your program, you can substitute your own 32x32 256-color
  icon file of size 2238 bytes or less. Other dimensions may also work
  as long as the file is 2238 bytes or less. The file must contain
  a single icon image (Windows will create a smaller or larger image
  as necessary). The default <b>E)</b>
  icon file, euphoria.ico, is included in the Complete Edition.
  You can bind it, or distribute it separately, with or without
  your changes."
>

<_4clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">-full_keywords</font>"
  pos=20
  description="The shrouded code will contain full keywords rather than
   byte codes. This option is rarely used and you won't be prompted for it
   interactively. Only <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>shroud</b></font>
   supports this option."
>

</table>

<p>
 When a shrouded or bound program has an error, the error report will refer
 to the shrouded code, not the original source code. Before shipping a
 <font color="#993333"><b>shrouded</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>bound</b></font> file to your users, it might
 be useful to run <br>
 <b>shroud -full_keywords</b> to get a semi-readable shrouded file that
 matches line for line, and symbol for symbol, with what you are shipping.
 Also select <b>-hide_strings</b>, if that's what you did in the one you are
 shipping. It will help you to interpret error messages that users report.
 It is not possible to <font color="#993333"><b>bind</b></font> the full,
 clear source of your program.

<p>
 You can <font color="#993333"><b>shroud</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>bind</b></font> a program that
 <i>includes a <font color="#993333"><b>shrouded</b></font> file</i>
 (presumably from someone else). To include a
 <font color="#993333"><_ba><i>scrambled</i></_ba></font> file, you
 <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>must</i></b></font> choose the <b>-scramble</b>
 option. i.e. the level of security of the scrambled file cannot be downgraded.

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>
C.HTX
4910
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>An important message for all C/C++ programmers...</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#006633" size=+2>
<br>
            An important message for all C/C++ programmers...
</font></_center>
<br>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
     26 Reasons Why You Are Going to Write Your Next Program in Euphoria!
</font></_center>
<p>

<ul>
<li>
 because you are tired of having to re-invent dynamic storage allocation
  for each program that you write
<p>
<li>
 because you want to break free, once and for all, from 64K and
  640K memory limits
<p>
<li>
 because you'd like to forget about near pointers and far pointers, and the
  small, medium, compact, large and huge memory models
<p>
<li>
 because you have spent too many frustrating hours tracking down malloc
  arena corruption bugs
<p>
<li>
 because you were once plagued for several days by an on-again/off-again
  "flaky" bug that eventually was traced to an uninitialized variable
<p>
<li>
 because no matter how hard you try to eliminate them, there is always
  one more storage "leak"
<p>
<li>
 because you are tired of having the machine "lock up", or your program
  come crashing down in flames with no indication of what the error was
<p>
<li>
 because you know that
  <font color="#006633"><b>subscript checking</b></font> would have
  saved you from hours of debugging
<p>
<li>
 because your program should not be allowed to overwrite random areas in
  memory via "wild" pointers
<p>
<li>
 because you know it would be bad to overflow your fixed-size stack area
  but you have no idea of how close you are
<p>
<li>
 because one time you had this weird bug, where you called a function,
  that didn't actually return a value, but instead fell off the end
  and some random garbage was "returned"
<p>
<li>
 because you wish that library routines would stop you from passing
  in bad arguments, rather than just setting "errno" or whatever
  (who looks at errno after every call?)
<p>
<li>
 because you would like to "recompile the world" in a fraction of a second
  rather than several minutes -- you can work much faster with a cycle of
  edit/run rather than edit/compile/link/run.
<p>
<li>
 because <i>The C++ Programming Language</i> 3rd Ed. by Bjarne Stroustrup is
 911 very dense pages, (and doesn't even discuss
 platform-specific programming for DOS, Windows, Linux or any other system).
<p>
<li>
 because you have been programming in C/C++ for a long time now, but there
  are still a lot of weird features in the language that you don't feel
  confident about using
<p>
<li>
 because portability is not as easy to achieve as it should be
<p>
<li>
 because you know the range of legitimate values for each of your variables,
  but you have no way of enforcing this at runtime
<p>
<li>
 because you would like to pass variable numbers of arguments, but
  you are put off by the complicated way of doing it in C
<p>
<li>
 because you would like a <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>clean way</i></b></font>
  of returning multiple values from a function
<p>
<li>
 because you want an integrated
  <font color="#006633"><b>full-screen source-level debugger</b></font>
  that is so easy to use that you don't have to search through the manual
  each time, (or give up and recompile with printf statements)
<p>
<li>
 because you hate it when your program starts working just because you
  added a debug print statement or compiled with the debug option
<p>
<li>
 because you would like a reliable, accurate
  <font color="#006633"><b>statement-level profile</b></font> to
  understand the internal dynamics of your program, and to boost performance
<p>
<li>
 because few of your programs have to squeeze every cycle of performance out
  of your machine. The speed difference between Euphoria and C/C++ is not as
  great as you might think. Try some benchmark tests. We bet you'll be
  surprised!
<p>
<li>
 because you'd rather not clutter up your hard disk with <b>.</b>obj and
  <b>.</b>exe files
<p>
<li>
 because you'd rather be running your program, than wading through several
  hundred pages of documentation to decide what compiler and linker options
  you need
<p>
<li>
 because your C/C++ package has 57 different routines for memory allocation,
  and 67 different routines for manipulating strings and blocks of memory.
  How many of these routines does Euphoria need?
  <b>Answer: <font color="#CC0099">zero</font>.</b>
  <font color="#006633"><b>In Euphoria, memory allocation happens
  automatically and strings are manipulated just like any other
  sequences.</b></font>

</ul>

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>

COMBINE.EX
01108
sequence ref_files, lib_files
ref_files = {
"refman.doc",
"refman_1.doc",
"refman_2.doc",
"refman_3.doc"
}
lib_files = {
"library.doc",
"lib_a_b.doc",
"lib_c_d.doc",
"lib_e_g.doc",
"lib_h_o.doc",
"lib_p_r.doc",
"lib_s_t.doc",
"lib_u_z.doc"
}
function try_open(sequence filename, sequence mode)
integer fn
fn = open(filename, mode)
if fn != -1 then
return fn
end if
puts(1, "\nCouldn't open " & filename &'\n')
abort(1)
end function
integer fn, ref_out, lib_out
object line
ref_out = try_open("\\euphoria\\doc\\refman.doc", "w")
puts(ref_out,
"[To view this manual with your Web browser, double-click on html\\refman.htm]\n\n")
for i = 1 to length(ref_files) do
fn = try_open(ref_files[i], "r")
while 1 do
line = gets(fn)
if atom(line) then
exit
end if
puts(ref_out, line)
end while
close(fn)
end for
close(ref_out)
lib_out = open("\\euphoria\\doc\\library.doc", "w")
for i = 1 to length(lib_files) do
fn = open(lib_files[i], "r")
while 1 do
line = gets(fn)
if atom(line) then
exit
end if
puts(lib_out, line)
end while
close(fn)
end for
close(lib_out)
DOC.EX
03453
without warning
include docgen.e
include html.e
include text.e
include \euphoria\include\wildcard.e
with warning
function param_list(object text)
integer i, value_part
sequence word, list
if atom(text) then
return {}
end if
list = {}
i = 1
value_part = FALSE
while TRUE do
while whitespace(text[i]) do
i = i + 1
end while
if text[i] = '>' then
exit
end if
if text[i] = '=' then
i = i + 1
value_part = TRUE
while whitespace(text[i]) do
i = i + 1
end while
end if
if text[i] = '"' then
word = ""
i = i + 1
while text[i] != '"' and i < length(text) do
if text[i] = '\\' then
if text[i + 1] = '"' then
word = word & text[i + 1]
else
word = word & text[i] & text[i + 1]
end if
i = i + 2
else
word = word & text[i]
i = i + 1
end if
end while
if text[i] = '"' then
i = i + 1
end if
else
word = ""
while not whitespace(text[i]) and text[i] != '=' and
text[i] != '>' do
word = word & text[i]
i = i + 1
end while
end if
if value_part then
list[length(list)] = {list[length(list)], word}
value_part = FALSE
else
list = append(list, word)
end if
end while
return list
end function
procedure tag(sequence name, object param, object raw)
integer r
r = find(name, handler_name)
if r = 0 then
r = find("_default", handler_name)
if r = 0 then
quit("Need a default handler")
end if
end if
if equal(name, "!--") then
call_proc(handler_id[r], {raw, ""})
else
call_proc(handler_id[r], {raw, param_list(param)})
end if
end procedure
procedure scan()
integer c, inDQuote
sequence raw, name, param
while TRUE do
c = getc(in_file)
if c = EOF then
exit
elsif c = '<' then
c = getc(in_file)
if whitespace(c) or c = '=' then
tag("_literal", '<', '<')
tag("_literal", c, c)
else
raw = "<"
name = ""
while not whitespace(c) and c != '>' and c != EOF do
name = name & c
c = getc(in_file)
end while
name = lower(name)
raw = raw & name
param = ""
inDQuote = FALSE
while not inDQuote and c != '>' and c != EOF do
if c = '"' then
inDQuote = TRUE
param = param & c
c = getc(in_file)
while inDQuote and c != EOF do
if c = '"' then
inDQuote = FALSE
elsif c = '\\' then
param = param & c
c = getc(in_file)
end if
param = param & c
c = getc(in_file)
end while
else
param = param & c
c = getc(in_file)
end if
end while
if inDQuote then
quit("double quote never closed")
elsif c = '>' then
param = param & '>'
raw = raw & param
tag(name, param, raw)
elsif c = EOF then
quit("premature EOF")
end if
end if
else
tag("_literal", c, c)
end if
end while
end procedure
procedure main()
sequence cl, cl4
sequence in_name, out_name
integer p
cl = command_line()
if length(cl) <= 3 then
quit("usage: ex doc filename option\n\n" &
"         where option may be one of\n" &
"               RTF or HTML or PLAIN")
end if
cl4 = upper(cl[4])
if equal(cl4, "RTF") then
abort(1)
elsif equal(cl4, "HTML") then
html_init()
else
text_init()
end if
in_name = upper(cl[3])
if not match(".HTX", in_name) then
quit("must be a .htx file")
end if
in_file = open(in_name, "r")
if in_file = -1 then
quit("couldn't open " & in_name)
end if
p = find('.', in_name)
out_name = in_name[1..p] & out_type
out_file = open(out_name, "w")
if out_file = -1 then
quit("couldn't open " & out_name)
end if
scan()
if equal(cl4, "PLAIN") then
text_end()
end if
close(in_file)
close(out_file)
end procedure
main()
DOCALL.BAT
1953
echo creating REFMAN.HTM
ex doc refman.htx html
ex doc refman_1.htx html
ex doc refman_2.htx html
ex doc refman_3.htx html

echo creating REFMAN.DOC
ex doc refman.htx plain
ex doc refman_1.htx plain
ex doc refman_2.htx plain
ex doc refman_3.htx plain

echo creating LIBRARY.HTM
ex doc library.htx html
ex doc lib_A_B.HTX html
ex doc lib_C_D.HTX html
ex doc lib_E_G.HTX html
ex doc lib_H_O.HTX html
ex doc lib_P_R.HTX html
ex doc lib_S_T.HTX html
ex doc lib_U_Z.HTX html

echo creating LIBRARY.DOC
ex doc library.htx plain
ex doc lib_A_B.HTX plain
ex doc lib_C_D.HTX plain
ex doc lib_E_G.HTX plain
ex doc lib_H_O.HTX plain
ex doc lib_P_R.HTX plain
ex doc lib_S_T.HTX plain
ex doc lib_U_Z.HTX plain

ex combine
del refman*.doc
del lib*.doc

echo creating additional HTM files
ex doc readme.htx html
ex doc install.htx html
ex doc platform.htx html
ex doc ed.htx html
ex doc c.htx html
ex doc basic.htx html
ex doc relnotes.htx html
ex doc perform.htx html
ex doc bind.htx html
ex doc web.htx html
ex doc trouble.htx html
ex doc platform.htx html
ex doc overview.htx html
ex doc what2do.htx html
ex doc register.htx html

echo creating additional DOC files
ex doc readme.htx plain
ex doc install.htx plain
ex doc platform.htx plain
ex doc ed.htx plain
ex doc c.htx plain
ex doc basic.htx plain
ex doc relnotes.htx plain
ex doc perform.htx plain
ex doc bind.htx plain
ex doc web.htx plain
ex doc trouble.htx plain
ex doc platform.htx plain
ex doc overview.htx plain
ex doc what2do.htx plain
ex doc register.htx plain

move register.doc \euphoria\register > NUL

copy *.htm \euphoria\html > NUL
copy *.doc \euphoria\doc > NUL

del *.htm
del *.doc

move \euphoria\doc\readme.doc \euphoria > NUL
move \euphoria\html\readme.htm \euphoria > NUL

if exist \euphoria\htx\docall.bat goto done

del *.htx
del doc.ex
del html.e
del text.e
del docgen.e
del combine.ex

:done

DOCGEN.E
01217
include \euphoria\include\get.e
global constant SCREEN = 1
global constant TRUE = 1, FALSE = 0, EOF = -1
global sequence out_type
global integer inPre, inEuCode, inTable
inPre    = FALSE
inEuCode = FALSE
inTable  = FALSE
global integer in_file, out_file
global procedure quit(sequence msg)
puts(SCREEN, "ABORTED: " & msg & '\n')
abort(1)
end procedure
global function whitespace(integer c)
return find(c, " \n\t\r")
end function
global function all_white(sequence s)
for i = 1 to length(s) do
if not whitespace(s[i]) then
return FALSE
end if
end for
return TRUE
end function
global function pval(sequence pname, sequence plist)
for i = 1 to length(plist) do
if atom(plist[i][1]) then
if compare(pname, plist[i]) = 0 then
return TRUE
end if
else
if compare(pname, plist[i][1]) = 0 then
return plist[i][2]
end if
end if
end for
return FALSE
end function
global sequence handler_name, handler_id
handler_name = {}
handler_id = {}
global procedure add_handler(sequence tag_name, integer routine)
handler_name = prepend(handler_name, tag_name)
handler_id = prepend(handler_id, routine)
end procedure
global procedure write(object text)
puts(out_file, text)
end procedure
ED.HTX
18180
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>The Euphoria Editor</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                          The Euphoria Editor
</font></_center>

<p> <br>
<b><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
 usage 1:   ed filename<br>
 usage 2:   ed
</font></b>

<p>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Summary</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 After any error, just type <font color="#993333"><_bq>ed</_bq></font>, and
 you'll be placed in the editor, at the line and column where the error was
 detected. The error message will be at the top of your screen.
<p>
 Euphoria-related files are
 displayed in color. Other text files are in mono. You'll know that you have
 misspelled something when the color does not change as you expect.
 Keywords are blue. Names of routines that are built in to the interpreter
 appear in magenta. Strings are
 green, comments are red, most other text is black. Balanced brackets (on the
 same line) have the same color. <b><font color="#006633">You can change
 these colors as well as several other parameters
 of</font> <font color="#993333">ed</font><font color="#006633">.</font></b>
 See "user-modifiable parameters" near the top of
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>ed.ex</b></font>.
<p>
 The arrow keys move the cursor left, right, up or down. Most other characters
 are immediately inserted into the file.
<p>
 In Windows, you can "associate" various types of files with
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>ed.bat</b></font>. You will then be put into
 <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> when you <b>double-click</b>
 on these types of files - e.g. <b>.e</b>, <b>.pro</b>, <b>.doc</b> etc.
 Main Euphoria files ending in <b>.ex</b> (<b>.exw</b>) might better be
 associated with <font color="#993333"><_bq>ex.exe</_bq></font>
 (<font color="#993333"><_bq>exw.exe</_bq></font>).
<p>
 <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> is a
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>multi-file/multi-window</b></font> editor.
 <b>Esc c</b> will split your screen so you can view and edit up to 10 files
 simultaneously, with cutting and pasting between them. You can also use
 multiple edit windows to view and edit different parts of a single file.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Special Keys</_sul>
</font>

<P>Some keys do not work in a Linux text console, and some keys
do not work in an xterm under X windows. Alternate keys have been
provided.

<p>

<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">Delete</font>"
  pos=22
  description="Delete the current character above the cursor."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">Backspace</font>"
  pos=22
  description="Move the cursor to the left and delete a character."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">control-Delete</font>"
  pos=22
  description="Delete the current line. (<b>control-Delete</b> is not
   available on all systems.)"
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">control-d</font>"
  pos=22
  description="Delete the current line. (same as <b>control-Delete</b>)"
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">Insert</font>"
  pos=22
  description="Re-insert the preceding series of <b>Deletes</b> or
   <b>control-Deletes</b> before the current character or current line."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">control-arrow-left</font>"
  pos=26
  description="Move to the start of the previous word. On Linux use
   <b>control-L</b>."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">control-arrow-right</font>"
  pos=26
  description="Move to the start of the next word. On Linux use
    <b>control-R</b>."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">Home</font>"
  pos=22
  description="Move to the beginning of the current line."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">End</font>"
  pos=22
  description="Move to the end of the current line."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">control-Home</font>"
  pos=22
  description="Move to the beginning of the file. On Linux use
  <b>control-T</b> (i.e. Top)"
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">control-End</font>"
  pos=22
  description="Move to the end of the file. On Linux use <b>control-B</b>,
  (i.e. Bottom)"
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">Page Up</font>"
  pos=22
  description="Move up one screen. In a Linux xterm use <b>control-U</b>"
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">Page Down</font>"
  pos=22
  description="Move down one screen. In a Linux xterm use <b>control-P</b>"
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">F1 ... F10</font>"
  pos=22
  description="Select a new current window. The windows are numbered from top
   to bottom, with the top window on the screen being <b>F1</b>."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">F12</font>"
  pos=22
  description="This is a special
   <font color=\"#CC0099\"><b>customizable command</b></font>. It is set up
   to insert a Euphoria comment mark \"--\" at the start of the current line.
   You can easily <font color=\"#006633\"><b>change it to perform any series
   of key strokes that you like</b></font>, simply by redefining
   constant CUSTOM_KEYSTROKES near the top of
   <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>ed.ex</b></font>."
 >

</table>


<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Escape Commands</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Press and release the <font color="#006699"><b>Esc</b></font> key, then
 press one of the following keys:

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">h</font>"
  pos=8
  description="Get help text for the editor, or Euphoria. The screen is split
   so you can view your program and the help text at the same time."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">c</font>"
  pos=8
  description="\"Clone\" the current window, i.e. make a new edit window that
   is initially viewing the same file at the same position as the current
   window. The sizes of all windows are adjusted to make room for the new
   window. You might want to use <b>Esc l</b> to get more lines on the screen.
   Each window that you create can be scrolled independently and each has its
   own menu bar. The changes that you make to a file will initially appear
   only in the current window. When you press an <b>F-key</b> to select a new
   window, any changes will appear there as well. You can use <b>Esc n</b> to
   read a new file into any window."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">q</font>"
  pos=8
  description="Quit (delete) the current window and leave the editor if there
   are no more windows. You'll be warned if this is the last window used for
   editing a modified file. Any remaining windows are given more space."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">s</font>"
  pos=8
  description="Save the file being edited in the current window, then quit the
   current window as <b>Esc q</b> above."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">w</font>"
  pos=8
  description="Save the file but do not quit the window."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">e</font>"
  pos=8
  description="Save the file, and then execute it with
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex</b></font>,
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b>exw</b></font> or
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b>exu</b></font>. When the program finishes
   execution you'll hear a beep. Hit <b>Enter</b> to return to the editor.
   This operation may not work if you are very low on extended memory. You
   can't supply any
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b>command-line arguments</b></font> to the
   program."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">d</font>"
  pos=8
  description="Run an operating system command. After the beep, hit <b>Enter</b> to return
   to the editor. You could also use this command to edit another file and
   then return, but <b>Esc c</b> is probably more convenient."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">n</font>"
  pos=8
  description="Start editing a new file in the current window. Deleted
   lines/chars and search strings are available for use in the new file.
   You must type in the path to the new file. Alternatively, you can drag a
   file name from a Windows file manager window into the MS-DOS window for
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ed</b></font>. This will type the full path for
   you."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">f</font>"
  pos=8
  description="Find the next occurrence of a string in the current window.
   When you type in a new string there is an option to \"match case\" or not.
   Press <b>y</b> if you require upper/lower case to match. Keep hitting
   <b>Enter</b> to find subsequent occurrences. Any other key stops the
   search. To search from the beginning, press <b>control-Home</b> before
   <b>Esc f</b>. The default string to search for, if you don't type anything,
   is shown in double quotes."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">r</font>"
  pos=8
  description="Globally replace one string by another. Operates like
  <b>Esc f</b> command. Keep hitting <b>Enter</b> to continue replacing.
  Be careful -- <i>there is no way to skip over a possible replacement.</i>"
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">l</font>"
  pos=8
  description="Change the number of lines displayed on the screen. Only
   certain values are allowed, depending on your video card. Many cards will
   allow 25, 28, 43 and 50 lines. <p>In a Linux text console you're stuck
   with the number of lines available (usually 25). In a Linux xterm
   window, <b>ed</b> will use the number of lines initially available when
   ed is started up. Changing the size of the window will have no effect
   after ed is started."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">m</font>"
  pos=8
  description="Show the modifications that you've made so far. The current
   edit buffer is saved as <font color=\"#993333\"><b>editbuff.tmp</b></font>,
   and is compared with the file on disk using the DOS <b>fc</b> command,
   or the Linux <b>diff</b> command.
   <b>Esc m</b> is very useful when you want to quit the editor, but you
   can't remember what changes you made, or whether it's ok to save them.
   It's also useful when you make an editing mistake and you want to see what
   the original text looked like. When you quit the editor, you will be given
   a chance to delete <font color=\"#993333\"><b>editbuff.tmp</b></font>."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\"><i>ddd</i></font>"
  pos=8
  description="Move to line number <i>ddd</i>. e.g. <b>Esc 1023 Enter</b>
   would move to line 1023 in the file."
 >

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">CR</font>"
  pos=8
  description="<b>Esc Carriage-Return</b>, i.e. <b>Esc Enter</b>, will
   tell you the name of the current file, as well as the line and character
   position you are on, and whether the file has been modified since the last
   save. If you press <b>Esc</b> and then change your mind, it is harmless
   to just hit <b>Enter</b> so you can go back to editing."
 >

</table>

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Recalling Previous Strings</_sul>

</font>
<p>
The <b>Esc n</b>, <b>Esc d</b>, <b>Esc r</b> and <b>Esc f</b> commands
prompt you to enter a string. You can recall and edit these strings
just as you would at the DOS or Linux command line. Type up-arrow or
down-arrow to cycle through strings that you previously entered for
a given command, then use left-arrow, right-arrow and the delete key to
edit the strings. Press Enter to submit the string.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Cutting and Pasting</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 When you <font color="#006699"><b>control-Delete</b></font>
 (or <font color="#006699"><b>control-D</b></font>)
 a series of
 consecutive lines, or <font color="#006699"><b>Delete</b></font> a series
 of consecutive characters, you create a "kill-buffer" containing what you
 just deleted. This kill-buffer can be re-inserted by moving the cursor and
 then pressing <font color="#006699"><b>Insert</b></font>.
<p>
 A new kill-buffer is started, and the old buffer is lost, each time you move
 away and start deleting somewhere else. For example, cut a series of
 <_ba><i>lines</i></_ba> with
 <font color="#006699"><b>control-Delete</b></font>. Then move the
 cursor to where you want to paste the lines and press
 <font color="#006699"><b>Insert</b></font>. If you want to copy the lines,
 without destroying the original text, first
 <font color="#006699"><b>control-Delete</b></font> them, then immediately
 press <font color="#006699"><b>Insert</b></font> to re-insert them. Then
 move somewhere else and press <font color="#006699"><b>Insert</b></font> to
 insert them again, as many times as you like. You can also
 <font color="#006699"><b>Delete</b></font> a series of individual
 <_ba><i>characters</i></_ba>, move the cursor, and then paste the deleted
 characters somewhere else. Immediately press
 <font color="#006699"><b>Insert</b></font> after deleting if you want to
 copy without removing the original characters.
<p>
 Once you have a kill-buffer, you can type
 <font color="#006699"><b>Esc n</b></font> to read in a new file, or you can
 press an <font color="#006699"><b>F-key</b></font> to select a new edit
 window. You can then insert your kill-buffer.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Use of Tabs</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 The standard <i>tab</i> width is 8 spaces. The editor assumes
 tab=8 for most files. However, it is more convenient when editing a
 program for a tab to equal the amount of space that you like to indent.
 Therefore you will find that tabs are set to 4 when you edit Euphoria files
 (or .c, or .h or .bas files). The editor converts from tab=8 to tab=4 when
 reading your <i>program</i> file, and converts back to tab=8 when you save
 the file. Thus your file remains compatible with the tab=8 world, e.g.
 MS-DOS PRINT, EDIT, etc. <font color="#006633"><b>If you would like to
 choose a different number of spaces to indent</b></font>, change the line
 at the top of <font color="#5500FF"><b>ed.ex</b></font> that says "constant
 PROG_INDENT = 4".

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Long Lines</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Lines that extend beyond the right edge of the screen are marked with an
 <i>inverse video</i> character in the 80th column. This warns you that
 there is more text "out there" that you can't see. You can move the cursor
 beyond the 80th column. The screen will scroll left or right so the cursor
 position is always visible.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Maximum File Size</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Like any Euphoria program, <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> can use
 extended memory. It will edit files that are
 <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>much</i></b></font> larger than what
 MS-DOS EDIT or Windows Notepad can handle.
 With a huge file, inserting or deleting a line near the beginning of the file
 might take several seconds, due to intense swapping activity. Other
 operations should be reasonably quick.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Non-text Files</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> is designed for editing pure text
 files, although you can use it to view other files. As
 <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> reads in a file, it replaces certain
 non-printable characters (less than ASCII 14) with ASCII 254 - small square.
 <i>If you try to save a non-text file you will be warned about this.</i>
 (MS-DOS EDIT will quietly corrupt a non-text file - do not save!).
 Since <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> opens all files as "text" files,
 the <b>control-z</b> character (26) will appear to be the <i>end of the
 file</i>.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Windows 95/98 Long Filenames</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 You can edit <i>existing</i> files that have pathnames with long names in
 them, and the full file name will be preserved. However in this release
 <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> will not create
 <_ba><i>new</i></_ba> files with long names. The name will be
 truncated to the standard DOS 8.3 length.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>
<_sul>Line Terminator</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 The end-of-line terminator on Linux is simply <b>\n</b>. On DOS
 and Windows, text files have lines ending with <b>\r\n</b>.
 If you copy a DOS or Windows file to Linux and try to modify it,
 <b>ed</b> will give you a choice of either keeping the <b>\r\n</b> terminators,
 or saving the file with <b>\n</b> terminators.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Source Code</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 The complete source code to this editor is in
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>bin\ed.ex</b></font> and
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>bin\syncolor.e</b></font>.
 You are welcome to make improvements. There is a section at the top of
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>ed.ex</b></font> containing "user-modifiable"
 configuration parameters that you can adjust. The colors and the cursor
 size may need adjusting for some operating environments.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Platform</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> runs best with
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>,
 but will also run with
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font>.

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>

HTML.E
11758
include \euphoria\include\wildcard.e
global constant NORMAL_COLOR  = #330033,
COMMENT_COLOR = #FF0055,
KEYWORD_COLOR = #0000FF,
BUILTIN_COLOR = #FF00FF,
STRING_COLOR  = #00A033,
BRACKET_COLOR = {NORMAL_COLOR, #993333,
#0000FF, #5500FF, #00FF00}
include \euphoria\bin\keywords.e
include \euphoria\bin\syncolor.e
constant YEAR_DELIMITER = 90, SINCE_YEAR = 1900
integer blank
blank = FALSE
sequence line, colorLine
integer firstLine, in2clist, in3clist
procedure tag_init_comment(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
write("<!-- GENERATED BY A EUPHORIA PROGRAM. DO NOT EDIT! -->\n\n")
end procedure
procedure tag_width(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
write("<table width=90% border=0><tr><td>\n")
end procedure
procedure tag_end_width(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
write("</td></tr></table>\n")
end procedure
procedure tag_literal(integer raw_text, sequence param_list)
integer color
sequence text
if inEuCode then
line = line & raw_text
if raw_text = '\n' then
if firstLine then
if inTable then
if in2clist then
write("<tr><td></td><td>\n")
elsif in3clist then
write("<tr><td></td><td></td><td>\n")
else
write("<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>\n")
end if
end if
firstLine = FALSE
write("<pre>")
if all_white(line) then
line = ""
return
end if
end if
colorLine = SyntaxColor(line)
for i = 1 to length(colorLine) do
color = colorLine[i][1]
text  = colorLine[i][2]
write("<font color=\"#" & sprintf("%06x", color) & "\">")
write(text & "</font>")
end for
write("\n")
line = ""
end if
else
if not inPre then
if blank and raw_text = ' ' then
return
end if
blank = raw_text = ' '
end if
write(raw_text)
end if
end procedure
procedure tag_dul(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
end procedure
procedure tag_end_dul(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
end procedure
procedure tag_sul(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
end procedure
procedure tag_end_sul(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
end procedure
procedure tag_comment(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
end procedure
procedure tag_default(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
write(raw_text)
end procedure
function recent(sequence the_date)
sequence f3
integer month_num, i, j
sequence current_date
f3 = lower(the_date[1..3])
month_num = find(f3, {"jan", "feb", "mar", "apr", "may", "jun",
"jul", "aug", "sep", "oct", "nov", "dec"})
i = find('/', the_date)
f3 = value(the_date[i + 1..i + 2])
if month_num = 0 or i = 0 or f3[1] != GET_SUCCESS then
quit("bad date")
end if
i = f3[2]
if i > YEAR_DELIMITER then
i = (SINCE_YEAR + i) * 12 + month_num
else
i = (2000 + i) * 12 + month_num
end if
current_date = date()
j = (current_date[1] + SINCE_YEAR) * 12 + current_date[2]
if j - i <= 1 then
return TRUE
else
return FALSE
end if
end function
procedure tag_recent(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
sequence the_date
integer recent_update
object result
write("<tr><td></td><td valign=top rowspan=3>")
write("<img width=32 height=32 src=\"f" & pval("color", plist))
write(".gif\"></td><td>\n<a href=\"" & pval("href", plist) & "\">")
write("<font face=\"Arial\" size=2>")
write("<b>" & pval("title", plist) & "</b></font></a></td>\n")
write("<td align=right><font face=\"Arial\" size=2>")
write(pval("size", plist) & "K</font></td>\n")
write("<td align=right><font face=\"Arial\" size=2>")
the_date = pval("date", plist)
if not equal(0, pval("updated", plist)) then
recent_update = recent(the_date)
if recent_update then
write("<font color=\"#0066CC\">updated </font>")
else
write("updated ")
end if
end if
write(the_date)
write("</font></td>\n")
write("<td></td><td>")
result = pval("money", plist)
if sequence(result) and length(result) != 0 then
write("<img src=\"happy.gif\" width=17 height=17 align=top>" &
"<font face=\"Arial\" size=2> " & result & "</font>\n")
end if
write("</td>")
if equal(TRUE, pval("stamped", plist)) then
write("<td align=right><img src=\"stamp.gif\" width=51 height=17>" &
"</td>")
else
write("<td></td>")
end if
write("</tr>\n")
write("<tr><td></td><td colspan=6 height=6>")
write("<img height=1 width=565 src=\"l.gif\"></td></tr>\n")
write("<tr><td></td><td colspan=6><font face=\"Arial\" size=2>")
write("<b>" & pval("name", plist) & "</b>\n")     -- '\n' meaningful
write(pval("description", plist) & '\n')          -- '\n' meaningful
result = pval("update_description", plist)
if sequence(result) and length(result) != 0 then
write(result)
end if
write("</font></td></tr>")
write("<tr><td colspan=8><font size=5> </font></td></tr>\n")
end procedure
procedure tag_archive(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
object result
integer updated
if equal("red", pval("color", plist)) then
write("<tr bgcolor=\"#FFCCCC\">")
else
write("<tr bgcolor=\"#CCCCFF\">")
end if
write("<td><font face=\"Arial\" size=2>\n" &
" <a href=\"" & pval("href", plist) & "\">")
write("<b>" & pval("title", plist) & "</b></a></font></td>\n")
write("<td align=right><font face=\"Arial\" size=2>" &
pval("size", plist) & "K</font></td>")
write("<td align=center><font face=\"Arial\" size=2><b>" &
pval("name", plist) & "</b></font></td>\n")
result = pval("date", plist)
updated = FALSE
if sequence(result) and length(result) > 0 then
write("<td><font face=\"Arial\" size=2>")
if not equal(0, pval("updated", plist)) then
updated = TRUE
if recent(result) then
write("<font color=\"#5500FF\">updated</font> " & result)
else
write("updated " & result)
end if
else
write(result)
end if
write("</font></td>\n")
else
write("<td> </td>")
end if
result = pval("money", plist)
if (atom(result) or length(result) = 0) and
equal(FALSE, pval("stamped", plist)) then
write("<td colspan=2> </td></tr>\n")  -- this way saves some bytes
else
if sequence(result) and length(result) > 0 then
write("<td><img src=\"happy.gif\" width=17 height=17>" &
"<font face=\"Arial\" size=2> " &
result & "</font></td>")
else
write("<td> </td>")
end if
if equal(TRUE, pval("stamped", plist)) then
write("<td align=right><img src=\"stamp.gif\" width=51 height=17>" &
"</td></tr>\n")
else
write("<td> </td></tr>\n")
end if
end if
write("<tr><td colspan=6><font face=\"Arial\" size=2>" &
pval("description", plist) & "\n")                 -- '\n' meaningful
if updated then
result = pval("update_description", plist)
if sequence(result) and length(result) != 0 then
write("Update: " & result)
end if
end if
write("</font></td></tr>")
write("<tr><td colspan=6> </td></tr>\n")
end procedure
procedure common3_4clist(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
object temp
in2clist = FALSE
temp = pval("href", plist)
if sequence(temp) and length(temp) > 0 then
write("<a href=\"" & temp & "\">")
write("<b>" & pval("name", plist) & "</b></a></td>\n")
else
write("<b>" & pval("name", plist) & "</b></td>\n")
end if
if in3clist then
write("<td width=10 align=center valign=top>-</td>")
else
temp = pval("col3", plist)
if sequence(temp) then
write("<td align=center valign=top>" & temp & "</td>")
else
write("<td width=10 align=center valign=top>-</td>")
end if
end if
write("\n<td>" & pval("description", plist) & "</td></tr>\n")
end procedure
procedure tag_4clist(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
in3clist = FALSE
write("<tr><td width=24 nowrap></td><td valign=top>")
common3_4clist(raw_text, plist)
end procedure
procedure tag_3clist(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
in3clist = TRUE
write("<tr><td valign=top>")
common3_4clist(raw_text, plist)
end procedure
procedure tag_2clist(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
in2clist = TRUE
in3clist = FALSE
write("<tr><td valign=top>")
write("<b>" & pval("name", plist) & "</b></td>\n")
write("<td>" & pval("description", plist) & "\n")
write("</td></tr>\n")
end procedure
procedure tag_routine(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
sequence name
name = pval("name", plist)
write("<a name=" & name & "></a><font color=\"#006633\" size=+2><br>\n")
write("<center><b>" & name & "</b></center>\n")
write("</font><p>\n")
end procedure
procedure tag_table(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
inTable = TRUE
in2clist = FALSE
in3clist = FALSE
write(raw_text)
end procedure
procedure tag_end_table(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
inTable = FALSE
write(raw_text)
end procedure
procedure tag_pre(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
inPre = TRUE
write(raw_text)
end procedure
procedure tag_end_pre(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
inPre = FALSE
blank = FALSE
write(raw_text)
end procedure
procedure tag_eucode(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
inEuCode = TRUE
firstLine = TRUE
line = ""
end procedure
procedure tag_end_eucode(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
inEuCode = FALSE
blank = FALSE
write("</pre>")
if inTable then
write("</td></tr>\n")
end if
end procedure
procedure tag_center(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
write("<center>")
end procedure
procedure tag_end_center(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
write("</center>")
end procedure
procedure tag_bq(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
write("<b>")
end procedure
procedure tag_end_bq(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
write("</b>")
end procedure
procedure tag_bsq(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
write("<b>")
end procedure
procedure tag_end_bsq(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
write("</b>")
end procedure
procedure tag_ba(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
write("<b>")
end procedure
procedure tag_end_ba(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
write("</b>")
end procedure
procedure tag_continue(sequence raw_text, sequence plist)
object temp
write("<p> <p><center>\n")
write("<font color=\"#006633\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" size=+1>" &
"... continue \n")
temp = pval("href", plist)
if sequence(temp) and not equal(temp, "") then
write("<a href=\"" & temp & "\">" &
pval("name", plist) & "</a></font>\n</center>\n<p> \n")
else
quit("no href data given in <_continue> tag")
end if
end procedure
global procedure html_init()
add_handler("_recent",  routine_id("tag_recent"))
add_handler("_archive", routine_id("tag_archive"))
add_handler("_init_comment", routine_id("tag_init_comment"))
add_handler("_width",   routine_id("tag_width"))
add_handler("/_width",  routine_id("tag_end_width"))
add_handler("_continue",routine_id("tag_continue"))
add_handler("_bsq",     routine_id("tag_bsq"))
add_handler("/_bsq",    routine_id("tag_end_bsq"))
add_handler("!--",      routine_id("tag_comment"))
add_handler("_center",  routine_id("tag_center"))
add_handler("/_center", routine_id("tag_end_center"))
add_handler("pre",      routine_id("tag_pre"))
add_handler("/pre",     routine_id("tag_end_pre"))
add_handler("_dul",     routine_id("tag_dul"))
add_handler("/_dul",    routine_id("tag_end_dul"))
add_handler("_sul",     routine_id("tag_sul"))
add_handler("/_sul",    routine_id("tag_end_sul"))
add_handler("_bq",      routine_id("tag_bq"))
add_handler("/_bq",     routine_id("tag_end_bq"))
add_handler("_ba",      routine_id("tag_ba"))
add_handler("/_ba",     routine_id("tag_end_ba"))
add_handler("_routine", routine_id("tag_routine"))
add_handler("table",    routine_id("tag_table"))
add_handler("/table",   routine_id("tag_end_table"))
add_handler("_eucode",  routine_id("tag_eucode"))
add_handler("/_eucode", routine_id("tag_end_eucode"))
add_handler("_4clist",  routine_id("tag_4clist"))
add_handler("_3clist",  routine_id("tag_3clist"))
add_handler("_2clist",  routine_id("tag_2clist"))
add_handler("_default", routine_id("tag_default"))
add_handler("_literal", routine_id("tag_literal"))
out_type = "htm"
init_class()
end procedure
INSTALL.HTX
5844
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>How to Install Euphoria</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                        How to Install Euphoria on DOS/Windows
</font></_center>

<p> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_sul>To install Euphoria you need:</_sul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
     a 386 or higher PC
<p>
<li>
     at least 640K of memory
<p>
<li>
     5 Mb of free hard disk space
</ul>

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>The Install Procedure</_dul>

</font>
<pre>
     1. <b>cd</b> into the directory containing the Euphoria files

     2. type:
              <font color="#993333"><b>install</b></font>
</pre>

 If you have downloaded Euphoria and pkunzip'd in (say) <b>c:\tmp</b> you
 would type:
<pre>
     cd c:\tmp
     install
</pre>

 If you happen to have unzipped into <b>C:\EUPHORIA</b>, that's fine,
 <b>cd</b> into it and type: <font color="#993333"><b>install</b></font>
<p>
 You can also install under <font color="#CC3366"><b>Windows</b></font> by
 double-clicking on <font color="#5500FF"><b>install.bat</b></font>
<p>
 You will be asked which drive to put the
 <font color="#993333"><b>EUPHORIA directory</b></font> on. Later you will
 be asked to approve any changes to your <b>autoexec.bat</b> file. Finally,
 <_ba>you need to shut down and restart (soft-reboot) your computer</_ba>
 so the new <b>autoexec.bat</b> will take effect.
<p>
 After installing, see <font color="#5500FF"><b>doc\what2do.doc</b></font>
 (or <a href="what2do.htm"><b>html\what2do.htm</b></a>) for ideas on how
 to use this package. You should also read
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>readme.doc</b></font> (or
 <font color="#006699"><b>readme.htm</b></font>) if you haven't done so
 already.
<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name=""
  pos=16
  description="<font face = \"Comic Sans MS\" color=\"#006633\">
   <b>Enjoy!</b></font>"
 >

</table>

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>

<_dul>How to Uninstall Euphoria</_dul>

</font>

<pre>
     1. delete the EUPHORIA directory

     2. remove the 2 references to "EUPHORIA" from your autoexec.bat file
</pre>

<p>
<hr>

<br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_sul>If you have problems installing ...</_sul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
   If the install appeared to run ok, did you remember to shut down
   and restart your computer?
<p>
<li>
   If a failure happens during the install, shut down any large applications
   that you have running, and try it again.
<p>
<li>
   Try installing under plain DOS, outside of Windows.
<p>
<li>
   Disable or cut back programs such as SMARTDRV that may be consuming
   large amounts of extended memory.
<p>
<li>
   Try typing:
<pre>
           SET CAUSEWAY=LOWMEM:80
</pre>
   before you run <font color="#5500FF"><b>install.bat</b></font>
<p>
<li>
   There are several possible reasons why the
   <font color="#993333"><b>install</b></font> program will decide not
   to edit your <b>autoexec.bat</b> file. If this
   happens you should follow the manual procedure described
   <a href="install.htm#manual">below</a>.
<p>
<li>
   If your system does not use an <b>autoexec.bat</b> file (e.g. Windows NT
   and possibly Windows 95) then set the EUDIR and PATH variables in whatever
   way your system allows. If you have an <b>autoexec.bat</b> file, but it
   doesn't contain a PATH command, you will have to create one that includes
   <font color="#5500FF"><b>C:\EUPHORIA\BIN</b></font>.
<p>
<li>
   If you have less than 20 megabytes of free disk space, free up a
   few megabytes, and run <font color="#5500FF"><b>install.bat</b></font>
   again.

</ul>

<p>
 If you need help installing Euphoria, send e-mail to:
 <a href="mailto:[e-mail]"><b>[e-mail]</b></a>

<p>
 Be sure to describe your machine configuration: memory, free extended memory,
 operating system, etc.

<p> <br>
<a name=manual></a>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_sul>How to manually edit autoexec.bat</_sul></b></font>

<p>
 In some cases the <font color="#993333"><b>install</b></font> program will
 not be able to modify your <b>autoexec.bat</b> file for you automatically,
 and you will have to do the job yourself using a text editor.

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_4clist
  name="1."
  pos=8
  description="In the file <b>c:\autoexec.bat</b> add
   <b>C:\EUPHORIA\BIN</b> to the list of directories in your PATH command.
   You might use the MS-DOS EDIT command, Windows Notepad or any other text
   editor to do this. e.g."
>

<_eucode>
        edit c:\autoexec.bat
</_eucode>

<_4clist
  col3=""
  name=""
  pos=8
  description="(Although Euphoria is not fully installed at this point, you
   could type:"
>

<_eucode>
        cd c:\euphoria\bin
        ed c:\autoexec.bat
</_eucode>

<_4clist
  col3=""
  name=""
  pos=8
  description="to edit using the Euphoria editor. See
   <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>doc\ed.doc</b></font>)"
>

<_4clist
  name="2."
  pos=8
  description="In the same <b>autoexec.bat</b> file add a new line:"
>

<_eucode>
        SET EUDIR=C:\EUPHORIA
</_eucode>

<_4clist
  col3=""
  name=""
  pos=8
  description="The EUDIR environment variable indicates the full path to
   the main Euphoria directory."
>

<_4clist
  name="3."
  pos=8
  description="Reboot (restart) your machine. This will define your new
   PATH and EUDIR environment variables."
>

</table>

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>

LIBRARY.HTX
33495
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Reference Manual Part II - Section 1 and 2</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font color="#006633" size=+2><b>
<br>
                       Part II - Library Routines
</b></font></_center>

<_center><font color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                            1. Introduction
</font></_center>
<p> <br>

 A large number of library routines are provided. Some are built right into
 the interpreter, <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font>.
 Others are written in Euphoria and you
 must include one of the <b>.e</b> files in
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\include</b></font> to use them. Where this
 is the case, the appropriate include file is noted in the "Syntax" part of
 the description. Of course an include file need only be included once in your
 program. The editor displays in magenta those routines that are built into
 the interpreter, and require no include file. You can override the definition
 of these built-in routines by defining your own routine with the same name.
 You will get a suppressible warning if you do this.

<p>
 To indicate what kind of <font color="#993333"><b>object</b></font> may
 be passed in and returned, the following prefixes are used:

<p>
<center><table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  name="x"
  pos=10
  description="a general <a href=\"refman_2.htm#1\">object</a>
     (atom or sequence)"
>

<_3clist
  name="s"
  pos=10
  description="a <a href=\"refman_2.htm#1\">sequence</a>"
>

<_3clist
  name="a"
  pos=10
  description="an <a href=\"refman_2.htm#1\">atom</a>"
>

<_3clist
  name="i"
  pos=10
  description="an <a href=\"refman_2.htm#integer\">integer</a>"
>

<_3clist
  name="fn"
  pos=10
  description="an <a href=\"refman_2.htm#integer\">integer</a> used
     as a file number"
>

<_3clist
  name="st"
  pos=10
  description="a <a href=\"refman_2.htm#11\">string sequence</a>,
     or <a href=\"refman_2.htm#char\">single-character atom</a>"
>

</table></center>

<p>
 Some routines are only available on one or two of the three platforms.
 This is noted
 with "Platform: <font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font>" or
 "Platform: <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32</b></font>" or
 "Platform: <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font>"
 in the description
 of the routine, and with (<font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font>) or
 (<font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32</b></font>) or
 (<font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font>)
 in some other places.

<p>
 A run-time error message will usually result if an illegal argument value
 is passed to any of these routines.

<p>
<hr>
<a name=2></a>
<_center><font color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                    2. Routines by Application Area
</font></_center>
<p>

<a name=predefined></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.1 Predefined Types</_dul>

</font>
<p>

      As well as declaring variables with these types, you can also call them
      just like ordinary functions, in order to test if a value is a certain
      type.

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#integer"
  name="integer"
  description="test if an object is an integer"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#atom"
  name="atom"
  description="test if an object is an atom"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#sequence"
  name="sequence"
  description="test if an object is a sequence"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#object"
  name="object"
  description="test if an object is an object (always true)"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=seq_manip></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.2 Sequence Manipulation</_dul>

</font>
<p>

<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#length"
  name="length"
  description="return the length of a sequence"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#repeat"
  name="repeat"
  description="repeat an object n times to form a sequence of length n"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#reverse"
  name="reverse"
  description="reverse a sequence"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#append"
  name="append"
  description="add a new element to the end of a sequence"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#prepend"
  name="prepend"
  description="add a new element to the beginning of a sequence"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=srch_srt></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.3 Searching and Sorting</_dul>

</font>
<p>

<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#compare"
  name="compare"
  description="compare two objects"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#equal"
  name="equal"
  description="test if two objects are identical"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#find"
  name="find"
  description="find an object in a sequence"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#match"
  name="match"
  description="find a sequence as a slice of another sequence"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#sort"
  name="sort"
  description="sort the elements of a sequence into ascending order"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#custom_sort"
  name="custom_sort"
  description="sort the elements of a sequence based on a compare
     function that you supply"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=pattern_m></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.4 Pattern Matching</_dul>

</font>
<p>

<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#lower"
  name="lower"
  description="convert an atom or sequence to lower case"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#upper"
  name="upper"
  description="convert an atom or sequence to upper case"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#wildcard_match"
  name="wildcard_match"
  description="match a pattern containing ? and * wildcards"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#wildcard_file"
  name="wildcard_file"
  description="match a file name against a wildcard specification"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=math></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.5 Math</_dul>

</font>
<p>
      These routines can be applied to individual atoms or to sequences of
      values. See <a href="refman_2.htm#26">Part I - Core Language -
      Operations on Sequences</a>.

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#sqrt"
  name="sqrt"
  description="calculate the square root of an object"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#rand"
  name="rand"
  description="generate random numbers"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#sin"
  name="sin"
  description="calculate the sine of an angle"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#arcsin"
  name="arcsin"
  description="calculate the angle with a given sine"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#cos"
  name="cos"
  description="calculate the cosine of an angle"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#arccos"
  name="arccos"
  description="calculate the angle with a given cosine"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#tan"
  name="tan"
  description="calculate the tangent of an angle"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#arctan"
  name="arctan"
  description="calculate the arc tangent of a number"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#log"
  name="log"
  description="calculate the natural logarithm"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#floor"
  name="floor"
  description="round down to the nearest integer"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#remainder"
  name="remainder"
  description="calculate the remainder when a number is divided by another"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#power"
  name="power"
  description="calculate a number raised to a power"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#PI"
  name="PI"
  description="the mathematical value PI (3.14159...)"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=bitw_logic></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.6 Bitwise Logical Operations</_dul>

</font>
<p>

      These routines treat numbers as collections of binary bits,
      and logical operations are performed on corresponding
      bits in the binary representation of the numbers. There are
      no routines for shifting bits left or right, but you can
      achieve the same effect by multiplying or dividing by
      powers of 2.

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#and_bits"
  name="and_bits"
  description="perform logical AND on corresponding bits"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#or_bits"
  name="or_bits"
  description="perform logical OR on corresponding bits"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#xor_bits"
  name="xor_bits"
  description="perform logical XOR on corresponding bits"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#not_bits"
  name="not_bits"
  description="perform logical NOT on all bits"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=i_o></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.7 File and Device I/O</_dul>

</font>
<p>

      To do input or output on a file or device you must first open the file
      or device, then use the routines below to read or write to it, then close
      the file or device. <a href="lib_h-o.htm#open">open()</a> will give you
      a file number to use as the first argument of the other I/O routines.
      Certain files/devices are opened for you automatically (as text files):
<dl>
<dl>
<dt>
             0 - standard input
<dt>
             1 - standard output
<dt>
             2 - standard error
</dl>
</dl>

      Unless you redirect them on the
      <a href="refman_1.htm#3">command-line</a>, standard input comes from
      the keyboard, standard output and standard error go to the screen. When
      you write something to the screen it is written immediately without
      buffering. If you write to a file, your characters are put into a buffer
      until there are enough of them to write out efficiently. When you
      <a href=lib_c_d.htm#close>close()</a>
      or <a href=lib_e_g.htm#flush>flush()</a> the file or device, any
      remaining characters are written out.
      Input from
      files is also buffered. When your program terminates, any files that are
      still open will be closed for you automatically.

<dl>
<dt>
 <b><font color="#006633"><_sul>Note:</_sul></font></b>

<dd>
      If a program (written in Euphoria or any other language) has a
      file open for writing, and you are forced to reboot your computer for
      any reason, you should immediately run <b>scandisk</b> to repair any
      damage to the file system that may have occurred.
</dl>

<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#open"
  name="open"
  description="open a file or device"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#close"
  name="close"
  description="close a file or device"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#flush"
  name="flush"
  description="flush out buffered data to a file or device"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#lock_file"
  name="lock_file"
  description="lock a file or device"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#unlock_file"
  name="unlock_file"
  description="unlock a file or device"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#print"
  name="print"
  description="<a name=print></a>print a Euphoria
     object with {,,} to show the structure"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#?"
  name="? x"
  description="<a name=questn></a>shorthand for print(1, x)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#sprint"
  name="sprint"
  description="return a printed Euphoria object as a string sequence"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#printf"
  name="printf"
  description="formatted print to a file or device"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#sprintf"
  name="sprintf"
  description="formatted print returned as a string sequence"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#puts"
  name="puts"
  description="output a string sequence to a file or device"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#getc"
  name="getc"
  description="read the next character from a file or device"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#gets"
  name="gets"
  description="<a name=gets></a>read the next line from a file or device"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#get_bytes"
  name="get_bytes"
  description="<a name=get_bytes></a>read the next n bytes
     from a file or device"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#prompt_string"
  name="prompt_string"
  description="prompt the user to enter a string"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#get_key"
  name="get_key"
  description="<a name=get_key></a>check for key
     pressed by the user, don't wait"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#wait_key"
  name="wait_key"
  description="wait for user to press a key"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#get"
  name="get"
  description="read the representation of any Euphoria object from a file"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#prompt_number"
  name="prompt_number"
  description="prompt the user to enter a number"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#value"
  name="value"
  description="read the representation of any Euphoria object from a string"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#seek"
  name="seek"
  description="move to any byte position within an open file"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#where"
  name="where"
  description="report the current byte position in an open file"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#current_dir"
  name="current_dir"
  description="return the name of the current directory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#chdir"
  name="chdir"
  description="change to a new current directory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#dir"
  name="dir"
  description="return complete info on all files in a directory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#walk_dir"
  name="walk_dir"
  description="recursively walk through all files in a directory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#allow_break"
  name="allow_break"
  description="allow control-c/control-Break to terminate your program or not"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#check_break"
  name="check_break"
  description="check if user has pressed control-c or control-Break"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=mouse_spt></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.8 Mouse Support (DOS32 and Linux)</_dul>

</font>
<p>

<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#get_mouse"
  name="get_mouse"
  description="return mouse \"events\" (clicks, movements)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#mouse_events"
  name="mouse_events"
  description="select mouse events to watch for"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#mouse_pointer"
  name="mouse_pointer"
  description="display or hide the mouse pointer"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=op_sys></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.9 Operating System</_dul>

</font>
<p>

<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#time"
  name="time"
  description="number of seconds since a fixed point in the past"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#tick_rate"
  name="tick_rate"
  description="set the number of clock ticks per second (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#date"
  name="date"
  description="current year, month, day, hour, minute, second etc."
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#command_line"
  name="command_line"
  description="command-line used to run this program"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#getenv"
  name="getenv"
  description="get value of an environment variable"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#system"
  name="system"
  description="execute an operating system command line"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#system_exec"
  name="system_exec"
  description="execute a program and get its exit code"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#abort"
  name="abort"
  description="terminate execution"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#sleep"
  name="sleep"
  description="suspend execution for a period of time"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#platform"
  name="platform"
  description="find out which operating system are we running on"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=machine_dep></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.10 Special Machine-Dependent Routines</_dul>

</font>
<p>

<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#machine_func"
  name="machine_func"
  description="specialized internal operations with a return value"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#machine_proc"
  name="machine_proc"
  description="specialized internal operations with no return value"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=debugging></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.11 Debugging</_dul>

</font>
<p>

<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#trace"
  name="trace"
  description="dynamically turns tracing on or off"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#profile"
  name="profile"
  description="dynamically turns profiling on or off"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=gr_sound></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.12 Graphics & Sound</_dul>

</font>
<p>

      The following routines let you display information on the screen. The
      PC screen can be placed into one of many graphics modes. See the top
      of <font color="#5500FF"><b>include\graphics.e</b></font> for a
      description of the modes. <b>There are two basic types of graphics mode
      available.</b> <font color="#993333"><_bq>Text</_bq> <b>modes</b></font>
      divide the screen up into lines, where each line has a certain number
      of characters.
      <font color="#993333"><_bq>Pixel-graphics</_bq> <b>modes</b></font>
      divide the screen up into many rows of dots, or "pixels". Each pixel
      can be a different color. In text modes you can display text only,
      with the choice of a foreground and a background
      color for each character. In pixel-graphics modes you can display lines,
      circles, dots, and also text.

<p>
      For DOS32 we've included a routine for making sounds on your PC speaker.
      To make more sophisticated sounds, get the <b>Sound Blaster</b> library
      developed by <b>Jacques Deschenes</b>. It's available on the
      <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">Euphoria Web page</a>.

<p>
      <_sul><font color="#006633"><b>The following routines work in all
      text and pixel-graphics modes:</b></font></_sul>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#clear_screen"
  name="clear_screen"
  pos=22
  description="clear the screen"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#position"
  name="position"
  pos=22
  description="set cursor line and column"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#get_position"
  name="get_position"
  pos=22
  description="return cursor line and column"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#graphics_mode"
  name="graphics_mode"
  pos=22
  description="select a new pixel-graphics or text mode (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#video_config"
  name="video_config"
  pos=22
  description="return parameters of current mode"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#scroll"
  name="scroll"
  pos=22
  description="scroll text up or down"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#wrap"
  name="wrap"
  pos=22
  description="control line wrap at right edge of screen"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#text_color"
  name="text_color"
  pos=22
  description="set foreground text color"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#bk_color"
  name="bk_color"
  pos=22
  description="set background color"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#palette"
  name="palette"
  pos=22
  description="change color for one color number (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#all_palette"
  name="all_palette"
  pos=22
  description="change color for all color numbers (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#get_all_palette"
  name="get_all_palette"
  pos=22
  description="get the palette values for all colors (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#read_bitmap"
  name="read_bitmap"
  pos=22
  description="read a bitmap (.bmp) file and return a palette and
     a 2-d sequence of pixels"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#save_bitmap"
  name="save_bitmap"
  pos=22
  description="create a bitmap (.bmp) file, given a palette and a
     2-d sequence of pixels"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#get_active_page"
  name="get_active_page"
  pos=22
  description="return the page currently being written to (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#set_active_page"
  name="set_active_page"
  pos=22
  description="change the page currently being written to (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#get_display_page"
  name="get_display_page"
  pos=22
  description="return the page currently being displayed (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#set_display_page"
  name="set_display_page"
  pos=22
  description="change the page currently being displayed (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#sound"
  name="sound"
  pos=22
  description="make a sound on the PC speaker (DOS32)"
>

</table>

<p>
      <_sul><font color="#006633"><b>The following routines work in text
      modes only:</b></font></_sul>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#cursor"
  name="cursor"
  pos=24
  description="select cursor shape"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#text_rows"
  name="text_rows"
  pos=24
  description="set number of lines on text screen"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#get_screen_char"
  name="get_screen_char"
  pos=24
  description="get one character from the screen"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#put_screen_char"
  name="put_screen_char"
  pos=24
  description="put one or more characters on the screen"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#save_text_image"
  name="save_text_image"
  pos=24
  description="save a rectangular region from a text screen (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#display_text_image"
  name="display_text_image"
  pos=24
  description="display an image on the text screen (DOS32)"
>

</table>

<p>
      <_sul><font color="#006633"><b>The following routines work in
      pixel-graphics modes only (DOS32):</b></font></_sul>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#pixel"
  name="pixel"
  description="set color of a pixel or set of pixels"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#get_pixel"
  name="get_pixel"
  description="read color of a pixel or set of pixels"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#draw_line"
  name="draw_line"
  description="connect a series of graphics points with a line"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#polygon"
  name="polygon"
  description="draw an n-sided figure"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#ellipse"
  name="ellipse"
  description="draw an ellipse or circle"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#save_screen"
  name="save_screen"
  description="save the screen to a bitmap (.bmp) file"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#save_image"
  name="save_image"
  description="save a rectangular region from a pixel-graphics screen"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#display_image"
  name="display_image"
  description="display an image on the pixel-graphics screen"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=m_level_i></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.13 Machine Level Interface</_dul>

</font>
<p>

      We've grouped here a number of routines that you can use to access your
      machine at a low-level. With this low-level machine interface you can
      read and write to memory. You can also set up your own 386+ machine
      language routines and call them.

<p>
      Some of the routines listed below are unsafe, in the sense that Euphoria
      can't protect you if you use them incorrectly. You could crash your
      program or even your system. Under DOS32, if you reference a bad memory
      address it will often be safely caught by the CauseWay DOS extender, and
      you'll get an error message on the screen plus a dump of machine-level
      information in the file <font color="#993333"><b>cw.err</b></font>.
      Under WIN32, the operating system will usually pop up a termination box
      giving a diagnostic message plus register information. Under Linux
      you'll typically get a segmentation violation.

<dl>
<dt>
<a name=safe></a>
<b><font color="#006633"><_sul>Note:</_sul></font></b>

<dd>
      To assist programmers in debugging code involving these unsafe routines,
      we have supplied <font color="#5500FF"><b>safe.e</b></font>, an
      alternative to <font color="#5500FF"><b>machine.e</b></font>. If you copy
      <font color="#5500FF"><b>include\safe.e</b></font> into the directory
      containing your program, and you rename <font color="#5500FF">
      <b>safe.e</b></font> as <font color="#5500FF"><b>machine.e</b></font>
      in that directory, your program will run using safer
      (but slower) versions of these low-level
      routines. <font color="#5500FF"><b>safe.e</b></font> can catch many
      errors, such as poking into a bad memory location.
      See the comments at the top of safe.e for complete instructions on
      how to use it.
</dl>

<p>
      These machine-level-interface routines are important because they
      allow Euphoria programmers
      to access low-level features of the hardware and operating system.
      For some applications this is essential.

<p>
      Machine code routines can be written by hand, or taken from the
      disassembled output of a compiler for C or some other language.
      Pete Eberlein has written a "mini-assembler" for use with Euphoria.
      See the <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com/">Archive</a>.
      Remember that your machine code will be running in 32-bit protected
      mode. See <font color="#5500FF"><b>demo\dos32\callmach.ex</b></font>
      for an example.

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#peek"
  name="peek"
  description="read one or more bytes from memory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#peek4s"
  name="peek4s"
  description="read 4-byte signed values from memory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#peek4u"
  name="peek4u"
  description="read 4-byte unsigned values from memory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#poke"
  name="poke"
  description="write one or more bytes to memory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#poke4"
  name="poke4"
  description="write 4-byte values into memory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#mem_copy"
  name="mem_copy"
  description="copy a block of memory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#mem_set"
  name="mem_set"
  description="set a block of memory to a value"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#call"
  name="call"
  description="call a machine language routine"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#dos_interrupt"
  name="dos_interrupt"
  description="call a DOS software interrupt routine (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#allocate"
  name="allocate"
  description="allocate a block of memory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#free"
  name="free"
  description="deallocate a block of memory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low"
  name="allocate_low"
  description="allocate a block of low memory (address less than 1Mb) (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#free_low"
  name="free_low"
  description="free a block allocated with allocate_low (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#allocate_string"
  name="allocate_string"
  description="allocate a string of characters with 0 terminator"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#register_block"
  name="register_block"
  description="register an externally-allocated block of memory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#unregister_block"
  name="unregister_block"
  description="unregister an externally-allocated block of memory"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#get_vector"
  name="get_vector"
  description="return address of interrupt handler (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#set_vector"
  name="set_vector"
  description="set address of interrupt handler (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#lock_memory"
  name="lock_memory"
  description="ensure that a region of memory will never be swapped out (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#int_to_bytes"
  name="int_to_bytes"
  description="convert an integer to 4 bytes"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#bytes_to_int"
  name="bytes_to_int"
  description="convert 4 bytes to an integer"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#int_to_bits"
  name="int_to_bits"
  description="convert an integer to a sequence of bits"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#bits_to_int"
  name="bits_to_int"
  description="convert a sequence of bits to an integer"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#atom_to_float64"
  name="atom_to_float64"
  description="convert an atom, to a sequence of 8 bytes in IEEE 64-bit
     floating-point format"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_a_b.htm#atom_to_float32"
  name="atom_to_float32"
  description="convert an atom, to a sequence of 4 bytes in IEEE 32-bit
     floating-point format"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#float64_to_atom"
  name="float64_to_atom"
  description="convert a sequence of 8 bytes in IEEE 64-bit floating-point
     format, to an atom"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#float32_to_atom"
  name="float32_to_atom"
  description="convert a sequence of 4 bytes in IEEE 32-bit floating-point
     format, to an atom"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_s_t.htm#set_rand"
  name="set_rand"
  description="set the random number generator so it will generate a
     repeatable series of random numbers"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_u_z.htm#use_vesa"
  name="use_vesa"
  description="force the use of the VESA graphics standard (DOS32)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#crash_file"
  name="crash_file"
  description="specify the file for writing error diagnostics
     if Euphoria detects an error in your program."
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#crash_message"
  name="crash_message"
  description="specify a message to be printed if Euphoria detects an error
     in your program"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=dyn_call></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.14 Dynamic Calls</_dul>

</font>
<p>

      These routines let you call Euphoria procedures and functions using a
      unique integer known as a
      <font color="#993333"><b>routine identifier</b></font>, rather than by
      specifying the name of the routine.

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_p_r.htm#routine_id"
  name="routine_id"
  description="get a unique identifying number for a Euphoria routine"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#call_proc"
  name="call_proc"
  description="call a Euphoria procedure using a routine id"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#call_func"
  name="call_func"
  description="call a Euphoria function using a routine id"
>

</table>

<p>
<hr>

<a name=call_c_func></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.15 Calling C Functions (WIN32 and Linux)</_dul>

</font>
<p>

 See
 <a href="platform.htm#win32plat"><font color="#5500FF"><b>platform.doc</b>
 </font></a> for a description of WIN32 and Linux programming in Euphoria.

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#open_dll"
  name="open_dll"
  description="open a Windows dynamic link library (.dll file)
  or Linux shared library (.so file)"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#define_c_proc"
  name="define_c_proc"
  description="define a C function that is VOID (no value returned), or
     whose value your program will ignore"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#define_c_func"
  name="define_c_func"
  description="define a C function that returns a value that your program
     will use"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#define_c_var"
  name="define_c_var"
  description="get the memory address of a C variable."
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#c_proc"
  name="c_proc"
  description="call a C function, ignoring any return value"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#c_func"
  name="c_func"
  description="call a C function and get the return value"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_c_d.htm#call_back"
  name="call_back"
  description="get a 32-bit machine address for a Euphoria routine for use
     as a call-back address"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#message_box"
  name="message_box"
  description="pop up a small window to get a Yes/No/Cancel response from
     the user"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_e_g.htm#free_console"
  name="free_console"
  description="delete the console text window"
>

<_3clist
  href="lib_h_o.htm#instance"
  name="instance"
  description="get the instance handle for the current program"
>

</table>

<_continue
  href="lib_a_b.htm"
  name="3. Alphabetical Listing of all Routines, From A to B"
>

</_width>
</body>
</html>
LIB_A_B.HTX
22548
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Reference Manual Part II - Section 3</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">

<_center><font color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                3. Alphabetical Listing of all Routines
</font></_center>
<p> <br>

<_routine name="?">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> ? x
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"This is just a shorthand way of saying: <b>print(1, x)</b> -
 i.e. printing the value of an expression to the standard output."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
? {1, 2} + {3, 4}  -- will display {4, 6}

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" ? differs slightly from print() since it will add new-lines to
 make the output more readable on your screen or wherever you
 have directed standard output.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#print\">print</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="abort">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> abort(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Abort execution of the program. The argument i is a small integer
 status value to be returned to the operating system. A value of 0
 generally indicates successful completion of the program. Other
 values can indicate various kinds of errors. DOS batch (.bat)
 programs can read this value using the errorlevel feature.
 A Euphoria program can read this value using system_exec()."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" abort() is useful when a program is many levels deep in
 subroutine calls, and execution must end immediately, perhaps
 due to a severe error that has been detected.
<P>
If you don't use abort(), <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex.exe/exw.exe/exu</b></font>
 will normally return
 an exit status code of 0. If your program fails with a
 Euphoria-detected compile-time or run-time error then a
 code of 1 is returned.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
if x = 0 then
    puts(ERR, "can't divide by 0 !!!\n")
    abort(1)
else
    z = y / x
end if

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#crash_message\">crash_message</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#system_exec\">system_exec</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="all_palette">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b> DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 all_palette(s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Specify new color intensities for the entire set of colors in the
 current graphics mode. s is a sequence of the form:<P>
{{r,g,b}, {r,g,b}, ..., {r,g,b}}
<P>
Each element specifies a new color intensity {red, green, blue}
 for the corresponding color number, starting with color number 0.
 The values for red, green and blue must be in the range 0 to 63."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" This executes much faster than if you were to use palette() to
 set the new color intensities one by one. This procedure can
 be used with read_bitmap() to quickly display a picture on the
 screen.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\bitmap.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_all_palette\">get_all_palette</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#palette\">palette</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#read_bitmap\">read_bitmap</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#video_config\">video_config</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#graphics_mode\">graphics_mode</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="allocate">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 a = allocate(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Allocate i contiguous bytes of memory. Return the address of the
 block of memory, or return 0 if the memory can't be allocated.
 The address returned will be at least 4-byte aligned. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
buffer = allocate(100)
for i = 0 to 99 do
    poke(buffer+i, 0)
end for

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free\">free</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low\">allocate_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek\">peek</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke\">poke</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#call\">call</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="allocate_low">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b> DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 i2 = allocate_low(i1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Allocate i1 contiguous bytes of low memory, i.e. conventional
 memory (address below 1 megabyte). Return the address
 of the block of memory, or return 0 if the memory can't be
 allocated. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" Some DOS software interrupts require that you pass one or
 more addresses in registers. These addresses must be
 conventional memory addresses for DOS to be able to read or
 write to them.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\dosint.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#dos_interrupt\">dos_interrupt</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free_low\">free_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek\">peek</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke\">poke</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="allocate_string">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 a = allocate_string(s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Allocate space for string sequence s. Copy s into this space
 along with a 0 terminating character. This is the format
 expected for C strings. The memory address of the string will
 be returned. If there is not enough memory available,
 0 will be returned. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description="To free the string, use free()."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
atom title

title = allocate_string("The Wizard of Oz")

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\win32\window.exw</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="
  <a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate</a>,
  <a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free\">free</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="allow_break">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include file.e<BR>
 allow_break(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"When i is 1 (true) control-c and control-Break can terminate
 your program when it tries to read input from the keyboard. When
 i is 0 (false) your program will not be terminated by control-c
 or control-Break."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"DOS will display ^C on the screen, even when your program cannot
 be terminated.
<P>
Initially your program can be terminated at any point where
 it tries to read from the keyboard. It could also be terminated
 by other input/output operations depending on options the user
 has set in his <b>config.sys</b> file. (Consult an MS-DOS manual for the BREAK
 command.) For some types of program this sudden termination could leave
 things in a messy state and might result in loss of data.
 allow_break(0) lets you avoid this situation.
<P>
You can find out if the user has pressed control-c or
 control-Break by calling check_break()."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
allow_break(0)  -- don't let the user kill me!

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#check_break\">check_break</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="and_bits">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x3 = and_bits(x1, x2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Perform the logical AND operation on corresponding bits in
 x1 and x2. A bit in x3 will be 1 only if the corresponding
 bits in x1 and x2 are both 1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The arguments to this function may be atoms or sequences. The
 rules for <a href=\"refman_2.htm#26\">operations on sequences</a> apply.
<P>
The arguments must be representable as 32-bit numbers,
 either signed or unsigned.
<P>
If you intend to manipulate full 32-bit values, you should declare your
 variables as <font color=\"#993333\"><b>atom</b></font>, rather than
 integer. Euphoria's integer type is limited to 31-bits.
<P>
Results are treated as signed numbers. They will be
 negative when the highest-order bit is 1.
<P>
To understand the binary representation of a number you
 should display it in hexadecimal notation. Use the %x format
 of <a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#printf\">printf()</a>.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
a = and_bits(#0F0F0000, #12345678)
-- a is #02040000

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
a = and_bits(#FF, {#123456, #876543, #2211})
-- a is {#56, #43, #11}

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 3:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
a = and_bits(#FFFFFFFF, #FFFFFFFF)
-- a is -1
-- Note that #FFFFFFFF is a positive number,
-- but the result of a bitwise logical operation is interpreted
-- as a signed 32-bit number, so it's negative.

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#or_bits\">or_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#xor_bits\">xor_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#not_bits\">not_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#int_to_bits\">int_to_bits</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="append">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> s2 = append(s1, x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Create a new sequence identical to s1 but with x added on the end
 as the last element. The length of s2 will be
 <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#length\">length(s1)</a> + 1. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" If x is an atom this is equivalent to <b>s2 = s1 & x</b>. If x is a
 sequence it is not equivalent.
<P>
The extra storage is allocated automatically and very
 efficiently with Euphoria's dynamic storage allocation.
 The case where s1 and s2 are actually the same variable
 (as in Example 1 below) is highly optimized.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=" You can use append() to dynamically grow a sequence, e.g."
 >
<_eucode>
sequence x

x = {}
for i = 1 to 10 do
    x = append(x, i)
end for
-- x is now {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=" Any kind of Euphoria object can be appended to a sequence, e.g."
 >
<_eucode>
sequence x, y, z

x = {"fred", "barney"}
y = append(x, "wilma")
-- y is now {"fred", "barney", "wilma"}

z = append(append(y, "betty"), {"bam", "bam"})
-- z is now {"fred", "barney", "wilma", "betty", {"bam", "bam"}}

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#prepend\">prepend</a>,
  <a href=\"refman_2.htm#27\">concatenation operator &</a>,
  <a href=\"refman_2.htm#28\">sequence-formation operator</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="arccos">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include misc.e<BR>x2 = arccos(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Return an angle with cosine equal to x1. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" The argument, x1, must be in the range -1 to +1 inclusive.
<P>
A value between 0 and <a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#PI\">PI</a> radians will be
returned.
<P>
This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements
 of a sequence.
<P>
arccos() is not as fast as arctan().
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = arccos({-1,0,1})
-- s is {3.141592654, 1.570796327, 0}

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#cos\">cos</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#arcsin\">arcsin</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#arctan\">arctan</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="arcsin">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\">include misc.e<BR>x2 = arcsin(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Return an angle with sine equal to x1. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" The argument, x1, must be in the range -1 to +1 inclusive.
<P>
A value between -PI/2 and +PI/2 (radians) will be returned.
<P>
This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements
 of a sequence.
<P>
arcsin() is not as fast as arctan().
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = arcsin({-1,0,1})
-- s is {-1.570796327, 0, 1.570796327}

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sin\">sin</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#arccos\">arccos</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#arctan\">arctan</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="arctan">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x2 = arctan(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Return an angle with tangent equal to x1. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" A value between -PI/2 and PI/2 (radians) will be returned.
<P>
This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements
 of a sequence.
<P>
arctan() is faster than arcsin() or arccos().
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = arctan({1,2,3})
-- s is {0.785398, 1.10715, 1.24905}

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#tan\">tan</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#arcsin\">arcsin</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#arccos\">arccos</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="atom">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = atom(x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Return 1 if x is an atom else return 0. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" This serves to define the atom type. You can also call it
 like an ordinary function to determine if an object is an
 atom.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
atom a
a = 5.99

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
object line

line = gets(0)
if atom(line) then
    puts(SCREEN, "end of file\n")
end if

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sequence\">sequence</a>,
               <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#object\">object</a>,
               <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#integer\">integer</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_2.htm#1\">atoms and sequences</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="atom_to_float32">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 s = atom_to_float32(a1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Convert a Euphoria atom to a sequence of 4 single-byte values.
 These 4 bytes contain the representation of an IEEE
 floating-point number in 32-bit format. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" Euphoria atoms can have values which are 64-bit IEEE
 floating-point numbers, so you may lose precision when you convert
 to 32-bits (16 significant digits versus 7). The range of
 exponents is much larger in 64-bit format (10 to the 308, versus
 10 to the 38), so some atoms may be too large or too small to
 represent in 32-bit format. In this case you will get one of the
 special 32-bit values:
 <a href=\"refman_2.htm#inf_nan\">inf or -inf (infinity or -infinity)</a>.
To avoid this, you can use atom_to_float64().
<P>
Integer values will also be converted to 32-bit floating-point
 format.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
fn = open("numbers.dat", "wb")
puts(fn, atom_to_float32(157.82)) -- write 4 bytes to a file

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#atom_to_float64\">atom_to_float64</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#float32_to_atom\">float32_to_atom</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="atom_to_float64">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 s = atom_to_float64(a1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Convert a Euphoria atom to a sequence of 8 single-byte values.
 These 8 bytes contain the representation of an IEEE
 floating-point number in 64-bit format. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" All Euphoria atoms have values which can be represented as
 64-bit IEEE floating-point numbers, so you can convert any atom
 to 64-bit format without losing any precision.
<P>
Integer values will also be converted to 64-bit floating-point
 format.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
fn = open("numbers.dat", "wb")
puts(fn, atom_to_float64(157.82)) -- write 8 bytes to a file

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#atom_to_float32\">atom_to_float32</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#float64_to_atom\">float64_to_atom</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="bits_to_int">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 a = bits_to_int(s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Convert a sequence of binary 1's and 0's into a positive
 number. The least-significant bit is s[1]. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" If you print s the bits will appear in \"reverse\" order, but
 it is convenient to have increasing subscripts access bits of
 increasing significance.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
a = bits_to_int({1,1,1,0,1})
-- a is 23 (binary 10111)

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#int_to_bits\">int_to_bits</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_2.htm#26\">operations on sequences</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="bk_color">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 bk_color(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Set the background color to one of the 16 standard colors. In
 <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics modes</font> the whole
 screen is affected immediately. In
 <font color=\"#CC3366\">text modes</font> any new characters
 that you print will have the new background color."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The 16 standard colors are defined as constants in
 <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>graphics.e</b></font>
<P>
In <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics modes</font>, color 0 which is
 normally BLACK, will be set to the same {r,g,b} palette value as
 color number i.
<p>
In some <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics modes</font>, there is a
 <i>border</i> color that appears at the edges of the screen. In 256-color
 modes, this is the 17th color in the palette. You can control it as you
 would any other color.
<P>
In <font color=\"#CC3366\">text modes</font>, to restore the original
 background color when
 your program finishes, e.g. 0 - BLACK, you must call bk_color(0).
 If the cursor is at the bottom line of the screen, you may have
 to actually print something before terminating your program.
 Printing '\n' may be enough."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
bk_color(BLACK)

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="
  <a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#text_color\">text_color</a>,
  <a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#palette\">palette</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="bytes_to_int">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 a = bytes_to_int(s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Convert a 4-element sequence of byte values to an atom.
 The elements of s are in the order expected for a 32-bit
 integer on the 386+, i.e. least-significant byte first."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The result could be greater than the integer type allows, so you should
 assign it to an <font color=\"#993333\"><b>atom</b></font>.
<P>
s would normally contain positive values that have been read
 using peek() from 4 consecutive memory locations."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
atom int32

int32 = bytes_to_int({37,1,0,0})
-- int32 is 37 + 256*1 = 293

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#int_to_bytes\">int_to_bytes</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#bits_to_int\">bits_to_int</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek\">peek</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek4s\">peek4s</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek4u\">peek4u</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke\">poke</a>"
 >
</table>

<_continue
  href="lib_c_d.htm"
  name="From C to D"
>

</body>
</html>
LIB_C_D.HTX
43490
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Reference Manual Part II - Section 3</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<br>


<_routine name="call">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> call(a)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Call a machine language routine that starts at address a. This
 routine must execute a RET instruction #C3 to return control
 to Euphoria. The routine should save and restore any registers
 that it uses."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"You can allocate a block of memory for the routine and then poke
 in the bytes of machine code. You might allocate other blocks of
 memory for data and parameters that the machine code can operate
 on. The addresses of these blocks could be poked into the
 machine code."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\callmach.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free\">free</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek\">peek</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke\">poke</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke4\">poke4</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="call_back">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include dll.e<br>
 a = call_back(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Get a machine address for the Euphoria routine with
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font> i.
 This address can be
 used by Windows, or an external C routine in a Windows <b>.</b>dll,
 or Linux shared library (.so), as a
 32-bit \"call-back\" address for calling your Euphoria routine."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"You can set up as many call-back functions as you like, but they
 must all be Euphoria functions (or types) with 0 to 8 arguments.
<P>
When your routine is called, the argument values will all be
 32-bit unsigned (positive) values. You should declare each
 parameter of your routine as <font color=\"#993333\"><b>atom</b></font>,
 unless you want to impose
 tighter checking. Your routine must return a 32-bit integer
 value."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\win32\window.exw,
  demo\linux\qsort.exu</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#routine_id\">routine_id</a>,
 <a href=\"platform.htm#callback\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>platform.doc</b>
 </font></a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="c_func">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> a = c_func(i, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Call the C function with <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font> i.
 i must be a valid routine
 id returned by define_c_func(). s is a sequence of argument
 values of length n, where n is the number of arguments required
 by the function. a will be the result returned by the C function."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"If the C function does not take any arguments then s should
 be {}.
 <p>
 If you pass an argument value which contains a fractional part,
 where the C function expects a C integer type, the argument will
  be rounded towards 0. e.g. 5.9 will be passed as 5, -5.9 will be passed
   as -5."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
atom user32, hwnd, ps, hdc
integer BeginPaint

-- open user32.dll - it contains the BeginPaint C function
user32 = open_dll("user32.dll")

-- the C function BeginPaint takes a C int argument and
-- a C pointer, and returns a C int as a result:
BeginPaint = define_c_func(user32, "BeginPaint",
                           {C_INT, C_POINTER}, C_INT)

-- call BeginPaint, passing hwnd and ps as the arguments,
-- hdc is assigned the result:
hdc = c_func(BeginPaint, {hwnd, ps})

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#c_proc\">c_proc</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#define_c_func\">define_c_func</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open_dll\">open_dll</a>,
<a href=\"platform.htm#call_cfunc\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>platform.doc</b>
</font></a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="c_proc">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> c_proc(i, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Call the C function with <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font> i.
 i must be a valid routine
 id returned by define_c_proc(). s is a sequence of argument
 values of length n, where n is the number of arguments required
 by the function."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"If the C function does not take any arguments then s should
 be {}.
 <p>
 If you pass an argument value which contains a fractional part,
 where the C function expects a C integer type, the argument will
 be rounded towards 0. e.g. 5.9 will be passed as 5, -5.9 will be passed
   as -5."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
atom user32, hwnd, rect
integer GetClientRect

-- open user32.dll - it contains the GetClientRect C function
user32 = open_dll("user32.dll")

-- GetClientRect is a VOID C function that takes a C int
-- and a C pointer as its arguments:
GetClientRect = define_c_proc(user32, "GetClientRect",
                              {C_INT, C_POINTER})

-- pass hwnd and rect as the arguments
c_proc(GetClientRect, {hwnd, rect})

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#c_func\">c_func</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#define_c_proc\">define_c_proc</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open_dll\">open_dll</a>,
<a href=\"platform.htm#call_cfunc\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>platform.doc</b>
</font></a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="call_func">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x = call_func(i, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Call the user-defined Euphoria function with
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font> i.
 i must be a valid routine id returned by routine_id(). s must
 be a sequence of argument values of length n, where n is the
 number of arguments required by function i. x will be the
 result returned by function i. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" If function i does not take any arguments then s should be {}.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\csort.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#call_proc\">call_proc</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#routine_id\">routine_id</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="call_proc">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> call_proc(i, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Call the user-defined Euphoria procedure with
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font> i.
 i must be a valid routine id returned by routine_id(). s must be
 a sequence of argument values of length n, where n is the number
 of arguments required by procedure i. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" If procedure i does not take any arguments then s should be {}.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
global integer foo_id

procedure x()
    call_proc(foo_id, {1, "Hello World\n"})
end procedure

procedure foo(integer a, sequence s)
    puts(a, s)
end procedure

foo_id = routine_id("foo")

x()

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#call_func\">call_func</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#routine_id\">routine_id</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="chdir">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include file.e<BR>
 i = chdir(s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Set the current directory to the path given by sequence s. s must name
 an existing directory on the system. If successful, chdir() returns 1.
 If unsuccessful, chdir() returns 0."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"By setting the current directory, you can refer to files in that
 directory using just the file name.
<P>
The function current_dir() will return the name of the current directory.
<P>
On DOS32 and WIN32 the current directory is a global property shared
by all the processes running under one shell. On Linux, a subprocess
can change the current directory for itself, but this won't
affect the current directory of its parent process."

 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
if chdir("c:\\euphoria") then
    f = open("readme.doc", "r")
else
    puts(1, "Error: No euphoria directory?\n")
end if
</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#current_dir\">current_dir</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="check_break">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include file.e<BR>
 i = check_break()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return the number of times that control-c or control-Break have
 been pressed since the last call to check_break(), or since the
 beginning of the program if this is the first call."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"This is useful after you have called allow_break(0) which
 prevents control-c or control-Break from terminating your
 program. You can use check_break() to find out if the user
 has pressed one of these keys. You might then perform some action
 such as a graceful shutdown of your program.
<P>
Neither control-c nor control-Break will be returned as input
 characters when you read the keyboard. You can only detect
 them by calling check_break()."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
k = get_key()
if check_break() then
    temp = graphics_mode(-1)
    puts(1, "Shutting down...")
    save_all_user_data()
    abort(1)
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allow_break\">allow_break</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_key\">get_key</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="clear_screen">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> clear_screen()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Clear the screen using the current background color (may be set
 by bk_color())."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"This works in all <font color=\"#CC3366\">text and pixel-graphics
 modes</font>."
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#bk_color\">bk_color</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#graphics_mode\">graphics_mode</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="close">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> close(fn)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Close a file or device and flush out any still-buffered
 characters. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" Any still-open files will be closed automatically when your
 program terminates.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open\">open</a>,
               <a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#flush\">flush</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="command_line">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> s = command_line()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return a sequence of strings, where each string is a word from
 the <a href=\"refman_1.htm#3\">command-line</a> that started
 your program. The first word will be the path to either the Euphoria
 executable, <b><font color=\"#993333\">ex.exe</font>,
 <font color=\"#993333\">exw.exe</font> </b>or<b>
  <font color=\"#993333\">exu</font></b>,
  or to
 your <font color=\"#993333\"><b>bound executable</b></font> file.
 The next word
 is either the name of your Euphoria main file, or (again) the path
 to your bound executable file. After
 that will come any extra words typed by the user. You can use
 these words in your program."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The Euphoria interpreter itself does not use any
 command-line options. You are free to use any options for your own program.
<P>
If you <font color=\"#993333\"><b>bind</b></font> your program you will
 find that all command-line arguments remain the same, except for the first
 two, even though your user no longer types \"ex\" on the
 command-line (see examples below).
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
-- The user types:  ex myprog myfile.dat 12345

cmd = command_line()

-- cmd will be:
      {"C:\EUPHORIA\BIN\EX.EXE",
       "myprog",
       "myfile.dat",
       "12345"}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
-- Your program is bound with the name "myprog.exe"
-- and is stored in the directory c:\myfiles
-- The user types:  myprog myfile.dat 12345

cmd = command_line()

-- cmd will be:
       {"C:\MYFILES\MYPROG.EXE",
        "C:\MYFILES\MYPROG.EXE", -- spacer
        "myfile.dat",
        "12345"}

-- Note that all arguments remain the same as example 1
-- except for the first two. The second argument is always
-- the same as the first and is inserted to keep the numbering
-- of the subsequent arguments the same, whether your program
-- is bound as a .exe or not.

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#getenv\">getenv</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="compare">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = compare(x1, x2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Return 0 if objects x1 and x2 are identical, 1 if x1 is greater
 than x2, -1 if x1 is less than x2. Atoms are considered to be
 less than sequences. Sequences are compared \"alphabetically\"
 starting with the first element until a difference is found. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
x = compare({1,2,{3,{4}},5}, {2-1,1+1,{3,{4}},6-1})
-- identical, x is 0

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
if compare("ABC", "ABCD") < 0 then   -- -1
    -- will be true: ABC is "less" because it is shorter
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 3:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
x = compare({12345, 99999, -1, 700, 2},
            {12345, 99999, -1, 699, 3, 0})
-- x will be 1 because 700 > 699

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 4:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
x = compare('a', "a")
-- x will be -1 because 'a' is an atom
-- while "a" is a sequence

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#equal\">equal</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_2.htm#23\">relational operators</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_2.htm#26\">operations on sequences</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="cos">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x2 = cos(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Return the cosine of x1, where x1 is in radians. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements
 of a sequence.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
x = cos({.5, .6, .7})

-- x is {0.8775826, 0.8253356, 0.7648422}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sin\">sin</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#tan\">tan</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#log\">log</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sqrt\">sqrt</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="crash_file">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 crash_file(s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Specify a file name, s, for holding error diagnostics if
 Euphoria must stop your program due to a compile-time or
 run-time error. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Normally Euphoria prints a diagnostic message such as
 \"syntax error\" or \"divide by zero\" on the screen, as well as
 dumping debugging information into
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex.err</b></font> in the current directory.
 By calling crash_file()
 you can control the directory and file name where the debugging information
 will be written.
<P>
s may be empty, i.e. \"\". In this case no diagnostics or debugging
information will be written to either a file or the screeen.
s might also be \"NUL\" or \"/dev/null\", in which case diagnostics will
be written to the screen, but the ex.err information will be discarded.

<P>
You can call crash_file() as many times as you like from
 different parts of your program. The file specified by the
 last call will be the one used.
<P>
Unless you suppress it, you will always get a crash file
when a compile-time error (syntax, undeclared variable etc.) occurs.
In the case of a run-time error (subscript out of bounds, uninitialized
 variable, divide by zero etc.) your program must be executed
 by the Complete Edition interpreter, or have been
 <font color=\"993333\"><b>bound</b></font>,
 or be under 300 statements."
>

<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
crash_file("\\tmp\\mybug")

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#abort\">abort</a>,
               <a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#crash_message\">crash_message</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_3.htm\">debugging and profiling</a>"
 >
</table>

<_routine name="crash_message">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 crash_message(s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Specify a string, s, to be printed on the screen in the event
 that Euphoria must stop your program due to a compile-time or
 run-time error. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" Normally Euphoria prints a diagnostic message such as
 \"syntax error\" or \"divide by zero\" on the screen, as well as
 dumping debugging information into
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex.err</b></font>. Euphoria's error
 messages will not be meaningful for your users unless they
 happen to be Euphoria programmers. By calling crash_message()
 you can control the message that will appear on the screen.
 Debugging information will still be stored in
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex.err</b></font>. You won't
 lose any information by doing this.
<P>
s may contain '\n', new-line characters, so your message can
 span several lines on the screen. Euphoria will switch to the
 top of a clear <font color=\"#CC3366\">text-mode</font> screen
 before printing your message.
<P>
You can call crash_message() as many times as you like from
 different parts of your program. The message specified by the
 last call will be the one displayed.
<P>
Your crash message will always be displayed if a compile-time
 error (syntax, undeclared variable etc.) occurs. In the case of
 a run-time error (subscript out of bounds, uninitialized
 variable, divide by zero etc.) your program must be executed
 by the Complete Edition interpreter, or have been
 <font color=\"993333\"><b>bound</b></font>,
 or be under 300 statements.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
crash_message("An unexpected error has occurred!\n" &
              "Please contact [e-mail]\n" &
              "Do not delete the file \"ex.err\".\n")

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#abort\">abort</a>,
               <a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#crash_file\">crash_file</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_3.htm\">debugging and profiling</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="current_dir">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include file.e<BR>
 s = current_dir()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Return the name of the current working directory. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
sequence s
s = current_dir()
-- s would have "C:\EUPHORIA\DOC" if you were in that directory

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#dir\">dir</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#chdir\">chdir</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#getenv\">getenv</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="cursor">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 cursor(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Select a style of cursor. <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>graphics.e</b></font>
 contains:"
 >
<_eucode>
    global constant NO_CURSOR = #2000,
             UNDERLINE_CURSOR = #0607,
       THICK_UNDERLINE_CURSOR = #0507,
            HALF_BLOCK_CURSOR = #0407,
                 BLOCK_CURSOR = #0007
</_eucode>
 <_2clist
  name=""
  description=
"The second and fourth hex digits (from the left) determine the
 top and bottom rows of pixels in the cursor. The first digit
 controls whether the cursor will be visible or not. For example,
 #0407 turns on the 4th through 7th rows."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"In <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics modes</font> no cursor is
 displayed.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
cursor(BLOCK_CURSOR)

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#graphics_mode\">graphics_mode</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#text_rows\">text_rows</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="custom_sort">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include sort.e<BR>
 s2 = custom_sort(i, s1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Sort the elements of sequence s1, using a compare function with
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font> i. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" Your compare function must be a function of two arguments
 similar to Euphoria's compare(). It will compare two objects
 and return -1, 0 or +1.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\csort.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sort\">sort</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#compare\">compare</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#routine_id\">routine_id</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="date">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> s = date()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return a sequence with the following information:"
 >
<_eucode>
             { year,  -- since 1900
              month,  -- January = 1
                day,  -- day of month, starting at 1
               hour,  -- 0 to 23
             minute,  -- 0 to 59
             second,  -- 0 to 59
    day of the week,  -- Sunday = 1
    day of the year}  -- January 1st = 1
</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
now = date()
-- now has: {95,3,24,23,47,38,6,83}
-- i.e. Friday March 24, 1995 at 11:47:38pm, day 83 of the year

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The value returned for the year is actually the number of years since 1900
 (<font color=\"#CC0099\"><b><i>not</i></b></font> the last 2 digits of the
 year). In the year 2000 this value will be 100. In 2001 it will be 101, etc."
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#time\">time</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="define_c_func">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include dll.e<BR>
 i1 = define_c_func(a, s1, s2, i2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Define the characteristics of a C function that you wish to
 call from your Euphoria program. A small integer, known as a
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font>, will be
 returned, or -1 if the function can't be found. a is an address
 returned by open_dll(). s1 is the name of the function. s2 is a
 list of the parameter types for the function. i2 is the return
 type of the function. A list of C types is contained in
 <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>dll.e</b></font>:"
 >
<_eucode>
    global constant C_CHAR = #01000001,
                   C_UCHAR = #02000001,
                   C_SHORT = #01000002,
                  C_USHORT = #02000002,
                     C_INT = #01000004,
                    C_UINT = #02000004,
                    C_LONG = C_INT,
                   C_ULONG = C_UINT,
                 C_POINTER = C_ULONG,
                   C_FLOAT = #03000004,
                  C_DOUBLE = #03000008
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font>, i1, can be
 passed to c_func() when you want to call the C function.
<P>
You can pass or return any C integer type or pointer type.
 You can also pass a Euphoria atom as a C double, and get
 a C double returned to you as a Euphoria atom.
<P>
In C (on WIN32 and Linux), parameter types which use 4 bytes or less are all passed the
 same way, so it is not necessary to be exact. However the
 distinction between signed and unsigned may be important when
 you specify the return type of a function.
<P>
Currently, there is no way to pass a C structure by value or
 get a C structure as a return result. You can only pass a pointer
 to a structure and get a pointer to a structure as a result.
<P>
If you are not interested in using the value returned by the
 C function, you should instead define it with define_c_proc()
 and call it with c_proc().
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
atom user32
integer LoadIcon

-- open user32.dll - it contains the LoadIconA C function
user32 = open_dll("user32.dll")

-- It takes a C pointer and a C int as parameters.
-- It returns a C int as a result.
LoadIcon = define_c_func(user32, "LoadIconA",
                         {C_POINTER, C_INT}, C_INT)
if LoadIcon = -1 then
    puts(1, "LoadIconA could not be found!\n")
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#c_func\">c_func</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#define_c_proc\">define_c_proc</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#c_proc\">c_proc</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open_dll\">open_dll</a>,
<a href=\"platform.htm#call_cfunc\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>platform.doc</b>
</font></a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="define_c_proc">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include dll.e<BR>
 i1 = define_c_proc(a, s1, s2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Define the characteristics of a C function that you wish to
 call as a procedure from your Euphoria program. A small integer, known as
 a <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font>,
 will be returned, or -1 if the function can't be found. a is an
 address returned by open_dll(). s1 is the name of the function.
 s2 is a list of the parameter types for the function. A list of
 C types is contained in <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>dll.e</b></font>. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font>, i1, can be
 passed to c_proc(), when you want to call the C function.
<P>
You can pass any C integer type or pointer type.
 You can also pass a Euphoria atom as a C double.
<P>
In C (on WIN32 and Linux), parameter types which use 4 bytes or less are
 all passed the same way, so it is not necessary to be exact.
<P>
Currently, there is no way to pass a C structure by value.
 You can only pass a pointer to a structure.
<P>
The C function can return a value but it will be ignored.
 If you want to use the value returned by the C function,
 you must instead define it with define_c_func() and call it
 with c_func()."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
atom user32
integer ShowWindow

-- open user32.dll - it contains the ShowWindow C function
user32 = open_dll("user32.dll")

-- It has 2 parameters that are both C int.
ShowWindow = define_c_proc(user32, "ShowWindow", {C_INT, C_INT})
if ShowWindow = -1 then
    puts(1, "ShowWindow not found!\n")
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#c_proc\">c_proc</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#define_c_func\">define_c_func</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#c_func\">c_func</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open_dll\">open_dll</a>,
<a href=\"platform.htm#call_cfunc\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>platform.doc</b>
</font></a>"
 >
</table>

<_routine name="define_c_var">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include dll.e<BR>
 a1 = define_c_var(a2, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"a2 is the address of a Linux shared
 library, as returned by open_dll().
 s is the name of a global C variable defined within the library.
 a1 will be the memory address of variable s."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description="Once you have the address of a C variable, and you know
  its type, you can use peek() and poke() to read or write the value
  of the variable."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="euphoria/demo/linux/mylib.exu"
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#c_proc\">c_proc</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#define_c_func\">define_c_func</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#c_func\">c_func</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open_dll\">open_dll</a>,
<a href=\"platform.htm#call_cfunc\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>platform.doc</b>
</font></a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="dir">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include file.e<BR>
 x = dir(st)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return directory information for the file or directory named by
 st. If there is no file or directory with this name then -1 is
 returned. st can contain * and ? wildcards to select multiple
 files.
<P>
<a name=dir_entry></a>
This information is similar to what you would get from the DOS
 DIR command. A sequence is returned where each element is a
 sequence that describes one file or subdirectory.
<P>
If st names a <b>directory</b> you may have entries for \".\" and \"..\",
 just as with the DOS DIR command. If st names a <b>file</b> then x will
 have just one entry,
 i.e. <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#length\">length(x)</a> will
 be 1. If st contains wildcards you may have multiple entries.
<P>
Each entry contains the name, attributes and file size as well as
 the year, month, day, hour, minute and second of the last modification.
 You can refer to the elements of an entry with the following constants
 defined in <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>file.e</b></font>:"
 >
<_eucode>
    global constant D_NAME = 1,
              D_ATTRIBUTES = 2,
                    D_SIZE = 3,

                    D_YEAR = 4,
                   D_MONTH = 5,
                     D_DAY = 6,

                    D_HOUR = 7,
                  D_MINUTE = 8,
                  D_SECOND = 9
</_eucode>

<_2clist
 name=""
 description=
"The attributes element is a string sequence containing
 characters chosen from:"
 >
<_eucode>
    'd' -- directory
    'r' -- read only file
    'h' -- hidden file
    's' -- system file
    'v' -- volume-id entry
    'a' -- archive file
</_eucode>

<_2clist
 name=""
 description=
"A normal file without special attributes would just have an empty
 string, \"\", in this field.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" The top level directory, e.g. c:\ does not have \".\" or \"..\"
 entries.
<P>
This function is often used just to test if a file or
 directory exists.
<P>
Under <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32</b></font>, st can have a long file
 or directory name anywhere in the path.
<P>
Under <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>Linux</b></font>, the only attribute
 currently available is 'd'.
<P>
<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32:</b></font> The file name returned
 in D_NAME will be a standard DOS 8.3 name. (See
 <a href=\"http://www.RapidEuphoria.com/exestuff.htm\">Archive
 Web page</a> for a better solution).
<P>
<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32:</b></font> The file name returned
 in D_NAME will be a long file name."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
d = dir(current_dir())

-- d might have:
  {
    {".",    "d",     0  1994, 1, 18,  9, 30, 02},
    {"..",   "d",     0  1994, 1, 18,  9, 20, 14},
    {"fred", "ra", 2350, 1994, 1, 22, 17, 22, 40},
    {"sub",  "d" ,    0, 1993, 9, 20,  8, 50, 12}
  }

d[3][D_NAME] would be "fred"

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Programs:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>bin\search.ex</b></font>,
  <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>bin\install.ex</b></font>"
 >

<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#wildcard_file\">wildcard_file</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#current_dir\">current_dir</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open\">open</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="display_image">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 display_image(s1, s2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Display at point s1 on a <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics</font>
 screen the 2-d sequence
 of pixels contained in s2. s1 is a two-element sequence {x, y}.
 s2 is a sequence of sequences, where each sequence is one
 horizontal row of pixel colors to be displayed. The first pixel
 of the first sequence is displayed at s1. It is the top-left
 pixel. All other pixels appear to the right or below of this
 point. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" s2 might be the result of a previous call to save_image(), or
 read_bitmap(), or it could be something you have created.
<P>
The sequences (rows) of the image do not have to all be the
 same length.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
display_image({20,30}, {{7,5,9,4,8},
                        {2,4,1,2},
                        {1,0,1,0,4,6,1},
                        {5,5,5,5,5,5}})
-- This will display a small image containing 4 rows of
-- pixels. The first pixel (7) of the top row will be at
-- {20,30}. The top row contains 5 pixels. The last row
-- contains 6 pixels ending at {25,33}.

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\bitmap.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#save_image\">save_image</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#read_bitmap\">read_bitmap</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#display_text_image\">display_text_image</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="display_text_image">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 display_text_image(s1, s2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Display the 2-d sequence of characters and attributes contained
 in s2 at line s1[1], column s1[2]. s2 is a sequence of sequences,
 where each sequence is a string of characters and attributes to
 be displayed. The top-left character is displayed at s1. Other
 characters appear to the right or below this position. The
 attributes indicate the foreground and background color of the
 preceding character. On DOS32, the attribute should consist of the
 foreground color plus 16 times the background color."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" s2 would normally be the result of a previous call to
 save_text_image(), although you could construct it yourself.
<P>
This routine only works in <font color=\"#CC3366\">text modes</font>.
<P>
You might use save_text_image()/display_text_image() in a text-mode
 graphical user interface, to allow \"pop-up\" dialog boxes, and
 drop-down menus to appear and disappear without losing what was
 previously on the screen.
<P>
The sequences of the text image do not have to all be the same
 length.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
clear_screen()
display_text_image({1,1}, {{'A', WHITE, 'B', GREEN},
                           {'C', RED+16*WHITE},
                           {'D', BLUE}})
-- displays:
     AB
     C
     D
-- at the top left corner of the screen.
-- 'A' will be white with black (0) background color,
-- 'B' will be green on black,
-- 'C' will be red on white, and
-- 'D' will be blue on black.

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#save_text_image\">save_text_image</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#display_image\">display_image</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#put_screen_char\">put_screen_char</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="dos_interrupt">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 s2 = dos_interrupt(i, s1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Call DOS software interrupt number i. s1 is a 10-element
 sequence of 16-bit register values to be used as input to the
 interrupt routine. s2 is a similar 10-element sequence containing
 output register values after the call returns.
 <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>machine.e</b></font> has the following
 declaration which shows the order of
 the register values in the input and output sequences."
 >
<_eucode>
    global constant REG_DI = 1,
                    REG_SI = 2,
                    REG_BP = 3,
                    REG_BX = 4,
                    REG_DX = 5,
                    REG_CX = 6,
                    REG_AX = 7,
                    REG_FLAGS = 8,
                    REG_ES = 9,
                    REG_DS = 10
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" The register values returned in s2 are always positive values
 between 0 and #FFFF (65535).
<P>
The flags value in s1[REG_FLAGS] is ignored on input. On output
 the least significant bit of s2[REG_FLAGS] has the carry flag,
 which usually indicates failure if it is set to 1.
<P>
Certain interrupts require that you supply addresses of blocks of
 memory. These addresses must be conventional, low-memory
 addresses. You can allocate/deallocate low-memory using
 allocate_low() and free_low().
<P>
With DOS software interrupts you can perform a wide variety
 of specialized operations, anything from formatting your
 floppy drive to rebooting your computer. For documentation
 on these interrupts consult a technical manual such as
 Peter Norton's <i>\"PC Programmer's Bible\"</i>, or download Ralf
 Brown's <i>Interrupt List</i> from the Web:
<P>
<a href=\"http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/ralf/pub/WWW/files.html\">
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/ralf/pub/WWW/files.html</a>"
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
sequence registers

registers = repeat(0, 10)  -- no registers need to be set

-- call DOS interrupt 5: Print Screen
registers = dos_interrupt(#5, registers)

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\dosint.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low\">allocate_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free_low\">free_low</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="draw_line">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 draw_line(i, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Draw a line on a <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics</font> screen
 connecting two or more points in s, using color i. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
draw_line(WHITE, {{100, 100}, {200, 200}, {900, 700}})

-- This would connect the three points in the sequence using
-- a white line, i.e. a line would be drawn from {100, 100} to
-- {200, 200} and another line would be drawn from {200, 200} to
-- {900, 700}.

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#polygon\">polygon</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#ellipse\">ellipse</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#pixel\">pixel</a>"
 >
</table>

<_continue
  href="lib_e_g.htm"
  name="From E to G"
>

</body>
</html>
LIB_E_G.HTX
37236
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Reference Manual Part II - Section 3</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<br>


<_routine name="ellipse">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 ellipse(i1, i2, s1, s2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Draw an ellipse with color i1 on a
 <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics</font> screen. The
 ellipse will neatly fit inside the rectangle defined by diagonal
 points s1 {x1, y1} and s2 {x2, y2}. If the rectangle is a square
 then the ellipse will be a circle. Fill the ellipse when i2 is 1.
 Don't fill when i2 is 0. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
ellipse(MAGENTA, 0, {10, 10}, {20, 20})

-- This would make a magenta colored circle just fitting
-- inside the square:
--        {10, 10}, {10, 20}, {20, 20}, {20, 10}.

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\sb.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#polygon\">polygon</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#draw_line\">draw_line</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="equal">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = equal(x1, x2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Compare two Euphoria objects to see if they are the same.
 Return 1 (true) if they are the same. Return 0 (false) if
 they are different. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" This is equivalent to the expression: <b>compare(x1, x2) = 0</b>
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
if equal(PI, 3.14) then
    puts(1, "give me a better value for PI!\n")
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
if equal(name, "George") or equal(name, "GEORGE") then
    puts(1, "name is George\n")
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#compare\">compare</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_2.htm#23\">equals operator (=)</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="find">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = find(x, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Find x as an element of s. If successful, return the index
 of the first element of s that matches. If unsuccessful
 return 0. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
location = find(11, {5, 8, 11, 2, 3})
-- location is set to 3

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
names = {"fred", "rob", "george", "mary", ""}
location = find("mary", names)
-- location is set to 4

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#match\">match</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#compare\">compare</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="float32_to_atom">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 a1 = float32_to_atom(s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Convert a sequence of 4 bytes to an atom. These 4 bytes must
 contain an IEEE floating-point number in 32-bit format. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" Any 32-bit IEEE floating-point number can be converted to an
 atom.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
f = repeat(0, 4)
fn = open("numbers.dat", "rb") -- read binary
f[1] = getc(fn)
f[2] = getc(fn)
f[3] = getc(fn)
f[4] = getc(fn)
a = float32_to_atom(f)

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#float64_to_atom\">float64_to_atom</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#atom_to_float32\">atom_to_float32</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="float64_to_atom">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 a1 = float64_to_atom(s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Convert a sequence of 8 bytes to an atom. These 8 bytes must
 contain an IEEE floating-point number in 64-bit format. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" Any 64-bit IEEE floating-point number can be converted to an
 atom.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
f = repeat(0, 8)
fn = open("numbers.dat", "rb")  -- read binary
for i = 1 to 8 do
    f[i] = getc(fn)
end for
a = float64_to_atom(f)

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#float32_to_atom\">float32_to_atom</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#atom_to_float64\">atom_to_float64</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="floor">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x2 = floor(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Return the greatest integer less than or equal to x1. (Round
 down to an integer.) "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements
 of a sequence.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
y = floor({0.5, -1.6, 9.99, 100})
-- y is {0, -2, 9, 100}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#remainder\">remainder</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="flush">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include file.e<BR>flush(fn)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"When you write data to a file, Euphoria normally stores the data
in a memory buffer until a large enough chunk of data has accumulated.
This large chunk can then be written to disk very efficiently.
Sometimes you may want to force, or flush, all data out immediately,
even if the memory buffer is not full. To do this you must call flush(fn),
where fn is the file number of a file open for writing or appending."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"When a file is closed, (see close()), all buffered data is flushed out.
 When a program terminates, all open files are flushed and closed
 automatically. <P>Use flush() when another process may need to
 see all of the data written so far, but you aren't ready
  to close the file yet."
 >

<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
f = open("logfile", "w")
puts(f, "Record#1\n")
puts(1, "Press Enter when ready\n")

flush(f)  -- This forces "Record #1" into "logfile" on disk.
          -- Without this, "logfile" will appear to have
          -- 0 characters when we stop for keyboard input.

s = gets(0) -- wait for keyboard input

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#close\">close</a>,
               <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#lock_file\">lock_file</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="free">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 free(a)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Free up a previously allocated block of memory by specifying the
 address of the start of the block, i.e. the address that was
 returned by allocate(). "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" Use free() to recycle blocks of memory during execution. This
 will reduce the chance of running out of memory or getting into
 excessive virtual memory swapping to disk. Do not reference
 a block of memory that has been freed. When your program
 terminates, all allocated memory will be returned to the system.
<P>
Do not use free() to deallocate memory that was allocated using
 <a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low\">allocate_low()</a>.
 Use free_low() for this purpose."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\callmach.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free_low\">free_low</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="free_console">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include dll.e<BR>
 free_console()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Free (delete) any console window associated with your program."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Euphoria will create a console <font color=\"CC3366\">text</font> window
 for your program the first time that your program prints something to the
 screen, reads something from the keyboard, or in some way needs a
 console (similar to a DOS-prompt window). On WIN32 this window will
 automatically disappear when your program terminates, but you
 can call free_console() to make it disappear sooner. On Linux, the
 text mode console is always there, but an xterm window will disappear
 after Euphoria issues a \"Press Enter\" prompt at the end of execution.

<p>
 On Linux, free_console()
 will set the terminal parameters back to normal, undoing the effect
 that curses has on the screen.
<p>
In a Linux xterm window, a call to free_console(), without any
further printing to the screen or reading from the keyboard, will eliminate
the \"Press Enter\" prompt that Euphoria normally issues at
the end of execution.
<P>
After freeing the console window, you can create a new console
 window by printing something to the screen, or simply calling
 clear_screen(), <a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#position\">position()</a> or any
 other routine that needs a console.
<P>
When you use the <font color=\"#993333\"><b>trace</b></font> facility,
 or when your program has an
 error, Euphoria will automatically create a console window
 to display trace information, error messages etc.
<P>
There's a WIN32 API routine, FreeConsole() that does something
 similar to free_console(). You should use free_console(),
 because it lets the interpreter know that there is no longer
 a console."
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#clear_screen\">clear_screen</a>,
 <a href=\"platform.htm#win32plat\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>platform.doc</b>
 </font></a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="free_low">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 free_low(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Free up a previously allocated block of conventional memory by
 specifying the address of the start of the block, i.e. the
 address that was returned by allocate_low(). "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" Use free_low() to recycle blocks of conventional memory during
 execution. This will reduce the chance of running out of
 conventional memory. Do not reference a block of memory that has
 been freed. When your program terminates, all allocated memory
 will be returned to the system.
<P>
Do not use free_low() to deallocate memory that was allocated using
 <a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate()</a>. Use free() for this purpose."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\dosint.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low\">allocate_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#dos_interrupt\">dos_interrupt</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free\">free</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="get">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include get.e<BR>
 s = get(fn)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Input, from file fn, a human-readable string of characters
 representing a Euphoria object. Convert the string into the
 numeric value of that object. s will be a 2-element sequence:
 <b>{error status, value}</b>. Error status codes are:"
 >
<_eucode>
    GET_SUCCESS -- object was read successfully
    GET_EOF     -- end of file before object was read
    GET_FAIL    -- object is not syntactically correct
</_eucode>

 <_2clist
  name=""
  description=
"get() can read arbitrarily complicated Euphoria objects. You
 could have a long sequence of values in braces and separated by
 commas, e.g. {23, {49, 57}, 0.5, -1, 99, 'A', \"john\"}.
 <font color=\"#CC0099\"><b>A single call to get() will read in this
 entire sequence and return it's value as a result.</b></font>
<P>
Each call to get() picks up where the previous call left off. For
 instance, a series of 5 calls to get() would be needed to read
 in:
<P>
99 5.2 {1,2,3} \"Hello\" -1
<P>
On the sixth and any subsequent call to get() you would see a
 GET_EOF status. If you had something like:
<P>
{1, 2, xxx}
<P>
in the input stream you would see a GET_FAIL error status
 because xxx is not a Euphoria object.
<P>
Multiple \"top-level\" objects in the input stream must be
 separated from each other with one or more \"whitespace\"
 characters (blank, tab, \r or \n). Whitespace is not necessary
 <b><i>within</i></b> a top-level object. A call to get() will
 read one entire top-level object, plus one additional
 (whitespace) character."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The combination of print() and get() can be used to save a
 Euphoria object to disk and later read it back. This technique
 could be used to implement a database as one or more large
 Euphoria sequences stored in disk files. The sequences could be
 read into memory, updated and then written back to disk after
 each series of transactions is complete. Remember to write out
 a whitespace character (using puts()) after each call to print().
<P>
The value returned is not meaningful unless you have a
 GET_SUCCESS status.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description="Suppose your program asks the user to enter a number from the
  keyboard."
 >
<_eucode>
-- If he types 77.5, get(0) would return:

{GET_SUCCESS, 77.5}

-- whereas gets(0) would return:

"77.5\n"

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\mydata.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#print\">print</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#value\">value</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#gets\">gets</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#getc\">getc</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#prompt_number\">prompt_number</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#prompt_string\">prompt_string</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="get_active_page">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 i = get_active_page()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Some graphics modes on most video cards have
 multiple pages of memory. This lets you write screen output to one page
 while displaying a different page. get_active_page() returns
 the current page number that screen output is being sent to."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" The active and display pages are both 0 by default.
<P>
video_config() will tell you how many pages are available in
 the current graphics mode."
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#set_active_page\">set_active_page</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_display_page\">get_display_page</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#video_config\">video_config</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="get_all_palette">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 s = get_all_palette()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Retrieve color intensities for the entire set of colors in the current
 graphics mode. s is a sequence of the form:<p>
 {{r,g,b}, {r,g,b}, ..., {r,g,b}}
<p>
Each element specifies a color intensity {red, green, blue}
 for the corresponding color number, starting with color
 number 0. The values for red, green and blue will be in the
 range 0 to 63."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" This function might be used to get the palette values needed
 by save_bitmap(). Remember to multiply these values by 4 before
 calling save_bitmap(), since save_bitmap() expects values in the
 range 0 to 255.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#palette\">palette</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#all_palette\">all_palette</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#read_bitmap\">read_bitmap</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#save_bitmap\">save_bitmap</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#save_screen\">save_screen</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="get_bytes">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include get.e<BR>
 s = get_bytes(fn, i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Read the next i bytes from file number fn. Return the bytes
 as a sequence. The sequence will be of length i, except
 when there are fewer than i bytes remaining to be read in the
 file. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"When i > 0 and <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#length\">length(s)</a> < i you know
 you've reached the end of file. Eventually, an
 <a href=\"refman_2.htm#empty_seq\">empty sequence</a> will be returned
 for s."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
include get.e

integer fn
fn = open("temp", "rb")  -- an existing file

sequence whole_file
whole_file = {}

sequence chunk

while 1 do
    chunk = get_bytes(fn, 100) -- read 100 bytes at a time
    whole_file &= chunk        -- chunk might be empty, that's ok
    if length(chunk) < 100 then
        exit
    end if
end while

close(fn)
? length(whole_file)  -- should match DIR size of "temp"

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#getc\">getc</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#gets\">gets</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="get_display_page">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 i = get_display_page()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Some graphics modes on most video cards
 have multiple pages of memory. This lets you write screen output to one page
 while displaying another. get_display_page() returns the current
 page number that is being displayed on the monitor."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The active and display pages are both 0 by default.
<P>
video_config() will tell you how many pages are available in
 the current graphics mode."
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#set_display_page\">set_display_page</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_active_page\">get_active_page</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#video_config\">video_config</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="get_key">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = get_key()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return the key that was pressed by the user, without waiting.
 Return -1 if no key was pressed. Special
 codes are returned for the function keys, arrow keys etc. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The operating system can hold a small number of key-hits in its
 keyboard buffer. get_key() will return the next one from the buffer,
 or -1 if the buffer is empty.
<P>
Run the <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>key.bat</b></font> program to see what
 key code is generated for each key on your keyboard."
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#wait_key\">wait_key</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#getc\">getc</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="get_mouse">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include mouse.e<BR>
 x1 = get_mouse()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return the last mouse event in the form: <b>{event, x, y}</b> or
 return -1 if there has not been a mouse event since the last
 time get_mouse() was called.
<P>
Constants have been defined in
 <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>mouse.e</b></font> for the possible mouse
 events:"
 >
<_eucode>
    global constant MOVE = 1,
               LEFT_DOWN = 2,
                 LEFT_UP = 4,
              RIGHT_DOWN = 8,
                RIGHT_UP = 16,
             MIDDLE_DOWN = 32,
               MIDDLE_UP = 64
</_eucode>

 <_2clist
  name=""
  description=
"x and y are the coordinates of the mouse pointer at the time that
 the event occurred. get_mouse() returns immediately with either
 a -1 or a mouse event. It does not wait for an event to occur.
 You must check it frequently enough to avoid missing an event.
 When the next event occurs, the current event will be lost, if
 you haven't read it. In practice it is not hard to catch almost
 all events. Losing a MOVE event is generally not too serious,
 as the next MOVE will tell you where the mouse pointer is.
<P>
Sometimes multiple events will be reported. For example, if the
 mouse is moving when the left button is clicked, get_mouse()
 will report an event value of LEFT_DOWN+MOVE, i.e. 2+1 or 3.
 For this reason you should test for a particular event using
 and_bits(). See examples below.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"In <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics modes</font> that are 320 pixels
 wide, you need to divide the x value by 2 to get the correct position on
 the screen. (A strange feature of DOS.)
<P>
In DOS32 <font color=\"#CC3366\">text modes</font> you need to scale the x and y
 coordinates to get line and column positions. In Linux, no scaling is
 required - x and y correspond to the line and column on the screen,
 with (1,1) at the top left.
<P>
In DOS32, you need a DOS mouse driver to use this routine. In Linux,
GPM Server must be running.
<p>
In Linux, mouse movement events are not reported in an xterm window,
only in the text console.
<P>
In Linux, LEFT_UP, RIGHT_UP and MIDDLE_UP are not distinguishable
from one another.
<P>
You can use get_mouse() in <font color=\"#CC3366\">most text and
 pixel-graphics modes</font>.
<P>
The first call that you make to get_mouse() will turn on a
 mouse pointer, or a highlighted character.
<P>
DOS generally does not support the use of a mouse in SVGA
 graphics modes (beyond 640x480 pixels). This restriction
 has been removed in Windows 95 (DOS 7.0). <b>Graeme Burke</b>,
 <b>Peter Blue</b> and others have contributed <b>mouse routines</b> that
 get around the problems with using a mouse in SVGA. See the
 Euphoria <a href=\"http://www.RapidEuphoria.com/exestuff.htm\">Archive
 Web page</a>.
<P>
The x,y coordinate returned could be that of the very tip of the
 mouse pointer or might refer to the pixel pointed-to by
 the mouse pointer. Test this if you are trying to read the
 pixel color using <a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_pixel\">get_pixel()</a>. You
 may have to read x-1,y-1 instead."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=" a return value of:"
 >

<_eucode>
{2, 100, 50}
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  description="would indicate that the left button was pressed down when the
 mouse pointer was at location x=100, y=50 on the screen."
 >

<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=" To test for LEFT_DOWN, write something like the following:"
 >

<_eucode>
object event

while 1 do
    event = get_mouse()
    if sequence(event) then
        if and_bits(event[1], LEFT_DOWN) then
            -- left button was pressed
            exit
        end if
    end if
end while

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#mouse_events\">mouse_events</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#mouse_pointer\">mouse_pointer</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#and_bits\">and_bits</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="get_pixel">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x = get_pixel(s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"When s is a 2-element screen coordinate {x, y}, get_pixel()
 returns the color (a small integer) of the pixel on the
 <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics</font> screen
 at that point.<P>
When s is a 3-element sequence of the form: {x, y, n}
 get_pixel() returns a sequence of n colors for the
 points starting at {x, y} and moving to the right {x+1, y},
 {x+2, y} etc.
<P>
Points off the screen have unpredictable color values."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"When n is specified, a very fast algorithm is used to read the
 pixel colors on the screen. It is much faster to call get_pixel()
 once, specifying a large value of n, than it is to call it many
 times, reading one pixel color at a time."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
object x

x = get_pixel({30,40})
-- x is set to the color value of point x=30, y=40

x = get_pixel({30,40,100})
-- x is set to a sequence of 100 integer values, representing
-- the colors starting at {30,40} and going to the right

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#pixel\">pixel</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#graphics_mode\">graphics_mode</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_position\">get_position</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="get_position">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 s = get_position()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return the current line and column position of the cursor as a
 2-element sequence <b>{line, column}</b>. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"get_position() works in both <font color=\"#CC3366\">text and
 pixel-graphics modes</font>.
 In <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics modes</font> no cursor will be
 displayed, but get_position() will return the line and column where the
 next character will be displayed.
<P>
The coordinate system for displaying text is different from the
 one for displaying pixels. Pixels are displayed such that the
 top-left is (x=0,y=0) and the first coordinate controls the
 horizontal, left-right location. In pixel-graphics modes
 you can display both text and pixels. get_position() returns the
 current line and column for the text that you are displaying,
 not the pixels that you may be plotting. There is no
 corresponding routine for getting the current pixel position.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#position\">position</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_pixel\">get_pixel</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="get_screen_char">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 s = get_screen_char(i1, i2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return a 2-element sequence s, of the form
  <b>{ascii-code, attributes}</b> for
 the character on the screen at line i1, column i2. s consists of
 two atoms. The first is the ASCII code for the character. The second
 is an atom that contains the foreground and background color of the character,
 and possibly other information describing the appearance of the character
 on the screen."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description="With get_screen_char() and put_screen_char() you can
   save and restore a character on the screen along with its attributes."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
-- read character and attributes at top left corner
s = get_screen_char(1,1)
-- store character and attributes at line 25, column 10
put_screen_char(25, 10, {s})
</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#put_screen_char\">put_screen_char</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#save_text_image\">save_text_image</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="get_vector">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 s = get_vector(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return the current protected mode far address of the handler
 for interrupt number i. s will be a 2-element sequence:
 <b>{16-bit segment, 32-bit offset}</b>."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = get_vector(#1C)
-- s will be set to the far address of the clock tick
-- interrupt handler, for example: {59, 808}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\hardint.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#set_vector\">set_vector</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#lock_memory\">lock_memory</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="getc">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = getc(fn)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Get the next character (byte) from file or device fn. The character will
 have a value from 0 to 255. -1 is returned at end of file."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"File input using getc() is buffered, i.e. getc() does not actually
 go out to the disk for each character. Instead, a large block of
 characters will be read in at one time and returned to you one
 by one from a memory buffer.
 <p>
 When getc() reads from the keyboard, it will not see any characters until
 the user presses Enter.
 Note that the user can type
 control-Z, which the operating system treats as \"end of file\".
 -1 will be returned."
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#gets\">gets</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_key\">get_key</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#wait_key\">wait_key</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open\">open</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="getenv">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x = getenv(s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return the value of a DOS environment variable. If the variable
 is undefined return -1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" Because either a sequence or an atom (-1) might be returned, you
 should probably assign the result to a variable declared as
 object."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
e = getenv("EUDIR")
-- e will be "C:\EUPHORIA" -- or perhaps D:, E: etc.

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#command_line\">command_line</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="gets">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x = gets(fn)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Get the next sequence (one line, including '\n') of characters
 from file or device fn. The characters will have values from 0
 to 255. The atom -1 is returned on end of file."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Because either a sequence or an atom (-1) might be returned, you
 should probably assign the result to a variable declared as
 object.
<P>
After reading a line of text from the keyboard, you should
 normally output a \n character, e.g. puts(1, '\n'), before
 printing something. Only on the last line of the screen does the
 operating system automatically scroll the screen and advance to
 the next line.
<P>
The last line in a file might not end with a new-line '\n'
 character.
<P>
When your program reads from the keyboard, the user can type
 control-Z, which the operating system treats as \"end of file\".
 -1 will be returned.
<P>
In SVGA modes, DOS might set the wrong cursor position, after a call to
 gets(0) to read the keyboard. You should set it yourself using
 <a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#position\">position()</a>."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
sequence buffer
object line
integer fn

-- read a text file into a sequence
fn = open("myfile.txt", "r")
if fn = -1 then
    puts(1, "Couldn't open myfile.txt\n")
    abort(1)
end if

buffer = {}
while 1 do
    line = gets(fn)
    if atom(line) then
        exit   -- -1 is returned at end of file
    end if
    buffer = append(buffer, line)
end while

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
object line

puts(1, "What is your name?\n")
line = gets(0)  -- read standard input (keyboard)
line = line[1..length(line)-1] -- get rid of \n character at end
puts(1, '\n')   -- necessary
puts(1, line & " is a nice name.\n")

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#getc\">getc</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#puts\">puts</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open\">open</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="graphics_mode">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 i1 = graphics_mode(i2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Select graphics mode i2. See <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>graphics.e</b></font>
 for a list of valid graphics modes. If successful, i1 is set to 0,
 otherwise i1 is set to 1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Some modes are referred to as <font color=\"#CC3366\">text modes</font>
 because they only let you display text. Other modes are referred to as
 <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics modes</font> because you can
 display pixels, lines, ellipses etc., as well as text.
<P>
As a convenience to your users, it is usually a good idea to
 switch back from a pixel-graphics mode to the standard text
 mode before your program terminates. You can do this with
 graphics_mode(-1). If a pixel-graphics program leaves your screen
 in a mess, you can clear it up with the DOS CLS command, or
 by running <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex</b></font> or
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ed</b></font>.
<P>
Some graphics cards will be unable to enter some SVGA modes,
 under some conditions. You can't always tell from the i1 value,
 whether the graphics mode was set up successfully.
<P>
On the <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32</b></font> and
<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>Linux</b></font>
platforms, graphics_mode() will allocate a plain, text mode console if one
does not exist yet. It will then return 0, no matter what value is
passed as i2."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
if graphics_mode(18) then
    puts(SCREEN, "need VGA graphics!\n")
    abort(1)
end if
draw_line(BLUE, {{0,0}, {50,50}})

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#text_rows\">text_rows</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#video_config\">video_config</a>"
 >
</table>

<_continue
  href="lib_h_o.htm"
  name="From H to O"
>

</body>
</html>
LIB_H_O.HTX
28390
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Reference Manual Part II - Section 3</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<br>


<_routine name="instance">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include misc.e<BR>
 i = instance()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return a handle to the current program."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"This handle value can be passed to various Windows routines
 to get information about the current program that is running,
 i.e. your program. Each time a user starts up your program,
 a different instance will be created.
<p>
In C, this is the first parameter to WinMain().
<P>
On <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32 and Linux</b></font>, instance() always returns 0."
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="
 <a href=\"platform.htm#win32plat\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>platform.doc</b>
 </font></a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="int_to_bits">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 s = int_to_bits(a, i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return the low-order i bits of a, as a sequence of 1's and 0's.
 The least significant bits come first. For negative numbers
 the two's complement bit pattern is returned."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"You can use <a href=\"refman_2.htm#21\">subscripting</a>,
 <a href=\"refman_2.htm#22\">slicing</a>,
 <a href=\"refman_2.htm#24\">and/or/xor/not</a> of entire
 sequences etc. to manipulate sequences of bits. Shifting
 of bits and rotating of bits are easy to perform."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = int_to_bits(177, 8)
-- s is {1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1} -- "reverse" order

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#bits_to_int\">bits_to_int</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#and_bits\">and_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#or_bits\">or_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#xor_bits\">xor_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#not_bits\">not_bits</a>,
<a href=\"refman_2.htm#26\">operations on sequences</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="int_to_bytes">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 s = int_to_bytes(a)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Convert an integer into a sequence of 4 bytes. These bytes are in
 the order expected on the 386+, i.e. least-significant byte
 first. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" You might use this routine prior to poking the 4 bytes into
 memory for use by a machine language program.
<P>
The integer can be negative. Negative byte-values will be
 returned, but after poking them into memory you will have
 the correct (two's complement) representation for the 386+.
<P>
This function will correctly convert integer values up to 32-bits. For
 larger values, only the low-order 32-bits are converted. Euphoria's
 integer type only allows values up to 31-bits, so declare your variables as
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>atom</b></font> if you need a larger range."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = int_to_bytes(999)
-- s is {231, 3, 0, 0}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = int_to_bytes(-999)
-- s is {-231, -4, -1, -1}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#bytes_to_int\">bytes_to_int</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#int_to_bits\">int_to_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#bits_to_int\">bits_to_int</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek\">peek</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke\">poke</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke4\">poke4</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="integer">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = integer(x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Return 1 if x is an integer in the range -1073741824 to
 [phone]. Otherwise return 0. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" This serves to define the integer type. You can also call it
 like an ordinary function to determine if an object is an
 integer.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
integer z
z = -1

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
if integer(y/x) then
    puts(SCREEN, "y is an exact multiple of x")
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#atom\">atom</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sequence\">sequence</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#floor\">floor</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="length">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = length(s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Return the length of s. s must be a sequence. An error will
 occur if s is an atom. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" The length of each sequence is stored internally by the
 interpreter for quick access. (In other languages this
 operation requires a search through memory for an end marker.)
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
length({{1,2}, {3,4}, {5,6}})   -- 3

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
length("")    -- 0

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 3:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
length({})    -- 0

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sequence\">sequence</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="lock_file">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include file.e<BR>
 lock_file(fn, i, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description="When multiple processes can simultaneously access a
file, some kind of locking mechanism may be needed to avoid mangling
the contents of the file, or causing erroneous data to be read from the file.
<P>lock_file() attempts to place a lock on an open file, fn, to stop
other processes from using the file while your program is reading it
or writing it. Under Linux, there are two types of locks that
you can request using the i parameter. (Under DOS32 and WIN32 the i parameter
is ignored, but should be an integer.)
Ask for a <b><i>shared</b></i> lock when you intend to read a file, and you want to
temporarily block other processes from writing it. Ask for an
<b><i>exclusive</i></b> lock
when you intend to write to a file and you want to temporarily block other
processes from reading or writing it. It's ok for many processes to
simultaneously have shared locks on the same file, but only one process
can have an exclusive lock, and that can happen only when no other
process has any kind of lock on the file. file.e contains the following
declaration:"
>
<_eucode>
global constant LOCK_SHARED = 1,
        LOCK_EXCLUSIVE = 2
</_eucode>

<_2clist
 name=""
 description="On DOS32 and WIN32 you can lock a specified
 portion of a file using the s parameter. s is a sequence of the
 form: {first_byte, last_byte}.
 It indicates the first byte and last byte in the file,
 that the lock applies to. Specify the empty sequence {},
 if you want to lock the whole file. In the current release for Linux,
 locks always apply to the whole file, and you should specify {}
 for this parameter.
<p>
If it is successful in obtaining the desired lock, lock_file() will
return 1. If unsuccessful, it will return 0. lock_file() does not wait
for other processes to relinquish their locks. You may have to call
it repeatedly, before the lock request is granted."
 >

<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description="On Linux, these locks are called advisory locks, which
    means they aren't enforced by the operating system. It is up to the
    processes that use a particular file to cooperate with each other.
    A process can access a file without first obtaining a lock on it.
    On WIN32 and DOS32, locks are enforced by the operating system."
 >
<_2clist
  name=""
  description="On DOS32, lock_file() is more useful when
   file sharing is enabled. It will typically return 0 (unsuccessful)
   under plain MS-DOS, outside of Windows."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
include misc.e
include file.e
integer v
atom t
v = open("visitor_log", "a")  -- open for append
t = time()
while not lock_file(v, LOCK_EXCLUSIVE, {}) do
    if time() > t + 60 then
        puts(1, "One minute already ... I can't wait forever!\n")
        abort(1)
    end if
    sleep(5) -- let other processes run
end while
puts(v, "Yet another visitor\n")
unlock_file(v, {})
close(v)
 </_eucode>

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#unlock_file\">unlock_file</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#flush\">flush</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sleep\">sleep</a>"
 >
</table>

<_routine name="lock_memory">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 lock_memory(a, i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Prevent the block of virtual memory starting at address a,
 of length i, from ever being swapped out to disk."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Use this to ensure that all code and data required for
 handling interrupts is kept in memory at all times
 while your program is running."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\hardint.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_vector\">get_vector</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#set_vector\">set_vector</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="log">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x2 = log(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return the natural logarithm of x1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements
 of a sequence. Note that log is only defined for positive
 numbers. Your program will abort with a message if you
 try to take the log of a negative number or zero."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
a = log(100)
-- a is 4.60517

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sin\">sin</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#cos\">cos</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#tan\">tan</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sqrt\">sqrt</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="lower">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include wildcard.e<BR>
 x2 = lower(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Convert an atom or sequence to lower case."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = lower("Euphoria")
-- s is "euphoria"

a = lower('B')
-- a is 'b'

s = lower({"Euphoria", "Programming"})
-- s is {"euphoria", "programming"}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#upper\">upper</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="machine_func">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x1 = machine_func(a, x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"see <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#machine_proc\">machine_proc()</a> below"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="machine_proc">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> machine_proc(a, x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Perform a machine-specific operation such as graphics and sound
 effects. This routine should normally be called indirectly via
 one of the library routines in a Euphoria include file. A direct
 call might cause a machine exception if done incorrectly. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#machine_func\">machine_func</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="match">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = match(s1, s2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Try to match s1 against some slice of s2. If successful, return
 the element number of s2 where the (first) matching slice begins,
 else return 0. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
location = match("pho", "Euphoria")
-- location is set to 3

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#find\">find</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#compare\">compare</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#wildcard_match\">wildcard_match</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="mem_copy">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> mem_copy(a1, a2, i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Copy a block of i bytes of memory from address a2 to address a1. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" The bytes of memory will be copied correctly even if the block
 of memory at a2 overlaps with the block of memory at a1.
<P>
mem_copy(a1, a2, i) is equivalent to: <b>poke(a1, peek({a2, i}))</b>
 but is much faster."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
dest = allocate(50)
src = allocate(100)
poke(src, {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9})
mem_copy(dest, src, 9)

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#mem_set\">mem_set</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek\">peek</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke\">poke</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low\">allocate_low</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="mem_set">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> mem_set(a1, i1, i2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Set i2 bytes of memory, starting at address a1, to the value of i1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The low order 8 bits of i1 are actually stored in each byte.
<P>
mem_set(a1, i1, i2) is equivalent to: <b>poke(a1, repeat(i1, i2))</b>
 but is much faster."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
destination = allocate(1000)
mem_set(destination, ' ', 1000)
-- 1000 consecutive bytes in memory will be set to 32
-- (the ASCII code for ' ')

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#mem_copy\">mem_copy</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek\">peek</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke\">poke</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low\">allocate_low</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="message_box">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include msgbox.e<BR>
 i = message_box(s1, s2, x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Display a window with title s2, containing the message string s1.
 x determines the combination of buttons that will be available
 for the user to press, plus some other characteristics. x can be
 an atom or a sequence. A return value of 0 indicates a failure to set up
 the window."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"See <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>msgbox.e</b></font> for a complete list
 of possible values for x and i."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
response = message_box("Do you wish to proceed?",
                       "My Application",
                       MB_YESNOCANCEL)
if response = IDCANCEL or response = IDNO then
    abort(1)
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\win32\email.exw</b></font>"
 >

</table>


<_routine name="mouse_events">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include mouse.e<BR>
 mouse_events(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Use this procedure to select the mouse events that you want
 get_mouse() to report. By default, get_mouse() will report all
 events. mouse_events() can be called at various stages of the
 execution of your program, as the need to detect events changes.
 Under Linux, mouse_events() currently has no effect."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"It is good practice to ignore events that you are not interested
 in, particularly the very frequent MOVE event, in order to reduce
 the chance that you will miss a significant event.
<P>
The first call that you make to mouse_events() will turn on a
 mouse pointer, or a highlighted character."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
mouse_events(LEFT_DOWN + LEFT_UP + RIGHT_DOWN)
-- will restrict get_mouse() to reporting the left button
-- being pressed down or released, and the right button
-- being pressed down. All other events will be ignored.

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_mouse\">get_mouse</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#mouse_pointer\">mouse_pointer</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="mouse_pointer">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include mouse.e<BR>
 mouse_pointer(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"If i is 0 hide the mouse pointer, otherwise turn on the mouse
 pointer. Multiple calls to hide the pointer will require
 multiple calls to turn it back on. The first call to either
 get_mouse() or mouse_events(), will also turn the pointer
 on (once). Under Linux, mouse_pointer() currently has no effect"
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"It may be necessary to hide the mouse pointer temporarily when
 you update the screen.
<P>
After a call to <a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#text_rows\">text_rows()</a> you may
 have to call mouse_pointer(1) to see the mouse pointer again."
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_mouse\">get_mouse</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#mouse_events\">mouse_events</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="not_bits">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x2 = not_bits(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Perform the logical NOT operation on each bit in x1.
 A bit in x2 will be 1 when the corresponding bit in x1
 is 0, and will be 0 when the corresponding bit in x1 is 1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The argument to this function may be an atom or a sequence.
 The rules for <a href=\"refman_2.htm#26\">operations on sequences</a> apply.
<P>
The argument must be representable as a 32-bit number,
 either signed or unsigned.
<P>
If you intend to manipulate full 32-bit values, you should
 declare your variables as <font color=\"#993333\"><b>atom</b></font>,
 rather than integer. Euphoria's integer type is limited to 31-bits.
<P>
Results are treated as signed numbers. They will be
 negative when the highest-order bit is 1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
a = not_bits(#000000F7)
-- a is -248 (i.e. FFFFFF08 interpreted as a negative number)

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#and_bits\">and_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#or_bits\">or_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#xor_bits\">xor_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#int_to_bits\">int_to_bits</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="object">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = object(x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Test if x is of type object. This will always be true, so
 object() will always return 1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"All <a href=\"refman_2.htm#43\">predefined</a> and
 <a href=\"refman_2.htm#type\">user-defined types</a> can also be used as
 functions to test if a value belongs to the type. object()
 is included just for completeness. It always returns 1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
? object({1,2,3})  -- always prints 1

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#integer\">integer</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#atom\">atom</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sequence\">sequence</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="open">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> fn = open(st1, st2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Open a file or device, to get the file number. -1 is returned if
 the open fails. st1 is the path name of the file or device. st2 is
 the mode in which the file is to be opened. Possible modes are:<P>
\"r\" - open text file for reading<BR>
 \"rb\" - open binary file for reading<BR>
 \"w\" - create text file for writing<BR>
 \"wb\" - create binary file for writing<BR>
 \"u\" - open text file for update (reading and writing)<BR>
 \"ub\" - open binary file for update<BR>
 \"a\" - open text file for appending<BR>
 \"ab\" - open binary file for appending<BR>
<P>
Files opened for read or update must already exist. Files opened
 for write or append will be created if necessary. A file opened
 for write will be set to 0 bytes. Output to a file opened for
 append will start at the end of file.
<P>
Output to <b>text files</b> will have carriage-return characters
 automatically added before linefeed characters. On input, these
 carriage-return characters are removed. A control-Z character
 (ASCII 26) will signal an immediate end of file.
<P>
I/O to <b>binary files</b> is not modified in any way. Any byte values
 from 0 to 255 can be read or written.
<P>
Some typical devices that you can open are:
<P>
\"CON\" - the console (screen)<BR>
 \"AUX\" - the serial auxiliary port<BR>
 \"COM1\" - serial port 1<BR>
 \"COM2\" - serial port 2<BR>
 \"PRN\" - the printer on the parallel port<BR>
 \"NUL\" - a non-existent device that accepts and discards output<BR>
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32:</b></font>
 When running under Windows 95/98, you can open any existing file
 that has a long file or directory name in its path (i.e. greater
 than the standard DOS 8.3 format) using any open mode - read,
 write etc. However, if you try to create a <b><i>new</i></b> file (open with
 \"w\" or \"a\" and the file does not already exist) then the name
 will be truncated if necessary to an 8.3 style name. We hope to
 support creation of new long-filename files in a future release.
 <p>
 <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32, Linux:</b></font>
 Long filenames are fully supported for reading and writing and creating."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
integer file_num, file_num95
sequence first_line
constant ERROR = 2

file_num = open("myfile", "r")
if file_num = -1 then
    puts(ERROR, "couldn't open myfile\n")
else
    first_line = gets(file_num)
end if

file_num = open("PRN", "w") -- open printer for output

-- on Windows 95:
file_num95 = open("bigdirectoryname\\verylongfilename.abcdefg",
                  "r")
if file_num95 != -1 then
    puts(1, "it worked!\n")
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#close\">close</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="open_dll">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include dll.e<BR>
 a = open_dll(st)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Open a Windows dynamic link library (<b>.</b>dll) file, or a Linux
shared library (<b>.</b>so) file. A 32-bit address will
 be returned, or 0 if the <b>.</b>dll can't be found. st can be a relative
 or an absolute file name. Windows will use the normal search
 path for locating <b>.</b>dll files."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The value returned by open_dll() can be passed to define_c_proc(),
 define_c_func(), or define_c_var().
<P>
You can open the same <b>.</b>dll or <b>.</b>so file multiple times.
 No extra memory is used and you'll get the same number returned
 each time."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
atom user32
user32 = open_dll("user32.dll")
if user32 = 0 then
    puts(1, "Couldn't open user32.dll!\n")
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#define_c_func\">define_c_func</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#define_c_proc\">define_c_proc</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#define_c_var\">define_c_var</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#c_func\">c_func</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#c_proc\">c_proc</a>,
<a href=\"platform.htm#call_cfunc\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>platform.doc</b>
</font></a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="or_bits">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x3 = or_bits(x1, x2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Perform the logical OR operation on corresponding bits in
 x1 and x2. A bit in x3 will be 1 when a corresponding
 bit in either x1 or x2 is 1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The arguments to this function may be atoms or sequences. The
 rules for <a href=\"refman_2.htm#26\">operations on sequences</a> apply.
<P>
The arguments must be representable as 32-bit numbers,
 either signed or unsigned.
<P>
If you intend to manipulate full 32-bit values, you should declare your
 variables as <font color=\"#993333\"><b>atom</b></font>, rather than
 integer. Euphoria's integer type is limited to 31-bits.
<P>
Results are treated as signed numbers. They will be
 negative when the highest-order bit is 1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
a = or_bits(#0F0F0000, #12345678)
-- a is #1F3F5678

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
a = or_bits(#FF, {#123456, #876543, #2211})
-- a is {#1234FF, #8765FF, #22FF}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#and_bits\">and_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#xor_bits\">xor_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#not_bits\">not_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#int_to_bits\">int_to_bits</a>"
 >
</table>

<_continue
  href="lib_p_r.htm"
  name="From P to R"
>

</body>
</html>
LIB_P_R.HTX
40932
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Reference Manual Part II - Section 3</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<br>


<_routine name="palette">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 x = palette(i, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Change the color for color number i to s, where s is a sequence
 of color intensities: {red, green, blue}. Each value in s can be
 from 0 to 63. If successful, a 3-element sequence containing the
 previous color for i will be returned, and all pixels on the
 screen with value i will be set to the new color. If
 unsuccessful, the atom -1 will be returned. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
x = palette(0, {15, 40, 10})
-- color number 0 (normally black) is changed to a shade
-- of mainly green.

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#all_palette\">all_palette</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="peek">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = peek(a)<BR>
 or ...<BR>
  s = peek({a, i})
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return a single byte value in the range 0 to 255 from machine
 address a, or return a sequence containing i consecutive byte
 values starting at address a in memory."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Since addresses are 32-bit numbers, they can be larger than the largest
 value of type integer (31-bits). Variables that hold an address should
 therefore be declared as <font color=\"#993333\"><b>atoms</b></font>.
<P>
It is faster to read several bytes at once using the second
 form of peek() than it is to read one byte at a time in a loop.
<P>
Remember that peek takes just one argument, which in the
 second form is actually a 2-element sequence."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=" The following are equivalent:"
 >
<_eucode>

-- method 1
s = {peek(100), peek(101), peek(102), peek(103)}

-- method 2
s = peek({100, 4})

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke\">poke</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek4s\">peek4s</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek4u\">peek4u</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free\">free</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low\">allocate_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free_low\">free_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#call\">call</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="peek4s">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> a2 = peek4s(a1)<BR>
 or ...<BR>
  s = peek4s({a1, i})
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return a 4-byte (32-bit) signed value in the range -2147483648 to
 [phone] from machine address a1, or return a sequence
 containing i consecutive 4-byte signed values starting at
 address a1 in memory."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The 32-bit values returned by peek4s() may be too large for the Euphoria
 integer type (31-bits), so you should use
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>atom</b></font> variables.
<P>
Since machine addresses are 32-bit numbers, they can also be too large for
 Euphoria's integer type. Variables that hold an address should therefore
 be declared as <font color=\"#993333\"><b>atoms</b></font>.
<P>
It is faster to read several 4-byte values at once using the
 second form of peek4s() than it is to read one 4-byte value at
 a time in a loop.
<P>
Remember that peek4s() takes just one argument, which in the
 second form is actually a 2-element sequence."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=" The following are equivalent:"
 >
<_eucode>

-- method 1
s = {peek4s(100), peek4s(104), peek4s(108), peek4s(112)}

-- method 2
s = peek4s({100, 4})

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek4u\">peek4u</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek\">peek</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke4\">poke4</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free\">free</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low\">allocate_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free_low\">free_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#call\">call</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="peek4u">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> a2 = peek4u(a1)<BR>
 or ...<BR>
  s = peek4u({a1, i})
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return a 4-byte (32-bit) unsigned value in the range 0 to
 4294967295 from machine address a1, or return a sequence
 containing i consecutive 4-byte unsigned values starting at
 address a1 in memory."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The 32-bit values returned by peek4u() may be too large for the Euphoria
 integer type (31-bits), so you should use
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>atom</b></font> variables.
<P>
Since machine addresses are 32-bit numbers, they can also be too large for
 Euphoria's integer type. Variables that hold an address should therefore
 be declared as <font color=\"#993333\"><b>atoms</b></font>.
<P>
It is faster to read several 4-byte values at once using the
 second form of peek4u() than it is to read one 4-byte value at
 a time in a loop.
<P>
Remember that peek4u() takes just one argument, which in the
 second form is actually a 2-element sequence."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=" The following are equivalent:"
 >
<_eucode>

-- method 1
s = {peek4u(100), peek4u(104), peek4u(108), peek4u(112)}

-- method 2
s = peek4u({100, 4})

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek4s\">peek4s</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek\">peek</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke4\">poke4</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free\">free</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low\">allocate_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free_low\">free_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#call\">call</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="PI">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include misc.e<BR>
 PI
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"PI (3.14159...) has been defined as a global constant."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Enough digits have been used to attain the maximum accuracy
 possible for a Euphoria atom."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
x = PI  -- x is 3.14159...

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sin\">sin</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#cos\">cos</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#tan\">tan</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="pixel">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> pixel(x1, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Set one or more pixels on a <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics</font>
 screen starting at point s, where s is a 2-element screen coordinate {x, y}.
 If x1 is an atom, one pixel will be set to the color indicated by x1.
 If x1 is a sequence then a number of pixels will be set, starting
 at s and moving to the right (increasing x value, same y value)."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"When x1 is a sequence, a very fast algorithm is used to put the
 pixels on the screen. It is much faster to call pixel() once,
 with a sequence of pixel colors, than it is to call it many
 times, plotting one pixel color at a time.
<P>
In graphics mode 19, pixel() is highly optimized."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
pixel(BLUE, {50, 60})
-- the point {50,60} is set to the color BLUE

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
pixel({BLUE, GREEN, WHITE, RED}, {50,60})
-- {50,60} set to BLUE
-- {51,60} set to GREEN
-- {52,60} set to WHITE
-- {53,60} set to RED

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_pixel\">get_pixel</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#graphics_mode\">graphics_mode</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="platform">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\">
 i = platform()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"platform() is a function built-in to the interpreter. It indicates
 the platform that the program is being executed on:
 <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>,
 <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32</b></font> or
 <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>Linux</b></font>."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"When <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex.exe</b></font> is running, the platform
 is DOS32. When <font color=\"#993333\"><b>exw.exe</b></font>
 is running the platform is WIN32. When
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>exu</b></font> is running the platform is LINUX
<P>
The include file <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>misc.e</b></font> contains the
 following constants:"
 >
<_eucode>
    global constant DOS32 = 1,
                    WIN32 = 2,
                    LINUX = 3
</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name=""
  description=
"Use platform() when you want to execute different code depending
 on which platform the program is running on.

<P>
 Additional platforms will be added as Euphoria is ported to new
 machines and operating environments.

<P>
 The call to platform() costs nothing. It is optimized
 at compile-time into the appropriate integer value: 1, 2 or 3."

 >

<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
if platform() = WIN32 then
    -- call system Beep routine
    err = c_func(Beep, {0,0})
elsif platform() = DOS32 then
    -- make beep
    sound(500)
    t = time()
    while time() < t + 0.5 do
    end while
    sound(0)
else
    -- do nothing (Linux)
end if

 </_eucode>

<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="
 <a href=\"platform.htm\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>platform.doc</b>
 </font></a>"
>
</table>


<_routine name="poke">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> poke(a, x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"If x is an atom, write a single byte value to memory address a.<P>
If x is a sequence, write a sequence of byte values to
 consecutive memory locations starting at location a."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The lower 8-bits of each byte value, i.e. <b>remainder(x, 256)</b>,
 is actually stored in memory.
<P>
It is faster to write several bytes at once by poking a sequence
 of values, than it is to write one byte at a time in a loop.
<P>
Writing to the screen memory with poke() can be much faster than using
 <a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#puts\">puts()</a> or
 <a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#printf\">printf()</a>, but the programming is more
 difficult. In most cases the speed is not needed. For example, the Euphoria
 editor, <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ed</b></font>, never uses poke()."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
a = allocate(100)   -- allocate 100 bytes in memory

-- poke one byte at a time:
poke(a, 97)
poke(a+1, 98)
poke(a+2, 99)

-- poke 3 bytes at once:
poke(a, {97, 98, 99})

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\callmach.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek\">peek</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke4\">poke4</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free\">free</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low\">allocate_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free_low\">free_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#call\">call</a>,
<a href=\"library.htm#safe\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>safe.e</b></font></a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="poke4">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> poke4(a, x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"If x is an atom, write a 4-byte (32-bit) value to memory
 address a.<P>
If x is a sequence, write a sequence of 4-byte values to
 consecutive memory locations starting at location a."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The value or values to be stored must not exceed 32-bits in size.
<P>
It is faster to write several 4-byte values at once by poking
 a sequence of values, than it is to write one 4-byte value at a
 time in a loop.
<P>
The 4-byte values to be stored can be negative or positive.
 You can read them back with either peek4s() or peek4u()."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
a = allocate(100)   -- allocate 100 bytes in memory

-- poke one 4-byte value at a time:
poke4(a, 9712345)
poke4(a+4, #FF00FF00)
poke4(a+8, -12345)

-- poke 3 4-byte values at once:
poke4(a, {9712345, #FF00FF00, -12345})

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek4u\">peek4u</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek4s\">peek4s</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke\">poke</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low\">allocate_low</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#call\">call</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="polygon">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 polygon(i1, i2, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Draw a polygon with 3 or more vertices given in s, on a
 <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics</font> screen using a certain
 color i1. Fill the area if i2 is 1. Don't fill if i2 is 0."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
polygon(GREEN, 1, {{100, 100}, {200, 200}, {900, 700}})
-- makes a solid green triangle.

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#draw_line\">draw_line</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#ellipse\">ellipse</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="position">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> position(i1, i2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Set the cursor to line i1, column i2, where the top left corner
 of the screen is line 1, column 1. The next character displayed
 on the screen will be printed at this location. position() will
 report an error if the location is off the screen."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"position() works in both <font color=\"#CC3366\">text and pixel-graphics
 modes</font>.
<p>
The coordinate system for displaying text is different from the one for
 displaying pixels. Pixels are displayed such that the top-left is (x=0,y=0)
 and the first coordinate controls the horizontal, left-right location.
 In <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics modes</font>
 you can display both text and pixels. position() only sets the
 line and column for the text that you display, not the pixels
 that you plot. There is no corresponding routine for setting
 the next pixel position."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
position(2,1)
-- the cursor moves to the beginning of the second line from
-- the top

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_position\">get_position</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#puts\">puts</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#print\">print</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#printf\">printf</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="power">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x3 = power(x1, x2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Raise x1 to the power x2"
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The arguments to this function may be atoms or sequences. The
 rules for <a href=\"refman_2.htm#26\">operations on sequences</a> apply.
<P>
Powers of 2 are calculated very efficiently."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
? power(5, 2)
-- 25 is printed

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
? power({5, 4, 3.5}, {2, 1, -0.5})
-- {25, 4, 0.534522} is printed

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 3:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
? power(2, {1, 2, 3, 4})
-- {2, 4, 8, 16}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 4:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
? power({1, 2, 3, 4}, 2)
-- {1, 4, 9, 16}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#log\">log</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sqrt\">sqrt</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="prepend">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> s2 = prepend(s1, x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Prepend x to the start of sequence s1. The length of s2 will be
 <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#length\">length(s1)</a> + 1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"If x is an atom this is the same as <b>s2 = x & s1</b>. If x is a
 sequence it is definitely not the same.
<P>
The case where s1 and s2 are the same variable is handled
 very efficiently."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
prepend({1,2,3}, {0,0})   -- {{0,0}, 1, 2, 3}

-- Compare with concatenation:

{0,0} & {1,2,3}           -- {0, 0, 1, 2, 3}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = {}
for i = 1 to 10 do
    s = prepend(s, i)
end for
-- s is {10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#append\">append</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_2.htm#27\">concatenation operator &</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_2.htm#28\">sequence-formation operator</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="print">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> print(fn, x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Print, to file or device fn, an object x with braces { , , , }
 to show the structure."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
print(1, "ABC")  -- output is:  {65, 66, 67}
puts(1, "ABC")   -- output is:  ABC

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
print(1, repeat({10,20}, 3))
-- output is: {{10,20},{10,20},{10,20}}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#?\">?</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#puts\">puts</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#printf\">printf</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get\">get</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="printf">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> printf(fn, st, x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Print x, to file or device fn, using format string st. If x is
 an atom then a single value will be printed. If x is a sequence,
 then formats from st are applied to <b><i>successive elements</i></b> of x.
 Thus printf() always takes exactly 3 arguments. Only the length of
 the last argument, containing the values to be printed, will
 vary. The basic formats are:<P>
 %d - print an atom as a decimal integer<BR>
 %x - print an atom as a hexadecimal integer<BR>
 %o - print an atom as an octal integer<BR>
 %s - print a sequence as a string of characters, or print an atom as
 a single character<BR>
 %e - print an atom as a floating point number with exponential
 notation<BR>
 %f - print an atom as a floating-point number with a decimal
 point but no exponent<BR>
 %g - print an atom as a floating point number using either
 the %f or %e format, whichever seems more appropriate<BR>
 %% - print the '%' character itself<BR>
<P>
Field widths can be added to the basic formats, e.g. %5d, %8.2f,
 %10.4s. The number before the decimal point is the minimum field
 width to be used. The number after the decimal point is the
 precision to be used.
<P>
If the field width is negative, e.g. %-5d then the value will be
 left-justified within the field. Normally it will be right-justified.
 If the field width starts with a leading 0, e.g. %08d
 then leading zeros will be supplied to fill up the field. If the
 field width starts with a '+' e.g. %+7d then a plus sign will be
 printed for positive values."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Watch out for the following common mistake:"
>
<_eucode>
    name="John Smith"
    printf(1, "%s", name)     -- error!
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  description=
"This will print only the first character, J, of name, as each element
 of name is taken to be a separate value to be formatted. You must
 say this instead:"
 >
<_eucode>
    name="John Smith"
    printf(1, "%s", {name})   -- correct
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  description=
"Now, the third argument of printf() is a one-element sequence
 containing the item to be formatted."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
rate = 7.875
printf(myfile, "The interest rate is: %8.2f\n", rate)

      The interest rate is:     7.88

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
name="John Smith"
score=97
printf(1, "%15s, %5d\n", {name, score})

      John Smith,    97

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 3:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
printf(1, "%-10.4s $ %s", {"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP", "XXX"})

      ABCD       $ XXX

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sprintf\">sprintf</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#puts\">puts</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open\">open</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="profile">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> profile(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Enable or disable profiling at run-time. This works for both
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>execution-count</b></font> and
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>time-profiling</b></font>.
 If i is 1 then profiling will be enabled, and samples/counts will be
 recorded. If i is 0 then profiling will be disabled and
 samples/counts will not be recorded."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"After a \"<b>with profile</b>\" or \"<b>with profile_time</b>\" statement,
 profiling is turned on automatically. Use profile(0) to
 turn it off. Use profile(1) to turn it back on when
 execution reaches the code that you wish to focus the
 profile on."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
with profile_time
profile(0)
  ...
procedure slow_routine()
profile(1)
  ...
profile(0)
end procedure

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#trace\">trace</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_3.htm#2\">profiling</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_2.htm#6\">special top-level statements</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="prompt_number">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include get.e<BR>
 a = prompt_number(st, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Prompt the user to enter a number. st is a string of text that will be
 displayed on the screen. s is a sequence of two values {lower, upper}
 which determine the range of values that the user may enter. If the user
 enters a number that is less than lower or greater than upper, he will
 be prompted again. s can be <a href=\"refman_2.htm#empty_seq\">empty</a>,
 {}, if there are no restrictions."
 >

<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description="If this routine is too simple for your needs, feel free to
     copy it and make your own more specialized version."
>

<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
age = prompt_number("What is your age? ", {0, 150})

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
t = prompt_number("Enter a temperature in Celcius:\n", {})

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get\">get</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#prompt_string\">prompt_string</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="prompt_string">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include get.e<BR>
 s = prompt_string(st)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Prompt the user to enter a string of text. st is a string that
 will be displayed on the screen. The string that the user types
 will be returned as a sequence, minus any new-line character. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" If the user happens to type control-Z (indicates end-of-file),
  \"\" will be returned.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
name = prompt_string("What is your name? ")

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#gets\">gets</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#prompt_number\">prompt_number</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="put_screen_char">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
  put_screen_char(i1, i2, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Write zero or more characters onto the screen along with their attributes.
i1 specifies the line, and i2 specifies the column where the first
character should be written. The sequence s looks
like: {ascii-code1, attribute1, ascii-code2, attribute2, ...}.
Each pair of elements in s describes one character. The ascii-code
atom contains the ASCII code of the character. The attributes atom contains
the foreground color, background color, and possibly other platform-dependent
information controlling how the character is displayed on the screen."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The length of s must be a multiple of 2. If s has 0 length, nothing
 will be written to the screen.<p>
 It's faster to write several characters to the screen with a single
 call to put_screen_char() than it is to write one character at a time."
>
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
-- write AZ to the top left of the screen
-- (attributes are platform-dependent)
put_screen_char(1, 1, {'A', 152, 'Z', 131})
 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_screen_char\">get_screen_char</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#display_text_image\">display_text_image</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="puts">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> puts(fn, x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Output, to file or device fn, a single byte (atom) or sequence
 of bytes. The low order 8-bits of each value is actually sent
 out. If fn is the screen you will see text characters displayed."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"When you output a sequence of bytes it must not have any (sub)sequences
 within it. It must be a
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>sequence of atoms</b></font> only.
 (Typically a string of ASCII codes)."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
puts(SCREEN, "Enter your first name: ")

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
puts(output, 'A')  -- the single byte 65 will be sent to output

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#printf\">printf</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#gets\">gets</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open\">open</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="rand">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x2 = rand(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return a random integer from 1 to x1, where x1 may be from 1 to
 the largest positive value of type integer (1073741823)."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements
 of a sequence."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = rand({10, 20, 30})
-- s might be: {5, 17, 23} or {9, 3, 12} etc.

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#set_rand\">set_rand</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="read_bitmap">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face =\"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 x = read_bitmap(st)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"st is the name of a .bmp \"bitmap\" file. The file should be in
 the bitmap format. The most common variations of the format
 are supported. If the file is read successfully the result will
 be a 2-element sequence. The first element is the palette,
 containing intensity values in the range 0 to 255. The
 second element is a 2-d sequence of sequences containing a
 pixel-graphics image. You can pass the palette to all_palette()
 (after dividing it by 4 to scale it). The image can be passed
 to display_image().<P>
Bitmaps of 2, 4, 16 or 256 colors are supported. If the file is
 not in a good format, an error code (atom) is returned instead:"
 >

<_eucode>
    global constant BMP_OPEN_FAILED = 1,
                 BMP_UNEXPECTED_EOF = 2,
             BMP_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT = 3
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"You can create your own bitmap picture files using Windows
 Paintbrush and many other graphics programs. You can then
 incorporate these pictures into your Euphoria programs."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
x = read_bitmap("c:\\windows\\arcade.bmp")
-- note: double backslash needed to get single backslash in
-- a string

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\bitmap.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#palette\">palette</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#all_palette\">all_palette</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#display_image\">display_image</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#save_bitmap\">save_bitmap</a>"
 >
</table>

<_routine name="register_block">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
 name="Syntax:"
 description="<font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e (or safe.e)<BR>
 register_block(a, i)</font>"
>
<_2clist
 name="Description:"
 description="Add a block of memory to the list of safe blocks maintained
 by <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>safe.e</b></font> (the debug version of
 <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>machine.e</b></font>). The block starts at
 address a. The length of the block is i bytes."
>
<_2clist
 name="Comments:"
 description="This routine is only meant to be used for <b>debugging
 purposes</b>. <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>safe.e</b></font> tracks the
 blocks of memory that your program is allowed to
 <a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#peek\">peek()</a>,
 <a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#poke\">poke()</a>,
 <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#mem_copy\">mem_copy()</a> etc. These are normally
 just the blocks that you have allocated using Euphoria's
 <a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate()</a> or
 <a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate_low\">allocate_low()</a> routines, and which
 you have not yet freed using Euphoria's
 <a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free\">free()</a> or
 <a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#free_low\">free_low()</a>. In some cases, you may
 acquire additional, external, blocks of memory, perhaps as a result
 of calling a C routine. If you are debugging your program using
 <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>safe.e</b></font>, you must register
 these external blocks of memory or
 <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>safe.e</b></font> will prevent you from
 accessing them. When you are finished using an external block you can
 unregister it using unregister_block().
 <p>
 When you include <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>machine.e</b></font>, you'll
 get different versions of register_block() and unregister_block()
 that do nothing. This makes it easy to switch back and forth between
 debug and non-debug runs of your program."
>
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
>
<_eucode>
atom addr

addr = c_func(x, {})
register_block(addr, 5)
poke(addr, "ABCDE")
unregister_block(addr)
</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#unregister_block\">unregister_block</a>,
 <a href=\"library.htm#safe\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>safe.e</b></font></a>"
 >
</table>

<_routine name="remainder">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\"> x3 = remainder(x1, x2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description="Compute the remainder after dividing x1 by x2. The result will
 have the same sign as x1, and the magnitude of the result will
 be less than the magnitude of x2."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The arguments to this function may be atoms or sequences. The
 rules for <a href=\"refman_2.htm#26\">operations on sequences</a> apply."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
a = remainder(9, 4)
-- a is 1

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = remainder({81, -3.5, -9, 5.5}, {8, -1.7, 2, -4})
-- s is {1, -0.1, -1, 1.5}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 3:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = remainder({17, 12, 34}, 16)
-- s is {1, 12, 2}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 4:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = remainder(16, {2, 3, 5})
-- s is {0, 1, 1}

</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#floor\">floor</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="repeat">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> s = repeat(x, a)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Create a sequence of length a where each element is x. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" When you repeat a sequence or a floating-point number the
 interpreter does not actually make multiple copies in memory.
 Rather, a single copy is \"pointed to\" a number of times.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
repeat(0, 10)      -- {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
repeat("JOHN", 4)  -- {"JOHN", "JOHN", "JOHN", "JOHN"}
-- The interpreter will create only one copy of "JOHN"
-- in memory

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#append\">append</a>,
               <a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#prepend\">prepend</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_2.htm#28\">sequence-formation operator</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="reverse">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include misc.e<BR>
 s2 = reverse(s1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Reverse the order of elements in a sequence. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" A new sequence is created where the top-level elements appear
 in reverse order compared to the original sequence.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
reverse({1,3,5,7})          -- {7,5,3,1}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
reverse({{1,2,3}, {4,5,6}}) -- {{4,5,6}, {1,2,3}}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 3:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
reverse({99})               -- {99}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 4:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
reverse({})                 -- {}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#append\">append</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#prepend\">prepend</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#repeat\">repeat</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="routine_id">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = routine_id(st)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return an integer id number, known as a
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font>, for a user-defined Euphoria
 procedure or function. The name of the procedure or function
 is given by the string sequence st. -1 is returned if the named
 routine can't be found."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The id number can be passed to call_proc() or call_func(), to indirectly
 call the routine named by st.
<P>
 The routine named by st must be visible, i.e. callable, at the
 place where routine_id() is used to get the id number. Indirect calls to the
 routine can appear earlier in the program than the definition
 of the routine, but the id number can only be obtained in code that
 comes <i>after</i> the definition of the routine - see example 2 below.

<P>
 Once obtained, a valid <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font>
 can be used at <font color=\"#CC0099\"><b><i>any</i></b></font> place
 in the program to call a routine indirectly via call_proc()/call_func().
<p>
 Some typical uses of routine_id() are:<p>
 1. <a href=\"refman_2.htm#42\">Calling a routine that is defined later in
  a program.</a><br>
 2. Creating a subroutine that takes another routine as a parameter. (See
  Example 2 below)<br>
 3. Using a sequence of <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id's</b></font>
  to make a case (switch) statement.<br>
 4. Setting up an Object-Oriented system.<br>
 5. Getting a <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font> so you
  can pass it to call_back(). (See
 <a href=\"platform.htm#callback\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>platform.doc</b></font></a>)
 <p>
 Note that C routines, callable by Euphoria, also have routine id's.
 See define_c_proc() and define_c_func()."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
procedure foo()
    puts(1, "Hello World\n")
end procedure

integer foo_num
foo_num = routine_id("foo")

call_proc(foo_num, {})  -- same as calling foo()

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
function apply_to_all(sequence s, integer f)
    -- apply a function to all elements of a sequence
    sequence result
    result = {}
    for i = 1 to length(s) do
        -- we can call add1() here although it comes later in the program
        result = append(result, call_func(f, {s[i]}))
    end for
    return result
end function

function add1(atom x)
    return x + 1
end function

-- add1() is visible here, so we can ask for its routine id
? apply_to_all({1, 2, 3}, routine_id("add1"))
-- displays {2,3,4}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#call_proc\">call_proc</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#call_func\">call_func</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#call_back\">call_back</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#define_c_func\">define_c_func</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#define_c_proc\">define_c_proc</a>,
<a href=\"platform.htm#callback\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>platform.doc</b>
</font></a>"
 >
</table>

<_continue
  href="lib_s_t.htm"
  name="From S to T"
>

</body>
</html>
LIB_S_T.HTX
38094
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Reference Manual Part II - Section 3</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<br>


<_routine name="save_bitmap">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 i = save_bitmap(s, st)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Create a bitmap (.bmp) file from a 2-element sequence s.
 st is the name of a .bmp \"bitmap\" file. s[1] is the palette:<P>
{{r,g,b}, {r,g,b}, ..., {r,g,b}}
<P>
Each red, green, or blue value is in the range 0 to 255. s[2]
 is a 2-d sequence of sequences containing a pixel-graphics image.
 The sequences contained in s[2] must all have the same length.
 s is in the same format as the value returned by read_bitmap().
<P>
The result will be one of the following codes:"
 >
<_eucode>
    global constant BMP_SUCCESS = 0,
                BMP_OPEN_FAILED = 1,
               BMP_INVALID_MODE = 4 -- invalid graphics mode
                                    -- or invalid argument
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"If you use get_all_palette() to get the palette before calling
 this function, you must multiply the returned intensity values
 by 4 before calling save_bitmap().
<p>
You might use save_image() to get the 2-d image for s[2].
<P>
save_bitmap() produces bitmaps of 2, 4, 16, or 256 colors and
 these can all be read with read_bitmap(). Windows Paintbrush
 and some other tools do not support 4-color bitmaps."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
paletteData = get_all_palette() * 4
code = save_bitmap({paletteData, imageData},
                   "c:\\example\\a1.bmp")

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#save_image\">save_image</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#read_bitmap\">read_bitmap</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#save_screen\">save_screen</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_all_palette\">get_all_palette</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="save_image">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 s3 = save_image(s1, s2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Save a rectangular image from a <font color=\"CC3366\">pixel-graphics</font>
 screen. The result is a 2-d sequence of sequences containing all the pixels
 in the image. You can redisplay the image using display_image().
 s1 is a 2-element sequence {x1,y1} specifying the top-left
 pixel in the image. s2 is a sequence {x2,y2} specifying the
 bottom-right pixel."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = save_image({0,0}, {50,50})
display_image({100,200}, s)
display_image({300,400}, s)
-- saves a 51x51 square image, then redisplays it at {100,200}
-- and at {300,400}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#display_image\">display_image</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#save_text_image\">save_text_image</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="save_screen">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 i = save_screen(x1, st)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Save the whole screen or a rectangular region of the screen as
 a Windows bitmap (.bmp) file. To save the whole screen, pass the
 integer 0 for x1. To save a rectangular region of the screen,
 x1 should be a sequence of 2 sequences:
 {{topLeftXPixel, topLeftYPixel},
 {bottomRightXPixel, bottomRightYPixel}}<P>
st is the name of a .bmp \"bitmap\" file.
<P>
The result will be one of the following codes:"
 >

<_eucode>
    global constant BMP_SUCCESS = 0,
                BMP_OPEN_FAILED = 1,
               BMP_INVALID_MODE = 4 -- invalid graphics mode
                                    -- or invalid argument
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"save_screen() produces bitmaps of 2, 4, 16, or 256 colors and
 these can all be read with read_bitmap(). Windows Paintbrush
 and some other tools do not support 4-color bitmaps.
<P>
save_screen() only works in
 <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics modes</font>, not text modes."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
-- save whole screen:
code = save_screen(0, "c:\\example\\a1.bmp")

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
-- save part of screen:
err = save_screen({{0,0},{200, 15}}, "b1.bmp")

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#save_image\">save_image</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#read_bitmap\">read_bitmap</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#save_bitmap\">save_bitmap</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="save_text_image">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 s3 = save_text_image(s1, s2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Save a rectangular region of text from a
 <font color=\"#CC3366\">text-mode</font> screen.
 The result is a sequence of sequences containing ASCII characters
 and attributes from the screen. You can redisplay this text using
 display_text_image(). s1 is a 2-element sequence {line1, column1}
 specifying the top-left character. s2 is a sequence
 {line2, column2} specifying the bottom right character."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Because the character attributes are also saved, you will get
 the correct foreground color, background color and other properties
 for each character when you redisplay the text.
<P>
On DOS32, an attribute byte is made up of two 4-bit fields that
 encode the foreground and background color of a character.
 The high-order 4 bits determine the background color, while
 the low-order 4 bits determine the foreground color.
<P>
This routine only works in <font color=\"#CC3366\">text modes</font>.
<P>
You might use this function in a text-mode graphical user
 interface to save a portion of the screen before displaying a
 drop-down menu, dialog box, alert box etc.
<P>
On DOS32, if you are flipping video pages, note that this function reads
 from the current active page."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=" If the top 2 lines of the screen have:"
 >
<_eucode>
   Hello
   World
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  description=
"And you execute:"
>
<_eucode>
s = save_text_image({1,1}, {2,5})
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  description=
"Then s is something like:"
>
<_eucode>
    {"H-e-l-l-o-",
     "W-o-r-l-d-"}
where '-' indicates the attribute bytes

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description=
"<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#display_text_image\">display_text_image</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#save_image\">save_image</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#set_active_page\">set_active_page</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_screen_char\">get_screen_char</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="scroll">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 scroll(i1, i2, i3)
</font>"
 >

<_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Scroll a region of text on the screen either up (i1 positive) or
 down (i1 negative) by i1 lines. The region is the series of lines
 on the screen from i2 (top line) to i3 (bottom line), inclusive.
 New blank lines will appear at the top or bottom."
>

<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"You could perform the scrolling operation using a series
of calls to puts(), but scroll() is much faster.
<p>
The position of the cursor after scrolling is not defined."
>

<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>bin\ed.ex</b></font>"
>

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#clear_screen\">clear_screen</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#text_rows\">text_rows</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="seek">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include file.e<BR>
 i1 = seek(fn, i2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Seek (move) to any byte position in the file fn or to the end of
 file if i2 is -1. For each open file there is a current byte
 position that is updated as a result of I/O operations on the
 file. The initial file position is 0 for files opened for read,
 write or update. The initial position is the end of file for
 files opened for append. The value returned by seek() is 0 if the
 seek was successful, and non-zero if it was unsuccessful. It is
 possible to seek past the end of a file. In this case undefined
 bytes will be added to the file to make it long enough for the
 seek. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
include file.e

integer fn
fn = open("mydata", "r")
-- read and display first line of file 3 times:
for i = 1 to 3 do
    puts(1, gets(fn))
    if seek(fn, 0) then
        puts(1, "rewind failed!\n")
    end if
end for

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#where\">where</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open\">open</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="sequence">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i = sequence(x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Return 1 if x is a sequence else return 0. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
" This serves to define the sequence type. You can also call
 it like an ordinary function to determine if an object is
 a sequence.
 "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
sequence s
s = {1,2,3}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
if sequence(x) then
    sum = 0
    for i = 1 to length(x) do
        sum = sum + x[i]
    end for
else
    -- x must be an atom
    sum = x
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#atom\">atom</a>,
               <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#object\">object</a>,
               <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#integer\">integer</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_2.htm#1\">atoms and sequences</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="set_active_page">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 set_active_page(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Select video page i to send all screen output to."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"With multiple pages you can instantaneously change the entire
 screen without causing any visible \"flicker\". You can also
 save the screen and bring it back quickly.
<P>
video_config() will tell you how many pages are available in
 the current graphics mode.
<P>
By default, the active page and the display page are both 0.
<P>
This works under DOS, or in a full-screen DOS window. In a
 partial-screen window you cannot change the active page."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
include image.e

-- active & display pages are initially both 0
puts(1, "\nThis is page 0\n")
set_active_page(1)     -- screen output will now go to page 1
clear_screen()
puts(1, "\nNow we've flipped to page 1\n")
if getc(0) then        -- wait for key-press
end if
set_display_page(1)    -- "Now we've ..." becomes visible
if getc(0) then        -- wait for key-press
end if
set_display_page(0)    -- "This is ..." becomes visible again
set_active_page(0)

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_active_page\">get_active_page</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#set_display_page\">set_display_page</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#video_config\">video_config</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="set_display_page">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include image.e<BR>
 set_display_page(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Set video page i to be mapped to the visible screen."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"With multiple pages you can instantaneously change the entire
 screen without causing any visible \"flicker\". You can also
 save the screen and bring it back quickly.
<P>
video_config() will tell you how many pages are available in
 the current graphics mode.
<P>
By default, the active page and the display page are both 0.
<P>
This works under DOS, or in a full-screen DOS window. In a
 partial-screen window you cannot change the active page."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description="See set_active_page() example."
 >

<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_display_page\">get_display_page</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#set_active_page\">set_active_page</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#video_config\">video_config</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="set_rand">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 set_rand(i1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Set the random number generator to a certain state, i1, so that
 you will get a known series of random numbers on subsequent
 calls to rand()."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Normally the numbers returned by the rand() function are totally
 unpredictable, and will be different each time you run your
 program. Sometimes however you may wish to repeat the same
 series of numbers, perhaps because you are trying to debug
 your program, or maybe you want the ability to generate the
 same output (e.g. a random picture) for your user upon request."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
sequence s, t
s = repeat(0, 3)
t = s

set_rand(12345)
s[1] = rand(10)
s[2] = rand(100)
s[3] = rand(1000)

set_rand(12345)  -- same value for set_rand()
t[1] = rand(10)  -- same arguments to rand() as before
t[2] = rand(100)
t[3] = rand(1000)
-- at this point s and t will be identical

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#rand\">rand</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="set_vector">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 set_vector(i, s)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Set s as the new address for handling interrupt number i.
 s must be a protected mode <b>far address</b> in the form:
 {16-bit segment, 32-bit offset}. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Before calling set_vector() you must store a machine-code
 interrupt handling routine at location s in memory.
<P>
The 16-bit segment can be the code segment used by Euphoria.
 To get the value of this segment see
 <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\hardint.ex</b></font>.
 The offset can be the 32-bit value returned by allocate().
 Euphoria runs in <b>protected mode</b> with the code segment
 and data segment pointing to the same physical memory,
 but with different access modes.
<P>
Interrupts occurring in either <b>real mode</b> or <b>protected mode</b>
 will be passed to your handler. Your interrupt handler
 should immediately load the correct data segment before it
 tries to reference memory.
<P>
Your handler might return from the interrupt using the
 iretd instruction, or jump to the original interrupt handler.
 It should save and restore any registers that it modifies.
<P>
You should lock the memory used by your handler to ensure
 that it will never be swapped out. See lock_memory().
<P>
It is highly recommended that you study
 <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\hardint.ex</b></font>
 before trying to set up your own interrupt handler.
<P>
You should have a good knowledge of machine-level programming
 before attempting to write your own handler.
<P>
You can call set_vector() with the far address returned by
 get_vector(), when you want to restore the original handler."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
set_vector(#1C, {code_segment, my_handler_address})

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo\dos32\hardint.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_vector\">get_vector</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#lock_memory\">lock_memory</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#allocate\">allocate</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="sin">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x2 = sin(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return the sine of x1, where x1 is in radians."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
sin_x = sin({.5, .9, .11})
-- sin_x is {.479, .783, .110}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#cos\">cos</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#tan\">tan</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="sleep">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\">include misc.e<BR>
  sleep(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Suspend execution for i seconds."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"On WIN32 and Linux, the operating
 system will suspend your process and schedule other processes.
 On DOS32, your program will go into a busy loop
  for i seconds, during which time other processes may run, but
  they will compete with your process for the CPU."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
puts(1, "Waiting 15 seconds...\n")
sleep(15)
puts(1, "Done.\n")
</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#lock_file\">lock_file</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#abort\">abort</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#time\">time</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="sort">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include sort.e<BR>
 s2 = sort(s1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Sort s1 into ascending order using a fast sorting algorithm. The
 elements of s1 can be any mix of atoms or sequences. Atoms come
 before sequences, and sequences are sorted \"alphabetically\" where
 the first elements are more significant than the later elements."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
x = 0 & sort({7,5,3,8}) & 0
-- x is set to {0, 3, 5, 7, 8, 0}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
y = sort({"Smith", "Jones", "Doe", 5.5, 4, 6})
-- y is {4, 5.5, 6, "Doe", "Jones", "Smith"}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 3:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
database = sort({{"Smith",   95.0, 29},
                 {"Jones",   77.2, 31},
                 {"Clinton", 88.7, 44}})

-- The 3 database "records" will be sorted by the first "field"
-- i.e. by name. Where the first field (element) is equal it
-- will be sorted by the second field etc.

-- after sorting, database is:
               {{"Clinton", 88.7, 44},
                {"Jones",   77.2, 31},
                {"Smith",   95.0, 29}}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#custom_sort\">custom_sort</a>,
    <a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#compare\">compare</a>,
    <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#match\">match</a>,
    <a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#find\">find</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="sound">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 sound(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Turn on the PC speaker at frequency i. If i is 0 the speaker
 will be turned off."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"On <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32</b></font> and
     <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>Linux</b></font>
no sound will be made."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
sound(1000) -- starts a fairly high pitched sound

</_eucode>
</table>


<_routine name="sprint">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include misc.e<BR>
 s = sprint(x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"The representation of x as a string of characters is returned.
 This is exactly the same as <b>print(fn, x)</b>, except that the output
 is returned as a sequence of characters, rather than being
 sent to a file or device. x can be any Euphoria object."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The atoms contained within x will be displayed to a maximum of
 10 significant digits, just as with print()."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = sprint(12345)
-- s is "12345"

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = sprint({10,20,30}+5)
-- s is "{15,25,35}"

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#print\">print</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sprintf\">sprintf</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#value\">value</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get\">get</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="sprintf">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> s = sprintf(st, x)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"This is exactly the same as <b>printf()</b>, except that the output
 is returned as a sequence of characters, rather than being
 sent to a file or device. st is a format string, x is the
 value or sequence of values to be formatted. <b>printf(fn, st, x)</b>
 is equivalent to <b>puts(fn, sprintf(st, x))</b>."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Some typical uses of sprintf() are:
<P>
 1. Converting numbers to strings.<BR>
 2. Creating strings to pass to system().<BR>
 3. Creating formatted error messages that can be passed to
    a common error message handler."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = sprintf("%08d", 12345)
-- s is "00012345"

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#printf\">printf</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#value\">value</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sprint\">sprint</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get\">get</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#system\">system</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="sqrt">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x2 = sqrt(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Calculate the square root of x1. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements
 of a sequence.
<P>
Taking the square root of a negative number will abort your
 program with a run-time error message."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
r = sqrt(16)
-- r is 4

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#log\">log</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#power\">power</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="system">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> system(st, i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Pass a command string st to the operating system command interpreter.
 The argument i indicates the manner in which to
 return from the call to system():<P>
When i is 0, the previous graphics mode is restored and the
 screen is cleared.
<P>
When i is 1, a beep sound will be made and the program will wait
 for the user to press a key before the previous graphics mode
 is restored.
<P>
When i is 2, the graphics mode is not restored and the screen
 is not cleared."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"i = 2 should only be used when it is known that the command executed by
 system() will not change the graphics mode.
<P>
You can use Euphoria as a sophisticated \"batch\" (.bat) language
 by making calls to system() and system_exec().
<P>
system() will start a new DOS or Linux shell.
<P>
system() allows you to use command-line redirection of standard
 input and output in the command string st.
<P>
Under <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>, a Euphoria program
 will start off using extended
 memory. If extended memory runs out the program will consume
 conventional memory. If conventional memory runs out it will use
 virtual memory, i.e. swap space on disk. The DOS command run by
 system() will fail if there is not enough conventional memory
 available. To avoid this situation you can reserve some
 conventional (low) memory by typing:"
 >
<_eucode>
    SET CAUSEWAY=LOWMEM:xxx
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  description=
"where xxx is the number of K of conventional memory to reserve. Type this
 before running your program. You can also put this in <b>autoexec.bat</b>,
 or in a <b>.bat</b> file that runs your program. For example:"
 >

<_eucode>
    SET CAUSEWAY=LOWMEM:80
    ex myprog.ex
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  description=
"This will reserve 80K of conventional memory, which should be
 enough to run simple DOS commands like COPY, MOVE, MKDIR etc."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
system("copy temp.txt a:\\temp.bak", 2)
-- note use of double backslash in literal string to get
-- single backslash

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
system("ex \\test\\myprog.ex < indata > outdata", 2)
-- executes myprog by redirecting standard input and
-- standard output

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>bin\install.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#system_exec\">system_exec</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#dir\">dir</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#current_dir\">current_dir</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#getenv\">getenv</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#command_line\">command_line</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="system_exec">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> i1 = system_exec(st, i2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Try to run the command given by st. st must be a command to run an
 executable program,
 possibly with some command-line arguments.
 If the program can be run, i1 will be the exit code from the
 program. If it is not possible to run the program, system_exec()
 will return -1. i2 is a code that indicates what to do about the
 graphics mode when system_exec() is finished. These codes are
 the same as for system():<P>
When i2 is 0, the previous graphics mode is restored and the
 screen is cleared.
<P>
When i2 is 1, a beep sound will be made and the program will wait
 for the user to press a key before the previous graphics mode
 is restored.
<P>
When i2 is 2, the graphics mode is not restored and the screen
 is not cleared."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"On DOS32 or WIN32, system_exec() will only run <b>.exe</b> and <b>.com</b>
 programs. To run
 <b>.bat</b> files, or built-in DOS commands, you need system().
 Some commands, such as DEL, are not programs, they are
 actually built-in to the command interpreter.
<P>
system_exec() does not allow the use of command-line redirection
 in the command string st.
<P>
exit codes from DOS or Windows programs are normally in the
 range 0 to 255, with 0 indicating \"success\".
<P>
You can run a Euphoria program using system_exec(). A Euphoria
 program can return an exit code using abort().
<P>
system_exec() does not start a new DOS shell."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
integer exit_code
exit_code = system_exec("xcopy temp1.dat temp2.dat", 2)

if exit_code = -1 then
    puts(2, "\n couldn't run xcopy.exe\n")
elsif exit_code = 0 then
    puts(2, "\n xcopy succeeded\n")
else
    printf(2, "\n xcopy failed with code %d\n", exit_code)
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
-- executes myprog with two file names as arguments
if system_exec("ex \\test\\myprog.ex indata outdata", 2) then
    puts(2, "failure!\n")
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#system\">system</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#abort\">abort</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="tan">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x2 = tan(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return the tangent of x1, where x1 is in radians."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements
 of a sequence."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
t = tan(1.0)
-- t is 1.55741

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sin\">sin</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#cos\">cos</a>,
<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#arctan\">arctan</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="text_color">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 text_color(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Set the foreground text color. Add 16 to get blinking text in some modes.
 See <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>graphics.e</b></font> for a list
 of possible colors."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Text that you print <b><i>after</i></b> calling text_color() will have the
 desired color.
<P>
When your program terminates, the last color that you selected
 and actually printed on the screen will remain in effect.
 Thus you may have to print something, maybe just '\n', in
 WHITE to restore white text, especially if you are at the
 bottom line of the screen, ready to scroll up."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
text_color(BRIGHT_BLUE)

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#bk_color\">bk_color</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="text_rows">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32, WIN32</b></font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 i2 = text_rows(i1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Set the number of lines on a <font color=\"#CC3366\">text-mode</font> screen
 to i1 if possible. i2 will be set to the actual new number of lines."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Values of 25, 28, 43 and 50 lines are supported by most video
 cards."
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#graphics_mode\">graphics_mode</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="tick_rate">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 tick_rate(a)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Specify the number of clock-tick interrupts per second.
 This determines the precision of the time() library
 routine. It also affects the sampling rate for time
 profiling."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"tick_rate() is ignored on
   <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32</b></font> and
   <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>Linux</b></font>.
 The time resolution on WIN32 is always 100 ticks/second.
<P>
On a PC the clock-tick interrupt normally occurs at 18.2
 interrupts per second. tick_rate() lets you increase
 that rate, but not decrease it.
<P>
tick_rate(0) will restore the rate to the normal 18.2 rate.
 Euphoria will also restore the rate automatically when it exits,
 even when it finds an error in your program.
<P>
If a program runs in a DOS window with a tick rate other
 than 18.2, the time() function will not advance unless the
 window is the active window.
<P>
While <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex.exe</b></font> is running,
 the system will maintain the correct time of day. However if
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex.exe</b></font> should crash (e.g. you see
 a \"CauseWay...\" error) while the tick rate is high, you (or
 your user) may need to reboot the machine to restore the
 proper rate. If you don't, the system time may advance too
 quickly. This problem does not occur on
 <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>Windows 95/98/NT</b></font>, only on
 <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS</b></font> or
 <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>Windows 3.1</b></font>. You will always get
 back the correct time of day from the battery-operated clock in your
 system when you boot up again."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
tick_rate(100)
-- time() will now advance in steps of .01 seconds
-- instead of the usual .055 seconds

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#time\">time</a>,
<a href=\"refman_3.htm#21\">time profiling</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="time">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> a = time()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return the number of seconds since some fixed point in the past."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Take the difference between two readings of time(), to
 measure, for example, how long a section of code takes to
 execute.
<P>
The resolution with <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font> is normally
 about 0.05 seconds. On <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32 and Linux</b></font>
 it's about 0.01 seconds.
<P>
Under <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font> you can improve
 the resolution by calling tick_rate().
<P>
Under <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font> the period of time that
you can measure is limited to 24 hours. After that, the value returned
by time() will reset and start over."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
constant ITERATIONS = 1000000
integer p
atom t0, loop_overhead

t0 = time()
for i = 1 to ITERATIONS do
    -- time an empty loop
end for
loop_overhead = time() - t0

t0 = time()
for i = 1 to ITERATIONS do
    p = power(2, 20)
end for
? (time() - t0 - loop_overhead)/ITERATIONS
-- calculates time (in seconds) for one call to power

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#date\">date</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#tick_rate\">tick_rate</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="trace">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> with trace<BR>
 trace(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"If i is 1 or 2, turn on full-screen statement tracing. If i
 is 0, turn off tracing. When i is 2 a monochrome trace display
 is used. Tracing can only occur in routines that were
 compiled \"<b>with trace</b>\". trace() has no effect unless it is
 executed in a \"<b>with trace</b>\" <b>section</b> of your program. See
 <a href=\"refman_3.htm#1\">Part I - 3.1 Debugging</a> for more details."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Use trace(2) if the color display is hard to view on your system."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
if x < 0 then
    -- ok, here's the case I want to debug...
    trace(1)
    -- etc.
    ...
end if

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#profile\">profile</a>,
               <a href=\"refman_3.htm\">debugging and profiling</a>"
 >
</table>

<_continue
  href="lib_u_z.htm"
  name="From U to Z"
>

</body>
</html>
LIB_U_Z.HTX
18181
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Reference Manual Part II - Section 3</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<br>

<_routine name="unlock_file">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
 name="Syntax:"
 description="<font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\"> include file.e<BR>
 unlock_file(fn, s)</font>"
>
<_2clist
 name="Description:"
 description="Unlock an open file fn, or a portion of file fn.
 You must have previously locked the file using lock_file().
 On DOS32 and WIN32 you can unlock a range of bytes within a file by
 specifying the s parameter as {first_byte, last_byte}.
 The same range of bytes must have been locked by a previous call
 to lock_file(). On Linux
 you can currently only lock or unlock an entire file. The s
 parameter should be {} when you want to unlock an entire file. On Linux,
 s must always be {}."
>
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description="
  You should unlock a file as soon as possible so other processes
  can use it."
>
<_2clist
 name=""
 description="Any files that you have
  locked, will automatically be unlocked when your program terminates."
>
<_2clist
 name=""
 description="See lock_file() for further comments and an example."
>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#lock_file\">lock_file</a>"
>
</table>

<_routine name="unregister_block">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
 name="Syntax:"
 description="<font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e (or safe.e)<BR>
 unregister_block(a)</font>"
>
<_2clist
 name="Description:"
 description="Remove a block of memory from the list of safe blocks maintained
 by <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>safe.e</b></font> (the debug version of
 <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>machine.e</b></font>). The block starts at
 address a."
>
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description="This routine is only meant to be used for <b>debugging
  purposes</b>. Use it to unregister blocks of memory that you have
  previously registered using register_block(). By unregistering a block,
  you remove it from the list of safe blocks maintained by
  <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>safe.e</b></font>. This prevents your program
  from performing any further reads or writes of memory within the block."
>
<_2clist
 name=""
 description="See register_block() for further comments and an example."
>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#register_block\">register_block</a>,
 <a href=\"library.htm#safe\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>safe.e</b></font></a>"
>
</table>

<_routine name="upper">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include wildcard.e<BR>
 x2 = upper(x1)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  Convert an atom or sequence to upper case. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = upper("Euphoria")
-- s is "EUPHORIA"

a = upper('g')
-- a is 'G'

s = upper({"Euphoria", "Programming"})
-- s is {"EUPHORIA", "PROGRAMMING"}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#lower\">lower</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="use_vesa">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include machine.e<BR>
 use_vesa(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"use_vesa(1) will force Euphoria to use the VESA graphics
 standard. This may cause Euphoria programs to work better
 in SVGA graphics modes with certain video cards.
 use_vesa(0) will restore Euphoria's original method of
 using the video card."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"Most people can ignore this. However if you experience
 difficulty in SVGA graphics modes you should try calling
 use_vesa(1) at the start of your program before any calls
 to graphics_mode().
<P>
Arguments to use_vesa() other than 0 or 1 should not be used."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
use_vesa(1)
fail = graphics_mode(261)

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#graphics_mode\">graphics_mode</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="value">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include get.e<BR>
 s = value(st)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Read the string representation of a Euphoria object, and compute
 the value of that object. A 2-element sequence,
 <b>{error_status, value}</b> is actually returned, where error_status
 can be one of:"
 >
<_eucode>
    GET_SUCCESS -- a valid object representation was found
    GET_EOF     -- end of string reached too soon
    GET_FAIL    -- syntax is wrong
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"This works the same as <b>get()</b>, but it reads from a string
 that you supply, rather than from a file or device.
 <p>
 After reading one valid representation of a Euphoria object, value() will
 stop reading and ignore any additional characters in the string. For
 example, \"36\" and \"36P\" will both give you {GET_SUCCESS, 36}."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = value("12345"}
-- s is {GET_SUCCESS, 12345}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = value("{0, 1, -99.9}")
-- s is {GET_SUCCESS, {0, 1, -99.9}}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 3:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
s = value("+++")
-- s is {GET_FAIL, 0}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get\">get</a>,
<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#sprintf\">sprintf</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#print\">print</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="video_config">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Platform:"
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32, Linux</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 s = video_config()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return a sequence of values describing the current video
 configuration:<br>
 {color monitor?, graphics mode, text rows, text columns,
 xpixels, ypixels, number of colors, number of pages}<P>
The following constants are defined in
 <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>graphics.e</b></font>:"
 >
<_eucode>
    global constant VC_COLOR   = 1,
                    VC_MODE    = 2,
                    VC_LINES   = 3,
                    VC_COLUMNS = 4,
                    VC_XPIXELS = 5,
                    VC_YPIXELS = 6,
                    VC_NCOLORS = 7,
                    VC_PAGES   = 8
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"This routine makes it easy for you to parameterize a program
 so it will work in many different graphics modes.
<P>
On the PC there are two types of graphics mode. The first type,
 <font color=\"#CC3366\">text mode</font>, lets you print text only.
 The second type, <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics mode</font>,
 lets you plot pixels, or points, in various colors, as well as text.
 You can tell that you are in a <font color=\"#CC3366\">text mode</font>,
 because the VC_XPIXELS and VC_YPIXELS fields will be 0. Library routines
 such as <a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#polygon\">polygon()</a>,
 <a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#draw_line\">draw_line()</a>, and
 <a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#ellipse\">ellipse()</a>
 only work in a <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics mode</font>."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
vc = video_config()  -- in mode 3 with 25-lines of text:
-- vc is {1, 3, 25, 80, 0, 0, 32, 8}

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#graphics_mode\">graphics_mode</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="wait_key">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include get.e<BR>
 i = wait_key()
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return the next key pressed by the user. Don't return until
 a key is pressed."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"You could achieve the same result using <b>get_key()</b> as follows:"
>
<_eucode>
    while 1 do
        k = get_key()
        if k != -1 then
            exit
        end if
    end while
</_eucode>
<_2clist
  name=""
  description=
"However, on multi-tasking systems like
 <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>Windows</b></font>
 or <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>Linux</b></font>, this \"busy waiting\"
 would tend to slow the system down.
 wait_key() lets the operating system do other useful work
 while your program is waiting for the user to press a key.
<P>
You could also use <b>getc(0)</b>, assuming file number 0 was input
 from the keyboard, except that you wouldn't pick up the special
 codes for function keys, arrow keys etc."
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#get_key\">get_key</a>,
<a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#getc\">getc</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="walk_dir">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include file.e<BR>
 i1 = walk_dir(st, i2, i3)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"This routine will \"walk\" through a directory with path name
 given by st. i2 is the <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font>
 of a routine that you supply.
 walk_dir() will call your routine once for each file and
 subdirectory in st. If i3 is non-zero (TRUE), then the
 subdirectories in st will be walked through recursively.<P>
The routine that you supply should accept the path name and
 <a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#dir_entry\">dir() entry</a> for each file and
 subdirectory. It should return 0 to keep going, or
 non-zero to stop walk_dir()."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"This mechanism allows you to write a simple function that handles
 one file at a time, while walk_dir() handles the
 process of walking through all the files and subdirectories.
<P>
By default, the files and subdirectories will be visited in
 alphabetical order. To use a different order, set the global
 integer <b>my_dir</b> to the <font color=\"#993333\"><b>routine id</b></font>
 of your own <i>modified</i> dir()
 function that sorts the directory entries differently. See the default
 dir() function in <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>file.e</b></font>."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
function look_at(sequence path_name, sequence entry)
-- this function accepts two sequences as arguments
    printf(1, "%s\\%s: %d\n",
           {path_name, entry[D_NAME], entry[D_SIZE]})
    return 0 -- keep going
end function

exit_code = walk_dir("C:\\MYFILES", routine_id("look_at"), TRUE)

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>euphoria\bin\search.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#dir\">dir</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#current_dir\">current_dir</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="where">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include file.e<BR>
 i = where(fn)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"  This function returns the current byte position in the file fn.
 This position is updated by reads, writes and seeks on the file.
 It is the place in the file where the next byte will be read
 from, or written to. "
 >
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_s_t.htm#seek\">seek</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open\">open</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="wildcard_file">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include wildcard.e<BR>
 i = wildcard_file(st1, st2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Return 1 (true) if the filename st2 matches the wild card pattern
 st1. Return 0 (false) otherwise. This is similar to DOS wildcard
 matching, but better in some cases. * matches any 0 or more
 characters, ? matches any single character. Character comparisons
 are not case sensitive."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"You might use this function to check the output of the dir()
 routine for file names that match a pattern supplied by the
 user of your program.
<P>
In DOS \"*ABC.*\" will match <b><i>all</i></b> files.
 wildcard_file(\"*ABC.*\", s) will only match when the file name part
 has \"ABC\" at the end (as you would expect)."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
i = wildcard_file("AB*CD.?", "aB123cD.e")
-- i is set to 1

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
i = wildcard_file("AB*CD.?", "abcd.ex")
-- i is set to 0, because the file type has 2 letters not 1

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>bin\search.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#wildcard_match\">wildcard_match</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#dir\">dir</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="wildcard_match">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include wildcard.e<BR>
 i = wildcard_match(st1, st2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"This function performs a general matching of a string against a
 pattern containing * and ? wildcards. It returns 1 (true) if
 string st2 matches pattern st1. It returns 0 (false) otherwise.
 * matches any 0 or more characters. ? matches any
 single character. Character comparisons are case sensitive."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"If you want case insensitive comparisons, pass both st1 and st2
 through upper(), or both through lower() before calling
 wildcard_match().
<P>
If you want to detect a pattern anywhere within a string,
 add * to each end of the pattern:"
 >
<_eucode>
i = wildcard_match('*' & pattern & '*', string)
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  description=
"There is currently no way to treat * or ? literally in a pattern."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
i = wildcard_match("A?B*", "AQBXXYY")
-- i is 1 (TRUE)

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 2:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
i = wildcard_match("*xyz*", "AAAbbbxyz")
-- i is 1 (TRUE)

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example 3:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
i = wildcard_match("A*B*C", "a111b222c")
-- i is 0 (FALSE) because upper/lower case doesn't match

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="Example Program:"
  description="<font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>bin\search.ex</b></font>"
 >

 <_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#wildcard_file\">wildcard_file</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#match\">match</a>,
<a href=\"lib_u_z.htm#upper\">upper</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#lower\">lower</a>,
<a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#compare\">compare</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="wrap">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> include graphics.e<BR>
 wrap(i)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Allow text to wrap at the right margin (i = 1) or get truncated
 (i = 0)."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"By default text will wrap.
<P>
Use wrap() in <font color=\"#CC3366\">text modes</font> or
 <font color=\"#CC3366\">pixel-graphics modes</font> when you
 are displaying long lines of text."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
puts(1, repeat('x', 100) & "\n\n")
-- now have a line of 80 'x' followed a line of 20 more 'x'
wrap(0)
puts(1, repeat('x', 100) & "\n\n")
-- creates just one line of 80 'x'

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#puts\">puts</a>,
<a href=\"lib_p_r.htm#position\">position</a>"
 >
</table>


<_routine name="xor_bits">
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>


 <_2clist
  name="Syntax:"
  description="<font face = \"Arial, Helvetica\"> x3 = xor_bits(x1, x2)
</font>"
 >
 <_2clist
  name="Description:"
  description=
"Perform the logical XOR (exclusive OR) operation on
 corresponding bits in x1 and x2. A bit in x3 will be 1
 when one of the two corresponding bits in x1 or x2 is 1,
 and the other is 0."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Comments:"
  description=
"The arguments to this function may be atoms or sequences. The
 rules for <a href=\"refman_2.htm#26\">operations on sequences</a> apply.
<P>
The arguments must be representable as 32-bit numbers,
 either signed or unsigned.
<P>
If you intend to manipulate full 32-bit values, you should
 declare your variables as
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>atom</b></font>, rather than integer. Euphoria's
 integer type is limited to 31-bits.
<P>
Results are treated as signed numbers. They will be
 negative when the highest-order bit is 1."
 >
<_2clist
  name="Example 1:"
  description=""
 >
<_eucode>
a = xor_bits(#0110, #1010)
-- a is #1100

 </_eucode>
<_2clist
  name="See Also:"
  description="<a href=\"lib_a_b.htm#and_bits\">and_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#or_bits\">or_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#not_bits\">not_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#int_to_bits\">int_to_bits</a>,
<a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#int_to_bytes\">int_to_bytes</a>"
 >

</table>
</body>
</html>
OVERVIEW.HTX
4605
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Guide to Documentation Files</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                      Guide to Documentation Files
</font></_center>
<p> <br>

 The Euphoria documentation is spread over several plain text files in the
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\doc</b></font> directory. For each
 <b>.doc</b> file in the <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\doc</b></font>
 directory, there is a corresponding <b>.htm</b> file in the
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\html</b></font> directory. You can also
 type <font color="#993333"><b>guru</b></font> to quickly search for relevant
 information from all directories under
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>\euphoria</b></font>.

<p>
 Everyone should start with
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\readme.doc</b></font>
 (<font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\readme.htm</b></font>).
<p>
 <_sul>If you are having trouble installing Euphoria read:</_sul>
<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_4clist
  href="install.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">install.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="Instructions for installing Euphoria"
>

</table>

<p>
 <_sul>Read the following files first, if you want to learn to program in
 Euphoria:</_sul>
<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_4clist
  href="refman.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">refman.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="The manual for the Euphoria core language"
>

<_4clist
  href="library.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">library.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="Documentation for all of the Euphoria library routines"
>

<_4clist
  href="what2do.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">what2do.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="Some things you can do to get started with Euphoria"
>

<_4clist
  href="platform.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">platform.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="A discussion of the differences between the three
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b><i>platforms</i></b></font>
   that Euphoria runs on, i.e.
   <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font>
   (<font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex.exe</b></font>)
   vs.
   <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32</b></font>
   (<font color=\"#993333\"><b>exw.exe</b></font>)
   vs.
   <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>Linux</b></font>
   (<font color=\"#993333\"><b>exu</b></font>)."
>
</table>

<p>
 <_sul>The rest of the files can be read any time, as needed:</_sul>
<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_4clist
  href="ed.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">ed.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="Documentation for the standard Euphoria editor,
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ed</b></font>"
>

<_4clist
  href="trouble.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">trouble.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="A list of the most common problems and their solutions"
>

<_4clist
  href="bind.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">bind.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="Describes <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>bind.bat</b></font> and
   <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>shroud.bat</b></font> options for
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b>binding</b></font> and
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b>shrouding</b></font>"
>

<_4clist
  href="perform.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">perform.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="Performance tips"
>

<_4clist
  href="web.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">web.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="A list of Euphoria resources available on the World Wide Web"
>

<_4clist
  href="relnotes.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">relnotes.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="A description of what's new in the current release and
   a summary of previous releases of Euphoria"
>

<_4clist
  href="basic.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">basic.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="Propaganda aimed at BASIC programmers"
>

<_4clist
  href="c.htm"
  name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">c.doc</font>"
  pos=18
  description="Propaganda aimed at C/C++ programmers"
>

</table>

<p>
 Most subdirectories under <font color="#5500FF"><b>\euphoria</b></font> have
 a <b>.doc</b> file that describes the files in that subdirectory. The
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\register</b></font> subdirectory contains
 <a href="register.htm"><font color="#5500FF"><b>register.doc</b></font></a>.
 Read it when you are thinking of registering.

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>

PERFORM.HTX
19675
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria Performance Tips</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                       Euphoria Performance Tips
</font></_center>
<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>General Tips</_sul>

</font>
<ul>
<li>
 If your program is fast enough, forget about speeding it up.
   Just make it simple and readable.
<p>
<li>
 If your program is way too slow, the tips below will probably not solve
   your problem. You should find a better overall algorithm.
<p>
<li>

 The easiest way to gain a bit of speed is to turn off run-time
 type-checking. Insert the line:

<_eucode>
           without type_check
</_eucode>
   at the top of your main <b>.ex</b> file, ahead of any include statements.
   You'll typically gain between 0 and 20 percent depending on the
   types you have defined, and the files that you are including.
   Most of the standard include files do some user-defined type-checking.
   A program that is completely without user-defined type-checking
   might still be speeded up slightly.
 <p>
   Also, be <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>sure</i></_ba></font> to remove,
   or comment-out, any
<_eucode>
           with trace
           with profile
           with profile_time
</_eucode>
   statements. <font color="#993333"><b>with trace</b></font> (even without
   any calls to <font color="#006699">trace()</font>), and
   <font color="#993333"><b>with profile</b></font> can easily slow you down
   by 10% or more. <font color="#993333"><b>with profile_time</b></font>
   might slow you down by 1%. Each of these options will consume extra
   memory as well.
<p>
<li>
 Calculations using integer values are faster than calculations using
   floating-point numbers
<p>
<li>
 Declare variables as integer rather than atom where possible,
   and as sequence rather than object where possible. This usually gains
   you a few percent in speed.
<p>
<li>
 In an expression involving floating-point calculations it's usually faster
   to write constant numbers in floating point form, e.g. when x has a
   floating-point value, say, x = 9.9<br><br>
   change:
<_eucode>
           x = x * 5
</_eucode>
   to:
<_eucode>
           x = x * 5.0
</_eucode>
   This saves the interpreter from having to convert integer 5 to
   floating-point 5.0 each time.
<p>
<li>
 Euphoria does <_bq><i>short-circuit</i></_bq> evaluation of
  <font color="#993333"><_bq>if</_bq></font>,
  <font color="#993333"><_bq>elsif</_bq></font>, and
  <font color="#993333"><_bq>while</_bq></font> conditions involving
  <font color="#993333"><_bq>and</_bq></font> and
  <font color="#993333"><_bq>or</_bq></font>. Euphoria will stop evaluating
  any condition once it determines if the condition is true or not.
  For instance in the <font color="#006699">if-statement</font>:
<_eucode>
        if x > 20 and y = 0 then
            ...
        end if
</_eucode>
   The "y = 0" test will only be made when "x > 20" is true.
 <p>
   For maximum speed, you can order your tests. Do "x > 20" first if it is
   more likely to be false than "y = 0".
 <p>
   In general, with a condition "A and B", Euphoria will not evaluate the
   expression B, when A is false (zero). Similarly, with a condition like
   "A or B", B will not be evaluated when A is true (non-zero).
 <p>
   Simple if-statements are highly optimized.
   With the current version of the interpreter,
   nested simple if's that compare integers are usually a bit faster
   than a single short-circuit if-statement e.g.:
<_eucode>
       if x > 20 then
           if y = 0 then
               ...
           end if
       end if
</_eucode>

<p>
<li>
 The speed of access to private variables, local variables and global
   variables is the same.
<p>
<li>
 There is no performance penalty for defining constants versus plugging
   in hard-coded literal numbers. The speed of:
<_eucode>
           y = x * MAX
</_eucode>
   is exactly the same as:
<_eucode>
           y = x * 1000
</_eucode>
   where you've previously defined:
<_eucode>
           constant MAX = 1000
</_eucode>

<li>
 There is no performance penalty for having lots of comments in your
   program. Comments are completely ignored. They are not executed in any way.
   It might take a few milliseconds longer for the initial load of your
   program, but that's a very small price to pay for future maintainability,
   and when you <font color="#993333"><b>bind</b></font> your program, all
   comments are stripped out, so the cost becomes absolute zero.

</ul>

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Measuring Performance</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 In any programming language, and especially in Euphoria,
 <font color="#006633"><b>you really have to make measurements before
 drawing conclusions about performance</b></font>.
<p>
 Euphoria provides both <font color="#993333"><b>execution-count
 profiling</b></font>, as well as
 <font color="#993333"><b>time profiling</b></font>
 (<font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font> only). See
 <a href="refman_3.htm#2"><font color="#5500FF"><b>refman.doc</b></font></a>.
 You will often be surprised by the results of these profiles. Concentrate
 your efforts on the places in your program that are using a high percentage
 of the total time (or at least are executed a large number of times.)
 There's no point to rewriting a section of code that uses 0.01% of the total
 time. Usually there will be one place, or just a few places where code
 tweaking will make a significant difference.
<p>
 You can also measure the speed of code by using the
 <font color="#006699"><b>time()</b></font> function. e.g.
<_eucode>
        atom t
        t = time()
        for i = 1 to 10000 do
            -- small chunk of code here
        end for
        ? time() - t
</_eucode>
<p>
 You might rewrite the small chunk of code in different ways to see which way
 is faster.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>How to Speed-Up Loops</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 <font color="#993333"><b>Profiling</b></font> will show you the
 <font color="#CC0099"><_bq><i>hot spots</i></_bq></font> in your program.
 These are usually inside loops. Look at each calculation inside the loop
 and ask yourself if it really needs to happen every time through the loop,
 or could it be done just once, prior to the loop.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Converting Multiplies to Adds in a Loop</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Addition is faster than multiplication. Sometimes you can replace a
 multiplication by the loop variable, with an addition. Something like:
<_eucode>
        for i = 0 to 199 do
            poke(screen_memory+i*320, 0)
        end for
</_eucode>

  becomes:
<_eucode>
        x = screen_memory
        for i = 0 to 199 do
            poke(x, 0)
            x = x + 320
        end for
</_eucode>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Saving Results in Variables</_sul>

</font>
<ul>
<li>
 It's faster to save the result of a calculation in a variable, than it is to
   recalculate it later. Even something as simple as a subscript operation,
   or adding 1 to a variable is worth saving.
<p>
<li>
 When you have a sequence with multiple levels of subscripting,
   it is faster to change code like:
<_eucode>
           for i = 1 to 1000 do
               y[a][i] = y[a][i]+1
           end for
</_eucode>

   to:
<_eucode>
           ya = y[a]
           for i = 1 to 1000 do
               ya[i] = ya[i] + 1
           end for
           y[a] = ya
</_eucode>

    So you are doing 2 subscript operations per iteration of the loop, rather
    than 4. The operations, ya = y[a] and y[a] = ya are very cheap.
    <font color="#006633"><b>They just copy a pointer.</b></font> They
    don't copy a whole sequence.
<p>
<li>
 There is a slight cost when you create a new sequence using <b>{a,b,c}</b>.
   If possible, move this operation out of a critical loop by storing it
   in a variable before the loop, and referencing the variable inside the
   loop.

</ul>

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>In-lining of Routine Calls</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 If you have a routine that is rather small and fast, but is called a huge
 number of times, you will save time by doing the operation
 <_bq><i>in-line</i></_bq>, rather than calling the routine. Your code may
 become less readable, so it might be better to in-line only at places that
 generate a lot of calls to the routine.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Operations on Sequences</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Euphoria lets you operate on a large sequence of data using a single
 statement. This saves you from writing a loop where you process one element
 at-a-time. e.g.
<_eucode>
        x = {1,3,5,7,9}
        y = {2,4,6,8,10}

        z = x + y
</_eucode>

 versus:
<_eucode>
        z = repeat(0, 5)  -- if necessary
        for i = 1 to 5 do
            z[i] = x[i] + y[i]
        end for
</_eucode>
<p>
 In most interpreted languages, it is much faster to process a whole sequence
 (array) in one statement, than it is to perform scalar operations
 in a loop. This is because the
 interpreter has a large amount of overhead for each statement it executes.
 Euphoria is different. Euphoria is very lean, with little
 interpretive overhead, so operations on sequences don't always win.
 The only solution is to time it both ways. The per-element cost is usually
 lower when you process a sequence in one statement, but there are overheads
 associated with allocation and deallocation of sequences that
 may tip the scale the other way.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Some Special Case Optimizations</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Euphoria automatically optimizes certain special cases. x and y below could
 be variables or arbitrary expressions.
<_eucode>
        x + 1      -- faster than general x + y
        1 + x      -- faster than general y + x
        x * 2      -- faster than general x * y
        2 * x      -- faster than general y * x
        x / 2      -- faster than general x / y
        floor(x/y) -- where x and y are integers, is faster than x/y
        floor(x/2) -- faster than floor(x/y)
</_eucode>
<p>
 x below is a simple variable, y is any variable or expression:
<_eucode>
        x = append(x, y)   -- faster than general z = append(x, y)
        x = prepend(x, y)  -- faster than general z = prepend(x, y)

        x = x & y          -- where x is much larger than y,
                           -- is faster than general z = x & y
</_eucode>

When you write a loop that "grows" a sequence, by appending or
concatenating data onto it, the time will, in general, grow in proportion
to the <b>square</b> of the number (N) of elements you are adding.
However, if you can use one of the special optimized forms of append(),
prepend() or concatenation listed above, the time will grow in proportion
to just N (roughly). This could save you a <b>huge</b> amount of time
when creating an extremely long sequence.
(You could also use repeat() to establish the maximum size
of the sequence, and then fill in the elements in a loop, as discussed
below.)
<p>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Assignment with Operators</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 For greater speed, convert:
<pre>
        <b>left-hand-side = left-hand-side op expression</b>
</pre>
 to:
<pre>
        <b>left-hand-side op= expression</b>
</pre>

 whenever left-hand-side contains at least 2 subscripts, or at least
 one subscript and a slice. In all simpler cases the two forms run at
 the same speed (or very close to the same).

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Pixel-Graphics Tips</_sul>

</font>
<ul>
<li>
 Mode 19 is the fastest mode for
 <font color="#009999"><b>animated graphics</b></font> and
 <font color="#009999"><b>games</b></font>.
<p>
<li>
 The video memory (in mode 19) is not cached by the CPU. It usually takes longer
   to read or write data to the screen than to a general area of memory that
   you allocate. This adds to the efficiency of
   <font color="#CC0099"><_bq><i>virtual</i></_bq> <b>screens</b></font>, where
   you do all of your image updating in a <b>block of memory</b> that you
   get from <font color="#006699"><b>allocate()</b></font>, and then you
   periodically <font color="#006699"><b>mem_copy()</b></font> the resulting
   image to the real <b>screen memory</b>. In this way you never have to
   read the (slow) screen memory.
<p>
<li>
 When plotting pixels, you may find that modes 257 and higher are fast near
   the top of the screen, but slow near the bottom.

</ul>

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Text-Mode Tips</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Writing text to the screen using <font color="#006699"><b>puts()</b></font>
 or <font color="#006699"><b>printf()</b></font> is rather slow.
 If necessary, in <font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font>, you can do it much faster by poking into the
 <b>video memory</b>, or by using
 <font color="#006699"><b>display_text_image()</b></font>. There is a very
 large overhead on each puts() to the screen, and a relatively small
 incremental cost per character. The overhead with
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw</b></font> is especially high (on Windows 95/98
 at least). Linux is somewhere between DOS32 and WIN32 in text output
 speed. It therefore makes sense
 to build up a long string before calling puts(), rather than calling it
 for each character. There is no advantage to building up a string
 longer than one line however.
 <p>
 The slowness of text output is mainly due to operating system overhead.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Library Routines</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Some common routines are extremely fast. You probably couldn't do the job
 faster any other way, even if you used C or assembly language. Some of these
 are:
<ul>
<li>
     <font color="#006699"><b>mem_copy()</b></font>
<li>
     <font color="#006699"><b>mem_set()</b></font>
<li>
     <font color="#006699"><b>repeat()</b></font>
</ul>
<p>
 Other routines are reasonably fast, but you might be able
 to do the job faster in some cases if speed was crucial.
<_eucode>
        x = repeat(0,100)
        for i = 1 to 100 do
            x[i] = i
        end for
</_eucode>

 is somewhat faster than:
<_eucode>
        x = {}
        for i = 1 to 100 do
            x = append(x, i)
        end for
</_eucode>

 because <font color="#006699">append()</font> has to allocate and reallocate
 space as x grows in size. With <font color="#006699">repeat()</font>, the
 space for x is allocated once at the beginning. (append() is smart enough
 not to allocate space with <_ba><i>every</i></_ba> append to x.
 It will allocate somewhat more than it needs, to reduce the number of
 reallocations.)
<p>
 You can replace:
<_eucode>
        remainder(x, p)
</_eucode>

 with:
<_eucode>
        and_bits(x, p-1)
</_eucode>

 for greater speed when p is a positive power of 2. x must be a non-negative
 integer that fits in 32-bits.
<p>
 <font color="#006699"><b>arctan()</b></font> is faster than
 <font color="#006699"><b>arccos()</b></font> or
 <font color="#006699"><b>arcsin()</b></font>.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Searching</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Euphoria's <font color="#006699"><b>find()</b></font> is the fastest way
 to search for a value in a sequence up to about 50 elements. Beyond that,
 you might consider a <i>hash table</i>
 (<font color="#5500FF"><b>demo\hash.ex</b></font>) or a
 <i>binary tree</i> (<font color="#5500FF"><b>demo\tree.ex</b></font>).

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Sorting</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 In most cases you can just use the <i>shell sort</i> routine in
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>include\sort.e</b></font>.
<p>
 If you have a huge amount of data to sort, you might try one of the sorts
 in <font color="#5500FF"><b>demo\allsorts.e</b></font> (e.g.
 <i><_bq>great</_bq> sort</i>). If your data is too big to fit in
 memory, don't rely on Euphoria's automatic memory swapping capability.
 Instead, sort a few thousand records at a time, and write them out to a
 series of temporary files. Then merge all the sorted temporary files into
 one big sorted file.
<p>
 If your data consists of integers only, and they are all in a fairly
 narrow range, try the <i>bucket sort</i> in
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>demo\allsorts.e</b></font>.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Taking Advantage of Cache Memory</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 As CPU speeds increase, the gap between the speed of the on-chip cache
 memory and the speed of the main memory or DRAM (dynamic random access memory)
 becomes ever greater. You might have 32 Mb of DRAM on your computer, but the
 on-chip cache is likely to be only 8K (data) plus 8K (instructions) on a
 Pentium, or 16K (data) plus 16K (instructions) on a Pentium with MMX or a
 Pentium II/III. Most machines will also have a "level-2" cache of 256K or 512K.
<p>
 An algorithm that steps through a long sequence of a couple of thousand
 (4-byte) elements or more, many times, from beginning to end, performing one
 small operation on each element, will not make good use of the on-chip data
 cache. It might be better to go through once, applying several operations to
 each element, before moving on to the next element. The same argument holds
 when your program starts swapping, and the least-recently-used data is moved
 out to disk.
<p>
 These cache effects aren't as noticeable in Euphoria as they are in
 lower-level compiled languages, but they are measurable.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Using Machine Code and C</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Euphoria lets you call routines written in 32-bit Intel machine code. On
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32</b></font> and
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font>
 you can call C routines in
 <b>.</b>dll or <b>.</b>so files, and these C routines can call your Euphoria routines.
 You might need to call C or machine code because of something that can't be
 done directly in Euphoria, or you might do it for improved speed.
<p>
 To boost speed, the machine code or C routine needs to do a significant
 amount of work on each call, otherwise the overhead of setting up the
 arguments and making the call will dominate the time, and it might not
 gain you much.
<p>
 Many programs have some inner core operation that consumes most of the
 CPU time. If you can code this in C or machine code, while leaving the
 bulk of the program in Euphoria, you might achieve a speed comparable
 to C, without sacrificing Euphoria's safety and flexibility.

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>
PLATFORM.HTX
24395
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Platform-Specific Issues for Euphoria</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                  Platform-Specific Issues for Euphoria
</font></_center>
<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>1. Introduction</_dul>

</font>
<p>
 Euphoria programs can currently run on three different
 <font color="#993333"><_bq><i>platforms</i></_bq></font>. More
 platforms will be added in the future. The first platform is called
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font>,
 since it depends on the DOS operating system, but with the CPU operating
 in 32-bit (protected) mode.

<p>
 The second platform is called <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32</b></font>,
 since the underlying operating system is Microsoft Windows, in particular,
 the 32-bit version of Windows that is used on Windows 95/98 and Windows NT.

<p>
 The third platform is <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font>. Linux is
 based on the UNIX operating system. It has recently become very popular
 on PCs. Linux on the PC is also a 32-bit system.

<p>
 The Euphoria for DOS32+WIN32 .zip file contains two <b>.exe</b> files.
 The first is called <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font>.
 It runs Euphoria programs on the DOS32 platform. The second is
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font>.
 It runs Euphoria programs on the WIN32 platform.
 Euphoria programs that are
 meant to be run on the WIN32 platform have a <b>.exw</b> file type,
 while programs that are meant to be run on the DOS32 platform have a
 <b>.ex</b> file type.
 <p>
 The Euphoria for Linux .tar file contains only
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>. It runs
 Euphoria programs on the Linux platform.
 Euphoria programs intended for Linux have a <b>.exu</b> file type.
 <p>
 Many Euphoria programs can be run on two, or all three platforms without
 change. The file type should indicate the preferred platform for the program.
 Any Euphoria interpreter will try to run any Euphoria file. You just
 have to specify the full name of the file, including the type.
 <p>
 Sometimes you'll find that the majority of your code will be the
 same on all platforms, but some small parts will have to be
 written differently for each platform. Use the
 <a href=lib_p_r.htm#platform>platform()</a> built-in function to
 tell you which platform you are currently running on.


<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2. The DOS32 Platform</_dul>

</font>
<p>
 If you are new to programming, you should start off with
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> on the
 DOS32 platform, or perhaps
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>
 on the Linux platform. Windows programming is somewhat more complicated, no
 matter which language you use.

<p>
 <font color="#006633"><b>Programs run in 32-bit (protected) mode and
 have access to all of the megabytes of memory on the machine.</b></font>
 Most programming languages for DOS limit
 you to 16-bit <_bq>real</_bq> mode. This makes it impossible to
 access more than 640K
 of memory at one time. Your machine might have 32Mb of memory, but your
 program will run out of memory after using 640K. QBasic is even worse. It
 limits you to just 160K.

 <p>
 DOS32 programs are typically run with the screen in either
 <font color="#CC3366">text mode</font> or
 <font color="#CC3366">pixel graphics mode</font>, and there is a large
 library of Euphoria routines that
 you can call. There is rarely any need to call DOS directly, but you can do
 this using the <a href="lib_c_d.htm#dos_interrupt">dos_interrupt()</a>
 routine. You can also <a href="lib_p_r.htm#peek">peek</a> and
 <a href="lib_p_r.htm#poke">poke</a> into
 special memory locations to achieve high-speed graphics and get access
 to low-level details of the system.

 <p>
 Under <font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32 for Windows 95/98</b></font>,
 Euphoria files can have long filenames, and
 programs can open long filename files for reading and writing, but not for
 creating a new file.

 <p>
 <a name=swapfile></a>
 Under <font color="#CC3366"><b>pure DOS, outside of Windows</b></font>,
 there is no system <a href="refman_1.htm#32">swap file</a> so the
 DOS-extender built in to <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> will
 create one for possible use by your program.
 This file is created when your Euphoria program starts up under DOS,
 and is deleted when your program terminates. It starts as a 0-byte file and
 grows only if actual swapping is needed. It is created in the directory on
 your hard disk pointed to by the TEMP or TMP environment variable. If neither
 of these variables have been set, it is created in the directory containing
 either <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> or your
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>bound</_bq></font> Euphoria <b>.exe</b> file.
 You can force it to be created in a particular directory by setting the
 CAUSEWAY environment variable as follows:

<_eucode>
        SET CAUSEWAY=SWAP:path
</_eucode>

 where   <b>path</b>   is the full path to the directory. You can
 prevent the creation of a DOS swap file with:

<_eucode>
        SET CAUSEWAY=NOVM
</_eucode>

<p>
 When disk swapping activity occurs, your program will run correctly but will
 slow down. A better approach might be to free up more extended memory by
 cutting back on SMARTDRV and other programs that reserve large amounts of
 extended memory for themselves.

<p>
 When your free disk space is less than the amount of RAM in your machine,
 no swap file will be created.

<p>
<a name=win32plat></a>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>3. The WIN32 Platform</_dul>

</font>
<p>
 Euphoria for WIN32 (<font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font>) has a
 lot in common with Euphoria for DOS32.
 With WIN32 you also have access to all of the memory on your machine.
 Most library routines work the same way on each platform. Many existing
 DOS32 <font color="#CC3366">text mode</font> programs can be run using
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw</b></font> without any change. With
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw</b></font> you can run programs from the
 command line, and display text on a standard
 (typically 25 line x 80 column) DOS window. The DOS window is known as the
 <_bq><i>console</i></_bq> in Windows terminology. Euphoria makes the
 transition from DOS32 <font color="#CC3366">text mode</font> programming,
 to simple WIN32 console programming, trivial.
 <font color="#006633"><b>You can add calls to WIN32 C functions and later,
 if desired, you can create real Windows GUI windows.</b></font>

 <p>
 A console window will be created automatically when a WIN32 Euphoria program
 first outputs something to the screen or reads from the keyboard. Currently,
 you will also see a console window when you read standard input or write to
 standard output, even when these have been redirected to files. The console
 will disappear when your program finishes execution, or via a call to
 <a href="lib_e_g.htm#free_console">free_console()</a>.
 If there is something on the console that you want your
 user to read, you should prompt him and wait for his input before terminating.
 To prevent the console from quickly disappearing you might include a statement
 such as:

<_eucode>
        if getc(0) then
        end if
</_eucode>
 which will wait for the user enter something.

<p>
 Under WIN32, long filenames are fully supported for reading and writing and
 creating.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>3.1 High-Level WIN32 Programming</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Thanks to <b>David Cuny</b>, there is a package called <b>Win32Lib</b> that
 you can use to develop Windows GUI applications in Euphoria. It is
 remarkably easy to learn and use, and comes with good documentation and
 many small example programs. You can download the file win32lib.zip from
 the Euphoria <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">Web site</a>.
 David has also developed a compatible package for DOS32, called
 <b>Dos32Lib</b>. In many cases you can write a simple program that will
 work using Win32Lib on Windows, and by changing one include statement,
 the program will also run on DOS.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>3.2 Low-Level WIN32 Programming</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 <font color="#006633"><b>To allow access to WIN32 at a lower level, Euphoria
 provides a mechanism for calling any C function in any WIN32 API .dll file,
 or indeed in any 32-bit Windows .dll file that you create or someone else
 creates. There is also a call-back mechanism that lets Windows call your
 Euphoria routines. Call-backs are necessary when you create a graphical
 user interface.</b></font>

<p>
 To make full use of the WIN32 platform, you need documentation on 32-bit
 Windows programming, in particular the WIN32 Application Program Interface
 (API), including the C structures defined by the API. There is a large
 WIN32.HLP file (c) Microsoft that is available with many programming tools
 for Windows 95/98 or Windows NT. There are numerous books available on the
 subject of WIN32 programming for C/C++. You can adapt most of what you find
 in those books to the world of Euphoria programming for WIN32.
 A good book is:<p>

<_center>
                   <i>Programming Windows 95</i><br>
                     by Charles Petzold<br>
                       Microsoft Press<br>
</_center>

<p>
 A WIN32 API Windows help file (8 Mb) can be downloaded from Borland's
 Web site:<br>

 <a href="ftp://ftp.inprise.com/pub/delphi/techpubs/delphi2/win32.zip">
    ftp://ftp.inprise.com/pub/delphi/techpubs/delphi2/win32.zip</a>

<p>
 See also the Euphoria
 <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com/exestuff.htm">Archive Web
 page - "documentation"</a>.

<p>
<a name=linuxplat></a>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>4. The Linux Platform</_dul>

</font>
<p>
Euphoria for Linux shares certain features with Euphoria for DOS32,
and shares other features with Euphoria for WIN32.
<p>
As with WIN32 and DOS32, you can write text on a console, or xterm window,
in multiple colors and at any line or column position.
<p>
Just as in WIN32, you can call C routines in shared libraries
and C code can call back to your Euphoria routines.
<p>
Euphoria for Linux does not have integrated support for pixel graphics
like DOS32, but Pete Eberlein has created a Euphoria interface to
<b>svgalib</b>.
<p>
X windows GUI programming is currently possible using Irv Mullin's
interface to the <b>graphapp</b> package. David Cuny is planning to port
his new Llama GUI package from WIN32 to Linux.
<p>
When porting code from DOS or Windows to Linux, you'll notice the following
differences:
<ul>
<p>
<li>Some of the numbers assigned to the 16 main colors in graphics.e
are different. If you use the constants defined in graphics.e you won't
have a problem. If you hard-code your color numbers you will see
that blue and red have been switched etc.
<p>
<li>The key codes for special keys such as Home, End, arrow keys
are different, and there are some additional differences when you run
under XTERM.
<p>
<li>The Enter key is code 10 (line-feed) on Linux, where on DOS/Windows
it was 13 (carriage-return).
<p>
<li>Linux uses '/' (slash) on file paths. DOS/Windows uses '\\' (backslash).
<p>
<li>Highly specialized things such as dos_interrupt() obviously won't
work on Linux.
<p>
<li>Calls to system() and system_exec() that contain DOS commands
will obviously have to be changed to the corresponding Linux command.
e.g. "DEL" becomes "rm", and "MOVE" becomes "mv".
</ul>


<p>
<a name=call_cfunc></a>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>
<_dul>5. Interfacing with C Code (WIN32 and Linux)</_dul>
</font>
<p>
On WIN32 and Linux it's possible to interface Euphoria code
and C code. Your Euphoria program can call C routines and
read and write C variables.
C routines can even call your Euphoria routines. The C code must
reside in a WIN32 dynamic link library (.dll file), or a Linux
shared library (.so file).

By interfacing with .dll's and shared libraries, you can
access the full programming interface on both of these systems.
<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>5.1 Calling C Functions</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 To call a C function in a <b>.</b>dll or <b>.</b>so file
 you must perform the following steps:

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

 <_2clist
  name="1."
  pos=5
  description="Open the <b>.</b>dll or <b>.</b>so file that contains the C function by
     calling <a href=\"lib_h_o.htm#open_dll\">open_dll()</a> contained in
     <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>euphoria\include\dll.e</b></font>."
 >

<_2clist
  name="2."
  pos=5
  description="Define the C function, by calling
      <a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#define_c_func\">define_c_func()</a> or
      <a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#define_c_proc\">define_c_proc()</a> in
      <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>dll.e</b></font>. This tells Euphoria the
      number and type of the arguments as well as the type of value returned.
      <p>
      Euphoria currently supports all C integer and pointer types as
      arguments and return values. It also supports floating-point arguments
      and return values (C double type). It is currently not possible to
      pass C structures by value or receive a structure as a function
      result, although you can certainly pass a pointer to a structure
      and get a pointer to a structure as a return value. Passing C
      structures by value is hardly ever required in Linux or the WIN32 API."
>

<_2clist
  name="3."
  pos=5
  description="Call the C function by calling
      <a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#c_func\">c_func()</a> or
      <a href=\"lib_c_d.htm#c_proc\">c_proc()</a>."
>

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  pos=13
  description=""
>
<_eucode>
include dll.e

atom user32
integer LoadIcon, icon

user32 = open_dll("user32.dll")

-- The name of the routine in user32.dll is "LoadIconA".
-- It takes a pointer and an int as arguments,
-- and it returns an int.
LoadIcon = define_c_func(user32, "LoadIconA",
                         {C_POINTER, C_INT}, C_INT)

icon = c_func(LoadIcon, {NULL, IDI_APPLICATION})
</_eucode>

</table>

<p>
 See <a href="library.htm#call_c_func"><font color="#5500FF"><b>library.doc</b>
 </font></a> for descriptions of c_func(), c_proc(), define_c_func(),
 define_c_proc(), open_dll() etc.
 See
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>demo\win32</b></font> or
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>demo\linux</b></font>
 for example programs.

<p>
 You can examine a <b>.</b>dll file by right-clicking on it, and choosing
 "QuickView" (if it's on your system). You will see a list of all the C
 routines that the <b>.</b>dll exports.
<p>
 To find out which <b>.</b>dll file contains a particular WIN32 C function,
 run <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\demo\win32\dsearch.exw</b></font>.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>5.2 Accessing C Variables</_sul>

</font>
<p>
In Linux, you can get the address of a C variable using
<a href="lib_c_d.htm#define_c_var">define_c_var()</a>.
You can then use poke() and peek() to access the value of the variable.

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<p>
<br>

<_sul>5.3 Accessing C Structures</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Many C routines require that you pass pointers to structures. You can
 simulate C structures using allocated blocks of memory. The address
 returned by <a href="lib_a_b.htm#allocate">allocate()</a> can be passed
 as if it were a C pointer.
<p>
 You can read and write members of C structures using peek() and poke(), or
 <a href="lib_p_r.htm#peek4u">peek4u()</a>,
 <a href="lib_p_r.htm#peek4s">peek4s()</a>, and
 <a href="lib_p_r.htm#poke4">poke4()</a>. You can allocate space for
 structures using <a href="lib_a_b.htm#allocate">allocate()</a>.
 You must calculate the offset of a member of a C structure. This is usually
 easy, because anything in C that needs 4 bytes will be assigned 4
 bytes in the structure. Thus C int's, char's, unsigned int's, pointers to
 anything, etc. will all take 4 bytes. If the C declaration looks like:
<pre>
        // Warning C code ahead!

        struct example {
            int a;           // offset  0
            char *b;         // offset  4
            char c;          // offset  8
            long d;          // offset 12
        };
</pre>

<p>
 To allocate space for "struct example" you would need:
<_eucode>
        atom p

        p = allocate(16) -- size of "struct example"
</_eucode>

<p>
 The address that you get from allocate() is always at least 4-byte aligned.
 This is useful, since WIN32 structures are supposed to start on a
 4-byte boundary. Fields within a C structure that are 4-bytes or more in size
 must start on a 4-byte boundary in memory. 2-byte fields must start on a
 2-byte boundary. To achieve this you may have to leave small gaps within
 the structure. In practice it is not hard to align most structures since
 90% of the fields are 4-byte pointers or 4-byte integers.

<p>
 You can set the fields using something like:
<_eucode>
        poke4(p + 0, a)
        poke4(p + 4, b)
        poke4(p + 8, c)
        poke4(p +12, d)
</_eucode>

 You can read a field with something like:
<_eucode>
        d = peek4(p+12)
</_eucode>

<dl>
<dt>
  <b><font color="#006633"><_sul>Tip:</_sul></font></b>
<dd>
  For readability, make up Euphoria constants for the field offsets.
  See Example below.

</dl>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="Example:"
  pos=13
  description=""
>
<_eucode>
constant RECT_LEFT = 0,
         RECT_TOP  = 4,
         RECT_RIGHT = 8,
         RECT_BOTTOM = 12

atom rect
rect = allocate(16)

poke4(rect + RECT_LEFT,    10)
poke4(rect + RECT_TOP,     20)
poke4(rect + RECT_RIGHT,   90)
poke4(rect + RECT_BOTTOM, 100)

-- pass rect as a pointer to a C structure
-- hWnd is a "handle" to the window
if not c_func(InvalidateRect, {hWnd, rect, 1}) then
    puts(2, "InvalidateRect failed\n")
end if
</_eucode>

</table>

The Euphoria code that accesses C routines and data structures
may look a bit ugly, but it will typically form just a small
part of your program, especially if you use Win32Lib,
VEL, or Irv Mullin's X Windows library.
Most of your program will be written in pure Euphoria,
which will give you a big advantage over C.
<p>

<a name=callback></a>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>5.4 Call-backs to your Euphoria routines</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 When you create a window, the Windows operating system will need to call your
 Euphoria routine. This is a strange concept for DOS programmers who are used
 to calling operating system routines, but are not used to having the operating
 system call <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>their</i></_ba></font> routine.
 To set this up, you must get a 32-bit "call-back"
 address for your routine and give it to Windows. For example (taken from
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>demo\win32\window.exw</b></font>):
<_eucode>
        integer id
        atom WndProcAddress

        id = routine_id("WndProc")

        WndProcAddress = call_back(id)
</_eucode>

 <a href="lib_p_r.htm#routine_id">routine_id()</a> uniquely identifies a
 Euphoria procedure or function by returning a small integer value. This
 value can be used later to call the routine. You can also use it as an
 argument to the <a href="lib_c_d.htm#call_back">call_back()</a>
 function.

<p>
 In the example above, The 32-bit <i>call-back address</i>, WndProcAddress,
 can be stored in a C structure and passed to Windows via the
 RegisterClass() C API function.
 <font color="#006633"><b>This gives Windows the ability to
 call the Euphoria routine, WndProc(), whenever the user performs an action on
 a certain class of window.</b></font> Actions include clicking the mouse,
 typing a key, resizing the window etc.</i> See the
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>window.exw</b></font> demo program for the whole
 story.

<dl>
<dt>
        <b><font color="#006633"><_sul>Note:</_sul></font></b>
<dd>
 It is possible to get a <i>call-back address</i> for
 <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>any</i></b></font> Euphoria
 routine that meets the following conditions:

<ul>
<li>
        the routine must be a function, not a procedure
<li>
        it must have from 0 to 8 parameters
<li>
        the parameters should all be of type atom (or integer etc.),
        not sequence
<li>
        the return value should be an integer value up to 32-bits in size
</ul>
</dl>

 You can create as many call-back addresses as you like, but you should
 not call <a href="lib_c_d.htm#call_back">call_back()</a> for the same
 Euphoria routine multiple times - each call-back address that
 you create requires a small block of memory.

<p>
 The values that are passed to your Euphoria routine can be any 32-bit
 <_bq>unsigned</_bq> atoms, i.e. non-negative. Your routine could
 choose to interpret large positive numbers as negative if that is desirable.
 For instance,
 if a C routine tried to pass you -1, it would appear as hex FFFFFFFF.
 If a value is passed that does not fit the type you have chosen for a
 given parameter, a Euphoria type-check error may occur (depending on
 <a href="refman_2.htm#62">
 <_bq><font color="#993333">with/without type_check</font></_bq></a> etc.)
 No error will occur if you declare all
 parameters as <font color="#993333"><_bq>atom</_bq></font>.

<p>
 Normally, as in the case of WndProc() above, Windows initiates these
 call-backs to your routines. <font color="#006633"><b>It is also
 possible for a C routine in any .dll to call one of your Euphoria
 routines.</b></font> You just have to declare the C routine properly,
 and pass it the call-back address.

<p>
 Here's an example of a WATCOM C routine that takes your call-back address as
 its only parameter, and then calls your 3-parameter Euphoria routine:

<pre>
        /* 1-parameter C routine that you call from Euphoria */
        unsigned EXPORT APIENTRY test1(
                 LRESULT CALLBACK (*eu_callback)(unsigned a,
                                                 unsigned b,
                                                 unsigned c))
        {
            /* Your 3-parameter Euphoria routine is called here
               via eu_callback pointer */
            return (*eu_callback)(111, 222, 333);
        }
</pre>

 The C declaration above declares test1 as an externally-callable C
 routine that takes a single parameter. The single parameter is a pointer
 to a routine that takes 3 unsigned parameters - i.e. your Euphoria routine.

<p>
 In WATCOM C, "CALLBACK" is the same as "__stdcall", i.e "standard call".
 This is the calling convention that's used to call WIN32 API routines,
 and the C pointer to your Euphoria routine must be declared this way too,
 or you'll get an error when your Euphoria routine tries to return to
 your .DLL.
 Note that the <i>default</i> calling convention for Windows C compilers is
 something different, called "__cdecl".

<p>
 In the example above, your Euphoria routine will be passed the
 three values 111, 222 and 333
 as arguments. Your routine will return a value to test1. That value will then
 be immediately returned to the caller of test1 (which could be at some
 other place in your Euphoria program).

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>

README.HTX
20408
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Readme</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>

<b><pre>
 ---> <font color="#FF0099">Is this the latest version of Euphoria?</font>
      Visit:  <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">http://www.RapidEuphoria.com</a>

 ---> To install Euphoria see <a href="html/install.htm">install.doc</a>

 ---> <font color="#FF0099">What's new in this release?</font>
      See <a href="html/relnotes.htm">relnotes.doc</a> (after installing)
</pre></b>

<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#006633" size=+2>
<br>
                            Euphoria version 2.2<br>
                             for WIN32 + DOS32<br>
                             January 14, 2000<br>
</font></_center>

<p> <br>

<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#003366\">Welcome to
   Euphoria! ...</font>"
  description="<b><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#FF0099\">E</font><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#003366\">nd</font>
<font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#FF0099\">U</font><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#003366\">ser</font>
<font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#FF0099\">P</font><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#003366\">rogramming with</font>
<font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#FF0099\">H</font><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#003366\">ierarchical</font>
<font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#FF0099\">O</font><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#003366\">bjects for</font>
<font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#FF0099\">R</font><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#003366\">obust</font>
<font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#FF0099\">I</font><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#003366\">nterpreted</font>
<font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#FF0099\">A</font><font face=\"Arial, Helvetica\" color=\"#003366\">pplications</font></b>"
>

</table>

<p>
 Euphoria has come a long way since v1.0 was released in July 1993. There are
 now several hundred registered users, located in 45 countries around the
 world. There are several thousand non-registered users.
 Each year has seen significantly more registrations than the year before.
 There is a Euphoria
 <b>newsgroup</b>, alt.lang.euphoria, as well as an automated
 <b>mailing list</b> with hundreds of users subscribed.
 The <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">Euphoria Web site</a> contains
 over 500 contributed <b>.</b>zip files packed with Euphoria source programs
 and library routines. Dozens of people have set up their own independent Web
 pages with Euphoria-related content. Euphoria has been used in a variety of
 <font color="#009999"><b>commercial programs</b></font>. The
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>32-bit DOS</b></font> version has been used to create
 many exciting <font color="#009999"><b>high-speed action games</b></font>,
 complete with <b>Sound Blaster</b> sound effects.
 The <font color="#CC3366"><b>32-bit Windows</b></font> version has been used
 to create numerous <font color="#009999"><b>GUI, utility and
 Internet-related programs</b></font>. The
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font> version has been used to
 write <font color="#009999"><b>X Windows GUI programs, CGI programs</b></font>, and lots of
 useful tools and utilities.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>Yet Another Programming Language?</_dul>

</font>
<p>
 Euphoria is a very-high-level programming language with several features that
 set it apart from the crowd:
<ul>
<li>
 Euphoria programs run on <font color="#CC3366"><b>32-bit extended
 DOS</b></font>, <font color="#CC3366"><b>32-bit Windows</b></font> and
 now <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font>.
<p>
<li>
 The language is flexible, powerful, and easier to learn than BASIC.
<p>
<li>
 There is no waiting for compiles and links - just edit and run.
<p>
<li>
 You can create and distribute a royalty-free,
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>stand-alone .exe</b></font> file.
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>Dynamic storage allocation</b></font> is
 fundamental to Euphoria. Variables grow or shrink in size without the
 programmer having to worry about allocating and freeing chunks of memory.
 Elements of an array (Euphoria sequence) can be a dynamic mixture of
 different types and sizes of data.
<p>
<li>
 Variable types can be as rigid or as flexible as you like. You can specify
 the precise set of legal values that may be assigned to any variable.
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>You can easily write generic code that works on any
 type of data.</b></font>
<p>
<li>
 Euphoria is not a true object-oriented language, but has features that
 support object-oriented programming. Euphoria is simple, but very powerful.
 Problems that require dozens of obscure statements in C++, can often be
 solved in Euphoria with just a few simple statements.
<p>
<li>
 Euphoria provides <font color="#CC0099"><b>extensive run-time error
 checking</b></font> for<b>:</b> out-of-bounds subscripts, uninitialized
 variables, bad parameter values for library routines, illegal value assigned
 to a variable, and many more. If something goes wrong you'll get a full error
 message, with a traceback and a dump of variable values - no mysterious
 machine "lockups" or crashes.
<p>
<li>
 Program execution speed is <font color="#CC0099"><b>10 to 20 times
 faster</b></font> than Microsoft QBasic, and
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>34 times faster</b></font> than either Perl
 or Python.
<p>
<li>
 Euphoria programs are not constrained by any 640K or 64K memory restrictions
 for which MS-DOS is infamous. The
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font>,
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32</b></font> and
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font>
 versions of Euphoria let you use
 all of the megabytes of memory on your system seamlessly, and if that isn't
 enough, a swap file on disk will provide additional virtual memory.
<p>
<li>
 An integrated, easy-to-use, <font color="#993333"><b>full-screen
 source-level debugger/tracer</b></font> is included.
<p>
<li>
 Both an <font color="#993333"><b>execution-count profiler</b></font>, and a
 <font color="#993333"><b>time profiler</b></font> are available.
<p>
<li>
 A <font color="#993333"><b>full-screen, multi-file editor</b></font> with
 color syntax highlighting and auto-completion of Euphoria statements is
 provided, complete with Euphoria source code that you are free to modify.
<p>
<li>
 A large collection of interesting demo programs written in Euphoria
 is provided.
<p>
<li>
 There is a large and rapidly growing collection of excellent 3rd party
 programs and libraries, most with full source code.
<p>
<li>
 The <font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font> implementation of Euphoria
 on MS-DOS is full and complete. If necessary, you can access DOS
 software interrupts. You can call machine-code routines. You can even
 set up your own hardware interrupt handlers. Several high-speed action
 games, complete with Sound Blaster sound effects have been developed 100%
 in Euphoria, without the need for any machine code. Some of these games
 are now in commercial distribution.
<p>
<li>
 The <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32</b></font> implementation of Euphoria
 lets you access WIN32 API routines, as well as C routines in 32-bit
 DLLs created by yourself or a 3rd party. With <b>David Cuny</b>'s
 <b>Win32Lib</b> and other free 3rd-party packages you can easily create
 Windows GUI and Internet programs in Euphoria.
<p>
<li>
 The <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font> implementation of Euphoria
 lets you access C routines and variables in Linux shared libraries,
 for tasks ranging from graphics, to X windows GUI programming, to
 Internet CGI programming. The good news is, you'll be
 programming in Euphoria, not C.

</ul>

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>Who Would Benefit from Using Euphoria?</_dul>

</font>
<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_4clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">novices / students</font>"
  pos=23
  description="Euphoria is one of the simplest and easiest of all languages
   to learn."
>

<_4clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">hobbyists</font>"
  pos=23
  description="Take a look at some of the <b>games</b> and
   <b>high-speed graphics demos</b> we've written, then visit the Web site
   and download some <font color=\"#CC0099\"><b><i>much</i></b></font> better
   games and demos written by Euphoria users."
>

<_4clist
  name="<font color=\"#006699\">professionals</font>"
  pos=23
  description="You can develop a reliable, maintainable, fully-debugged
   program in <font color=\"#CC0099\"><b><i>much</i></b></font> less time
   in Euphoria than in C/C++."
>

<_4clist
  name=""
  pos=23
  description="Euphoria can be used as a sophisticated batch file language."
>

<_4clist
  name=""
  pos=23
  description="Euphoria is great for
   <font color=\"#CC0099\"><b><i>quick, easy</i></b></font> development of
   file filters and other <b>utilities</b>."
>

<_4clist
  name=""
  pos=23
  description="You can easily develop <b>GUI</b> and <b>Internet
   programs</b> without needing a 6-week training course."
>

<_4clist
  name=""
  pos=23
  description="You can distribute your program royalty-free as a <b>.exe</b>
   file."
>

</table>

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>Platforms and Editions</_dul>

</font>
<p>
 Euphoria runs on three different platforms,
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font>,
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32</b></font> and
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font>,
 and comes in two different
 editions: a <font color="#993333"><b>Public Domain Edition</b></font> and
 a <font color="#993333"><b>Complete Edition</b></font>.
 Both editions will run any Euphoria program of any size at full speed,
 and will report all "compile-time" errors such as syntax errors,
 undeclared variables etc. The Complete (registered) Edition has these
 <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>extra</i></b></font> features:

<ul>
<li>
 you can convert any Euphoria program into a
  <font color="#CC0099"><b>single, stand-alone, tamper-resistant
  .exe</b></font> file for easy distribution. (See
  <a href="html/bind.htm"><font color="#5500FF"><b>bind.doc</b></font></a>)
<p>
<li>
 you can <font color="#993333"><b>profile</b></font> any Euphoria program to
  determine the performance "hot spots" and to find logical errors. Both
  <font color="#993333"><b>execution-count profiling</b></font>
  and
  <font color="#993333"><b>time-profiling</b></font>
  (<font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font> only) are provided.
<p>
<li>
 you can get full diagnostic information for run-time errors in any size of
  program. The Public Domain Edition provides full run-time diagnostics for
  programs up to 300 statements in size.
</ul>

<p>
 For programs over 300 statements, a run-time error in this
 <b>Public Domain Edition</b> will simply cause
 your program to halt with a brief message. The usual fully-detailed
 diagnostics, including a dump of all variable values and other debugging
 information, will not be provided. However, the excellent
 <font color="#993333"><b>source-level debugger</b></font> will remain fully
 operational, and you can insert debug print statements the way you would
 in C/C++ or other languages. Note that C/C++ and other compiled languages
 do very little checking for run-time errors, and provide very little
 diagnostic information when a run-time error occurs.
 <font color="#006633"><b>Your productivity will be much higher,
 programming in Euphoria.</b></font>

<dl>
<dt>
 <b><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#006633" size=-1><_sul>Regarding
 Statement Count:</_sul></font></b>
<dd>
 Blank-lines and comments are not counted, and the standard include files
 in <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\include</b></font> are
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>free</b></font> (if not altered significantly).
 Useful <b>3rd party files</b> can be stamped by RDS, making them
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>free</b></font>, provided they are not altered
 significantly. You can put many statements on one line, or you can split
 a statement across many lines -- it won't affect your statement count.
</dl>

<p>
 We want you to enjoy writing some great programs in Euphoria. Later, when you
 decide that you like the language, and want to take advantage of the
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>enhanced features</b></font> in the
 Complete Edition, we hope you will
 register. Registration costs only $39 (DOS32+WIN32) or $25 (Linux), and
 you can reduce or even eliminate this cost by contributing useful code
 for our Web site. See
 <a href="html/register.htm"><font color="#5500FF"><b>register\register.doc</b></font></a>
 for details, or run: <b>ex how2reg.ex</b> in the
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>register</b></font> subdirectory.

<p>
 The documentation contained in this package comes in both plain text and
 HTML form. The plain text (<b>.doc</b>) files can be viewed with any text
 editor, such as Windows NotePad or WordPad. The HTML (<b>.htm</b>) files
 can be viewed with your Web browser. A tool that we developed in Euphoria
 allows us to automatically generate both plain text and HTML files, from a
 common source. Thus the content of each file in the
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>doc</b></font> subdirectory should be identical
 to the content of the corresponding file in the
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>html</b></font> subdirectory, aside from the
 lack of links, fonts, colors, etc. See
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>doc\overview.doc</b></font>
 (or <a href="html/overview.htm"><b>html\overview.htm</b></a>) for a summary
 of the documentation files.

<p>
 There's over 20,000 lines of free Euphoria source code in this package. We
 encourage you to use it, copy it, modify it, distribute it, upload it etc.

<p>
 You can freely distribute this <b>Public Domain
 Edition</b>, in whole or in part, so anyone can run a Euphoria
 program that you have developed. You are completely free to distribute
 any Euphoria programs that you write, royalty-free, even if
 you don't register.

<p>
 You may <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>not</i></_ba></font> distribute the
 files <font color="#993333"><_bq>ex.exe</_bq></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>exw.exe</_bq></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>exu</_bq></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>bind.ex</_bq></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>bind.bat</_bq></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>bindw.bat</_bq></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>bindu</_bq></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>shroud</_bq></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>shroud.bat</_bq></font> that come with the
 <b>Complete Editions</b>.

<p>
 To run the <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32</b></font> version of Euphoria
 you need Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, or (soon) Windows 2000.

<p>
 To run the <font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font> version you need
 MS-DOS (or PC-DOS etc.) on any 386 or higher processor.
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> will use extended memory if it
 is available, but can run in 640K of conventional memory if that is all
 you have. It has been well tested under MS-DOS 4, 5, 6, 6.2 and 7.0, as well
 as DOS-prompt windows under Windows 3.1, Windows 3.11, Windows NT,
 Windows 95, Windows 98 and OS/2. Euphoria exploits the full 32-bit power of
 your PC. A <font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font> Euphoria program will
 run under DOS, or as a DOS application under Windows or OS/2 - just
 <b><i>double-click</i></b> on the file name, or open a DOS prompt window.

<p>
 To run the <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font> version of Euphoria
 you need any reasonably up-to-date Linux distribution, that has libc6 or
 later. For example, Red Hat 5.2, 6.0 or later will work fine.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>Getting Started</_dul>

</font>
<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="1."
  pos=7
  description="On DOS/Windows install Euphoria by typing:"
 >
<_eucode>
        install
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  pos=7
  description="Don't worry, it's easy to uninstall - see
<a href=\"html/install.htm\"><font color=\"#5500FF\">
 <b>install.doc</b></font></a>."
 >

<_2clist
  name=""
  pos=7
  description="On Linux see <a href=\"html/install.htm\"><font color=\"#5500FF\">
 <b>install.doc</b></font></a>."
 >


<_2clist
  name="2."
  pos=7
  description="After you install Euphoria, the documentation files will be in
   the <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>doc</b></font> and
   <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>html</b></font> directories.
<a href=\"html/overview.htm\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>overview.doc</b></font></a>
 gives an overview of the documentation.
 <a href=\"html/refman.htm\"><b>refman.htm</b></a> (or
 <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>refman.doc</b></font>) should be read first.
 If you want to search for information on any topic, type
 <font color=\"#993333\"><b>guru</b></font>."
 >

<_2clist
  name="3."
  pos=7
  description="Have fun running the programs in the
   <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>demo</b></font> directory. Feel free to modify
   them, or run them in <font color=\"#993333\"><b>trace</b></font> mode by
   adding:"
 >

<_eucode>
        with trace
        trace(1)
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  pos=7
  description="as the first two lines in the <b>.ex</b> or <b>.exw</b> file."
 >

<_2clist
  name="4."
  pos=7
  description="Try typing in some simple statements and running them.
   You can use any text editor. Later you may want to use the Euphoria editor,
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ed</b></font>, or download David Cuny's
   Euphoria editor from the
   <a href=\"http://www.RapidEuphoria.com\">Euphoria Web site</a>.
   <p>
   Don't be afraid to try things. Euphoria won't bite!"
 >

<_2clist
  name="5."
  pos=7
  description="See
<a href=\"html/what2do.htm\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>what2do.doc</b></font></a>
 for more ideas."
 >

<_2clist
  name="6."
  pos=7
  description="Visit the Euphoria Web site, download some files, and
   subscribe to the Euphoria <b>mailing list</b> (see
 <a href=\"html/web.htm\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>web.doc</b></font></a>)."
 >

</table>

<p>
 If you are new to programming, and you find
 <a href="html/refman.htm"><b>refman.htm</b></a>
 hard to follow, download
 <b>David Gay</b>'s interactive tutorial called <i>"A Beginner's Guide
 To Euphoria"</i>. There's a link to it from the
 <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">Euphoria Web site</a>.

<p> <br>
<center>
 <_ba><_ba><_ba> <font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366" size=-1>If
 you have any trouble installing, see</font> <a href="html/install.htm">
 <font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#5500FF" size=-1>install.doc</font></a> </_ba></_ba></_ba>
</center>

<p>
<hr>

<dl>
<dt>
 <b><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#006633" size=-1>
 <_dul>Notice to Shareware Vendors:</_dul></font></b>
<dd>
  <font face="Arial, Helvetica" size=-1>We encourage you to distribute
  this Public Domain Edition of Euphoria. You can charge whatever you
  like for it. People can use Euphoria for as long as they like without
  obligation. We make money from those who start to seriously develop
  large applications, and want technical support plus
  enhanced bind, profile, and debug support for large programs.</font>
</dl>

<hr>

<dl>
<dt>
 <b><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#006633" size=-1>
 <_dul>DISCLAIMER:</_dul></font></b>
<dd>
  <font face="Arial, Helvetica" size=-1>
  The Public Domain and Complete Editions of Euphoria are provided "as is"
  without warranty of any kind. In no event shall Rapid Deployment
  Software be held liable for any damages arising from the use of or
  inability to use this product.</font>
</dl>

<hr>

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>

REFMAN.HTX
7931
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria Programming Language v2.2 Reference Manual - Head</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">

<_center><font color="#006633" size=+2>
<br>
                   Euphoria Programming Language<br><br>
                            version 2.2<br><br>
                         Reference Manual<br>
</font></_center>
<p>
<p>

<_center><font color="#FF0099" face="Arial, Helvetica" size=+1>
                 (c) 2000 Rapid Deployment Software<br>
</font></_center>

<p>
<p>

<_center><font size=+1>
               Permission is freely granted to anyone<br>
                        to copy this manual.<br>
</font></_center>

<p>
<p>
<hr>
<p>

<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#006633" size=+2>
                         TABLE OF CONTENTS
</font></_center>

<p>
<_center><font size=+1>
                       <a href="refman_1.htm">Part I - Core Language</a>
</font></_center>

<dl>
<dt>

        1. <a href="refman_1.htm"> Introduction </a>

<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
           1.1 <a href="refman_1.htm#1"> Example Program </a>

<dd>
<dt>
           1.2 <a href="refman_1.htm#2"> Installation </a>

<dd>
<dt>
           1.3 <a href="refman_1.htm#3"> Running a Program </a>
<dd>
                 1.3.1 <a href="refman_1.htm#31"> Running under Windows </a>
<dd>
                 1.3.2 <a href="refman_1.htm#32"> Use of a Swap File </a>

<dd>
<dt>
           1.4 <a href="refman_1.htm#4"> Editing a Program </a>

<dd>
<dt>
           1.5 <a href="refman_1.htm#5"> Distributing a Program </a>
<dd>
                 1.5.1 <a href="refman_1.htm#51"> Licensing </a>

<p>
</dl>
<dt>
        2. <a href="refman_2.htm"> Language Definition </a>

<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
           2.1 <a href="refman_2.htm#1"> Objects </a>
<dd>
                2.1.1 <a href="refman_2.htm#1"> Atoms and Sequences</a>
<dd>
                2.1.2 <a href="refman_2.htm#11"> Character Strings and
                     Individual Characters</a>
<dd>
                2.1.3 <a href="refman_2.htm#12"> Comments </a>

<dd>
<dt>
           2.2 <a href="refman_2.htm#2"> Expressions </a>

<dd>
              2.2.1 <a href="refman_2.htm#23"> Relational Operators </a>
<dd>
              2.2.2 <a href="refman_2.htm#24"> Logical Operators </a>
<dd>
              2.2.3 <a href="refman_2.htm#25"> Arithmetic Operators </a>
<dd>
              2.2.4 <a href="refman_2.htm#26"> Operations on Sequences </a>
<dd>
              2.2.5 <a href="refman_2.htm#21"> Subscripting of Sequences </a>
<dd>
              2.2.6 <a href="refman_2.htm#22"> Slicing of Sequences </a>
<dd>
              2.2.7 <a href="refman_2.htm#27"> Concatenation of Sequences and
                     Atoms - The & Operator </a>
<dd>
              2.2.8 <a href="refman_2.htm#28"> Sequence-Formation </a>
<dd>
              2.2.9 <a href="refman_2.htm#29"> Other Operations on Sequences
                     </a>
<ul type=circle>
<li>
                         <a href="refman_2.htm#291"> length </a>
<li>
                         <a href="refman_2.htm#292"> repeat </a>
<li>
                         <a href="refman_2.htm#293"> append / prepend </a>
</ul>
<dd>
              2.2.10 <a href="refman_2.htm#2A"> Precedence Chart </a>

<dd>
<dt>
           2.3 <a href="refman_2.htm#3"> Euphoria versus Conventional Languages
               </a>

<dd>
<dt>
           2.4 <a href="refman_2.htm#4"> Declarations </a>
<dd>
               2.4.1 <a href="refman_2.htm#41"> Identifiers </a>
<ul type=circle>
<li>
                         <a href="refman_2.htm#411"> procedures </a>
<li>
                         <a href="refman_2.htm#412"> functions </a>
<li>
                         <a href="refman_2.htm#413"> types </a>
<li>
                         <a href="refman_2.htm#414"> variables </a>
<li>
                         <a href="refman_2.htm#415"> constants </a>
</ul>
<dd>
               2.4.2 <a href="refman_2.htm#42"> Scope </a>
<dd>
               2.4.3 <a href="refman_2.htm#43"> Specifying the Type of a
                     Variable </a>

<dd>
<dt>
           2.5 <a href="refman_2.htm#5"> Statements </a>
<dd>
               2.5.1 <a href="refman_2.htm#assign"> assignment statement</a>
<ul type=circle>
<li>
                  <a href="refman_2.htm#assignop"> Assignment with Operator</a>
</ul>
<dd>
               2.5.2 <a href="refman_2.htm#proc"> procedure call </a>
<dd>
               2.5.3 <a href="refman_2.htm#if"> if statement</a>
<dd>
               2.5.4 <a href="refman_2.htm#while"> while statement</a>
<ul type=circle>
<li>
                   <a href="refman_2.htm#shortcir"> Short-Circuit Evaluation</a>
</ul>
<dd>
               2.5.5 <a href="refman_2.htm#for"> for statement</a>
<dd>
               2.5.6 <a href="refman_2.htm#return"> return statement</a>
<dd>
               2.5.7 <a href="refman_2.htm#exit"> exit statement</a>

<dd>
<dt>
           2.6 <a href="refman_2.htm#6"> Special Top-Level Statements </a>
<dd>
               2.6.1 <a href="refman_2.htm#61"> include </a>
<dd>
               2.6.2 <a href="refman_2.htm#62"> with / without </a>

<p>
</dl>
<dt>
        3. <a href="refman_3.htm"> Debugging and Profiling </a>

<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
           3.1 <a href="refman_3.htm#1"> Debugging </a>
<dd>
               3.1.1 <a href="refman_3.htm#11"> The Trace Screen </a>

<dt>
           3.2 <a href="refman_3.htm#2"> Profiling </a>
<dd>
               3.2.1 <a href="refman_3.htm#21"> Some Further Notes on Time
                     Profiling </a>

</dl>
</dl>
<p>
<p>

<_center><font size=+1>
                     <a href="library.htm">Part II - Library Routines</a>
</font></_center>

<dl>
<dt>
        1. <a href="library.htm"> Introduction </a>
<p>
<dd>
<dt>
        2. <a href="library.htm#2"> Routines by Application Area </a>

<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
           2.1 <a href="library.htm#predefined"> Predefined Types</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.2 <a href="library.htm#seq_manip"> Sequence Manipulation</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.3 <a href="library.htm#srch_srt"> Searching and Sorting</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.4 <a href="library.htm#pattern_m"> Pattern Matching</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.5 <a href="library.htm#math"> Math</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.6 <a href="library.htm#bitw_logic"> Bitwise Logical Operations</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.7 <a href="library.htm#i_o"> File and Device I/O</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.8 <a href="library.htm#mouse_spt"> Mouse Support (DOS32)</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.9 <a href="library.htm#op_sys"> Operating System</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.10 <a href="library.htm#machine_dep"> Special Machine-Dependent
               Routines</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.11 <a href="library.htm#debugging"> Debugging</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.12 <a href="library.htm#gr_sound"> Graphics & Sound</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.13 <a href="library.htm#m_level_i"> Machine Level Interface</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.14 <a href="library.htm#dyn_call"> Dynamic Calls</a>
<dd>
<dt>
           2.15 <a href="library.htm#call_c_func"> Calling C Functions</a>
<dd>
</dl>
<p>
<dt>
        3. Alphabetical Listing of all Routines

<dd>

<dl>
<dt>
           <a href="lib_a_b.htm"> From A to B </a>
<dd>
<dt>
           <a href="lib_c_d.htm"> From C to D </a>
<dd>
<dt>
           <a href="lib_e_g.htm"> From E to G </a>
<dd>
<dt>
           <a href="lib_h_o.htm"> From H to O </a>
<dd>
<dt>
           <a href="lib_p_r.htm"> From P to R </a>
<dd>
<dt>
           <a href="lib_s_t.htm"> From S to T </a>
<dd>
<dt>
           <a href="lib_u_z.htm"> From U to Z </a>
<dd>

</dl>
</dl>

<_continue
  href="refman_1.htm"
  name="Part I - Core Language"
>

</body>
</html>
REFMAN_1.HTX
24365
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Reference Manual Part I - Section 1 </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font color="#006633" size=+2><b>
<br>
                         Part I - Core Language
</b></font></_center>

<_center><font color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                            1. Introduction
</font></_center>
<p> <br>

 <font color="#993333"><b>Euphoria</b></font> is a new programming language
 with the following advantages over conventional languages:

<ul type=circle>
<li>
      a remarkably simple, flexible, powerful language definition
      that is easy to learn and use.

<p><li>
      dynamic storage allocation. Variables grow or shrink
        without the programmer having to worry about allocating
        and freeing chunks of memory.  Objects of any size can be
        assigned to an element of a Euphoria sequence (array).

<p><li>
      a high-performance, state-of-the-art interpreter that's at least
        <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>10 to 30 times</i></b></font> faster
        than conventional interpreters such as Microsoft QBasic,
        Perl and Python.

<p><li>
      lightning-fast pre-compilation. Your program is checked
        for syntax and converted into an efficient internal form at over
        <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>35,000 lines per second</i></b></font>
        on a Pentium-150.

<p><li>
      extensive run-time checking for: out-of-bounds subscripts,
        uninitialized variables, bad parameter values for library
        routines, illegal value assigned to a variable and many
        more.  There are no mysterious machine exceptions -- you
        will always get a full English description of any problem
        that occurs with your program at run-time, along with a
        call-stack trace-back and a dump of all of your variable
        values.  Programs can be debugged quickly, easily and
        more thoroughly.

<p><li>
      features of the underlying hardware are completely hidden.
      Programs are not aware of word-lengths, underlying bit-level
      representation of values, byte-order etc.

<p><li>
      a full-screen source debugger and an execution profiler
      are included, along with a full-screen, multi-file editor.
      On a color monitor, the editor displays Euphoria programs in
      multiple colors, to highlight comments, reserved words,
      built-in functions, strings, and level of nesting of brackets.
      It optionally performs auto-completion of statements,
      saving you typing effort and reducing syntax errors. This
      editor is written in Euphoria, and the source code is
      provided to you without restrictions. You are free to
      modify it, add features, and redistribute it as you wish.

<p><li>
      Euphoria programs run under Linux, 32-bit Windows, and any
      DOS environment, and are not subject to any 64K or 640K memory
      limitations. You can create programs that use the full multi-megabyte
      memory of your computer, and a swap file is automatically used when a
      program needs more memory than exists on your machine.

<p><li>
      You can make a single, stand-alone <b>.</b>exe file from your program.

<p><li>
      Euphoria routines are naturally generic. The example program below
        shows a single routine that will sort any type of data -- integers,
        floating-point numbers, strings etc. Euphoria is not an
        "object-oriented" language, yet it achieves many of the benefits of
        these languages in a much simpler way.

</ul>
<p>
<hr>

<a name=1></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>1.1 Example Program</_dul>

</font>
<p>

 The following is an example of a complete Euphoria program.

<p>
<_eucode>
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 sequence list, sorted_list

 function merge_sort(sequence x)
 -- put x into ascending order using a recursive merge sort
     integer n, mid
     sequence merged, a, b

     n = length(x)
     if n = 0 or n = 1 then
         return x  -- trivial case
     end if

     mid = floor(n/2)
     a = merge_sort(x[1..mid])       -- sort first half of x
     b = merge_sort(x[mid+1..n])     -- sort second half of x

     -- merge the two sorted halves into one
     merged = {}
     while length(a) > 0 and length(b) > 0 do
         if compare(a[1], b[1]) < 0 then
             merged = append(merged, a[1])
             a = a[2..length(a)]
         else
             merged = append(merged, b[1])
             b = b[2..length(b)]
         end if
     end while
     return merged & a & b  -- merged data plus leftovers
 end function

 procedure print_sorted_list()
 -- generate sorted_list from list
     list = {9, 10, 3, 1, 4, 5, 8, 7, 6, 2}
     sorted_list = merge_sort(list)
     ? sorted_list
 end procedure

 print_sorted_list()     -- this command starts the program


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
</_eucode>
<p>

 The above example contains 4 separate commands that are processed in order.
 The first declares two variables: list and sorted_list to be
 <a href="refman_2.htm#1"><font color="#993333"><b>sequences</b></font></a>
 (flexible arrays). The second defines a
 <a href="refman_2.htm#412"><font color="#993333"><b>function</b></font></a>
 merge_sort(). The third defines a <a href="refman_2.htm#411">
 <font color="#993333"><b>procedure</b></font></a> print_sorted_list().
 The final command calls procedure print_sorted_list().

<p>
 The output from the program will be: <br>
 <font face="Arial, Helvetica">
     {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
 </font>

<p><font color="#CC0099"><b>
 merge_sort() will just as easily sort
 <font face="Arial, Helvetica"> {1.5, -9, 1e6, 100} </font> or
 <font face="Arial, Helvetica"> {"oranges", "apples", "bananas"} </font>.
 </b></font>

<p>
 This example is stored as <font color="#5500FF">
 <b>euphoria\tutorial\example.ex</b></font>. This is not the fastest
 way to sort in Euphoria. Go to the
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\demo</b></font> directory and type
 "ex allsorts" to see timings on several different sorting algorithms for
 increasing numbers of objects. For a quick tutorial example of Euphoria
 programming see
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\demo\bench\filesort.ex</b></font>.

<p>
<hr>

<a name=2></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>1.2 Installation</_dul>

</font>
<p>

 To install Euphoria on your machine, first read the file
 <a href="install.htm"><font color="#5500FF"><b>install.doc</b></font></a>.
 Installation simply involves copying the
 <font color="#993333"><b>euphoria</b></font> files to your hard disk
 under a directory named "euphoria", and then modifying your
 <b>autoexec.bat</b> file
 so that <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\bin</b></font>
 is on your search path, and the
 environment variable <b>EUDIR</b> is set to the euphoria directory.
 On DOS/Windows an automatic
 install program, <font color="#5500FF"><b>install.bat</b></font> is
 provided for this purpose. For the latest details, please read the
 instructions in <font color="#5500FF"><b>install.doc</b></font> before you
 run <font color="#5500FF"><b>install.bat</b></font>.

<p>
 When installed, the <font color="#993333"><b>euphoria</b></font> directory
 will look something like this:

<dl>
<dt>
        <font color="#5500FF"><b>\euphoria</b></font>
<dl>
<dt>
                readme.doc
<dt>
                readme.htm
<dt>
                <font color="#5500FF"><b>\bin</b></font>
<dd>
                        ex.exe and exw.exe, or exu (Linux), ed.bat, guru.bat, other utilities
<dt>
                <font color="#5500FF"><b>\include</b></font>
<dd>
                        standard include files, e.g. graphics.e
<dt>
                <font color="#5500FF"><b>\doc</b></font>
<dd>
                        refman.doc, library.doc, and several other plain-text
                        documentation files
<dt>
                <font color="#5500FF"><b>\html</b></font>
<dd>
                        HTML files corresponding to each of the .doc files
                        in the doc directory
<dt>
                <font color="#5500FF"><b>\tutorial</b></font>
<dd>
                        small tutorial programs to help you learn Euphoria
<dt>
                <font color="#5500FF"><b>\demo</b></font>
<dl>
<dt>
                        generic demo programs that run on all platforms
<dt>
                        <font color="#5500FF"><b>\dos32</b></font>
<dd>
                                DOS32-specific demo programs (optional)
<dt>
                        <font color="#5500FF"><b>\win32</b></font>
<dd>
                                WIN32-specific demo programs (optional)
<dt>
                        <font color="#5500FF"><b>\linux</b></font>
<dd>
                                Linux-specific demo programs (optional)
<dt>
                        <font color="#5500FF"><b>\langwar</b></font>
<dd>
                                language war game (pixel-graphics version for DOS,
                                or text version for Linux)
<dt>
                        <font color="#5500FF"><b>\bench</b></font>
<dd>
                                benchmark programs
</dl>
<dt>
                <font color="#5500FF"><b>\register</b></font>
<dd>
                        information on ordering the Complete Edition
</dl>
</dl>

<p>
The linux subdirectory is not included in the DOS/Windows distribution,
and the dos32 and win32 subdirectories are not included in the Linux
distribution. In this manual, directory names are shown using backslash
(<b>\</b>). Linux users should substitute forward slash (<b>/</b>).

<hr>

<a name=3></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>
<p>
<_dul>1.3 Running a Program</_dul>

</font>
<p>

 Euphoria programs are executed by typing
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>ex</_bq></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>exw</_bq></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>exu</_bq></font>
 followed by the name of the main Euphoria file. You can type additional
 words (known as <font color="#993333"><b>arguments</b></font>) on this line,
 known as the <font color="#993333"><b>command-line</b></font>.
 Your program can call the built-in function
 <a href="lib_c_d.htm#command_line">command_line()</a> to read the
 command-line.
 The DOS32 version of the
 Euphoria interpreter is called
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font>. The WIN32 version
 is called
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font>. The Linux version
 is called <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>. By convention, main
 Euphoria
 files have an extension of <_bq>.ex</_bq>, <_bq>.exw</_bq> or
 <_bq>.exu</_bq>.  Other
 Euphoria files, that are meant to be included in a larger program, end in
 <_bq>.e</_bq> or sometimes <_bq>.ew</_bq> or <_bq>.eu</_bq>.
 To save typing, you can leave off the ".ex", and
 the <font color="#993333"><b>ex</b></font> command will supply it for you
 automatically. <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font> will supply
 ".exw", and <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>
 will supply ".exu". If the file can't be found in the current directory,
 your PATH will be searched. You can redirect standard input and standard
 output when you run a Euphoria program, for example:

<pre>
        ex filesort.ex < raw.txt > sorted.txt
</pre>
           or simply,
<pre>
        ex filesort < raw.txt > sorted.txt
</pre>

<p>
Unlike many other compilers and interpreters, there are no special
command-line options for <font color="#993333"><b>ex</b></font>,
<font color="#993333"><b>exw</b></font> or
<font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>. Only the name of your
Euphoria file is expected, and if you don't supply it, you
will be prompted for it.

<p>
 For frequently-used programs under DOS/Windows you might want to make a small
 <b>.bat</b> (batch) file, perhaps called <b>myprog.bat</b>,
 containing two statements like:
<pre>
        @echo off
        ex myprog.ex %1 %2 %3
</pre>
 The first statement turns off echoing of commands to the screen. The second
 runs <b>ex myprog.ex</b> with up to 3 command-line arguments.
 See <a href="lib_c_d.htm#command_line">command_line()</a> for an example of
 how to read these arguments. If your program takes more arguments, you
 should add %4 %5 etc. Having a .bat file will save you the minor
 inconvenience of typing <font color="#993333"><_bq>ex</_bq></font>
 (or <font color="#993333"><_bq>exw</_bq></font>) all the time, i.e.
 you can just type:
<pre>
        myprog
</pre>
instead of:
<pre>
        ex myprog
</pre>
 Unfortunately DOS will not allow redirection of standard input and output
 when you use a <b>.bat</b> file
<p>
Under Linux, you can type the path to the Euphoria interpreter
on the first line of your main file, e.g. if your
program is called foo.exu:

<pre>
        #!/home/rob/euphoria/bin/exu

        procedure foo()
            ? 2+2
        end procedure

        foo()
</pre>
Then if you make your file executable:
<pre>
        chmod +x foo.exu
</pre>
You can just type:
<pre>
        foo.exu
</pre>
to run your program. You could even shorten the name to simply "foo".
Euphoria ignores the first line of your program
if it starts with <b>#!</b>.

<p>
 You can also run <font color="#5500FF"><b>bind.bat</b></font> (DOS32 or Linux)
 or <font color="#5500FF"><b>bindw.bat</b></font> (WIN32) to
 combine your Euphoria program with <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>,
 to make a stand-alone executable file (<b>.exe</b> file on DOS/Windows).
 With a stand-alone <b>.exe</b> file you
 <font color="#CC0099"><i><_ba>can</_ba></i></font> redirect standard
 input and output. Binding is discussed further in
 <a href="refman_1.htm#5">1.5 Distributing a Program</a>.

<p>
 Either
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> and
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font>
 are in the
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\bin</b></font>
 directory which must be on your
 search path. The environment variable EUDIR should be set to the main
 Euphoria directory, e.g. <font color="#5500FF"><b>c:\euphoria</b></font>.

<p>

<a name=31></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>1.3.1 Running under Windows</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 You can run Euphoria programs directly from the Windows environment, or from
 a DOS shell that you have opened from Windows. By "associating" <b>.ex</b>
 files with <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font>, and <b>.exw</b> files
 with <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font> you can simply double-click
 on a <b>.ex</b> or <b>.exw</b> file to run it. Under Windows 95/98/NT you
 would define a new file type for <b>.ex</b>, by clicking on
 My Computer / view / options / file types. It is possible to have several
 Euphoria programs active in different windows. If you turn your program
 into a <b>.exe</b> file, you can simply double-click on it to run it.

<p>

<a name=32></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>1.3.2 Use of a Swap File</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 If you run a Euphoria program under Linux or Windows (or in a DOS shell under
 Windows), and the program runs out of physical memory, it will start using
 "virtual memory". The operating system provides this virtual memory
 automatically by swapping out the least-recently-used code and data
 to a system swap file.
 To change the size of the Windows swap file, click on Control Panel / 386
 Enhanced / "virtual memory...". Under OS/2 you can adjust the
 "DPMI_MEMORY_LIMIT" by clicking the Virtual DOS machine icon / "DOS Settings"
 to allocate more extended memory for your program.

<p>
 Under pure DOS, outside of Windows, there is no system swap file so the
 DOS-extender built in to <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> (DOS32)
 will create one for possible use by your program.
 See <a href="platform.htm#swapfile"><font color="#5500FF">
 <b>platform.doc</b></font></a>.

<p>
<hr>

<a name=4></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>1.4 Editing a Program</_dul>

</font>
<p>

 You can use any text editor to edit a Euphoria program. However, Euphoria
 comes with its own special editor that is written entirely in Euphoria.
 Type: <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font>
 followed by the complete name of the file you wish to edit
 (the .ex/.exw/.exu extension is not assumed). You can use this editor to edit any
 kind of
 text file. When you edit a Euphoria file, some extra features such as
 color syntax highlighting and auto-completion of certain statements, are
 available to make your job easier.

<p>
 Whenever you run a Euphoria program and get an error message, during
 compilation or execution, you can simply type
 <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font>
 with no file name and you
 will be automatically positioned in the file containing the error, at
 the correct line and column, and with the error message displayed at the
 top of the screen.

<p>
 Under Windows you can associate <font color="#5500FF"><b>ed.bat</b></font>
 with various kinds of text
 files that you want to edit. Color syntax highlighting is provided for
 <b>.ex</b>, <b>.exw</b>, <b>.exu</b>, <b>.e</b>, <b>.ew</b>, <b>.eu</b>,
 and <b>.pro</b>
 (<a href="refman_3.htm#2">profile</a>) files.

<p>
 Most keys that you type are inserted into the file at the cursor position.
 Hit the <b>Esc</b> key once to get a menu bar of special commands. The arrow
 keys, and the Insert/Delete/Home/End/PageUp/PageDown keys are also active.
 Under Linux some keys may not be available, and alternate keys are
 provided.
 See the file <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\doc\ed.doc</b></font>
 (<a href="ed.htm">euphoria\html\ed.htm</a>)
 for a complete description of the editing commands. <b>Esc h</b> (help) will
 let you view <font color="#5500FF"><b>ed.doc</b></font> from your editing
 session.

<p>
 If you need to understand or modify any detail of the editor's operation,
 you can edit the file <font color="#5500FF"><b>ed.ex</b></font>
 in <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\bin</b></font>
 (be sure to make a backup
 copy so you don't lose your ability to edit).  If the name
 <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> conflicts
 with some other command on your system, simply rename the file
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\bin\ed.bat</b></font> to something else.
 Because this editor is written
 in Euphoria, it is remarkably concise and easy to understand. The same
 functionality implemented in a language like C, would take far more
 lines of code.

<p>
 <b>ed</b> is a simple DOS editor.
 See also <b>David Cuny</b>'s excellent <b>ee.ex</b> editor for
 DOS32 and Linux. You can download
 it from the <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">Euphoria Web site</a>.
 There are also some Windows editors oriented to Euphoria.
 These are also on <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">the Web site</a>.

<p>
<hr>

<a name=5></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>1.5 Distributing a Program</_dul>

</font>
<p>

 Euphoria provides you with 3 distinct ways of distributing a program.

<p>
 In the first method you simply ship your users the Public Domain
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>
 file, along with your main
 Euphoria .ex, .exw, or .exu file and any .e
 include files that are needed (including any of the standard ones from
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\include</b></font>).
 If the Euphoria source files are placed together in one
 directory and ex.exe, exw.exe or exu is placed in the same directory
 or somewhere on the search path, then your user can run your program by typing
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>ex</_bq></font>
 (<font color="#993333"><_bq>exw</_bq></font>) or
 (<font color="#993333"><_bq>exu</_bq></font>)
 followed
 by the path of your main .ex, .exw, or .exu file.
 You might also provide a small <b>.bat</b> file so people won't actually
 have to type <font color="#993333"><_bq>ex</_bq></font>
 (<font color="#993333"><_bq>exw</_bq></font>). This
 method assumes that you are willing to share your Euphoria source code with
 your users.

<p>
 The Complete Edition gives you two more methods of distribution. You can
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>shroud</_bq></font> your program, or you can
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>bind</_bq></font> your program.
 <font color="#993333"><b>Shrouding</b></font> combines
 all of the .e files that your program needs, along with your main file
 to create a single .ex, .exw, or .exu file. Comments are stripped out and
 variable and routine names are converted into short meaningless names.
 You can also apply a "scrambling" algorithm to further improve security
 and make your program tamper-proof.
 <font color="#993333"><b>Binding</b></font> combines your shrouded/scrambled
 program with ex.exe, exw.exe, or exu to create a
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>single, stand-alone executable (.exe)</b></font>
 file. For example, if your program is called "myprog<b>.</b>ex"
 you can create "myprog<b>.</b>exe" which will run identically.

<p>
 If you have just one program to distribute, and you want to conceal the
 source, you should make it into a <b>.exe</b> file. If you have several
 small programs, you might want to shroud each of them and ship just one copy
 of the Public Domain ex.exe, exw.exe or exu to run them. This will save
 disk space and give you a smaller <b>.</b>zip file for distribution.

<p>
 For more information about shrouding and binding, see
 <a href="bind.htm"><font color="#5500FF"><b>bind.doc</b></font></a>.

<p>

<a name=51></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>1.5.1 Licensing</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 You have complete royalty-free rights to distribute any Euphoria programs
 that you develop. You are free to distribute the Public Domain Edition
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font> and
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font> files
 so anyone can run your program. With the Complete Edition, you can
 <font color="#993333"><b>shroud</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>bind</b></font> your programs and distribute
 the resulting files royalty-free.


<p>
 You may incorporate any Euphoria source
 files from this package into
 your program, either "as is" or with your modifications.
 (You will probably need at least a few of the standard include files
 in any large program).

<p>
 We would appreciate it if you told people that your program was developed
 using Euphoria, and gave them the address:
 <b><a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">
 http://www.RapidEuphoria.com</a></b>
 of our Web page, but we do not require any such acknowledgment.

<p>
 The only files that you may
 <font color="#CC0099"><i><_ba>not</_ba></i></font> distribute are the
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><b>bind.ex</b></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><b>bind.bat</b></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><b>bindw.bat</b></font>,
 and <font color="#993333"><b>shroud.bat</b></font>
 files that come with the Complete Edition for WIN32 + DOS32,
 and
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><b>bind.ex</b></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><b>bind</b></font> and
 <font color="#993333"><b>shroud</b></font>
 that come with the Complete Edition for Linux.
 The sample icon file, <b>euphoria.ico</b>, that's included
 with the WIN32 + DOS32 Complete Edition, may be distributed
 with or without your changes.

<_continue
  href="refman_2.htm"
  name="2. Language Definition"
>

</_width>
</body>
</html>
REFMAN_2.HTX
72427
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Reference Manual Part I - Section 2 </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                         2. Language Definition
</font></_center>
<p>
<a name=1></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.1 Objects</_dul>

</font>
<p>

<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.1.1 Atoms and Sequences</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 All data <font color="#993333"><b>objects</b></font> in Euphoria are either
 <font color="#993333"><b>atoms</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>sequences</b></font>.
 An <font color="#993333"><b>atom</b></font> is a single numeric value.
 A <font color="#993333"><b>sequence</b></font> is a collection of numeric
 values.

<p>
 The <font color="#993333"><b>objects</b></font> contained in a
 sequence can be an arbitrary mix of atoms or
 sequences. A sequence is represented by a list of objects in brace brackets,
 separated by commas. Atoms can have any integer or double-precision floating
 point value. They can range from approximately -1e300 (minus one times 10 to
 the power 300) to +1e300 with 15 decimal digits of accuracy. Here are some
 Euphoria objects:

<_eucode>
        -- examples of atoms:
        0
        1000
        98.6
        -1e6

        -- examples of sequences:
        {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
        {1, 2, {3, 3, 3}, 4, {5, {6}}}
        {{"jon", "smith"}, 52389, 97.25}
        {}                        -- the 0-element sequence
</_eucode>
<p>

 Numbers can also be entered in hexadecimal. For example:

<_eucode>
        #FE             -- 254
        #A000           -- 40960
        #FFFF00008      -- 68718428168
        -#10            -- -16
</_eucode>
<p>

 Only the capital letters A, B, C, D, E, F are allowed in hex numbers.

<p>
 Sequences can be nested to any depth, i.e. you can have sequences within
 sequences within sequences and so on to any depth (until you run out of
 memory). Brace brackets are used to construct sequences out of a list of
 expressions.  These expressions can be constant or evaluated at run-time.
 e.g.

<_eucode>
        {x+6, 9, y*w+2, sin(0.5)}
</_eucode>

<p>
 The <font color="#CC0099"><b>"Hierarchical Objects"</b></font> part
 of the Euphoria acronym comes from the
 hierarchical nature of nested sequences. This should not be confused with
 the class hierarchies of certain object-oriented languages.

<p>
 Why do we call them <font color="#993333"><_bq>atoms</_bq></font>?
 Why not just "numbers"? Well, an atom
 <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>is</i></_ba></font> just a
 number, but we wanted to have a distinctive term that emphasizes that they are
 indivisible. Of course in the world of physics, atoms were split into smaller
 parts many years ago, but in Euphoria you can't split them. They are the basic
 building blocks of all the data that a Euphoria program can manipulate. With
 this analogy, <font color="#993333"><b>sequences</b></font>
 might be thought of as "molecules", made from atoms
 and other molecules. A better analogy would be that sequences are like
 directories, and atoms are like files. Just as a directory on your computer
 can contain both files and other directories, a sequence can contain both
 atoms and other sequences (and
 <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>those</i></_ba></font> sequences can contain
 atoms and sequences and so on).

<p>
 As you will soon discover, sequences make Euphoria very simple
 <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>and</i></_ba></font> very powerful.
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>Understanding atoms and sequences is the key to
 understanding Euphoria.</b></font>

<dl>
<dt>
 <b><font color="#006633"><_sul>Performance Note:</_sul></font></b>
<dd>
 Does this mean that
 all atoms are stored in memory as
 8-byte floating-point numbers? No. The Euphoria interpreter usually stores
 integer-valued atoms as machine integers (4 bytes) to save space and
 improve execution speed. When fractional results occur or numbers get too
 big, conversion to floating-point happens automatically.
</dl>

<a name=11></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.1.2 Character Strings and Individual Characters</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 A <font color="#993333"><b>character string</b></font> is just a
 <font color="#993333"><b>sequence</b></font> of characters.
 It may be entered using quotes e.g.

<_eucode>
        "ABCDEFG"
</_eucode>

<p>
 Character strings may be manipulated and
 operated upon just like any other sequences. For example the above
 string is entirely equivalent to the sequence:


<_eucode>
        {65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71}
</_eucode>

 which contains the corresponding ASCII codes. The Euphoria compiler
 will immediately convert "ABCDEFG" to the above sequence of numbers.
 In a sense, there are no "strings" in Euphoria, only sequences of numbers.
 A quoted string is really just a convenient notation that saves you from
 having to type in all the ASCII codes.

<p>
 <a name=empty_seq></a>
 It follows that "" is equivalent to {}. Both represent the sequence of
 length-0, also known as the
 <font color="#993333"><b>empty sequence</b></font>. As a matter of
 programming style, it is natural to use "" to
 suggest a length-0 sequence of characters, and {} to suggest some other
 kind of sequence.

<p>
 <a name=char></a>
 An <font color="#993333"><b>individual character</b></font> is an
 <font color="#993333"><b>atom</b></font>.
 It must be entered using single quotes. There is a difference between an
 individual character (which is an atom), and a character string of length-1
 (which is a sequence). e.g.

<_eucode>
        'B'   -- equivalent to the atom 66 - the ASCII code for B
        "B"   -- equivalent to the sequence {66}
</_eucode>

<p>
 Again, 'B' is just a notation that is equivalent to typing 66. There aren't
 really any "characters" in Euphoria, just numbers (atoms).

<p>
 Keep in mind that an atom is
 <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>not</i></_ba></font> equivalent to a
 one-element sequence containing
 the same value, although there are a few built-in routines that choose
 to treat them similarly.

<p>
 Special characters may be entered using a back-slash:

<pre>
        \n        newline
        \r        carriage return
        \t        tab
        \\        backslash
        \"        double quote
        \'        single quote
</pre>

<p>
 For example, "Hello, World!\n", or '\\'. The Euphoria editor displays
 character strings in green.

<p>

<a name=12></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.1.3 Comments</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 Comments are started by two dashes and extend to the end of the current line.
 e.g.

<_eucode>
        -- this is a comment
</_eucode>

<p>
 Comments are ignored by the compiler and have no effect on execution speed.
 The editor displays comments in red.
<p>
 On the first line (only) of your program,
 you can use a special comment beginning with #!, e.g.
<_eucode>
        #!/home/rob/euphoria/bin/exu
</_eucode>
This informs the Linux shell that your file should be executed by the
Euphoria interpreter, and gives the full path to the interpreter.
If you make your file executable, you can run it, just by typing its name,
and without the need to type "exu". On DOS and Windows (version 2.2 or later)
this line is treated as a comment.
<p>
<hr>

<a name=2></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.2 Expressions</_dul>

</font>
<p>

 Like other programming languages, Euphoria lets you calculate results by
 forming expressions. However, in Euphoria you can perform calculations on
 entire sequences of data with one expression, where in most other languages
 you would have to construct a loop. In Euphoria you can handle a sequence
 much as you would a single number. It can be copied, passed to a subroutine,
 or calculated upon as a unit. For example,

<_eucode>
        {1,2,3} + 5
</_eucode>

 is an expression that adds the sequence {1,2,3} and the atom 5 to get the
 resulting sequence {6,7,8}.

<p>
 We will see more examples later.

<p>

<a name=23></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.2.1 Relational Operators</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 The relational operators  <font color="#993333"><b><   >   <=
 >=   =   !=  </b></font> each produce a 1 (true) or a
 0 (false) result.

<_eucode>
        1 > 0       -- 1 (true)
        1 = 1       -- 1 (true)
        4.4 >= 4.5  -- 0 (false)
</_eucode>

<p>
 As we will soon see you can also apply these operators to sequences.

<p>

<a name=24></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.2.2 Logical Operators</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 The logical operators <font color="#993333"><_bsq>and</_bsq></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><_bsq>or</_bsq></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><_bsq>xor</_bsq></font>,
 and <font color="#993333"><_bsq>not</_bsq></font>
 are used to determine the
 "truth" of an expression. e.g.

<_eucode>
        1 and 1     -- 1 (true)
        1 and 0     -- 0 (false)
        0 and 1     -- 0 (false)
        0 and 0     -- 0 (false)

        1 or  1     -- 1 (true)
        1 or  0     -- 1 (true)
        0 or  1     -- 1 (true)
        0 or  0     -- 0 (false)

        1 xor 1     -- 0 (false)
        1 xor 0     -- 1 (true)
        0 xor 1     -- 1 (true)
        0 xor 0     -- 0 (false)

        not 1       -- 0 (false)
        not 0       -- 1 (true)
</_eucode>

<p>
 You can also apply these operators to numbers other than 1 or 0. The rule is:
 zero means false and non-zero means true. So for instance:

<_eucode>
        5 and -4    -- 1 (true)
        not 6       -- 0 (false)
</_eucode>

<p>
 These operators can also be applied to sequences. See below.

<p>
 In some cases <a href="refman_2.htm#shortcir"><_bq>short-circuit</_bq></a>
 evaluation will be used for expressions containing
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>and</_bq></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>or</_bq></font>.

<p>

<a name=25></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.2.3 Arithmetic Operators</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 The usual arithmetic operators are available: add, subtract, multiply,
 divide, unary minus, unary plus.

<_eucode>
        3.5 + 3  -- 6.5
        3 - 5    -- -2
        6 * 2    -- 12
        7 / 2    -- 3.5
        -8.1     -- -8.1
        +8       -- +8
</_eucode>

<p>
 <a name=inf_nan></a>
 Computing a result that is too big (i.e. outside of -1e300 to +1e300) will
 result in one of the special atoms <b>+infinity</b> or <b>-infinity</b>.
 These appear as <_bq>inf</_bq> or <_bq>-inf</_bq> when you print them out.
 It is also possible to generate <_bq>nan</_bq> or <_bq>-nan</_bq>.
 "nan" means "not a number", i.e. an undefined value (such as inf
 divided by inf). These values are defined in the IEEE
 floating-point standard. If
 you see one of these special values in your output, it usually indicates an
 error in your program logic, although generating inf as an intermediate
 result may be acceptable in some cases. For instance, 1/inf is 0, which may
 be the "right" answer for your algorithm.

<p>
 Division by zero, as well as bad arguments to math library routines, e.g.
 square root of a negative number, log of a non-positive number etc. cause an
 immediate error message and your program is aborted.

<p>
 The only reason that you might use unary plus is to emphasize to the reader
 of your program that a number is positive. The interpreter does not actually
 calculate anything for this.

<p>

<a name=26></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.2.4 Operations on Sequences</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 All of the relational, logical and arithmetic operators described above,
 as well as the math routines described in
 <a href="library.htm">Part II - Library Routines</a>, can be applied
 to sequences as well as to single numbers (atoms).

<p>
 When applied to a sequence, a unary (one operand) operator is actually
 applied to each element in the sequence to yield a sequence of results of the
 same length. If one of these elements is itself a sequence then the same rule
 is applied again recursively. e.g.

<_eucode>
        x = -{1, 2, 3, {4, 5}}   -- x is {-1, -2, -3, {-4, -5}}
</_eucode>

<p>
 If a binary (two-operand) operator has operands which are both sequences then
 the two sequences must be of the same length. The binary operation is then
 applied to corresponding elements taken from the two sequences to get a
 sequence of results. e.g.

<_eucode>
        x = {5, 6, 7 {1, 1}} + {10, 10, 20, 100}
        -- x is {15, 16, 27, {101, 101}}
</_eucode>

<p>
 If a binary operator has one operand which is a sequence while the other is a
 single number (atom) then the single number is effectively repeated to
 form a sequence of equal length to the sequence operand. The rules for
 operating on two sequences then apply. Some examples:

<_eucode>
        y = {4, 5, 6}

        w = 5 * y   -- w is {20, 25, 30}

        x = {1, 2, 3}

        z = x + y                          -- z is {5, 7, 9}

        z = x < y                          -- z is {1, 1, 1}

        w = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5}}

        w = w * y           -- w is {{4, 8}, {15, 20}, {30}}

        w = {1, 0, 0, 1} and {1, 1, 1, 0}    -- {1, 0, 0, 0}

        w = not {1, 5, -2, 0, 0}     -- w is {0, 0, 0, 1, 1}

        w = {1, 2, 3} = {1, 2, 4}    -- w is {1, 1, 0}
        -- note that the first '=' is assignment, and the
        -- second '=' is a relational operator that tests
        -- equality
</_eucode>

<a name=21></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.2.5 Subscripting of Sequences</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 A single element of a sequence may be selected by giving the element number
 in square brackets. Element numbers start at 1. Non-integer subscripts are
 rounded down to an integer.

<p>
 For example, if x contains {5, 7.2, 9, 0.5, 13} then x[2] is 7.2. Suppose we
 assign something different to x[2]:

<_eucode>
        x[2] = {11,22,33}
</_eucode>

<p>
 Then x becomes: {5, {11,22,33}, 9, 0.5, 13}. Now if we ask for x[2] we get
 {11,22,33} and if we ask for x[2][3] we get the atom 33. If you try to
 subscript with a number that is outside of the range 1 to the number of
 elements, you will get a subscript error. For example x[0],  x[-99] or
 x[6] will cause errors. So will x[1][3] since x[1] is not a sequence. There
 is no limit to the number of subscripts that may follow a variable, but
 the variable must contain sequences that are nested deeply enough. The
 two dimensional array, common in other languages, can be easily represented
 with a sequence of sequences:

<_eucode>
        x = {
             {5, 6, 7, 8, 9},      -- x[1]
             {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},      -- x[2]
             {0, 1, 0, 1, 0}       -- x[3]
            }
</_eucode>

 where we have written the numbers in a way that makes the structure
 clearer. An expression of the form x[i][j] can be used to access any element.

<p>
 The two dimensions are not symmetric however, since an entire "row" can be
 selected with x[i], but there is no simple expression to select an entire
 column. Other logical structures, such as n-dimensional arrays, arrays of
 strings, structures, arrays of structures etc. can also be handled easily and
 flexibly:

<_eucode>
 3-D array:
        y = {
             {{1,1}, {3,3}, {5,5}},
             {{0,0}, {0,1}, {9,1}},
             {{-1,9},{1,1}, {2,2}}
            }
</_eucode>

<blockquote>
     y[2][3][1] is 9
</blockquote>

<p>
 Array of strings:

<_eucode>
        s = {"Hello", "World", "Euphoria", "", "Last One"}
</_eucode>

<blockquote>
     s[3] is "Euphoria" <br>
     s[3][1] is 'E'
</blockquote>

<p>
 A Structure:

<_eucode>
        employee = {
                    {"John","Smith"},
                    45000,
                    27,
                    185.5
                   }
</_eucode>

<blockquote>
     To access "fields" or elements within a structure it is good
     programming style to make up a set of constants that name the various
     fields. This will make your program easier to read. For the example
     above you might have:

</blockquote>

<_eucode>
        constant NAME = 1
        constant FIRST_NAME = 1, LAST_NAME = 2

        constant SALARY = 2
        constant AGE = 3
        constant WEIGHT = 4
</_eucode>

<blockquote>
     You could then access the person's name with employee[NAME], or if you
     wanted the last name you could say employee[NAME][LAST_NAME].
</blockquote>

<p>
 Array of structures:

<_eucode>
        employees = {
                     {{"John","Smith"}, 45000, 27, 185.5},   -- a[1]
                     {{"Bill","Jones"}, 57000, 48, 177.2},   -- a[2]

                     -- .... etc.
                    }
</_eucode>

<blockquote>
     employees[2][SALARY] would be 57000.
</blockquote>

<p>
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>Euphoria data structures are
 almost infinitely flexible.</b></font>
 Arrays in other languages are constrained to have a fixed number of elements,
 and those elements must all be of the same type. Euphoria eliminates both
 of those restrictions.
 You can easily add a new structure to the employee sequence above,
 or store an unusually long name in the NAME field and Euphoria will take
 care of it for you. If you wish, you can store a variety of different
 employee "structures", with different sizes, all in one sequence.

<p>
 Not only can a Euphoria program easily represent all conventional data
 structures but you can create very useful, flexible structures that would be
 extremely hard to declare in a conventional language.
 See <a href="refman_2.htm#3">2.3 Euphoria versus Conventional Languages</a>.

<p>
 Note that expressions in general may not be subscripted, just variables. For
 example: {5+2,6-1,7*8,8+1}[3] is
 <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>not</i></_ba></font> supported. There are
 a few instances
 where this would be convenient, but in general it indicates that you are
 wastefully discarding some results that you have calculated.

<p>

<a name=22></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.2.6 Slicing of Sequences</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 A sequence of consecutive elements may be selected by giving the starting and
 ending element numbers. For example if x is {1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1} then
 x[3..5] is the sequence {2, 2, 2}. x[3..3] is the sequence {2}. x[3..2] is
 also allowed. It evaluates to the length-0 sequence {}.  If y has the value:
 {"fred", "george", "mary"} then y[1..2] is {"fred", "george"}.

<p>
 We can also use slices for overwriting portions of variables. After x[3..5] =
 {9, 9, 9} x would be {1, 1, 9, 9, 9, 1, 1, 1}. We could also have said
 x[3..5] = 9 with the same effect. Suppose y is {0, "Euphoria", 1, 1}.
 Then y[2][1..4] is "Euph". If we say y[2][1..4]="ABCD" then y will
 become {0, "ABCDoria", 1, 1}.

<p>
 In general, a variable name can be followed by 0 or more subscripts,
 followed in turn by 0 or 1 slices. Only variables may be subscripted or
 sliced, not expressions.

<p>
 We need to be a bit more precise in defining the rules for
 <font color="#993333"><b>empty slices</b></font>. Consider a slice s[i..j]
 where s is of length n. A slice from i to j, where  j = i-1  and i >= 1
 produces the <a href="refman_2.htm#empty_seq">empty sequence</a>, even if
 i = n+1. Thus 1..0  and n+1..n and everything in between are legal <b>
 <font color="#993333">(empty) slices</font></b>.
 Empty slices are quite useful in many algorithms. A slice from i to j where
 j < i - 1 is illegal , i.e. "reverse" slices such as s[5..3] are not allowed.

<p>

<a name=27></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.2.7 Concatenation of Sequences and Atoms - The '&' Operator</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 Any two objects may be concatenated using the
 <font color="#993333"><b>&</b></font> operator. The result is a
 sequence with a length equal to the sum of the lengths of the concatenated
 objects (where atoms are considered here to have length 1). e.g.

<_eucode>
        {1, 2, 3} & 4              -- {1, 2, 3, 4}

        4 & 5                      -- {4, 5}

        {{1, 1}, 2, 3} & {4, 5}    -- {{1, 1}, 2, 3, 4, 5}

        x = {}
        y = {1, 2}
        y = y & x                  -- y is still {1, 2}
</_eucode>

<p>
You can delete element i of any sequence s by concatenating the
parts of the sequence before and after i:

<_eucode>
    s = s[1..i-1] & s[i+1..length(s)]
</_eucode>

This works even when i is 1 or length(s), since s[1..0] is a legal empty slice,
and so is s[length(s)+1..length(s)].

<p>

<a name=28></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.2.8 Sequence-Formation</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 Finally, sequence-formation, using braces and commas:

<_eucode>
        {a, b, c, ... }
</_eucode>

 is also an operator. It takes n operands, where n is 0 or more, and makes an
 n-element sequence from their values. e.g.

<_eucode>
        x = {apple, orange*2, {1,2,3}, 99/4+foobar}
</_eucode>
<p>
 The sequence-formation operator is listed at the bottom of the
 <a href="refman_2.htm#2A">precedence chart</a>.

<p>

<a name=29></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.2.9 Other Operations on Sequences</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 Some other important operations that you can perform on sequences have
 English names, rather than special characters.
 These operations are built-in to
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font>/<font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font>/<font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>
 , so
 they'll always be there, and
 so they'll be fast. They are described in detail in
 <a href="library.htm">Part II - Library Routines</a>, but are important
 enough to Euphoria programming that we should mention them here before
 proceeding. You call these operations as if they were subroutines, although
 they are actually implemented much more efficiently than that.

<p>

<a name=291></a>

<br>

<_sul><font color="#CC3366" size=+1>length(s)</font></_sul>

</font>
<p>

 <a href="lib_h_o.htm#length"><font color="#993333"><b>length()</b></font></a>
 tells you the length of a sequence s. This is the number of
 elements in s. Some of these elements may be sequences that contain elements
 of their own, but length just gives you the "top-level" count. You'll get an
 error if you ask for the length of an atom. e.g.

<_eucode>
        length({5,6,7})             -- 3
        length({1, {5,5,5}, 2, 3})  -- 4 (not 6!)
        length({})                  -- 0
        length(5)                   -- error!
</_eucode>

<a name=292></a>
<br>

<_sul><font color="#CC3366" size=+1>repeat(item, count)</font></_sul>

</font>
<p>

 <a href="lib_p_r.htm#repeat"><font color="#993333"><b>repeat()</b></font></a>
 makes a sequence that consists of an item repeated count times. e.g.
<_eucode>
        repeat(0, 100)         -- {0,0,0,...,0}   i.e. 100 zeros
        repeat("Hello", 3)     -- {"Hello", "Hello", "Hello"}
        repeat(99,0)           -- {}
</_eucode>

<p>
 The item to be repeated can be any atom or sequence.

<p>

<a name=293></a>

<br>

<_sul><font color="#CC3366" size=+1>append(s, item) /
      prepend(s, item)</font></_sul>

</font>
<p>

 <a href="lib_a_b.htm#append"><font color="#993333"><b>append()</b></font></a>
 creates a new sequence by adding an item to the end of a sequence s.
 <a href="lib_p_r.htm#prepend"><font color="#993333"><b>prepend()</b></font></a>
 creates a new sequence by adding an element to the beginning of a
 sequence s. e.g.

<_eucode>
        append({1,2,3}, 4)         -- {1,2,3,4}
        prepend({1,2,3}, 4)        -- {4,1,2,3}

        append({1,2,3}, {5,5,5})   -- {1,2,3,{5,5,5}}
        prepend({}, 9)             -- {9}
        append({}, 9)              -- {9}
</_eucode>

<p>
 The length of the new sequence is always 1 greater than the length of the
 original sequence. The item to be added to the sequence can be any atom or
 sequence.

<p>
 These two built-in functions, <font color="#993333"><b>append()</b></font>
 and <font color="#993333"><b>prepend()</b></font>, have some similarities
 to the concatenate operator, <font color="#993333"><b>&</b></font>,
 but there are clear differences. e.g.

<_eucode>
        -- appending a sequence is different
        append({1,2,3}, {5,5,5})   -- {1,2,3,{5,5,5}}
        {1,2,3} & {5,5,5}          -- {1,2,3,5,5,5}

        -- appending an atom is the same
        append({1,2,3}, 5)         -- {1,2,3,5}
        {1,2,3} & 5                -- {1,2,3,5}
</_eucode>

<a name=2A></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.2.10 Precedence Chart</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 The precedence of operators in expressions is as follows:

<pre>
        <font color="#009999"><b>highest precedence:</b></font>     function/type calls

                                unary-  unary+  not

                                *  /

                                +  -

                                &

                                <  >  <=  >=  =  !=

                                and  or  xor

        <font color="#009999"><b>lowest precedence:</b></font>      { , , , }
</pre>

<p>
 Thus 2+6*3 means 2+(6*3) rather than (2+6)*3. Operators on the same line
 above have equal precedence and are evaluated left to right.

<p>
 The equals symbol '=' used in an
 <a href="refman_2.htm#assign">assignment statement</a> is not an operator,
 it's just part of the syntax of the language.

<p>
<hr>

<a name=3></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.3 Euphoria versus Conventional Languages</_dul>

</font>
<p>

 By basing Euphoria on this one, simple, general, recursive data structure,
 a tremendous amount of the complexity normally found in programming languages
 has been avoided. The arrays, structures, unions, arrays of records,
 multidimensional arrays, etc. of other languages can all be easily
 represented in Euphoria with sequences. So can higher-level structures such
 as lists, stacks, queues, trees etc.

<p>
 Furthermore, in Euphoria you can have sequences of mixed type; you can
 assign any object to an element of a sequence; and sequences easily grow or
 shrink in length without your having to worry about storage allocation issues.
 The exact layout of a data structure does not have to be declared in advance,
 and can change dynamically as required. It is easy to write generic code,
 where, for instance, you push or pop a mix of various kinds of data
 objects using a single stack. Making a flexible list that contains a variety
 of different kinds of data objects is trivial in Euphoria, but requires dozens
 of lines of ugly code in other languages.

<p>
 Data structure manipulations are very efficient since the Euphoria interpreter
 will point to large data objects rather than copy them.

<p>
 Programming in Euphoria is based entirely on creating and manipulating
 flexible, dynamic sequences of data. Sequences are
 <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>it</i></_ba></font> - there are no
 other data structures to learn. You operate in a simple, safe, elastic world
 of <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>values</i></_ba></font>, that is far
 removed from the rigid, tedious, dangerous world
 of bits, bytes, pointers and machine crashes.

<p>
 Unlike other languages such as LISP and Smalltalk, Euphoria's
 "garbage collection" of unused storage is a continuous process that never
 causes random delays in execution of a program, and does not pre-allocate
 huge regions of memory.

<p>
 The language definitions of conventional languages such as C, C++, Ada, etc.
 are very complex. Most programmers become fluent in only a subset of the
 language. The ANSI standards for these languages read like complex legal
 documents.

<p>
 You are forced to write different code for different data types simply to
 copy the data, ask for its current length, concatenate it, compare it etc.
 The manuals for those languages are packed with routines such as "strcpy",
 "strncpy", "memcpy", "strcat",  "strlen", "strcmp", "memcmp", etc. that
 each only work on one of the many types of data.

<p>
 Much of the complexity surrounds issues of data type. How do you define
 new types? Which types of data can be mixed? How do you convert one type
 into another in a way that will keep the compiler happy? When you need to
 do something requiring flexibility at run-time, you frequently find yourself
 trying to fake out the compiler.

<p>
 In these languages the numeric value 4 (for example) can have a different
 meaning depending on whether it is an int, a char, a short, a double, an
 int * etc. In Euphoria, 4 is the atom 4, period. Euphoria has something
 called types as we shall see later, but it is a much simpler concept.

<p>
 Issues of dynamic storage allocation and deallocation consume a great deal
 of programmer coding time and debugging time in these other languages, and
 make the resulting programs much harder to understand. Programs that must
 run continuously often exhibit storage "leaks", since it takes a great
 deal of discipline to safely and properly free all blocks of storage
 once they are no longer needed.

<p>
 Pointer variables are extensively used. The pointer has been called the
 "go to" of data structures. It forces programmers to think of data as
 being bound to a fixed memory location where it can be manipulated in all
 sorts of low-level, non-portable, tricky ways. A picture of the actual
 hardware that your program will run on is never far from your mind. Euphoria
 does not have pointers and does not need them.

<p>
<hr>

<a name=4></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.4 Declarations</_dul>

</font>
<p>

<a name=41></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.4.1 Identifiers</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 <font color="#993333"><b>Identifiers</b></font>, which consist of
 variable names and other user-defined symbols, may be of any
 length. Upper and lower case are distinct. Identifiers must start with a
 letter and then be followed by letters, digits or underscores. The following
 <font color="#993333"><b>reserved words</b></font>
 have special meaning in Euphoria and may not be used as identifiers:

<b><_eucode>
    and            end             include          to
    by             exit            not              type
    constant       for             or               while
    do             function        procedure        with
    else           global          return           without
    elsif          if              then             xor
</_eucode></b>

<p>
 The Euphoria editor displays these words in blue.

<p>
 Identifiers can be used in naming the following:
 <ul>
 <li>procedures
 <li>functions
 <li>types
 <li>variables
 <li>constants
 </ul>

<p>
<a name=411></a>
<font color="#CC3366" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>procedures</_sul>

</font>
<p>

        These perform some computation and may have a list of parameters,
        e.g.

<_eucode>
        procedure empty()
        end procedure

        procedure plot(integer x, integer y)
            position(x, y)
            puts(1, '*')
        end procedure
</_eucode>

<p>
        There are a fixed number of named parameters, but this is not
        restrictive since any parameter could be a variable-length sequence
        of arbitrary objects. In many languages variable-length parameter
        lists are impossible.  In C, you must set up strange mechanisms that
        are complex enough that the average programmer cannot do it without
        consulting a manual or a local guru.

<p>
        A copy of the value of each argument is passed in. The formal
        parameter variables may be modified inside the procedure but this does
        not affect the value of the arguments.

<dl>
<dt>
        <b><font color="#006633"><_sul>Performance Note:</_sul></font></b>
<dd>
        The interpreter does not actually copy sequences or
        floating-point numbers unless it becomes necessary. For example,
<_eucode>
            y = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8.5,"ABC"}
            x = y
</_eucode>
        The statement x = y does not actually cause a new copy of y to be
        created. Both x and y will simply "point" to the same sequence. If we
        later perform x[3] = 9, then a separate sequence will be created for x
        in memory (although there will still be just one shared copy of 8.5 and
        "ABC"). The same thing applies to "copies" of arguments passed in to
        subroutines.
</dl>

<a name=412></a>
<font color="#CC3366" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>functions</_sul>

</font>
<p>

        These are just like procedures, but they return a value, and can be
        used in an expression, e.g.

<_eucode>
        function max(atom a, atom b)
            if a >= b then
                return a
            else
                return b
            end if
        end function
</_eucode>

<p>
        Any Euphoria object can be returned.  You can, in effect, have
        multiple return values, by returning a sequence of objects. e.g.

<_eucode>
        return {x_pos, y_pos}
</_eucode>

<p>
        We will use the general term "subroutine", or simply "routine" when a
        remark is applicable to both procedures and functions.

<p>
<a name=413></a>
<font color="#CC3366" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>types</_sul>

</font>
<p>

        These are special functions that may be used in declaring the allowed
        values for a variable. A type must have exactly one parameter and
        should return an atom that is either true (non-zero) or false (zero).
        Types can also be called just like other functions. See
        <a href="refman_2.htm#43">2.4.3 Specifying the Type of a Variable</a>.

<p>
<a name=414></a>
<font color="#CC3366" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>variables</_sul>

</font>
<p>

        These may be assigned values during execution e.g.

<_eucode>
        -- x may only be assigned integer values
        integer x
        x = 25

        -- a, b and c may be assigned *any* value
        object a, b, c
        a = {}
        b = a
        c = 0
</_eucode>

<p>
        When you declare a variable you name the variable (which protects you
        against making spelling mistakes later on) and you specify the values
        that may legally be assigned to the variable during execution of
        your program.

<p>
<a name=415></a>
<font color="#CC3366" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>constants</_sul>

</font>
<p>

        These are variables that are assigned an initial value that can
        never change e.g.

<_eucode>
        constant MAX = 100
        constant Upper = MAX - 10, Lower = 5
        constant name_list = {"Fred", "George", "Larry"}
</_eucode>

<p>
        The result of any expression can be assigned to a constant, even one
        involving calls to previously defined functions, but once the
        assignment is made, the value of the constant variable is "locked in".

<p>
        Constants may not be declared inside a subroutine.

<p>
<a name=42></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.4.2 Scope</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 Every symbol must be declared before it is used. You can read a program
 from beginning to end without encountering any variables or routines that
 haven't been defined yet. It is possible to call a routine that comes later
 in the source, but you must use the special functions,
 <font color="#993333"><b>routine_id()</b></font>,
 and either <font color="#993333"><b>call_func()</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>call_proc()</b></font> to do it.
 See <a href="library.htm#dyn_call">Part II -
 Library Routines - Dynamic Calls</a>.

<p>
 Procedures, functions and types can call themselves recursively. Mutual
 recursion, where routine A calls routine B which directly or indirectly calls
 routine A, requires the <a href="lib_p_r.htm#routine_id">
 <font color="#993333"><b>routine_id()</b></font></a> mechanism.

<p>
 <a name=scope></a>
 A symbol is defined from the point where it is declared to the end of its
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>scope</_bq></font>.
 The scope of a variable declared inside a procedure or function (a
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>private</_bq></font> variable) ends
 at the end of the procedure or function.  The scope
 of all other variables, constants, procedures, functions and types ends at
 the end of the source file in which they are declared and they are referred
 to as <font color="#993333"><_bq>local</_bq></font>,
 unless the keyword
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>global</_bq></font> precedes
 their declaration, in which case their scope extends indefinitely.

<p>
 When you include a Euphoria file in a main file (see
 <a href="refman_2.htm#6">2.6 Special Top-Level Statements</a>),
 only the variables and routines declared using the
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>global</_bq></font> keyword are
 accessible or even visible to the main file. The other, non-global,
 declarations in the included file are forgotten by the compiler at the end of
 the included file, and you will get an error message, "not declared", if you
 try to use them in the main file.

<p>
 The <font color="#993333"><_bq>global</_bq></font> keyword
 makes it clear which symbols are to be used directly by the
 users of an include file, and which symbols are strictly for internal use
 within the include file.

<p>
 Euphoria encourages you to restrict the scope of symbols. If all symbols were
 automatically global to the whole program, there would tend to be a lot of
 naming conflicts in large programs, especially when different parts of a
 program are written by different programmers. A naming conflict might cause
 a compiler error message, or it could lead to a very subtle bug, where
 different parts of a program accidentally modify the same variable without
 being aware of it.

<p>
 Try to use the most restrictive scope that you can. Make variables
 <font color="#993333"><b>private</b></font> to
 one routine where possible, and where that isn't possible, make them
 <font color="#993333"><b>local</b></font> to a file, rather than
 <font color="#993333"><b>global</b></font> to the whole program.

<p>
 <font color="#993333"><b>Constant</b></font> declarations must be
 outside of any subroutine. Constants cannot be
 <font color="#993333"><b>private</b></font>.

<p>
 Variable declarations inside a subroutine must all appear at the beginning,
 before the executable statements of the subroutine.

<p>
 Declarations at the top level, outside of any subroutine, must really
 be at the very top. They can't be nested inside a loop or
 <a href="refman_2.htm#if">if-statement</a>.

<p>
 <a name=loop_scope></a>
 The controlling variable used in a
 <a href="refman_2.htm#for">for-loop</a> is special. It is automatically
 declared at the beginning of the loop, and its scope ends at the end of the
 for-loop. If the loop is inside a function or procedure, the loop variable is
 a <font color="#993333"><b>private</b></font> variable and may not have the
 same name as any other <font color="#993333"><b>private</b></font>
 variable. When the loop is at the top level, outside of any function or
 procedure, the loop variable is a <font color="#993333"><b>local</b></font>
 variable and may not have the same name as any other
 <font color="#993333"><b>global</b></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><b>local</b></font> variable in that file. You can
 use the same name in many different for-loops as long as the loops aren't
 nested. You do not
 declare loop variables as you would other variables. The range of values
 specified in the for statement defines the legal values of the loop
 variable - specifying a type would be redundant and is not allowed.

<p>

<a name=43></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.4.3 Specifying the Type of a Variable</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 So far you've already seen some examples of variable types but now we will
 define types more precisely.

<p>
 Variable declarations have a type name followed by a list of the variables
 being declared. For example,
<_eucode>
        object a

        global integer x, y, z

        procedure fred(sequence q, sequence r)
</_eucode>

<p>
 The types:
 <a href="refman_2.htm#1"><font color="#993333"><b>object</b></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><b>sequence</b></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><b>atom</b></font></a>
 and <font color="#993333"><b>integer</b></font> are <b>predefined</b>.
 Variables of type <font color="#993333"><b>object</b></font> may
 take on <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>any</i></_ba></font> value.
 Those declared with type <font color="#993333"><b>sequence</b></font>
 must always be sequences.
 Those declared with type <font color="#993333"><b>atom</b></font> must
 always be atoms.

 <a name=integer></a>
 Those declared with type <font color="#993333"><b>integer</b></font> must
 be atoms with integer values from -1073741824
 to [phone] inclusive. You can perform exact calculations on larger integer
 values, up to about 15 decimal digits, but declare them as
 <font color="#993333"><b>atom</b></font>, rather than integer.

<dl>
<dt>
<b><font color="#006633"><_sul>Note:</_sul></font></b>

<dd>
 In a procedure or function parameter list like the one for fred() above,
 a type name may only be followed by a single parameter name.

<p>
<dt>
<b><font color="#006633"><_sul>Performance Note:</_sul></font></b>

<dd>
 Calculations using variables declared as integer will
 usually be somewhat faster than calculations involving variables declared as
 atom. If your machine has floating-point hardware, Euphoria will use it to
 manipulate atoms that aren't representable as integers. If your machine
 doesn't have floating-point hardware, Euphoria will call software
 floating-point arithmetic routines contained in
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> (or in Windows).
 You can force ex.exe to bypass any floating-point hardware, by setting an
 environment variable:

<pre>
            SET NO87=1
</pre>

 The slower software routines will be used, but this could be of some
 advantage if you are worried about the floating-point bug in some early
 Pentium chips.
</dl>

<p>
 <a name=type></a>
 To augment the <a href="refman_2.htm#43">predefined types</a>, you can create
 <font color="#993333"><b>user-defined types</b></font>. All you have to
 do is define a single-parameter function, but declare it with
 <font color="#993333"><b>type ... end type</b></font> instead of
 <font color="#993333"><b>function ... end function</b></font>.
 For example,

<_eucode>
        type hour(integer x)
            return x >= 0 and x <= 23
        end type

        hour h1, h2

        h1 = 10      -- ok
        h2 = 25      -- error! program aborts with a message
</_eucode>

<p>
 Variables h1 and h2 can only be assigned integer values in the range 0 to 23
 inclusive. After each assignment to h1 or h2 the interpreter will call hour(),
 passing the new value.  The value will first be checked to see if it is an
 integer (because of "integer x"). If it is, the return statement will be
 executed to test the value of x (i.e. the new value of h1 or h2).  If hour()
 returns true, execution continues normally. If hour() returns false then the
 program is aborted with a suitable diagnostic message.

<p>
 "hour" can be used to declare subroutine parameters as well:

<_eucode>
        procedure set_time(hour h)
</_eucode>

<p>
 set_time() can only be called with a reasonable value for parameter h,
 otherwise the program will abort with a message.

<p>
 A variable's type will be checked after each assignment to the variable
 (except where the compiler can predetermine that a check will not be
 necessary), and the program will terminate immediately if the type function
 returns false.  Subroutine parameter types are checked each time that the
 subroutine is called. This checking guarantees that a variable can never have
 a value that does not belong to the type of that variable.

<p>
 <a name=typechk></a>
 Unlike other languages, the type of a variable does not affect any
 calculations on the variable. Only the value of the variable matters in an
 expression. The type just serves as an error check to prevent any "corruption"
 of the variable.

<p>
 Type checking can be turned off or on between subroutines using the
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>with type_check</_bq></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>without type_check</_bq></font>
 <a href="refman_2.htm#62">special statements</a>.
 It is initially on by default.

<dl>
<dt>
<b><font color="#006633"><_sul>Note to Benchmarkers:</_sul></font></b>
<dd>
 When comparing the speed of Euphoria programs against
 programs written in other languages, you should specify
 <font color="#993333"><b>without type_check</b></font> at the top of the file.
 This gives Euphoria permission to skip run-time
 type checks, thereby saving some execution time. All other checks are still
 performed, e.g. subscript checking, uninitialized variable checking etc.
 Even when you turn off type checking, Euphoria reserves the right to make
 checks at strategic places, since this can actually allow it to run your
 program <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>faster</i></_ba></font> in many cases.
 So you may still get a type check failure
 even when you have turned off type checking. Whether type checking is
 on or off, you will never get a <b><i>machine-level</i></b> exception.
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>You will always get a
 meaningful message from Euphoria when something goes wrong.</b></font>
 (<i>This might not be the case when you <a href="lib_p_r.htm#poke">poke</a>
 directly into memory, or call routines written in C or machine code.</i>)
</dl>

<p>
 Euphoria's method of defining types is simpler than what you will find
 in other languages, yet Euphoria provides the programmer with
 <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>greater</i></_ba></font> flexibility in
 defining the legal values for a type of data. Any algorithm
 can be used to include or exclude values. You can even declare a variable
 to be of type <font color="#993333"><_bq>object</_bq></font> which
 will allow it to take on <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>any</i></_ba></font>
 value. Routines can
 be written to work with very specific types, or very general types.

<p>
 For small programs, there is little advantage to defining new types, and
 beginners may wish to stick with the four
 <a href="refman_2.htm#43">predefined types</a>, or even
 declare all variables as <font color="#993333"><_bq>object</_bq></font>.

<p>
 For larger programs, strict type definitions can greatly aid the process
 of debugging.  Logic errors are caught close to their source and are not
 allowed to propagate in subtle ways through the rest of the program.
 Furthermore, it is much easier to reason about the misbehavior of a
 section of code when you are guaranteed that the variables involved
 always had a legal value, if not the desired value.

<p>
 Types also provide meaningful, machine-checkable documentation about your
 program, making it easier for you or others to understand your code at a
 later date. Combined with the
 <a href="refman_2.htm#21">subscript checking</a>, uninitialized variable
 checking, and other checking that is always present, strict run-time type
 checking makes debugging much easier in Euphoria than in most other
 languages. It also increases the reliability of the final program since
 many latent bugs that would have survived the testing phase in other
 languages will have been caught by Euphoria.

<dl>
<dt>
<b><font color="#006633"><_sul>Anecdote 1:</_sul></font></b>
<dd>
 In porting a large C program to Euphoria, a number
 of latent bugs were discovered. Although this C program was believed to be
 totally "correct", we found: a situation where an uninitialized variable
 was being read; a place where element number "-1" of an array was routinely
 written and read; and a situation where something was written just off the
 screen. These problems resulted in errors that weren't easily visible to a
 casual observer, so they had survived testing of the C code.

<p>
<dt>
<b><font color="#006633"><_sul>Anecdote 2:</_sul></font></b>
<dd>
 The Quick Sort algorithm presented on page 117 of <i>Writing Efficient
 Programs</i> by Jon Bentley has a subscript error! The algorithm will
 sometimes read the element just <i>before</i> the beginning of the array
 to be sorted, and will sometimes read the element just <i>after</i>
 the end of the array.
 Whatever garbage is read, the algorithm will still work - this is probably
 why the bug was never caught. But what if there isn't any (virtual) memory
 just before or just after the array? Bentley later modifies the algorithm
 such that this bug goes away -- but he presented this version as being
 correct. <b><i><font color="#006633">Even the experts need subscript
 checking!</font></i></b>

<p>
<dt>
<b><font color="#006633"><_sul>Performance Note:</_sul></font></b>

<dd>
 When typical user-defined types are used extensively, type
 checking adds only 20 to 40 percent to execution time. Leave it on unless
 you really need the extra speed. You might also consider turning it off for
 just a few heavily-executed routines.
 <a href="refman_3.htm#2">Profiling</a> can help with this decision.

</dl>

<hr>

<a name=5></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.5 Statements</_dul>

</font>
<p>

 The following kinds of executable statements are available:
<ul>
<li>
        <a href="refman_2.htm#assign">assignment statement</a>
<li>
        <a href="refman_2.htm#proc">procedure call</a>
<li>
        <a href="refman_2.htm#if">if statement</a>
<li>
        <a href="refman_2.htm#while">while statement</a>
<li>
        <a href="refman_2.htm#for">for statement</a>
<li>
        <a href="refman_2.htm#return">return statement</a>
<li>
        <a href="refman_2.htm#exit">exit statement</a>
</ul>

<p>
 Semicolons are not used in Euphoria, but you are free to put as many
 statements as you like on one line, or to split a single statement across
 many lines. You may not split a statement in the middle of an identifier,
 string, number or keyword.

<p>
<a name=assign></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.5.1 assignment statement</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 An <font color="#993333"><b>assignment statement</b></font> assigns
 the value of an expression to a simple
 variable, or to a subscript or slice of a variable. e.g.

<_eucode>
        x = a + b

        y[i] = y[i] + 1

        y[i..j] = {1, 2, 3}
</_eucode>

<p>
 The previous value of the variable, or element(s) of the subscripted or
 sliced variable are discarded.  For example, suppose x was a 1000-element
 sequence that we had initialized with:

<_eucode>
        object x

        x = repeat(0, 1000)  -- a sequence of 1000 zeros
</_eucode>

 and then later we assigned an atom to x with:

<_eucode>
        x = 7
</_eucode>

 This is perfectly legal since x is declared as an
 <font color="#993333"><b>object</b></font>. The previous value
 of x, namely the 1000-element sequence, would simply disappear. Actually,
 the space consumed by the 1000-element sequence will be automatically
 recycled due to Euphoria's dynamic storage allocation.

<p>
 Note that the equals symbol '=' is used for both assignment and for
 <a href="refman_2.htm#23">equality testing</a>.
 There is never any confusion because an assignment in Euphoria is
 a statement only, it can't be used as an expression (as in C).

<p>
<a name=assignop></a>
<font color="#CC3366" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Assignment with Operator</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 Euphoria also provides some additional forms of the assignment statement.

<p> To save typing, and to make your code a bit neater, you can combine
 assignment with one of the operators:<br>
       <font color="#993333"><b>+   -
                                /   *   &</b></font>

<p> For example, instead of saying:

<_eucode>
      mylongvarname = mylongvarname + 1
</_eucode>
You can say:
<_eucode>
      mylongvarname += 1
</_eucode>

Instead of saying:
<_eucode>
      galaxy[q_row][q_col][q_size] = galaxy[q_row][q_col][q_size] * 10
</_eucode>
You can say:
<_eucode>
      galaxy[q_row][q_col][q_size] *= 10
</_eucode>
and instead of saying:
<_eucode>
      accounts[start..finish] = accounts[start..finish] / 10
</_eucode>
You can say:
<_eucode>
      accounts[start..finish] /= 10
</_eucode>

<p>
In general, whenever you have an assignment of the form:
<pre>
      <b><i>left-hand-side = left-hand-side op expression</i></b>
</pre>
You can say:
<pre>
      <b><i>left-hand-side op= expression</i></b>
</pre>
where <b><i>op</i></b> is one of:
  <font color="#993333"><b> +   -   *   /   &</b></font>
<p>
When the left-hand-side contains multiple subscripts/slices, the
<font color="#993333"><_bq><i>op=</i></_bq></font>
form will usually execute faster than the longer form. When you get used
to it, you may find the <font color="#993333"><_bq><i>op=</i></_bq></font>
form to be slightly more readable than the long form, since you don't
have to visually compare the left-hand-side against the copy of itself
on the right side.

<p>
<a name=proc></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.5.2 procedure call</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 A <font color="#993333"><b>procedure call</b></font> starts execution
 of a procedure, passing it an optional list of argument values. e.g.

<_eucode>
        plot(x, 23)
</_eucode>

<a name=if></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.5.3 if statement</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 An <font color="#993333"><b>if statement</b></font> tests a condition
 to see if it is 0 (false) or non-zero (true) and then executes the
 appropriate series of statements. There may
 be optional <font color="#993333"><b>elsif</b></font> and
 <font color="#993333"><b>else</b></font> clauses. e.g.

<_eucode>
        if a < b then
            x = 1
        end if


        if a = 9 and find(0, s) then
            x = 4
            y = 5
        else
            z = 8
        end if


        if char = 'a' then
            x = 1
        elsif char = 'b' or char = 'B' then
            x = 2
        elsif char = 'c' then
            x = 3
        else
            x = -1
        end if
</_eucode>

<p>
 Notice that <font color="#993333"><_bq>elsif</_bq></font> is a contraction
 of <font color="#993333"><_bq>else if</_bq></font>, but it's cleaner because
 it doesn't require an <font color="#993333"><_bq>end if</_bq></font> to go
 with it. There is just one <font color="#993333"><_bq>end if</_bq></font> for
 the entire <font color="#993333"><b>if</b></font> statement, even when
 there are many <b><font color="#993333">elsif's</font></b> contained in it.
<p>
The <font color="#993333"><b>if</b></font> and
<font color="#993333"><b>elsif</b></font> conditions are tested using
<a href="refman_2.htm#shortcir">short-circuit evaluation</a>.
<p>
<a name=while></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.5.4 while statement</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 A <font color="#993333"><b>while statement</b></font> tests a condition
 to see if it is non-zero (true), and while it is true a loop is executed. e.g.

<_eucode>
        while x > 0 do
            a = a * 2
            x = x - 1
        end while
</_eucode>

<a name=shortcir></a>
<font color="#CC3366" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Short-Circuit Evaluation</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 When the condition tested by <font color="#993333"><_bq>if</_bq></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>elsif</_bq></font>, or
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>while</_bq></font> contains
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>and</_bq></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>or</_bq></font> operators,
 <font color="#993333"><_ba><i>short-circuit</i></_ba></font> evaluation
 will be used.
 For example,

 <_eucode>
        if a < 0 and b > 0 then ...
 </_eucode>

 If a < 0 is false, then Euphoria will not bother to test if b is greater
 than 0. It will assume that the overall result is false. Similarly,

 <_eucode>
        if a < 0 or b > 0 then ...
 </_eucode>

 if a < 0 is true, then Euphoria will immediately decide that the result true,
 without testing the value of b.

<p>
 In general, whenever we have a condition of the form:
<_eucode>
        A and B
</_eucode>
 where A and B can be any two expressions,
 Euphoria will take a short-cut when A is false and immediately
 make the overall result false, without even looking at expression B.

<p>
 Similarly, with:
<_eucode>
        A or B
</_eucode>
 when A is true, Euphoria will skip the evaluation of expression B,
 and declare the result to be true.

<p>
 If the expression B contains a call to a function, and that function has
 possible <b>side-effects</b>, i.e. it might do more than just return a value,
 you will get a compile-time warning. Older versions (pre-2.1) of Euphoria
 did not use <font color="#993333"><b>short-circuit</b></font> evaluation,
 and it's possible that some old code will no longer work correctly,
 although a search of the Euphoria archives did not turn up any programs
 that depend on side-effects in this way.

<p>
 The expression, B, could contain something that would normally cause
 a run-time error. If Euphoria skips the evaluation of B, the error will not
 be discovered. For instance:

 <_eucode>
        if x != 0 and 1/x > 10 then  -- divide by zero error avoided

        while 1 or {1,2,3,4,5} do    -- illegal sequence result avoided
 </_eucode>

 B could even contain uninitialized variables, out-of-bounds subscripts etc.

<p>
 This may look like sloppy coding, but in fact it often allows you to
 write something in a simpler and more readable way. For instance:
 <_eucode>
        if atom(x) or length(x)=1 then
 </_eucode>

 Without short-circuiting, you would have a problem when x was an atom,
 since length is not defined for atoms. With short-circuiting, length(x)
 will only be checked when x is a sequence. Similarly:

 <_eucode>
        -- find 'a' or 'A' in s
        i = 1
        while i <= length(s) and s[i] != 'a' and s[i] != 'A' do
             i += 1
        end while
 </_eucode>

 In this loop the variable i might eventually become
 greater than length(s). Without short-circuit evaluation, a subscript
 out-of-bounds error will occur when s[i] is evaluated on the final
 iteration. With short-circuiting, the loop will terminate immediately when
 i <= length(s) becomes false. Euphoria will not evaluate s[i] != 'a'
 and will not evaluate s[i] != 'A'. No subscript error will occur.

<p>
 <font color="#993333"><b>Short-circuit</b></font> evaluation of
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>and</_bq></font>
 and <font color="#993333"><_bq>or</_bq></font> takes place for
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>if</_bq></font>,
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>elsif</_bq></font> and
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>while</_bq></font> conditions only.
 It is not used in other contexts. For example, the assignment statement:

 <_eucode>
        x = 1 or {1,2,3,4,5}  -- x should be set to {1,1,1,1,1}
 </_eucode>

 If short-circuiting were used here, we would set x to 1, and not even
 look at {1,2,3,4,5}. This would be wrong. Short-circuiting can be used
 in if/elsif/while conditions because we only care if the result is true
 or false, and conditions are required to produce an atom as a result.

<p>
<a name=for></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.5.5 for statement</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 A <font color="#993333"><b>for statement</b></font> sets up a special
 loop with a controlling <font color="#993333"><b>loop variable</b></font>
 that runs from an initial value up or down to some final value. e.g.

<_eucode>
        for i = 1 to 10 do
            ? i   -- ? is a short form for print()
        end for

        -- fractional numbers allowed too
        for i = 10.0 to 20.5 by 0.3 do
            for j = 20 to 10 by -2 do    -- counting down
                ? {i, j}
            end for
        end for
</_eucode>

<p>
 The <font color="#993333"><b>loop variable</b></font> is
 declared automatically and exists until the end of the
 loop. Outside of the loop the variable has no value and is not even declared.
 If you need its final value, copy it into another variable before leaving
 the loop. The compiler will not allow any assignments to a loop variable. The
 initial value, loop limit and increment must all be atoms. If no increment
 is specified then +1 is assumed. The limit and increment values are
 established when the loop is entered, and are not affected by anything that
 happens during the execution of the loop. See also the
 <a href="refman_2.htm#loop_scope">scope of the loop variable in 2.4.2
 Scope</a>.

<p>
<a name=return></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.5.6 return statement</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 A <font color="#993333"><b>return statement</b></font> returns from a
 subroutine. If the subroutine is a function
 or type then a value must also be returned. e.g.

<_eucode>
        return

        return {50, "FRED", {}}
</_eucode>

<a name=exit></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.5.7 exit statement</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 An <font color="#993333"><b>exit statement</b></font> may appear inside a
 <a href="refman_2.htm#while">while-loop</a> or a
 <a href="refman_2.htm#for">for-loop</a>. It causes immediate termination of
 the loop, with control passing to the first statement after the loop. e.g.

<_eucode>
        for i = 1 to 100 do
            if a[i] = x then
                location = i
                exit
            end if
        end for
</_eucode>

<p>
 It is also quite common to see something like this:

<_eucode>
        constant TRUE = 1

        while TRUE do
            ...
            if some_condition then
                exit
            end if
            ...
        end while
</_eucode>

 i.e. an "infinite" while-loop that actually terminates via an
 <font color="#993333"><b>exit statement</b></font> at some arbitrary
 point in the body of the loop.

<p>
 With <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font>, if you happen to create
 a real infinite loop, with no
 input/output taking place, there is no easy way to stop it. You will have to
 type Control-Alt-Delete to either reboot, or (under Windows) terminate your
 DOS prompt session. If the program had files open for writing, it would be
 advisable to run <b>scandisk</b> to check your file system integrity.
 Only when your program is waiting for keyboard input, will control-c abort
 the program (unless <a href="lib_a_b.htm#allow_break">allow_break(0)</a>
 was used).

<p>
 With <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font> or
      <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>, control-c will
 always stop your program immediately.

<p>
<hr>

<a name=6></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2.6 Special Top-Level Statements</_dul>

</font>
<p>

 Euphoria processes your <b>.ex</b> file in one pass, starting at the first
 line and proceeding through to the last line. When a procedure or function
 definition is encountered, the routine is checked for syntax and converted
 into an internal form, but no execution takes place. When a statement that
 is outside of any routine is encountered, it is checked for syntax,
 converted into an internal form and then immediately executed.
 A common practice is to immediately initialize a global variable, just
 after its declaration. If your <b>.ex</b> file contains only
 routine definitions, but no immediate execution statements, then nothing will
 happen when you try to run it (other than syntax checking). You need to have
 an immediate statement to call your main routine (see
 <a href="refman_1.htm#1">1.1 Example Program</a>).
 It is quite possible to have a <b>.ex</b> file with nothing but
 immediate statements, for example you might want to use Euphoria as a
 simple calculator, typing in just one
 <a href="lib_p_r.htm#print">print</a>
 (or <a href="lib_a_b.htm#?">?</a>) statement into a file, and
 then executing it. To give the user something to look at, the
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>Language War</b></font> demo program
 reads in and displays a file on the screen, before the rest of the
 program is compiled (on a 486 or higher this makes little difference as the
 compiler takes less than a second to finish compiling the entire program).

<p>
 As we have seen, you can use any Euphoria
 <a href="refman_2.htm#5">statement</a>, including
 <a href="refman_2.htm#for">for-loops</a>,
 <a href="refman_2.htm#while">while-loops</a>,
 <a href="refman_2.htm#if">if</a> statements etc. (but not
 <a href="refman_2.htm#return">return</a>), at the top level i.e.
 <_ba><i>outside</i></_ba> of any
 <a href="refman_2.htm#412">function</a> or
 <a href="refman_2.htm#411">procedure</a>.
 In addition, the following special statements may
 <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>only</i></_ba></font> appear at the top level:
<ul>
<li> include
<li> with / without
</ul>

<p>
<a name=61></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.6.1 include</_sul>

</font>
<p>
When you write a large program it is often helpful
to break it up into logically separate files, by using
<font color="#993333"><b>include statements</b></font>.
Sometimes you will want to reuse some code that you have previously
written, or that someone else has written. Rather than copy this code into
your main program, you can use an
<font color="#993333"><b>include statement</b></font> to refer to the file
containing the code. An include statement looks like:

<dl>
<dt>
 <font color="#993333"><b>include</b></font> <b><i>filename</i></b>

<dd>
                   This reads in (compiles) a Euphoria source file.

<p>
                   Any <a href="refman_2.htm#scope">global symbols</a>
                   that have already been defined will
                   be visible in the included file.

<p>
                   <b><font color="#006633">N.B.</font></b> Only those
                   symbols defined as
                   <a href="refman_2.htm#scope"><_bq>global</_bq></a>
                   in the included file will be visible (accessible) in the
                   remainder of the program.

<p>
                   If an absolute <i>filename</i> is given,
                   Euphoria will use it. When
                   a relative <i>filename</i> is given, Euphoria will
                   first look for
                   it in the same directory as the main file given on
                   the <font color="#993333"><b>ex</b></font>
                   (or <font color="#993333"><b>exw</b></font> or
                   <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>)
                   <a href="refman_1.htm#3">command-line</a>.
                   If it's not there, it will look in
                   <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\include</b></font>.
                   This directory contains the standard
                   Euphoria include files. The environment variable EUDIR tells
                   <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe/exw.exe/exu</b></font>
                   where to find your
                   <font color="#993333"><b>euphoria</b></font> directory.

<p>
                   An included file can include other files. In fact, you can
                   "nest" included files up to 10 levels deep.

<p>                Include file names typically end in <b>.e</b>, or sometimes
                   <b>.ew</b> or <b>.eu</b> (when they are intended for use
                   with Windows or Linux).
                   This is just a convention. It is not required.

<p>
                   An include statement will be quietly ignored if a file with
                   the same name has already been included, directly or
                   indirectly.

<p>
                   An include statement must be written on a line by itself.
                   Only a comment can appear after it on the same line.
</dl>

<a name=62></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.6.2 with / without</_sul>

</font>
<p>
    These special statements affect the way that Euphoria
    translates your program into internal form. They are not meant to
    change the logic of your program, but they may affect the diagnostic
    information that you get from running your program.
    See <a href="refman_3.htm">3. Debugging and Profiling</a> for more
    information.

<dl>
<dt>
 <font color="#993333"><b>with</b></font>

<dd>
       This turns <b>on</b> one of the options:
       <b>
       <a href="refman_3.htm#2"><font color="#993333">profile</font></a>,
       <a href="refman_3.htm#2"><font color="#993333">profile_time</font></a>,
       <a href="refman_3.htm#trace"><font color="#993333">trace</font></a>,
       <font color="#993333">warning</font></b> or
       <a href="refman_2.htm#typechk"><font color="#993333"><b>type_check</b>
       </font></a>.
        Options <font color="#993333"><b>warning</b></font> and
        <font color="#993333"><b>type_check</b></font> are
        initially on, while
        <font color="#993333"><b>profile</b></font>,
        <font color="#993333"><b>profile_time</b></font> and
        <font color="#993333"><b>trace</b></font> are initially off.
        <p>
        Any warnings that are issued will appear on your screen after your
        program has finished execution. Warnings indicate very minor problems.
        A warning will never stop your program from executing.
<p>
<dt>
 <font color="#993333"><b>without</b></font>

<dd>
    This turns <b>off</b> one of the above options.

</dl>

<p>
There is also a special <font color="#993333"><b>with</b></font> option
where a code number appears after <font color="#993333"><b>with</b></font>.
RDS uses this code to make a file exempt from adding to the
statement count in the Public Domain Edition of Euphoria.

<p>
You can select any combination of settings, and you can change the settings,
but the changes must occur
<_ba><i>between</i></_ba> subroutines, not
within a subroutine. The only exception is that you can only turn on one
type of profiling for a given run of your program.

<p>
An <b>included file</b> inherits the
<font color="#993333"><b>with/without</b></font> settings in
effect at the point where it is included.
An included file can change these settings, but they will revert back
to their original state at the end of the included file.
For instance, an included file might turn off
warnings for itself and (initially) for any files that it includes,
but this will not turn off warnings for the main file.

<_continue
  href="refman_3.htm"
  name="3. Debugging and Profiling"
>

</_width>
</body>
</html>
REFMAN_3.HTX
18569
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Reference Manual Part I - Section 3 </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                       3. Debugging and Profiling
</font></_center>
<p>
<a name=1></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>3.1 Debugging</_dul>

</font>
<p>

 Debugging in Euphoria is much easier than in most other programming languages.
 The extensive run-time checking provided at all times by Euphoria
 automatically catches many bugs that in other languages might take hours of
 your time to track down. When Euphoria catches an error, you will always get
 a brief report on your screen, and a detailed report in a file called
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>ex.err</_bq></font>. These reports always
 include a full English description of what happened, along with a
 call-stack traceback. The file <font color="#993333"><b>ex.err</b></font>
 will also have
 a dump of all variable values, and optionally a list of the most recently
 executed statements. For extremely large sequences, only a partial dump is
 shown. If <font color="#993333"><b>ex.err</b></font> is not
 convenient, you can choose another file name,
 anywhere on your system, by calling
 <a href="lib_c_d.htm#crash_file">crash_file</a>().

<p>
 In addition, you are able to create
 <a href="refman_2.htm#type">user-defined types</a> that precisely
 determine the set of legal values for each of your variables. An error report
 will occur the moment that one of your variables is assigned an illegal value.

<p>
 Sometimes a program will misbehave without failing any run-time checks. In
 any programming language it may be a good idea to simply study the source
 code and rethink the algorithm that you have coded. It may also be useful
 to insert print statements at strategic locations in order to monitor the
 internal logic of the program. This approach is particularly convenient in
 an interpreted language like Euphoria since you can simply edit the source
 and rerun the program without waiting for a re-compile/re-link.

<p>
 <a name=trace></a>
 Euphoria provides you with additional powerful tools for debugging. You
 can <font color="#993333"><b><i>trace</i></b></font>
 the execution of your program source code on one screen while
 you witness the output of your program on another.
 <b><a href="refman_2.htm#62"><font color="#993333">with trace</font></a> /
 <a href="refman_2.htm#62"><font color="#993333">without trace</font></a></b>
 special statements select the
 parts in your program that are available for tracing. Often you
 will simply insert a <font color="#993333"><_bq>with trace</_bq></font>
 statement at the very beginning of
 your source code to make it all traceable. Sometimes it is better to place
 the first <font color="#993333"><_bq>with trace</_bq></font>
 after all of your <a href="refman_2.htm#type">user-defined types</a>, so
 you don't trace into these routines after each assignment to a variable.
 At other times, you may know exactly which routine or routines you are
 interested in tracing, and you will want to select only these ones. Of
 course, once you are in the trace window you can interactively skip over
 the execution of any routine by pressing down-arrow on the keyboard rather
 than Enter.

<p>
 Only traceable lines can appear in <font color="#993333"><b>ex.err</b></font>
 as "Traced lines leading up to the failure" should a run-time error occur.
 If you want this information and didn't get it, you should insert a
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>with trace</_bq></font>
 and then rerun your program.
 Execution will be a bit slower when lines compiled
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>with trace</_bq></font> are executed.

<p>
 After you have predetermined the lines that are traceable, your program must
 then dynamically cause the trace facility to be activated by executing a
 <a href="lib_s_t.htm#trace">trace(1)</a> statement.
 Again, you could simply say:

<_eucode>
        with trace
        trace(1)        -- or trace(2) if you prefer a mono display
</_eucode>

 at the top of your program, so you can start tracing from the beginning of
 execution. More commonly, you will want to trigger tracing when a certain
 routine is entered, or when some condition arises. e.g.

<_eucode>
        if x < 0 then
            trace(1)
        end if
</_eucode>

<p>
 You can turn off tracing by executing a
 <a href="lib_s_t.htm#trace">trace(0)</a> statement. You can also
 turn it off interactively by typing 'q' to quit tracing. Remember that
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>with trace</_bq></font> must appear
 <b><i>outside</i></b> of any routine, whereas
 trace(1) and trace(0) can appear
 <b><i>inside</i></b> a routine <b><i>or outside</i></b>.

<p>
 You might want to turn on tracing from within a
 <a href="refman_2.htm#413">type</a>. Suppose you run your
 program and it fails, with the <font color="#993333"><b>ex.err</b></font>
 file showing that one of your variables has been set to a strange,
 although not illegal value, and you wonder how it could have happened. Simply
 <a href="refman_2.htm#type">create a type</a> for that variable
 that executes <font color="#006699">trace(1)</font> if the value being
 assigned to the variable is the strange one that you are interested in.
 e.g.

<_eucode>
        type positive_int(integer x)
            if x = 99 then
                trace(1) -- how can this be???
                return 1 -- keep going
            else
                return x > 0
            end if
        end type
</_eucode>

<p>
 When positive_int() returns,
 you will see the exact statement that caused your variable to be set to the
 strange value, and you will be able to check the values of other variables.
 You will also be able to check the output screen to
 see what has happened up to this precise moment. If you define
 positive_int() so it returns 0 for the strange value (99) instead of 1, you
 can force a diagnostic dump into <font color="#993333"><b>ex.err</b></font>.

<p>

<a name=11></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>3.1.1 The Trace Screen</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 When a <a href="lib_s_t.htm#trace">trace(1)</a> statement is executed,
 your main output screen is saved and
 a <font color="#993333"><b>trace screen</b></font> appears.
 It shows a view of your program with the statement
 that will be executed next highlighted, and several statements before and
 after showing as well. Several lines at the bottom of the screen are
 reserved for displaying variable names and values. The top line shows the
 commands that you can enter at this point:

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#993333\">F1</font>"
  description="display main output screen - take a look at your program's
     output so far"
>

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#993333\">F2</font>"
  description="redisplay trace screen. Press this key while viewing the
     main output screen to return to the trace display."
>

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#993333\">Enter</font>"
  description="execute the currently-highlighted statement only"
>

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#993333\">down-arrow</font>"
  description="continue execution and break when any statement coming after
   this one in the source listing is about to be executed. This lets you skip
   over subroutine calls. It also lets you stop on the first statement
   following the end of a <a href=\"refman_2.htm#for\">for-loop</a> or
   <a href=\"refman_2.htm#while\">while-loop</a> without having to witness
   all iterations of the loop."
>

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#993333\">?</font>"
  description="display the value of a variable. Many variables are displayed
     automatically as they are assigned a value, but sometimes you will have
     to explicitly ask for one that is not on display. After hitting
     <font color=\"#993333\"><b>?</b></font>
     you will be prompted for the name of the variable. Variables that are
     not defined at this point cannot be shown. Variables that have not yet
     been initialized will have \"< NO VALUE >\" beside their name. Only
     variables, not general expressions, can be displayed."
>

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#993333\">q</font>"
  description="quit tracing and resume normal execution. Tracing will
     start again when the next trace(1) is executed."
>

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#993333\">Q</font>"
  description="quit tracing and let the program run freely to its normal
     completion. trace() statements will be ignored."
>

<_3clist
  name="<font color=\"#993333\">!</font>"
  description="this will abort execution of your program. A traceback
     and dump of variable values will go to
     <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex.err</b></font>."
>

</table>

<p>
 As you trace your program, variable names and values appear automatically in
 the bottom portion of the screen. Whenever a variable is assigned-to, you will
 see its name and new value appear at the bottom. This value is always kept
 up-to-date. Private variables are automatically cleared from the screen
 when their routine returns. When the variable display area is full,
 least-recently referenced variables will be discarded to make room for
 new variables. The value of a long sequence will be cut off after 80
 characters.

<p>
 For your convenience, numbers that are in the range of printable ASCII
 characters (32-127) are displayed along with the ASCII character itself. The
 ASCII character will be in a different color (or in quotes in a mono display).
 This is done for all variables, since Euphoria does not know in general
 whether you are thinking of a number as an ASCII character or not. You will
 also see ASCII characters (in quotes) in
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.err</b></font>. This can make for a rather
 "busy" display, but the ASCII information is often very useful.

<p>
 The trace screen adopts the same graphics mode as the main output screen.
 This makes flipping between them quicker and easier.

<p>
 When a traced program requests keyboard input, the main output screen will
 appear, to let you type your input as you normally would. This works fine for
 <a href="lib_e_g.htm#gets">gets()</a> (read one line) input.
 When <a href="lib_e_g.htm#get_key">get_key()</a> (quickly sample the
 keyboard) is
 called you will be given 8 seconds to type a character, otherwise it is
 assumed that there is no input for this call to get_key(). This allows you to
 test the case of input and also the case of no input for get_key().

<p>
<hr>

<a name=2></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>3.2 Profiling</_dul> (Complete Edition Only)

</font>
<p>

 If you specify <a href="refman_2.htm#62"><font color="#993333">
 <_bq>with profile</_bq></font></a> (DOS32, WIN32 or Linux), or
 <a href="refman_2.htm#62"><font color="#993333">
 <_bq>with profile_time</_bq></font></a>
 (DOS32 only) then a special listing of your program, called
 a <font color="#993333"><_bq><i>profile</i></_bq></font>,
 will be produced when your program finishes execution. This listing is
 written to the file <font color="#993333"><_bq>ex.pro</_bq></font> in
 the current directory.

<p>
 There are two types of profiling available:
 <font color="#993333"><b>execution-count profiling</b></font>,
 and <font color="#993333"><b>time profiling</b></font>.
 You get execution-count profiling when you specify
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>with profile</_bq></font>. You get time
 profiling when you specify
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>with profile_time</_bq></font>.
 You can't mix the two types of profiling in a single run of your program.
 You need to make two separate runs.

<p>
 We ran the <font color="#5500FF"><b>sieve.ex</b></font> benchmark program in
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>demo\bench</b></font> under both types of
 profiling. The results are in
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>sieve1.pro</b></font> (execution-count profiling)
 and <font color="#5500FF"><b>sieve2.pro</b></font> (time profiling).

<p>
 Execution-count profiling shows precisely how many times each statement
 in your program was executed. If the statement was never executed the
 count field will be blank.

<p>
 Time profiling (DOS32 only) shows an estimate of the total time spent
 executing each statement. This estimate is expressed as a percentage of the
 total time. If a statement was never sampled, the percentage field will be
 blank. If you see 0.00 it means the statement was sampled, but not enough
 times to get a score of 0.01.

<p>
 Only statements compiled <font color="#993333"><_bq>with profile</_bq></font>
 or <font color="#993333"><_bq>with profile_time</_bq></font> are shown in
 the listing. Normally you will specify either
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>with profile</_bq></font>
 or <font color="#993333"><_bq>with profile_time</_bq></font> at the top
 of your main <b>.ex</b> file, so you can get a complete listing.
 View this file with the Euphoria editor to see a color display.

<p>
 Profiling can help you in many ways:

<ul>
<li>
       it lets you see which statements are heavily executed,
       as a clue to speeding up your program

<li>
       it lets you verify that your program is actually working
       the way you intended

<li>
       it lets you see which sections of code were never tested
       - don't let your users be the first!
</ul>

<p>
 Sometimes you will want to focus on a particular action performed by your
 program. For example, in the
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>Language War</b></font> game, we found that the game
 in general was fast enough, but when a planet exploded, shooting 2500
 pixels off in all directions, the game slowed down. We wanted to speed
 up the explosion routine. We didn't care about the rest of the code. The
 solution was to call <a href="lib_p_r.htm#profile">profile(0)</a>
 at the beginning of Language War, just after
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>with profile_time</_bq></font>,
 to turn off profiling, and then to call
 <font color="#006699">profile(1)</font> at the beginning of the
 explosion routine and <font color="#006699">profile(0)</font>
 at the end of the routine. In this way
 we could run the game, creating numerous explosions, and logging a lot
 of samples, just for the explosion effect. If samples were charged against
 other lower-level routines, we knew that those samples occurred during
 an explosion. If we had simply profiled the whole program, the picture
 would not have been clear, as the lower-level routines would also
 have been used for moving ships, drawing phasors etc. profile() can help
 in the same way when you do execution-count profiling.

<p>

<a name=21></a>
<font color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>3.2.1 Some Further Notes on Time Profiling</_sul>

</font>
<p>

 With each click of the system clock, an interrupt is generated. When you
 specify <font color="#993333"><_bq>with profile_time</_bq></font> Euphoria
 will sample your program to see which
 statement is being executed at the exact moment that each interrupt occurs.

<p>
 These interrupts normally occur 18.2 times per second, but if you call
 <a href="lib_s_t.htm#tick_rate">tick_rate()</a> you can choose a much higher
 rate and thus get a more accurate
 time profile, since it will be based on more samples. By default, if you
 haven't called tick_rate(), then tick_rate(100) will be called automatically
 when you start profiling. You can set it even higher (up to say 1000) but you
 may start to affect your program's performance.

<p>
 Each sample requires 4 bytes of memory and buffer space is normally reserved
 for 25000 samples. If you need more than 25000 samples you can request it:

<_eucode>
        with profile_time 100000
</_eucode>

 will reserve space for 100000 samples (for example). If the buffer overflows
 you'll see a warning at the top of <font color="#993333"><b>ex.pro</b></font>.
 At 100 samples per second your
 program can run for 250 seconds before using up the default 25000 samples.
 It's not feasible for Euphoria to dynamically enlarge the sample buffer
 during the handling of an interrupt. That's why you might have to specify it
 in your program. After completing each top-level executable statement,
 Euphoria will process the samples accumulated so far, and free up the
 buffer for more samples. In this way the profile can be based on more samples
 than you have actually reserved space for.

<p>
 The percentages shown in the left margin of
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.pro</b></font>,
 are calculated by dividing
 the number of times that a particular statement was sampled, by the total
 number of samples taken. e.g. if a statement were sampled 50 times out of a
 total of 500 samples, then a value of 10.0 (10 per cent) would appear in the
 margin beside that statement. When profiling is disabled with profile(0),
 interrupts are ignored, no samples are taken and the total
 number of samples does not increase.

<p>
 By taking more samples you can get more accurate results. However, one
 situation to watch out for is the case where a program synchronizes itself
 to the clock interrupt, by waiting for <a href="lib_s_t.htm#time">time()</a>
 to advance. The statements executed just after the point where the clock
 advances might <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>never</i></_ba></font> be
 sampled, which could give you a very distorted picture. e.g.
<_eucode>
        while time() < LIMIT do
        end while
        x += 1 -- This statement will never be sampled
</_eucode>

<p>
 Sometimes you will see a significant percentage beside a return statement.
 This is usually due to time spent deallocating storage for temporary and
 private variables used within the routine. Significant storage deallocation
 time can also occur when you assign a new value to a large sequence.

<p>
 If disk swapping starts to happen, you may see large times attributed to
 statements that need to access the swap file, such as statements
 that access elements of a large swapped-out sequence.

<_continue
  href="library.htm"
  name="Part II - Library Routines"
>

</_width>
</body>
</html>
REGISTER.HTX
7106
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Ordering the Complete Edition of Euphoria</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
               Ordering the Complete Edition of Euphoria
</font></_center>
<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>1. What You Get</_dul>

</font>
<p>
 Euphoria runs on <b>Windows</b>, <b>DOS</b> and <b>Linux</b> platforms. You
 can choose from the following packages:
<pre>
     New Registrations:
        <b><font color="#CC3366">WIN32 + DOS32</font></b> ........... $39
        <b><font color="#CC3366">Linux</font></b>  .................. $25
        <b><font color="#CC3366">WIN32 + DOS32 + Linux</font></b>  .. $59

     Upgrades:
        <b><font color="#CC3366">WIN32 + DOS32</font></b> ........... $24
        <b><font color="#CC3366">WIN32 + DOS32 + Linux</font></b> ... $44
</pre>
<p>
 Low cost <b>upgrade</b> prices are available to all registered users of
 Euphoria (from v1.0 onward). To get the upgrade price on a package,
 you must have previously registered Euphoria on one of the platforms
 contained in that package. For example, to be eligible for the
 <b><font color="#CC3366">WIN32 + DOS32</font></b> upgrade price, you must
 have previously registered Euphoria for
 <b><font color="#CC3366">WIN32 + DOS32</font></b>, or just
 <b><font color="#CC3366">DOS32</font></b>. To be eligible for the
 <b><font color="#CC3366">WIN32 + DOS32 + Linux</font></b> upgrade price,
 you must simply be a registered user of Euphoria on any platform.

<p>
 All prices are in U.S. dollars. Shipping of a 3.5" floppy disk to any
 country, if required, costs $5.
 If you don't require a disk or a receipt, you can download the
 Complete Edition software from our Web site and avoid the shipping charge.
<p>
 When you register or upgrade, you get:
<ul>
<li>
 versions of <b><font color="#993333">ex.exe</font>
 (<font color="#CC3366">DOS32</font>)</b> and
 <b><font color="#993333">exw.exe</font>
 (<font color="#CC3366">WIN32</font>)</b>, and/or
 <b><font color="#993333">exu</font>
 (<font color="#CC3366">Linux</font>)</b> with full,
 greater than 300 statements, diagnostic support
<p>
<li>
 the ability to <font color="#993333"><b>bind</b></font> and
 <font color="#993333"><b>shroud</b></font> Euphoria programs for easy use and
 distribution
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#993333"><b>execution-count profiling</b></font>, to analyze
 your program's logic, and improve performance
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#993333"><b>time profiling</b></font>, to discover performance
 bottlenecks (<font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font> only)
<p>
<li>
 a discount on all future releases of Euphoria for the platforms that you have
 registered
<p>
<li>
 6 months of free technical support from Rapid Deployment Software
<p>
<li>
 6 months of free software upgrades to the package you registered or upgraded
<p>
<li>
 the ability to vote in the <i>Euphoria Micro-Economy</i> and encourage others
 to develop software that you find useful. (See
 <a href="web.htm">web.doc</a> or the
 <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">RDS Web site</a> for details on the
 Micro-Economy.)
</ul>
<p>
 <b>Free upgrades</b> consist of downloading improved official-release software
 from the Web. You must have registered or upgraded within 6 months of a
 new <_ba><i>official</i></_ba> release (alpha-test and beta-test releases
 aren't considered).
<p>
 If you have earned money in the <i>Euphoria Micro-Economy</i>, please contact
 RDS ([e-mail]) for details on how to reduce the price.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>2. Methods of Registering</_dul>

</font>
<br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.1 Credit Card Orders</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 You can register or upgrade Euphoria through <b>DigiBuy</b>
 using your MasterCard, Visa, American Express or Discover Card.

 Go to our Web site:
<pre>
        <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">http://www.RapidEuphoria.com</a>
</pre>
 and click "Register Now <i>On-Line!</i>"
 DigiBuy has a <font color="#FF0099"><b>secure</b></font> server that lets
 your Web browser encrypt your credit card information before sending
 it across the Internet.
<p>
 If you choose to download the Complete Edition, we will send the instructions
 to the e-mail address that you provide to DigiBuy. This usually happens the
 same day, or early the next day. If you choose to receive a disk
 (and receipt) we will assume that you don't need the instructions.
 E-mail us if you do - we
 will give you the instructions, while still shipping your disk and receipt.
<p>
 With DigiBuy, there are <i>no</i> extra sales taxes to pay, unless you are
 a resident of Connecticut, Minnesota or Washington States.
<p>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>2.2 Paying with a Check or Money Order</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 There is a program,
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>how2reg.ex</b></font>, in the
 <b>euphoria\register</b> directory that will ask you questions
 and advise you on how to order.
<p>
 Just type:
<pre>
        ex how2reg

 or on Linux:

        exu how2reg.ex
</pre>

 Run <font color="#5500FF"><b>how2reg</b></font> any time, and rerun it as
 many times as you like. You are <i>not</i> committed to registering
 just by running it.
 Run <font color="#5500FF"><b>how2reg</b></font> for upgrade orders
 as well.
<p>
 After running <font color="#5500FF"><b>how2reg</b></font>, print
 <b>MYORDER.FRM</b> or simply copy the
 information to a sheet of paper, before mailing it to RDS with your check or
 money order.
<p>
 We prefer U.S. or Canadian currency. However, we can accept personal checks
 from any of the following countries:

<blockquote>
<p>
     Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
     France, Greece, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands,
     New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States
<p>
     Please do a fair conversion from our U.S. dollar prices to your local
     currency.
</blockquote>
<p>
 Make your check or money order payable to:
<blockquote><blockquote>
    <b><font face="verdana, arial, geneva" color="#003366" size=-1>
    Rapid Deployment Software<p>
    130 Holm Crescent<br>
    Thornhill, Ontario<br>
    L3T 5J3<br>
    CANADA
</font></b></blockquote></blockquote>

<p>
 There are no extra sales taxes to pay.
<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_dul>3. Return Policy</_dul>

</font>
<p>
 Since you have ample opportunity to "try before you buy" we do not accept
 returns. However, if the disk is damaged or lost in transit we will send
 you a new one free of charge.

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>

RELNOTES.HTX
56834
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria v2.2 Release Notes</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#006633"><b>
<br>
                           Euphoria Release Notes<br>
</b></font></_center>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.2 Official Release for WIN32+DOS32 January 14, 2000:</_dul></b></font>
<ul>
<li> Better error messages are now issued from the interpreter, and from
the bind program, for some typical errors that users can make when
binding a program.
<p>
<li> The documentation has been improved in a few places.
<p>
<li> The <b>window.exw</b> demo program shows how to load the
Euphoria icon contained in exw.exe.
<p>
<li> Language War uses Jiri Babor's improved version of <b>putsxy.e</b>.
</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.2 Beta Release for WIN32+DOS32 December 23, 1999:</_dul></b></font>
<p>
Most of the new library routines developed for Euphoria 2.2 on
Linux, have now been ported to WIN32 and DOS32.
These are: sleep(), chdir(), flush(), lock_file(), unlock_file(),
crash_file(), get_screen_char() and put_screen_char(). For a
description of these routines refer to the Linux release notes below,
or <a href=library.htm>LIBRARY.DOC</a>.

<p>
Some cross-platform bug fixes and other miscellaneous improvements
were made during the Linux port. These bug fixes and improvements
have now been ported back to WIN32+DOS32. See the Linux release notes (below).

<p>
In addition, the following improvements have been made specifically
for WIN32 and DOS32:
<ul>
<p>
<li> <b>exw.exe</b> now contains a Euphoria icon that is displayed
automatically by Windows. The icon was contributed by Gary Dumer.
Registered users may change this icon when they bind a program.
<p>
<li> <b>exw.exe</b> is now a compressed executable of just 73K (or so).
It's compressed using the UPX compression tool for .exe files.
<p>
<li> <b>ex.exe</b> has been updated with the latest release of
the CauseWay DOS extender. A problem where
CauseWay would sometimes limit you to 64Mb of memory under
some DOS configurations has been eliminated, and a few other minor
bugs were fixed.
<p>
<li> <b><font color="#009999">bug fix:</font></b>
The error traceback could sometimes crash or be misprinted when
a type_check failure occurred. It could only happen when 1 was added to
an expression, and the non-integer result of the expression
was assigned to a variable declared as integer.
<p>
<li> <b><font color="#009999">bug fix:</font></b>
If text_rows() was called as the first routine needing a WIN32 console
window, Euphoria would fail to set the new number of lines of
text on the console.

</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.2 Official Release for Linux November 22, 1999:</_dul></b></font>
<ul>
<li> <b>All platforms: <font color="#009999">bug fix:</font></b>
If a Euphoria routine called itself recursively from inside a
for-loop, and at one level of recursion the for-loop counted <i>up</i>
to an upper limit, and at another level of recursion the for-loop
counted <i>down</i> to a
lower limit, the for-loop would probably malfunction at one of the levels.
Thanks to Delroy Gayle.
<p>
<li> The documentation was improved in many places, especially with respect
to the Linux platform.
</ul>
<p>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.2 beta-test release for Linux October 22, 1999:</_dul></b></font>
<p>
<i>Most of these features and bug fixes will also be made available
in Version 2.2 for <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32 + DOS32</b></font></i>.
<ul>
<p>
<li>
<font color="#006699"><b>platform()</b></font> has been moved from misc.e into exu to eliminate
the function call overhead. platform() now takes zero time to compute.
The compiler simply plugs in the appropriate constant value.
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#006699"><b>lock_file()</b></font>
 and <font color="#006699"><b>unlock_file()</b></font> have been added
 to allow multiple processes
 to share access to files. This can be important in CGI programming and
 other areas.
<p>
<li>
<font color="#006699"><b>flush()</b></font> will force the contents of the memory buffer out to a file or device.
<p>
<li>
<font color="#006699"><b>chdir()</b></font> will change to a new current directory and let you know if it
was successful.
<p>
<li>
<font color="#006699"><b>sleep()</b></font> will suspend execution of your program for a number of seconds,
and let the operating system schedule another process.
<p>
<li>
<font color="#006699"><b>put_screen_char()</b></font> will write a character and its attributes (colors etc.)
to the screen.
<p>
<li>
<font color="#006699"><b>get_screen_char()</b></font> will read a character and its attributes from the screen.
<p>
<li>
<font color="#006699"><b>save_text_image()</b></font> now works on Linux (as well as DOS32). It copies
a rectangular text image from the screen.
<p>
<li>
<font color="#006699"><b>display_text_image()</b></font> now works under Linux (as well as DOS32).
It writes a rectangular text image to the screen.
<p>
<li>
The "short-circuit" warning now gives the filename and line number of the
  possibly short-circuited call. Minor clarifications were made in some
  other error messages as well.
<p>
<li>
Minor improvements were made to <b>ed</b> and <b>search</b>.
<p>
<li>
A portability problem in <b>how2reg.ex</b> was fixed.
<p>
<li>
<b>exu</b> is compressed better. It's actually a bit smaller now,
although functionality has been added to it.
</ul>


<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.2 alpha-test release for Linux August 24, 1999:</_dul></b></font>

<p>
<i>Many of these features and bug fixes will also be made available
in Version 2.2 for <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32 + DOS32</b></font></i>.
<ul>
<p>
<li>
 The documentation has been brought up-to-date to include
  <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font>-specific information for library
  routines and Euphoria in general.
<p>
<li>
 There is now a Complete Edition for
  <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font>, including
  <font color="#993333"><b>binding</b></font> and
  <font color="#993333"><b>shrouding</b></font>. See
  <font color="#5500FF"><b>register\register.doc</b></font>.
<p>
<li>
 There is now <font color="#CC3366">text mode</b></font> mouse support using
  <font color="#006699"><b>get_mouse()</b></font>. You must have <b>GPM
  server</b> running. It works in a text console or an <b>xterm</b> window.
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux:</b></font>
  <font color="#006699"><b>define_c_var(name)</b></font> will return the
  address of a global C variable in a shared library.
<p>
<li>
 It was confirmed that you can call Euphoria routines from
  <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font> C routines using exactly the same
  mechanism as in <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32</b></font> Euphoria.
  See <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria/demo/linux</b></font>.
<p>
<li>
 An example of creating your own shared library routines and calling them from
  Euphoria was added. See
  <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria/demo/linux</b></font>.
<p>
<li>
 <b>All platforms: <font color="#006699">crash_file(file_name)</font></b> will
  cause diagnostic messages to be written to <b>file_name</b> instead of
  <font color="#993333"><b>ex.err</b></font>. You can use
  <font color="#006699"><b>crash_file("/dev/null")</b></font> to get
  diagnostics on screen but not in a file.<br>
  <font color="#006699"><b>crash_file("")</b></font> means
  "no diagnostics" (to screen or ex.err).
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#993333"><b>Trace</b></font> mode in <b>xterm</b> now detects
  the <b>F1/F2</b> keys.
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#006699"><b>time()</b></font> now reports real "wall-clock" time,
  not CPU time.
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#993333"><b>search</b></font>,
  <font color="#993333"><b>guru</b></font> and
  <font color="#993333"><b>cdguru</b></font> now place their output in your
  $HOME directory instead of the current directory.
<p>
<li>
 <b>#!</b> is now restricted to just the first line of a file.
<p>
<li>
 <b>All platforms:</b> In <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font>, the
  <b>Esc n</b>, <b>Esc d</b>, <b>Esc f</b> and <b>Esc r</b> commands will
  immediately redisplay your last choice. You can press
  <b>up-arrow/down-arrow</b> to
  see other choices, or clear the choice. If you start typing without
  editing, it will clear the choice and take your new input.
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#006699"><b>free_console()</b></font> will set the terminal
  parameters back to normal. Normally, when running a Euphoria program the
  parameters are set the way that <b>curses</b> wants them and they are set
  back to normal when the program terminates.
  If your program needs to terminate
  in a strange way (other than calling <font color="#006699">abort()</font>),
  <font color="#006699"><b>free_console()</b></font> should be called first.
<p>
<li>
 <b><font color="#009999">bug fix:</font> <font color="#006699">get()</font>
  </b> now considers '\r' to be a whitespace character. This is important when
  reading DOS files.
<p>
<li>
 <b>All platforms: <font color="#009999">bug fix:</font></b> It was not
  immediately issuing a <font color="#993333"><b>type_check</b></font>
  failure when 1 was added to an integer variable that was set to the maximum
  value for an integer (1.07 billion). Thanks to Jeff Fielding.
<p>
<li>
 <b>All platforms: <font color="#009999">bug fix:</font></b> It was not
  always detecting an improperly-formed
  exponent on a floating-point number. Thanks to Lionel Wong.
<p>
<li>
 <b>All platforms:</b> The performance of the storage allocator has been
  improved in certain cases. A bug that could cause the interpreter to
  crash when you are almost out of memory has been fixed.
</ul>
<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.2 pre-alpha #4 for Linux July 15, 1999:</_dul></b></font>
<ul>
<li>
 You can call C routines in <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font>
  shared libraries (<b>.so</b> files). See
  <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria/demo/linux/callc.exu</b></font> for
  some examples.
<p>
<li>
 If your program does not output anything to the <b>xterm</b> window,
  <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font> will not issue the "Press Enter"
  prompt.
<p>
<li>
  <b>All platforms: <font color="#993333">ed</font></b> now lets you recall
   previous top-line command text using <b>up-arrow</b> and <b>down-arrow</b>,
   similar to doskey in DOS and the shell history in Linux. This works with
   any strings that you type for <b>Esc n</b> (new file),
   <b>Esc d</b> (Linux command), <b>Esc f</b> (find string) or
   <b>Esc r</b> (replace string). In addition, you can now use
   <b>arrow keys</b>, <b>Home</b>, <b>End</b>, <b>Delete</b> etc. to edit
   strings before you press <b>Enter</b>.
</ul>
<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.2 pre-alpha #3 for Linux July 8, 1999:</_dul></b></font>
<ul>
<li>
 In an <b>xterm</b> window, <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font> will
  prompt you to hit <b>Enter</b> before it exits. Without this, <b>xterm</b>
  restores the screen so fast that you don't see any output or error messages.
<p>
<li>
 An internal coding change was made to Euphoria's
  <font color="#006699"><b>rand()</b></font> function.
  (The algorithm has not changed.)
  Hopefully this will
  allow <font color="#006699">rand()</font> to work on all distributions of
  <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font>. Please let us know if
  <font color="#006699">rand()</font> still fails.
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#993333"><b>ed:</b></font> The <b>Esc h</b> command will
  display the Euphoria help files. This was broken in pre-alpha#2.
<p>
<li>
 In an <b>xterm</b> window, Euphoria's
  <font color="#006699"><b>video_config()</b></font> now reports the correct
  number of lines and columns - this helps
  <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> to work much better.
  <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> will work with the initial size of
  window in effect when <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> starts up.
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#993333"><b>ed:</b></font> <b>F1</b>, <b>F2</b>, <b>F3</b>,
  <b>F4</b>, <b>Home</b>, <b>End</b>, and the <b>Delete</b> key work now in
  <b>xterm</b> (under Red Hat 5.2 at least). The other F-keys were already
  working. <b>PageUp/PageDown</b> and some other keys still don't work - feel
  free to add your own alternate keys.
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font> is now even smaller - just 82K.
</ul>
<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.2 pre-alpha #2 for Linux July 6, 1999:</_dul></b></font>
<ul>
<li>
 The <b>ncurses</b> library has been statically linked into
  <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font>.
<p>
<li>
 <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font> is now a compressed executable (97K).
<p>
<li>
 <b><font color="#009999">bug fix:</font> <font color="#993333">ed</font></b>
  can now edit files with upper case letters in the name.
<p>
<li>
 The fraction of a second delay when you press the <b>Esc</b> key in
  <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> has been removed.
<p>
<li>
 The correct address for subscribing to the Euphoria mailing list is in
  <font color="#5500FF"><b>web.doc</b></font> and
  <font color="#5500FF"><b>web.htm</b></font> (the old address doesn't work
  anymore).
</ul>
<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.2 pre-alpha #1 for Linux July 1, 1999:</_dul></b></font>
<ul>
<li> The first version of Euphoria for
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>Linux</b></font> was released.
</ul>
<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366"><b>
<_dul>Version 2.1 Official Release for WIN32 + DOS32 March 29, 1999:</_dul>
</b></font>

<ul>
<li>
  Updates to the <font color="#993333"><b>trace</b></font> screen have been
  optimized. Unnecessary refreshes of the source code, and the variables on
  the trace screen, have been eliminated. When a refresh is necessary, it is
  now slightly faster. This makes a noticeable difference in
  <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font>, and also in
  <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> in
  <font color="#CC3366">pixel-graphics modes</font>. For
  <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> in
  <font color="#CC3366">text modes</font>, it reduces screen flicker
  slightly.
<p>
<li>
  The <font color="#993333"><b>install</b></font> program no longer requires
  that your PATH be less than 128 characters. It will simply warn you if it
  isn't. Newer versions of DOS allow for a longer PATH. Thanks to Steve Adams.
<p>
<li>
  An extra error check was added to
  <font color="#006699"><b>unregister_block()</b></font> in
  <font color="#5500FF"><b>safe.e</b></font>. Thanks to David Guy.
</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.1 beta-test release March 5, 1999:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
  The rest of the files in the <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\doc</b></font>
  directory have now been converted to HTML. Every <b>.doc</b> file in the
  <font color="#5500FF"><b>doc</b></font> directory now has a corresponding
  <b>.htm</b> file in the <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\html</b></font>
  directory. Many improvements and clarifications were made to the
  documentation.
<p>
<li>
  You will now be warned when you have code that comes immediately
  after an <font color="#993333"><b>exit</b></font>,
  <font color="#993333"><b>return</b></font> or
  <font color="#993333"><b>abort()</b></font> statement. This code can never
  be executed. Suggested by Gabriel Boehme.
<p>
<li>
  <font color="#5500FF"><b>safe.e</b></font> no longer includes
  <font color="#5500FF"><b>graphics.e</b></font>. This eliminates possible
  naming conflicts when <font color="#5500FF"><b>safe.e</b></font> is
  substituted for <font color="#5500FF"><b>machine.e</b></font>.
<p>
<li>
  Using code supplied by David Guy, <font color="#5500FF"><b>safe.e</b></font>
  will now let you add or remove externally-allocated blocks of memory on
  the "safe address list". <font color="#006633"><b>See the new library
  routines:</b></font>
  <font color="#006699"><b>register_block()</b></font> and
  <font color="#006699"><b>unregister_block()</b></font>.
<p>
<li>
  <font color="#006699"><b>message_box()</b></font> now uses the <b>handle of
  the active window</b> rather than NULL. This forces the user to reply to
  your message before he can continue to interact with your program.
  He won't be prevented from interacting with other programs. Thanks to
  Austin C.
<p>
<li>
  <font color="#006699"><b>get()</b></font> and
  <font color="#006699"><b>value()</b></font> have been sped up by a
  further 5% thanks to Gabriel Boehme.
<p>
<li>
  <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font> has been made less likely
  to crash mysteriously when attacked by a virus.
<p>
<li>
  <font color="#5500FF"><b>sanity.ex</b></font> now checks your installation
  of Euphoria. You'll be warned if your PATH or EUDIR variables are not set,
  or your <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font>,
  <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font>,
  <font color="#993333"><b>pdex.exe</b></font>, or
  <font color="#993333"><b>pdexw.exe</b></font> files have been corrupted
  or not installed correctly in
  <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\bin</b></font>.
<p>
<li>
  The security of <font color="#993333"><b>bound</b></font> and
  <font color="#993333"><b>scrambled</b></font> programs has been tightened
  some more. Thanks to Rusty Davis.
<p>
<li>
  To save space in <b>euphor21.zip</b>, the
  <font color="#993333"><b>install</b></font> program now <i>generates</i> the
  HTML and DOC files from a common source, using Junko Miura's
  <font color="#993333"><b>documentation generator</b></font>. In the process,
  the generator is deleted, but you can download it from the RDS site.
<p>
<li>
  When a <font color="#993333"><b>type_check</b></font> failure occurs
  you'll be warned if the type erroneously returned a <i>sequence</i> for it's
  "true/false" result. Previously, a sequence result was simply reported
  as a type_check failure. Suggested by Ralf Nieuwenhuijsen.
<p>
<li>
 The code for <font color="#5500FF"><b>demo\win32\winwire.exw</b></font> was
 cleaned up considerably.
<p>
<li>
 The <font color="#993333"><b>install</b></font> program will warn you to
 change your <b>autoexec.bat</b> file when you install a new
 release of Euphoria onto a <i>different</i> drive.
</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.1 alpha-test release January 15, 1999:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
 We've made a number of changes to the packaging, pricing, and registration
 incentives for the Euphoria product:

<ul>
<p>
<li>
     The Dual-Platform (DOS32+WIN32) package, formerly $53 has been reduced
     to $39 U.S., effective immediately.
<p>
<li>
     The Single-Platform (DOS32-only) package, formerly $32, has been
     discontinued.
<p>
<li>
     The printed manual has been discontinued. Instead, there is now an
     official HTML version of the manual, included with the Public Domain
     .zip file.
<p>
<li>
     All useful 3rd-party include files, such as <b>Win32Lib.ew</b> and many
     others, will be "stamped" by RDS with a code number that makes them
     <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>free</i></b></font>, just like the files in
     <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\include</b></font>. They will not
     add to your statement count, provided you do not significantly modify
     them. This will also allow 3rd-party developers to get better diagnostic
     information from their users.
<p>
<li>
     <font color="#993333"><b>Binding</b></font>,
     <font color="#993333"><b>shrouding</b></font> and
     <font color="#993333"><b>profiling</b></font> will now be part of the
     Complete Edition only. These are features that beginners do not require,
     but serious users might find valuable.

</ul>

<p>
<li>
 Short-form assignment operators <font color="#993333"><b>  +=
 -=   *=   /=   &=  </b></font> have been added.
 For example, instead of saying:
<_eucode>
           count = count + 1
</_eucode>
 You can now say:
<_eucode>
           count += 1
</_eucode>

 Instead of saying:
<_eucode>
           matrix[row][column] = matrix[row][column] * 5.0
</_eucode>
 You can say:
<_eucode>
           matrix[row][column] *= 5.0
</_eucode>

 Instead of saying:
<_eucode>
           test_scores[start..finish] = test_scores[start..finish] / 100
</_eucode>
 You can say:
<_eucode>
           test_scores[start..finish] /= 100
</_eucode>
 See <a href="refman_2.htm#assignop"><font color="#5500FF">
 <b>refman.doc</b></font></a> for the details.

<p>
<li>
 Euphoria now uses "short-circuit" evaluation of
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>and</_bq></font> and
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>or</_bq></font> expressions in
 <font color="#993333"><b>if/elsif/while</b></font> conditions.
 e.g. in an <font color="#993333"><_bq>and</_bq></font> condition:
<_eucode>
           if A and B then ...
</_eucode>
   the interpreter will skip the evaluation of expression B whenever
   expression A is 0 (false), since it knows that the overall result
   must be false. In an <font color="#993333"><_bq>or</_bq></font> condition:
<_eucode>
           while A or B do ...
</_eucode>
   the interpreter will skip the evaluation of expression B whenever
   expression A is non-zero (true), since it knows that the overall result
   must be true.
<p>
   Euphoria code written prior to version 2.1 may no longer work correctly if
   expression B contains a function with <b><i>side-effects</i></b> such as
   setting a global variable, doing I/O etc. In practice this kind of code is
   very rare, but just in case, a warning will now be issued if a function
   with side-effects might be short-circuited.
<p>
   By skipping the evaluation of B, short-circuit evaluation is typically
   faster, and will allow you to write statements such as:
<_eucode>
           if atom(x) or length(x)=1 then ...
</_eucode>
   that would generate an error on older versions of Euphoria whenever x
   was an <font color="#993333"><b>atom</b></font>, since
   <font color="#006699">length()</font> is not defined for atoms.
<p>
   See <a href="refman_2.htm#shortcir"><font color="#5500FF">
   <b>refman.doc</b></font></a> for the details.

<p>
<li>
 Several new routines were added.
<p>
 <font color="#006633"><_sul><b>Built-in to ex.exe/exw.exe:</b></_sul></font>
<p>
 <table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

 <tr><td width=24 nowrap></td>
   <td width=120 nowrap></td>
   <td width=10></td>
   <td></td>
   </tr>

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">profile()</font>"
   pos=25
   description="turns <font color=\"#993333\"><b>profiling</b></font>
    <b>on/off</b> so you can focus your
    <font color=\"#993333\"><b>profile</b></font> and
    <font color=\"#993333\"><b>profile_time</b></font> runs on particular
    events within your program."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">system_exec()</font>"
   pos=25
   description="gives you the exit code from calling a <b>.exe</b> or
    <b>.com</b> file, or another Euphoria program."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">equal()</font>"
   pos=25
   description="compares any 2 Euphoria objects for equality.
     equivalent to: <font color=\"#006699\">compare(a,b) = 0 </font> but
     more readable."
 >

 </table>

<p>
 <font color="#006633"><_sul><b>Added to various include files:</b></_sul>
 </font>
<p>
 <table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

 <tr><td width=24 nowrap></td>
   <td width=120 nowrap></td>
   <td width=10></td>
   <td></td>
   </tr>

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">walk_dir()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="recursively goes through a directory and subdirectories,
     calling a routine that you supply."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">reverse()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="returns a sequence in reverse order."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">sprint()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="returns the string representation of any Euphoria object."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">arcsin()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="inverse trig function."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">arccos()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="inverse trig function."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">get_bytes()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="returns the next n bytes from a file."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">prompt_number()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="prompts the user to enter a number."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">prompt_string()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="prompts the user to enter a string."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">instance()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>WIN32:</b></font> returns the
    instance handle of the program."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="PI"
   pos=26
   description="the constant PI - 3.14159... was added to
    <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>misc.e</b></font>."
 >

 </table>

<p>
   See <a href="library.htm"><font color="#5500FF"><b>library.doc</b></font>
   </a> for the details.

<p>
<li>
 The main Euphoria documentation can now be viewed locally with a Web
   browser. The plain-text files <font color="#5500FF"><b>refman.doc</b></font>
   and <font color="#5500FF"><b>library.doc</b></font> are still
   available in the <font color="#5500FF"><b>doc</b></font> subdirectory,
   but we now have <font color="#5500FF"><b>refman.htm</b></font> and
   <font color="#5500FF"><b>library.htm</b></font> in the new
   <font color="#5500FF"><b>html</b></font> subdirectory. We have developed
   a tool (written in Euphoria) that lets us easily maintain both an
   up-to-date HTML version, and an up-to-date plain-text version of
   <font color="#5500FF"><b>refman</b></font> and
   <font color="#5500FF"><b>library</b></font>.
<p>
   The documentation has also been clarified and expanded in many places.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32:</b></font> you can create an
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>unlimited</b></font> number of Euphoria
 call-back routines,
   as long as each routine is a function with 0 to 8 parameters.
   See <a href="platform.htm#callback"><font color="#5500FF">
   <b>platform.doc</b></font></a>. In version 2.0 you could only have one
   call-back routine and it had to have exactly 4 parameters.

<p>
<li>
 The <font color="#993333"><_bq>xor</_bq></font> keyword has been added to
  complement: <font color="#993333"><b>and/or/not</b></font> and
  <font color="#006699"><b>xor_bits()</b></font> e.g.
<_eucode>
           if a xor b then...
</_eucode>
   <font color="#993333"><_bq>xor</_bq></font> works on sequences too.
   It's similar to <font color="#993333"><_bq>or</_bq></font>.

<p>
<li>
 The <font color="#006699"><b>dir(path)</b></font> library routine now
 officially supports the use of <b>wildcards *</b> and <b>?</b> in the path
 that you supply. This feature was always available, but wasn't
 documented until now. e.g.
<_eucode>
           info = dir("mydata\\*.d?t")
</_eucode>

<li>
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>optimization:</b></font>
  Subroutine call+return overhead was reduced by an average of
   30%. The speed-up occurs for all normal function/procedure/type calls,
   user-defined type-checks,
   <font color="#006699">call_proc()/call_func()</font> calls using a
   <font color="#993333"><b>routine id</b></font>,
   and Windows call-backs. Only recursive calls cost the same as before.
   Programs with a reasonably-high frequency of calls can easily be 10% faster
   overall because of this.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>optimization:</b></font>
 Branch <font color="#CC0099"><_bq><i>straightening</i></_bq></font> has been
  implemented. The compiler will optimize branches in the internal code
   such that a branch from A->B where location B contains a branch to
   location C, will be optimized to a direct branch from A->C. Even something
   like A->B->C->D can be straightened to A->D. This often occurs in
   while-loops that contain if-statements.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>optimization:</b></font>
 In many cases, variable initialization checks are
   now replaced by "no-ops" after the first check is performed. Euphoria
   was already optimizing out many checks at compile-time.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>optimization:</b></font>
 <font color="#006699"><b>get()</b></font> and
 <font color="#006699"><b>value()</b></font> are now much faster in most
  cases thanks to Jiri Babor and some further optimizations by RDS.
   The new v2.1 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> with the new
   v2.1 <font color="#5500FF"><b>get.e</b></font> is:
<blockquote>
          <p>
          1.45x faster reading a sequence of f.p. numbers from a file and<br>
          2.25x faster when reading a sequence of integers from a file.
</blockquote>

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>optimization:</b></font>
 <font color="#006699"><b>power(x,2)</b></font> is converted internally
  to x*x which is faster in all cases, especially when x is a large
  integer or a f.p. number.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>optimization:</b></font> Thanks to Jiri Babor,
 <font color="#006699"><b>int_to_bits()</b></font> is at least 15% faster
   in most cases.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>optimization:</b></font>
 Plotting a long sequence of pixels in 16-color graphics modes
 is about 3% faster.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#CC3366"><b>optimization:</b></font>
 <font color="#006699"><b>draw_line()</b></font> has been sped up by a
  few percent.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>Language War</b></font> has had a major
 face-lift. It now runs in <font color="#CC3366"><b>pixel-graphics
   mode 18</b></font> (640 x 480 x 16 colors) instead of
   <font color="#CC3366"><b>text mode</b></font>. It also has
   <font color="#CC0099"><_bq><i>fine-grain</i></_bq></font> parallelism,
   i.e. virtually anything can happen in parallel
   with anything else. Multiple torpedos, phasors etc can be drawn on the
   screen simultaneously, while ships are moving, commands are being entered,
   things are exploding etc. Even the timing needed for the PC speaker sound
   effects is handled by the <b>task scheduler</b>. There are
   <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>no</i></b></font> time-delay "busy"
   loops executed during the game. The galaxy scan now shows you a scaled
   picture of the whole galaxy, rather than just a bunch of numbers.

<p>
<li>
 The default print format for atoms was changed from "%g" to "%<b>.</b>10g".
   This format is used by <font color="#006699">print()</font>,
   <font color="#006699"><b>?</b></font>,
   the <font color="#993333"><b>trace</b></font> facility, and
   <font color="#993333"><b>ex.err</b></font> dumps. This allows large
   integers -9,999,999,999 to +9,999,999,999
   to be printed as integers, rather than as scientific notation. It also
   provides about 10 digits of accuracy to be displayed on fractional numbers,
   rather than just 6. Art Adamson and others made it clear that more
   digits should be displayed.

<p>
<li>
 The state of all <font color="#993333"><b>with/without</b></font> settings
  is saved upon entering an <b>included file</b>, and restored at the end
  of the <b>included file</b>. An included file can change the settings,
  but they will be restored at the end of the included file. e.g. warnings
   might be turned off just within the included file (and any files it
   includes). As a result some
   programs now display warnings where none were seen before.

<p>
<li>
 Warnings are now displayed
 <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>after</i></_ba></font> your program finishes
 execution, so they won't be erased by
 <font color="#006699">clear_screen()</font>,
 <font color="#006699">graphics_mode()</font> etc.
 Some programs now show warnings where none were seen before.

<p>
<li>
 The security of scrambled code and bound code has been improved thanks to
 ideas contributed by Rusty Davis. When a bound program starts executing,
 a quick integrity check will be made to detect any corruption or tampering.
 It's still ok to add data to the end of a
 <b><font color="#993333">bound</font> .exe</b> file, as long as
 your last line is <font color="#006699"><_bq>abort(x)</_bq></font>.

<p>
<li>
 The <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> editor now lets you view and
 edit beyond column 80.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font> has a new command: <b>Esc m</b>
 (modifications). It will show the differences between the original file on
 disk and the current edit buffer. This can be very useful when you've
 forgotten what changes you've made, and you are wondering if it's safe to
 save them.

<p>
<li>
 The <font color="#993333"><b>trace</b></font> window now provides an upper
 case <b>Q</b> command which lets the program run to completion, ignoring
 any <font color="#006699">trace(1)</font> commands. Lower case
 <b>q</b> lets it run to the next <font color="#006699">trace(1)</font>.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>safe.e</b></font> (debug version of
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>machine.e</b></font>) has been enhanced. It will now
   automatically catch additional cases where data is illegally written just
   <b><i>before</i></b>, or just <b><i>after</i></b>, the boundaries of an
   allocated block of memory. This can be particularly useful in
   <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32</b></font> where Windows might overwrite
   one of your under-sized blocks. Without a tool such as
   <font color="#5500FF"><b>safe.e</b></font>, this type
   of bug could take hours or even days to track down.

<p>
<li>
 The <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\tutorial</b></font> directory
 was created to hold several small tutorial programs.

<p>
<li>
 The limit on the number of open files was raised to 25 from 15.
   Three of these files are 0,1,2: standard-input, standard-output
   and standard-error, so you can now have up to 22 of your own files
   open simultaneously. (As far as we know, no one ever exceeded the old
   limit, but it seemed wise to raise it.)

<p>
<li>
 When the user simply types <font color="#993333"><_bq>ex</_bq></font> or
 <font color="#993333"><_bq>exw</_bq></font> and is prompted for the
   name of the Euphoria <b>.ex</b> or <b>.exw</b> file to run,
   <font color="#006699"><b>command_line()</b></font> will now
   be updated to include the filename as the second command-line argument,
   just as if the user had originally typed: <_bq>ex filename</_bq>.
   Thanks to Mathew Hounsell for suggesting this.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>mset.ex</b></font> now saves pictures in <b>.bmp</b>
 format. Previously it was using a non-standard, compressed format.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>lines.ex</b></font>
 (<font color="#5500FF"><b>lines.bat</b></font>) now reports
 non-blank/non-comment lines as well. This is
 <font color="#CC0099"><_ba><i>not</i></_ba></font> the same as the
 "statement count" used by Euphoria for the diagnostic limit, but it's
 usually within +/- 10%, assuming you write one statement per line.

<p>
<li>
 Numeric literals greater than 1e308 (roughly) are now set to
 <b>+/-</b> <_bq>inf</_bq>. They used to cause a compile-time error.

</ul>
<hr>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.0 Official Release March 25, 1998:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
 The install procedure has changed. The Euphoria .zip file now contains a
   large <_bq>bundle.dat</_bq> file that contains over 100 files. This
   makes it easier for people to locate the important files:
   <font color="#5500FF"><b>readme.doc</b></font>,
   <font color="#5500FF"><b>install.bat</b></font>, etc.
   that they should look at before installing. The .zip file is also 35K
   smaller as a result.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#993333"><b>shroud</b></font> will warn you to use
 <font color="#993333"><b>bind/bindw</b></font> if you try to create a
 shrouded source file with a name ending in "<b>.</b>exe".

</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.0 (beta) February 26, 1998:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
 The WIN32 interpreter, <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font>, is now
 a <font color="#006633"><b>true WIN32 GUI</b></font> program. In
 2.0 alpha it was a WIN32 <_bq><i>console</i></_bq> program that was always
 associated with a <_bq><i>console</i></_bq> or DOS-window. A DOS-style
 console window will now be created only if your program needs one.
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw</b></font> will automatically create
 a new console window the first time your program writes to the screen, reads
 from the keyboard, or calls any library routine that requires a console to
 work. The console will disappear automatically when your program finishes
 execution.

<p>
<li>
 A new library routine, <font color="#006699"><b>free_console()</b></font>,
 will immediately delete the console window if you currently have one.

<p>
<li>
 The Complete Edition of Euphoria now provides a
 <font color="#993333"><b>-scramble</b></font> option of
 <font color="#993333"><b>bind</b></font> and
 <font color="#993333"><b>shroud</b></font> to improve the security of
 programs that you distribute.

<p>
<li>
 You can now pass Euphoria <font color="#993333"><b>atoms</b></font> to
 C routines as 64-bit C double type floating-point arguments, and you can
 receive a floating-point result back from a C function.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe (beta)</b></font> runs 10 to 15% faster
 than <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe (alpha)</b></font> (based on
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>sieve.ex</b></font>,
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>shell.ex</b></font>, etc.). The WATCOM C compiler
 was doing a bad job of optimizing a critical section of the interpreter
 when building exw.exe, but was producing excellent code when building
 <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font>.
 With some trivial changes to the interpreter C code, WATCOM now produces
 excellent code for both platforms.

<p>
<li>
 The average program now has 60K more memory available before having to
 use the swap file.

<p>
<li>
 The limit on the size of a single procedure, function or type has been
 eliminated.

<p>
<li>
 The limit on the size of a single top-level statement has been eliminated.

<p>
<li>
 The limit on the total number of include files that can make up a program
   has been increased to 256 from 150.

<p>
<li>
 Some <font color="#CC3366"><b>optimizations</b></font> were added. The
 following general forms of expression are now faster:
<_eucode>
           2 * x
           x * 2
           1 + x
</_eucode>
     where x can be any expression, and have type atom or sequence.

<p>
<li>
 There is a new documentation file,
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>perform.doc</b></font> with lots of tips for
 performance-obsessed programmers.

<p>
<li>
 If you call a C routine using <font color="#006699"><b>c_func()</b></font>,
 but you linked the C routine using
 <font color="#006699"><b>define_c_proc()</b></font> you will get an error
 message. Similarly, if you call it using
 <font color="#006699"><b>c_proc()</b></font>, but you linked it using
 <font color="#006699"><b>define_c_func()</b></font> you'll get
 an error message. This restriction was documented, but not actually
 enforced in 2.0 alpha. Some programs written for the alpha release will
 have to be corrected.

<p>
<li>
 You will now see the actual name of the C or Euphoria routine that you
 were attempting to call, when you get an error message from
 <font color="#006699"><b>call_proc()</b></font>,
 <font color="#006699"><b>call_func()</b></font>,
 <font color="#006699"><b>c_proc()</b></font>,
 or <font color="#006699"><b>c_func()</b></font>.

<p>
<li>
 A new <b>-clear_routines</b> option of
  <font color="#993333"><b>bind</b></font> and
  <font color="#993333"><b>shroud</b></font> will leave the names of
  all routines unshrouded. This is necessary if your program calls
  <font color="#006699"><b>routine_id()</b></font>. You'll be warned if you
  use routine_id() and do not choose this option. (Registered users can
  use <font color="#993333"><b>-scramble</b></font> together with
  <b>-clear_routines</b> to restore a high level of shrouding.)

<p>
<li>
 If a name conflict arises with a global symbol, the
  <font color="#993333"><b>shrouder</b></font> will now warn you, and then
  choose a new name. It used to abort with a message.

<p>
<li>
 It is no longer possible to <font color="#993333"><b>trace</b></font>
 or <font color="#993333"><b>profile</b></font> shrouded code.

<p>
<li>
 A new demo program, <font color="#5500FF"><b>hash.ex</b></font>, was added
  to <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\demo</b></font>.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>freq.ex</b></font> was moved from
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\bin</b></font> to
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\demo</b></font> and renamed as
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>tree.ex</b></font>.

<p>
<li>
 A new documentation file, <font color="#5500FF"><b>bind.doc</b></font>
 describes all the features of <font color="#5500FF"><b>bind.bat</b></font>
 and <font color="#5500FF"><b>shroud.bat</b></font>. The previous description
 in <font color="#5500FF"><b>refman.doc</b></font> has been shrunk.

<p>
<li>
 The file <font color="#5500FF"><b>overview.doc</b></font> gives a quick
 overview of all documentation files.

<p>
<li>
 The description of <font color="#006699"><b>get_mouse()</b></font> in
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>library.doc</b></font> discusses the problem of
 320-wide graphics modes (you must divide the x coordinate value by 2).

</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 2.0 (alpha) November 5, 1997:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
 A <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>new platform</i></b></font> is now supported.
 <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font> will run Euphoria programs using
 the <font color="#CC3366"><b>WIN32</b></font> (Windows 32-bit) operating
 system. <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> will run programs
 using <font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font> (extended DOS).
 See <font color="#5500FF"><b>platform.doc</b></font> for further details.

<p>
<li>
 The following library routines have been introduced.
<p>
 <font color="#006633"><_sul><b>For both DOS32 and WIN32:</b></_sul></font>
<p>
 <table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

 <tr><td width=24 nowrap></td>
   <td width=120 nowrap></td>
   <td width=10></td>
   <td></td>
   </tr>

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">platform()</font>"
   pos=25
   description="find out which platform you are executing on. (The
   PLATFORM constant is available in Euphoria 2.2 and later)."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">routine_id()</font>"
   pos=25
   description="get a small integer id number for a Euphoria procedure or
    function."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">call_proc()</font>"
   pos=25
   description="call a Euphoria procedure by using its id."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">call_func()</font>"
   pos=25
   description="call a Euphoria function by using its id."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">custom_sort()</font>"
   pos=25
   description="sort a sequence using a compare function that you specify."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">poke4()</font>"
   pos=25
   description="store a number into 4 bytes of memory.
     <font color=\"#006699\">poke4(address, value)</font> is at least 10x
     faster than:
     <font color=\"#006699\">poke(address, int_to_bytes(value))</font>.
     poke4() also works with sequences of values."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">peek4s()</font>"
   pos=25
   description="read 4 bytes of memory as a signed integer (works on
     sequences too)."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">peek4u()</font>"
   pos=25
   description="read 4 bytes of memory as an unsigned integer (works on
     sequences too). <font color=\"#006699\">peek4u(address)</font> is 10x
     faster than:
     <font color=\"#006699\">bytes_to_int(peek({address, 4}))</font>."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">allocate_string()</font>"
   pos=25
   description="allocate and store a 0-terminated string in memory."
 >

</table>

<p>
 <font color="#006633"><_sul><b>For WIN32 only:</b></_sul></font>
<p>
 <table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

 <tr><td width=24 nowrap></td>
   <td width=120 nowrap></td>
   <td width=10></td>
   <td></td>
   </tr>

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">open_dll()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="open a Windows <b>.</b>dll file."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">define_c_proc()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="define a C routine that will be called from Euphoria
     (no value returned)."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">define_c_func()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="define a C routine that will be called from Euphoria
     (a value will be returned)."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">call_c_proc()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="call a C routine from Euphoria (no value is returned)."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">call_c_func()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="call a C routine from Euphoria (a value is returned)."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">call_back()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="get a <b><i>call-back address</i></b>, so Windows can call
     your Euphoria routine when the user interacts with your window."
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#006699\">message_box()</font>"
   pos=26
   description="display a simple <b>Yes/No/Cancel</b> window."
 >

</table>

<p>
<li>
 New Demo programs:

<ul>
<p><li>
<font color="#5500FF"><b>csort.ex</b></font>
<p><li>
<font color="#5500FF"><b>email.exw</b></font>
<p><li>
<font color="#5500FF"><b>window.exw</b></font>
<p><li>
<font color="#5500FF"><b>winwire.exw</b></font>
<p><li>
<font color="#5500FF"><b>dsearch.exw</b></font>
</ul>

<p>
<li>
 New include files:
<p>
 <table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">safe.e</font>"
   pos=22
   description="debug version of
    <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>machine.e</b></font>"
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">misc.e</font>"
   pos=22
   description="miscellaneous"
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">dll.e</font>"
   pos=22
   description="dll access"
 >

 <_4clist
   name="<font color=\"#5500FF\">msgbox.e</font>"
   pos=22
   description="Windows message box"
 >

</table>

<p>
<li>
 The following additional improvements have been made to the
  <font color="#CC3366"><b>DOS32</b></font> version:

<ul>
<p><li>
    On Pentium and higher systems, floating-point calculations are now
    about 20% faster (and floating-point in
    <font color="#993333"><b>exw</b></font> is a further 20%
    faster than <font color="#993333"><b>ex</b></font> for 2.0).

<p><li>
    <font color="#006699"><b>printf()</b></font> to the screen, and
    <font color="#006699"><b>print()</b></font> to the screen are both
    significantly faster in most cases.

<p><li>
    The <font color="#993333"><b>trace</b></font> screen is updated a bit
    faster.

<p><li>
    The <font color="#993333"><b>time profile</b></font> is more accurate
    regarding <font color="#006699"><b>getc()</b></font>.

<p><li>
    The <font color="#5500FF"><b>mset.ex</b></font> demo runs 30% faster.
</ul>

</ul>

<hr>

<p>

<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#006633"><b>
<br>
                      Highlights of Older Releases:<br>
</b></font></_center>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 1.5a June 13, 1997:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
 Many operations and library routines were optimized.

<ul>
<p><li>
   <font color="#006699"><b>get_key()</b></font> is
   100x faster when there is no key in the buffer.

<p><li>
   <font color="#006699"><b>get_all_palette()</b></font> is over 100x faster
   and this makes <font color="#006699"><b>save_screen()</b></font> much faster.

<p><li>
   The following routines have now been built directly into
   <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font>, to avoid the overhead of
   calling <font color="#006699">machine_proc()</font> or
   <font color="#006699">machine_func()</font>:
   <font color="#006699"><b>pixel()</b></font>,
   <font color="#006699"><b>get_pixel()</b></font>,
   <font color="#006699"><b>mem_set()</b></font>,
   <font color="#006699"><b>mem_copy()</b></font>.

<p><li>
   <font color="#006699"><b>poke()</b></font> of a long sequence into memory,
   other than video memory, is 50% faster.

<p><li>
   <font color="#006699"><b>pixel()</b></font> is 4x faster in mode 19.

<p><li>
   <font color="#006699"><b>get_pixel()</b></font> is faster in all modes.

<p><li>
   <font color="#006699"><b>display_image()</b></font> is about 30% faster in
   most modes and up to 4x faster in mode 19,
   because <br><font color="#006699">pixel()</font> is faster.

<p><li>
   All arithmetic and bitwise operations applied to sequences of integers are
   now 29% faster.

<p><li>
   a <font color="#993333"><b>&</b></font> b (concatenation) is 15% faster
   in most cases, and is dramatically faster in the case where you grow a
   very long sequence by concatenating many small sequences onto it.

<p><li>
   <font color="#006699"><b>getc()</b></font> is 12% faster.

<p><li>
   <font color="#006699"><b>match()</b></font> is 8% faster in typical cases.

<p><li>
   <font color="#006699"><b>append()/prepend()</b></font> are 15% faster in
   many cases.

<p><li>
   <font color="#006699"><b>find()</b></font> of an integer within a
   sequence of integers is 64% faster.

<p><li>
   Formation of a 2-element sequence <b>{a,b}</b> is 11% faster.

<p><li>
   Internal copying of a shared sequence when it can no longer be shared is
   15% faster.
</ul>

</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 1.5 March 21, 1997:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
 The following library routines were added. They are described fully
   in <font color="#5500FF"><b>library.doc</b></font>.

<ul>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>allow_break()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>check_break()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>mem_copy()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>mem_set()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>atom_to_float32()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>atom_to_float64()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>float32_to_atom()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>float64_to_atom()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>get_all_palette()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>save_bitmap()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>save_screen()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>arctan()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>and_bits()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>or_bits()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>xor_bits()</b></font>
<p><li>
        <font color="#006699"><b>not_bits()</b></font>
<p><li>
    <font color="#006699"><b>get_vector()</b></font>
<p><li>
    <font color="#006699"><b>set_vector()</b></font>
<p><li>
    <font color="#006699"><b>lock_memory()</b></font>
<p><li>
    <font color="#006699"><b>tick_rate()</b></font>
</ul>

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#993333"><b>with profile_time</b></font> (time profiling for
 DOS32) was added.

</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 1.4b, October 1996:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>mset.ex</b></font> has a more visible selector
 box on it's grid. It has also been sped up.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>ed.ex</b></font> now allows special characters
 greater than ASCII 127 to be entered by pressing the <b>Alt</b> key and
 typing digits on the numeric keypad.

</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 1.4a, July 1996:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
 <font color="#006699"><b>crash_message()</b></font> library routine was
 added.

<p>
<li>
 Programs <font color="#993333"><b>bound</b></font> by registered users
 will now produce run-time error diagnostics regardless of the size of the
 program.

<p>
<li>
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>shroud.bat</b></font> has a new option
 <_bq>-full_keywords</_bq>.

</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 1.4, May 1996:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
 You can now convert any Euphoria program into a
 <font color="#CC0099"><b>stand-alone .exe</b></font> file.

<p>
<li>
 The separate DOS4GW.EXE DOS extender file has been eliminated.

<p>
<li>
 Windows 95 long filename support.

<p>
<li>
 Support for DOS software interrupts.

<p>
<li>
 New utility programs: <font color="#5500FF"><b>key.ex</b></font>,
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>where.ex</b></font>,
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>ascii.ex</b></font>,
 <font color="#5500FF"><b>guru.ex</b></font>.

<p>
<li>
 New demo program: <font color="#5500FF"><b>dosint.ex</b></font>.

<p>
<li>
 New library routines: <font color="#006699"><b>set_rand()</b></font>,
 <font color="#006699"><b>use_vesa()</b></font>.

<p>
<li>
 You can peek or poke an entire sequence of bytes.

<p>
<li>
 Editor enhancements.

<p>
<li>
 Reduction in space overhead for sequences.

</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 1.3, June 1995:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
 You can now edit multiple files using multiple edit windows.

<p>
<li>
 20 new library routines were added.

<p>
<li>
 Graphics performance was greatly improved.

</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 1.2, March 1994:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
  A problem that prevented Euphoria from running in a DOS prompt under
  Windows was eliminated.

</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 1.1, January 1994:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
  Several language features and demo programs were added.

</ul>

<p> <br>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_dul>Version 1.0, July 1993:</_dul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
  Euphoria was first released after 3 years of research and development
  and 6 months of Beta testing. Many of the ideas behind Euphoria came
  from Robert Craig's Master's Thesis in Computer Science at the University
  of Toronto. That thesis was strongly influenced by the work of John Backus
  on functional programming (FP) languages.

</ul>

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>
TEXT.E
12014
constant WIDTH = 80, UL_INDENT = 7, DL_INDENT = 7, BLQ_INDENT = 4
constant NOT_IN_DL = 0, FIRST_DL_LEVEL = 1, FIRST_UL_LEVEL = 1
integer in_ampersand, in_whitespace
integer inTitle, inCenter, ulLevel
integer dlLevel
integer dulFound, sulFound, dulStart, dulEnd, sulStart, sulEnd
integer column, indent, rememberIndent
integer rememberPos, firstEucodeLine
sequence word, line
function delete_trailing_white(sequence text)
while length(text) > 0 and whitespace(text[length(text)]) do
text = text[1..length(text)-1]
end while
return text
end function
procedure underline()
if dulFound and sulFound then
if dulStart < sulStart then
write(repeat(' ', dulStart - 1) &
repeat('=', dulEnd - dulStart + 1) &
repeat(' ', sulStart - dulEnd - 1) &
repeat('-', sulEnd - sulStart + 1))
else
write(repeat(' ', sulStart - 1) &
repeat('=', sulEnd - sulStart + 1) &
repeat(' ', dulStart - sulEnd - 1) &
repeat('-', dulEnd - dulStart + 1))
end if
write('\n')
dulFound = FALSE
sulFound = FALSE
elsif dulFound then
write(repeat(' ', dulStart - 1) &
repeat('=', dulEnd - dulStart + 1))
write('\n')
dulFound = FALSE
elsif sulFound then
write(repeat(' ', sulStart - 1) &
repeat('-', sulEnd - sulStart + 1))
write('\n')
sulFound = FALSE
end if
end procedure
procedure resetLineAndWord()
line = repeat(' ', indent - 1)
column = indent
word = ""
in_whitespace = TRUE
end procedure
procedure getReadyNewLine()
write(delete_trailing_white(line) & '\n')
underline()
line = repeat(' ', indent - 1)
column = indent
in_whitespace = TRUE
end procedure
procedure writeText(sequence text)
integer len
len = length(word)
if column + len > WIDTH then
getReadyNewLine()
end if
line &= word
column += len
word = ""
for i = 1 to length(text) do
line &= text[i]
column += 1
if text[i] = '\n' then
getReadyNewLine()
end if
end for
end procedure
procedure tag_literal(integer raw_text, sequence param_list)
if inTitle then
return
end if
if inPre or (inEuCode and not inTable) then
write(raw_text)
return
end if
if inEuCode then
if raw_text = '\n' then
if firstEucodeLine and all_white(line) then
firstEucodeLine = FALSE
write(repeat(' ', rememberPos - 1))
else
write("\n" & repeat(' ', rememberPos - 1))
end if
else
write(raw_text)
end if
return
end if
if whitespace(raw_text) then
raw_text = ' '
end if
if inCenter then
write(raw_text)
return
end if
if in_ampersand then
if whitespace(raw_text) or raw_text = '\'' then
in_ampersand = FALSE
writeText({raw_text})
if whitespace(raw_text) then
in_whitespace = TRUE
end if
elsif raw_text = ';' then
in_ampersand = FALSE
word = " "
writeText("")
else
word &= raw_text
end if
return
elsif raw_text = '&' then
in_ampersand = TRUE
writeText("")
word = "&"
return
end if
if whitespace(raw_text) then
if in_whitespace then
return
end if
in_whitespace = TRUE
writeText({raw_text})
else
in_whitespace = FALSE
word &= raw_text
end if
end procedure
procedure tag_dul(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
dulFound = TRUE
dulStart = column
end procedure
procedure tag_end_dul(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
writeText("")
dulEnd   = column - 1
end procedure
procedure tag_sul(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
sulFound = TRUE
sulStart = column
end procedure
procedure tag_end_sul(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
writeText("")
sulEnd = column - 1
end procedure
procedure tag_comment(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
end procedure
procedure tag_default(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
end procedure
procedure outputString(sequence str)
integer firstCharFound, i
sequence tempStr
firstCharFound = FALSE
i = 1
while i <= length(str) do
if str[i] = '<' then
if str[i + 1] != '=' and not whitespace(str[i + 1]) then
tempStr = "<"
i += 1
while i <= length(str) and str[i] != '>' do
tempStr &= str[i]
i += 1
end while
if i > length(str) then
quit("closing '>'for a tag is missing inside <_Nclist> tag")
else
i += 1
end if
tempStr = lower(tempStr)
if equal(tempStr, "<p") then
if column = indent then
writeText("\n")
else
writeText("\n\n")
end if
firstCharFound = FALSE
elsif equal(tempStr, "<br") then
writeText("\n")
firstCharFound = FALSE
end if
else
word &= str[i]
i += 1
firstCharFound = TRUE
end if
elsif whitespace(str[i]) then
if firstCharFound then
writeText(" ")
end if
while i <= length(str) and whitespace(str[i]) do
i += 1
end while
else
word &= str[i]
i += 1
firstCharFound = TRUE
end if
end while
end procedure
procedure tag_rowEntry(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list,
sequence str, integer colnum)
object s
integer j
if all_white(line) then
resetLineAndWord()
else
writeText("\n")
end if
outputString(pval("name", param_list))
writeText("")
s = pval("pos", param_list)
if atom(s) then
rememberPos = colnum
else
s = value(s)
if s[1] != GET_SUCCESS then
quit("invalid pos information in <_Nclist>, where N is 2 to 4")
end if
rememberPos = s[2]
end if
if rememberPos < column + length(str) then
rememberPos = column + length(str)
end if
writeText(repeat(' ', rememberPos - length(str) - column) & str)
j = indent
indent = rememberPos
outputString(pval("description", param_list))
writeText("\n")
indent = j
writeText("\n")
end procedure
procedure tag_4clist(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
object temp
temp = pval("col3", param_list)
if atom(temp) then
tag_rowEntry(raw_text, param_list, "- ", 20)
else
tag_rowEntry(raw_text, param_list, temp, 20)
end if
end procedure
procedure tag_3clist(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
tag_rowEntry(raw_text, param_list, "- ", 20)
end procedure
procedure tag_2clist(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
tag_rowEntry(raw_text, param_list, " ", 15)
end procedure
procedure tag_routine(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
sequence name
integer len1, len2, j
name = pval("name", param_list)
len1 = length(name) + 2 + 1
len2 = floor((WIDTH - len1) / 2)
j = indent
indent = 2
writeText("\n")
writeText(repeat('─', len2) & "<" & name & ">" &
repeat('─', WIDTH - len2 - len1))
indent = j
writeText("\n")
end procedure
procedure tag_table(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
inTable = TRUE
end procedure
procedure tag_end_table(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
inTable = FALSE
end procedure
procedure tag_p(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
if column = indent then
writeText("\n")
else
writeText("\n\n")
end if
end procedure
procedure tag_br(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
writeText("\n")
end procedure
procedure tag_pre(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
writeText("\n")
inPre = TRUE
end procedure
procedure tag_end_pre(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
inPre = FALSE
getReadyNewLine()
end procedure
procedure tag_eucode(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
if inTable and all_white(line)then
resetLineAndWord()
firstEucodeLine = TRUE
else
writeText("\n")
end if
inEuCode = TRUE
end procedure
procedure tag_end_eucode(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
inEuCode = FALSE
getReadyNewLine()
end procedure
procedure tag_title(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
inTitle = TRUE
end procedure
procedure tag_end_title(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
inTitle = FALSE
end procedure
procedure tag_center(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
inCenter = TRUE
write("\n")
end procedure
procedure tag_end_center(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
inCenter = FALSE
getReadyNewLine()
end procedure
procedure tag_ul(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
ulLevel += 1
indent += UL_INDENT
if ulLevel = FIRST_UL_LEVEL then
writeText("\n\n")
else
writeText("\n")
end if
end procedure
procedure tag_end_ul(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
writeText("")
ulLevel -= 1
indent -= UL_INDENT
getReadyNewLine()
end procedure
procedure tag_li(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
indent -= 2
if all_white(line) then
resetLineAndWord()
writeText("* ")
else
writeText("\n* ")
end if
indent += 2
in_whitespace = TRUE
end procedure
procedure tag_dl(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
writeText("")
dlLevel += 1
if dlLevel = FIRST_DL_LEVEL then
rememberIndent = indent
getReadyNewLine()
end if
end procedure
procedure tag_end_dl(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
writeText("")
dlLevel -= 1
if dlLevel = NOT_IN_DL then
indent = rememberIndent
writeText("\n\n")
end if
end procedure
procedure tag_dt(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
writeText("")
indent = rememberIndent + (dlLevel - FIRST_DL_LEVEL) * DL_INDENT
getReadyNewLine()
end procedure
procedure tag_dd(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
writeText("")
indent = rememberIndent + (dlLevel - FIRST_DL_LEVEL) * DL_INDENT
+ DL_INDENT
getReadyNewLine()
end procedure
procedure tag_bq(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
tag_literal('"', "")
end procedure
procedure tag_end_bq(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
tag_literal('"', "")
end procedure
procedure tag_bsq(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
tag_literal('\'', "")
end procedure
procedure tag_end_bsq(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
tag_literal('\'', "")
end procedure
procedure tag_ba(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
tag_literal('*', "")
end procedure
procedure tag_end_ba(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
tag_literal('*', "")
end procedure
procedure tag_blockquote(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
indent += BLQ_INDENT
getReadyNewLine()
end procedure
procedure tag_end_blockquote(sequence raw_text, sequence param_list)
indent -= BLQ_INDENT
getReadyNewLine()
end procedure
global procedure text_init()
add_handler("!--",      routine_id("tag_comment"))
add_handler("title",    routine_id("tag_title"))
add_handler("/title",   routine_id("tag_end_title"))
add_handler("blockquote",  routine_id("tag_blockquote"))
add_handler("/blockquote", routine_id("tag_end_blockquote"))
add_handler("pre",      routine_id("tag_pre"))
add_handler("/pre",     routine_id("tag_end_pre"))
add_handler("_center",  routine_id("tag_center"))
add_handler("/_center", routine_id("tag_end_center"))
add_handler("_bsq",     routine_id("tag_bsq"))
add_handler("/_bsq",    routine_id("tag_end_bsq"))
add_handler("_dul",     routine_id("tag_dul"))
add_handler("/_dul",    routine_id("tag_end_dul"))
add_handler("_sul",     routine_id("tag_sul"))
add_handler("/_sul",    routine_id("tag_end_sul"))
add_handler("_routine", routine_id("tag_routine"))
add_handler("br",       routine_id("tag_br"))
add_handler("_ba",      routine_id("tag_ba"))
add_handler("/_ba",     routine_id("tag_end_ba"))
add_handler("_bq",      routine_id("tag_bq"))
add_handler("/_bq",     routine_id("tag_end_bq"))
add_handler("dl",       routine_id("tag_dl"))
add_handler("/dl",      routine_id("tag_end_dl"))
add_handler("dt",       routine_id("tag_dt"))
add_handler("dd",       routine_id("tag_dd"))
add_handler("table",    routine_id("tag_table"))
add_handler("/table",   routine_id("tag_end_table"))
add_handler("ul",       routine_id("tag_ul"))
add_handler("/ul",      routine_id("tag_end_ul"))
add_handler("li",       routine_id("tag_li"))
add_handler("_eucode",  routine_id("tag_eucode"))
add_handler("/_eucode", routine_id("tag_end_eucode"))
add_handler("_4clist",  routine_id("tag_4clist"))
add_handler("_3clist",  routine_id("tag_3clist"))
add_handler("_2clist",  routine_id("tag_2clist"))
add_handler("p",        routine_id("tag_p"))
add_handler("_default", routine_id("tag_default"))
add_handler("_literal", routine_id("tag_literal"))
out_type = "doc"
in_ampersand  = FALSE
in_whitespace = TRUE
inTitle       = FALSE
inCenter      = FALSE
ulLevel       = 0
dlLevel       = NOT_IN_DL
dulFound      = FALSE
sulFound      = FALSE
indent = 2
column = indent
word = ""
line = " "
end procedure
global procedure text_end()
writeText("\n\n")
end procedure
TROUBLE.HTX
20237
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria Trouble-Shooting Guide</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                    Euphoria Trouble-Shooting Guide
</font></_center>
<p> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_sul>If you get stuck, here are some things you can do:</_sul></b></font>
<p>
 <table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_4clist
  name="1."
  pos=10
  description="Type: <font color=\"#993333\"><b>guru</b></font><br>
   followed by some keywords associated with your problem.
   <p>
   For example,<br>
   <b>guru declare global include</b>"
>

<_4clist
  name="2."
  pos=10
  description="Check the list of common problems
   (<a href=\"trouble.htm#commonp\">below</a>)."
>

<_4clist
  name="3."
  pos=10
  description="Read the relevant parts of the documentation, i.e.
  <a href=\"refman.htm\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>refman.doc</b></font></a>
  or
<a href=\"library.htm\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>library.doc</b></font></a>."
>

<_4clist
  name="4."
  pos=10
  description="Try running your program with the statements:"
>
<_eucode>
        with trace
        trace(1)
</_eucode>

<_4clist
  col3=""
  name=""
  pos=10
  description="at the top of your main <b>.ex</b> file so you can see
   what's going on."
>

<_4clist
  name="5."
  pos=10
  description="The Web interface to the Euphoria <b>mailing list</b></a> has
   a search facility. You can search the archive of all previous messages.
   There's a good chance that your question has already been discussed.
   The mailing list is discussed in
   <a href=\"web.htm\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>web.doc</b></font></a>."
>

<_4clist
  name="6."
  pos=10
  description="Post a message on the mailing list."
>

</table>

<p> <br>
<a name=commonp></a>

<b><_sul><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">Here are some commonly
 reported problems (</font>
 <font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#009999">P:</font>
 <font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">) and their solutions (</font>
 <font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099">S:</font>
 <font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">).</font></_sul></b>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="I ran my program with <font color=\"#993333\"><b>exw</b></font>
   and the console window disappeared before I could read the output."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="The console window will only appear if required, and will
   disappear immediately when your program finishes execution. Perhaps you
   should code something like:"
 >

<_eucode>
        puts(1, "\nPress Enter\n")
        if getc(0) then
        end if
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  pos=7
  description="at the end of your program."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="I would like to change the properties of the console window."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="Right click on <b>c:\windows\system\conagent.exe</b> and
   select \"properties\". You can change the font and several other items."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="When I run <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex.exe</b></font> on
   Windows 95/98 it makes my small DOS window go to full screen."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="This will only happen the first time you run
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex.exe</b></font> after creating a new small
   DOS window. You can make the window small again by pressing
   <b>Alt-Enter</b>. It will stay small after that. Your Euphoria program
   can keep the window small by executing:"
 >

<_eucode>
        if graphics_mode(-1) then
        end if
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  pos=7
  description="at the start of execution. This may cause some brief screen
   flicker. Your program can force a text window to be full-screen
   by executing:"
 >
<_eucode>
        if graphics_mode(3) then
        end if
</_eucode>

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="I try to run a program with
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b>exw</b></font> and it says \"this is a Windows
   NT character-mode executable\"."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="<font color=\"#993333\"><b>exw.exe</b></font> is a
   <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>32-bit Windows program</b></font>. It must be
   run under Windows 95/98 or Windows NT. It will not work under plain DOS.
   <font color=\"#993333\"><b>ex.exe</b></font> <b><i>will</i></b> work under
   <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>plain DOS</b></font>."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="How do I read/write ports?"
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="Get <b>Jacques Deschenes</b>' collection of machine-level and
   DOS system routines from the
   <a href=\"http://www.RapidEuphoria.com\">Euphoria Web page</a>. See his
   file <b>ports.e</b>."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="I'm having trouble running a
   <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS32</b></font> graphics program. I hit
   control-Break and now my system seems to be dead."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="Some graphics programs will not run unless you start them from
   DOS or from a full-screen DOS window under Windows. Sometimes you
   have to edit the program source to use a lower resolution graphics mode,
   such as mode 18. Some SVGA graphics modes might not work for you under a
   Windows 95/98 DOS window, but will work when you restart your machine in
   MS-DOS mode. A better driver for your video card might fix this.
   <p>
   You should stop a program using the method that the program documentation
   recommends. If you abort a program with control-c or control-Break you may
   find that your screen is left in a funny graphics mode using funny colors.
   When you type something, it may be difficult or even impossible to read
   what you are typing. <i>The system may even appear dead, when in fact it
   is <b>not</b></i>.
   <p>
   Try the following DOS commands, in the following order, until you clear
   things up:
   <p>
      1. type: <b>cls</b><br>
         Even when you can't see any keystrokes echoed on the screen
         this may clear the screen for you.
   <p>
      2. type: <b>ex</b><br>
         The Euphoria interpreter will try to restore a normal
         <font color=\"#CC3366\">text mode</font> screen for you.
   <p>
      3. type: <b>exit</b><br>
         If you are running under Windows, this will terminate the
         DOS session for you.
   <p>
      4. type: <b>Control-Alt-Delete</b><br>
         This will let you kill the current DOS session under Windows,
         or will soft-reboot your computer if you are running under DOS.
   <p>
      5. If all else fails, reset or power your computer off and back on.
         You should immediately run <b>scandisk</b> when the system
         comes back up."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="When I run Euphoria programs in SVGA, the output on the screen
   is crammed into the top part of the screen."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="Try: <font color=\"#006699\"><b>use_vesa(1)</b></font> in
   <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>machine.e</b></font>.
   <p>
   Try downloading the latest driver for your video card from the Internet.
   ATI's site is:
   <p>
   <a href=\"http://www.atitech.com\">http://www.atitech.com</a>
   <p>
   Others have had their video problems clear up after installing the latest
   version of DirectX."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="My program leaves the DOS window in a messy
   state. I want it to leave me with a normal text window."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="When your program is finished, it should call the function
  graphics_mode(-1) to set the DOS window back to normal. e.g."
 >
<_eucode>
        if graphics_mode(-1) then
        end if
</_eucode>

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="When I run my program from the editor and I hit control-c,
   the program dies with an operating system error."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="This is a known problem. Run your program from the command-line,
   outside the editor, if you might have to hit control-c or control-Break."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="When I run my program there are no errors but nothing happens."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="You probably forgot to call your main procedure. You need
   a top-level statement that comes after your main procedure to call the
   main procedure and start execution."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="I'm trying to call a routine documented in
   <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>library.doc</b></font>, but it keeps saying
   the routine has not been declared."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="Did you remember to include the necessary <b>.e</b> file from
   the <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>euphoria\include</b></font> directory? If
   the syntax of the routine says for example, \"include graphics.e\", then
   your program must have \"<b>include graphics.e</b>\" (without the quotes)
   before the place where you first call the routine."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="I have an include file with a routine in it that I want to
   call, but when I try to call the routine it says the routine has not been
   declared. But it <b><i>has</i></b> been declared."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="Did you remember to define the routine with
   \"<b>global</b>\" in front of it in the include file? Without \"global\"
   the routine is not visible <i><b>outside</b></i> of its own file."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="How do I input a line of text from the user?"
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="See <font color=\"#006699\"><b>gets()</b></font> in
   <a href=\"lib_e_g.htm#gets\"><font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>library.doc</b></font></a>.
   <font color=\"#006699\">gets(0)</font> will read a line from <b>standard
   input</b>, which is normally the <b>keyboard</b>. The line will always
   have <b>\n</b> on the end. To remove the trailing \n character do:"
 >

<_eucode>
        line = line[1..length(line)-1]
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  pos=7
  description="Also see <font color=\"#006699\"><b>prompt_string()</b></font>
   in <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>get.e</b></font>."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="After inputting a string from the user with
   <font color=\"#006699\"><b>gets()</b></font>, the next line that comes
   out on the screen does not start at the left margin."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="Your program should output a <i>new-line</i> character e.g.
   <font color=\"#006699\"><b>puts(SCREEN, '\n')</b></font> after you do a
   <font color=\"#006699\">gets()</font>. It does not happen automatically."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="How do I convert a number to a string?"
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="Use <font color=\"#006699\"><b>sprintf()</b></font> in
   <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>library.doc</b></font>. e.g."
 >

<_eucode>
        string = sprintf("%d", number)
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  pos=7
  description="Besides <b>%d</b>, you can also try other formats, such as
   <b>%x</b> (Hex) or <b>%f</b> (floating-point)."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="How do I convert a string to a number?"
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="Use <font color=\"#006699\"><b>value()</b></font> in
   <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>library.doc</b></font>, or, if you are reading
   from a file or the keyboard, use
   <font color=\"#006699\"><b>get()</b></font>."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="It says I'm attempting to redefine my for-loop variable."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="For-loop variables are declared automatically.
   Apparently you already have a declaration with the same name earlier in
   your routine or your program. Remove that earlier declaration or change
   the name of your loop variable."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="I get the message \"unknown escape character\" on a line
   where I am trying to specify a file name."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="<b><i>Do not</i></b> say \"C:\TMP\MYFILE\". You need to say
   <b>\"C:\\TMP\\MYFILE\"</b>. Backslash is used for escape characters such
   as <b>\n</b> or <b>\t</b>. To specify a single backslash in a string you
   need to type <b>\\</b>."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="I'm trying to use mouse input in a SVGA graphics mode but it
   just doesn't work."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="<font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS</b></font> does not support
   mouse input in modes beyond graphics mode 18 (640x480 16 color).
   <font color=\"#CC3366\"><b>DOS 7.0 (part of Windows 95/98)</b></font> does
   seem to let you at least read the x-y coordinate and the buttons in high
   resolution modes, but you may have to draw your own mouse pointer in the
   high-res modes. <b>Graeme Burke</b>, <b>Peter Blue</b> and others have good
   solutions to this problem. See their files on the
   <a href=\"http://www.RapidEuphoria.com/exestuff.htm\">Euphoria Archive
   Web page</a>."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="I'm trying to print a string using
   <font color=\"#006699\"><b>printf()</b></font> but only the first character
   comes out."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="See the <font color=\"#006699\"><b>printf()</b></font>
   description in <font color=\"#5500FF\"><b>library.doc</b></font>. You may
   need to put braces around your string so it is seen as a single value to
   be printed, e.g. you wrote:"
 >

<_eucode>
        printf(1, "Hello %s", mystring)
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  pos=7
  description="where you should have said:"
 >

<_eucode>
        printf(1, "Hello %s", {mystring})
</_eucode>

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="When I print numbers using
   <font color=\"#006699\"><b>print()</b></font> or
   <font color=\"#006699\"><b>?</b></font>, only 10 significant digits are
   displayed."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="Euphoria normally only shows about 10 digits. Internally, all
   calculations are performed using at least 15 significant digits. To see
   more digits you have to use <font color=\"#006699\"><b>printf()</b></font>.
   For example,"
 >

<_eucode>
        printf(1, "%.15f", 1/3)
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  pos=7
  description="This will display 15 digits."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="It complains about my routine declaration, saying \"a type is
   expected here\"."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="When declaring subroutine parameters, Euphoria requires you to
   provide an explicit type for each individual parameter. e.g."
 >

<_eucode>
        procedure foo(integer x, y)         -- WRONG
        procedure foo(integer x, integer y) -- RIGHT
</_eucode>

<_2clist
  name=""
  pos=7
  description="In all other contexts it is ok to make a list:"
 >

<_eucode>
        atom a, b, c, d, e
</_eucode>

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="I'm declaring some variables in the middle of a routine and
   it gives me a syntax error."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="All of your <i>private</i> variable declarations must come
   at the beginning of your <b>subroutine</b>, before any executable
   statements. (At the top-level of a program, <b>outside of any routine</b>,
   it is ok to declare variables anywhere.)"
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="It says:<br>
   Syntax Error - expected to see possibly 'xxx', not 'yyy'"
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="At this point in your program you have typed a variable,
   keyword, number or punctuation symbol, yyy, that does not fit syntactically
   with what has come before it. The compiler is offering you one example,
   xxx, of something that would be accepted at this point in place of yyy.
   Note that there may be many other legal (and much better) possibilities
   at this point than xxx, but xxx might at least give you a clue as to what
   the compiler is \"thinking\"."
 >

</table>

<p>
<table border=0 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2>

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#009999\">P:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="I'm having problems running Euphoria with DR-DOS."
 >

<_2clist
  name="<font color=\"#FF0099\">S:</font>"
  pos=7
  description="Your <b>config.sys</b> should have just HIMEM.SYS but not
   EMM386.EXE in it."
 >

</table>

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>

WEB.HTX
5519
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>Euphoria Resources Available on the Internet</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
              Euphoria Resources Available on the Internet
</font></_center>
<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Euphoria Web Page</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Check out the Official Euphoria Programming Page on the World Wide Web:
<dl>
<dt>
<dd> <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">
     <b>http://www.RapidEuphoria.com</b></a>
</dl>

<p>
 The latest version of Euphoria is always downloadable from this page. You
 will also find news about Euphoria, a large archive of free downloadable
 software, and links to Euphoria pages set up by enthusiastic users.
 You can also view and subscribe to the mailing list from this Web site.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Automated Euphoria Mailing List</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Anyone who is interested in discussions about Euphoria can add their e-mail
 address to the Euphoria mailing list. Euphoria enthusiasts are using the
 mailing list to exchange ideas and solve problems. All you have to do is
 send e-mail to:
<dl>
<dt>
<dd> <a href="mailto:[e-mail]">
     <b>[e-mail]</b></a>
</dl>

<p>
 If your name is <b>John Smith</b> the <i>body of your message</i> would be:
<pre>
        <font color="#003366">subscribe euphoria John Smith</font>
</pre>

 Specify your first and last name - <b><i>not</i></b> your e-mail address.
 The list server will pick up your e-mail address automatically. It will
 then reply to you with full instructions on how to participate. You do
 not have to be a registered user.

<p>
 After subscribing, you can e-mail a message to
 <a href="mailto:[e-mail]">
 [e-mail]</a> and your message will automatically be
 forwarded to everyone on the list. There are special commands for removing
 yourself from the list, and customizing various features to your liking.

<p>
 Everyone benefits from exchanges of ideas and useful Euphoria code. These
 discussions and code samples are archived so you can retrieve them at any
 time.

<p>
 To leave the list, send an e-mail message to:
<dl>
<dt>
<dd> <a href="mailto:[e-mail]">
     <b>[e-mail]</b></a>
</dl>

<p>
 The subject of your message doesn't matter, but the <i>body of your
 message</i> must be:
<pre>
        <font color="#003366">signoff euphoria</font>
</pre>

 Feel free to subscribe again at another time.

<p>
 <font color="#006633"><b>You can also interact with the mailing list
 through the Web interface.</b></font> Go to the
 <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">main Euphoria page</a> and
 click <_bq>most recent messages</_bq>.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Euphoria Newsgroup</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 There's an Internet newsgroup, <b>alt.lang.euphoria</b>, that is lightly used.
 Most users seem to prefer the SPAM-free environment of the mailing list.
 The mailing list operates just like a newsgroup. Feel free to post to the
 newsgroup or the mailing list, but you will probably get quicker feedback
 from the mailing list. At some point we may outgrow the mailing list and
 start making more use of the newsgroup.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>Third Party Add-On Libraries and Programs</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 Enthusiastic users of Euphoria have contributed hundreds of excellent
 programs and library routines that you can download. This software is
 available on the Web, either at the Official Euphoria Programming Page,
 or on a user's own Web page. Most of it is <b>Public Domain</b> and includes
 full source code, however please check the code or README file for any
 restrictions. At the RDS site you should check the
 <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com/exestuff.htm">Archive page</a> and
 the <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com/contrib.htm">Recent User
 Contributions page</a>.

<p>

<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+1>
<br>

<_sul>The Euphoria Micro-Economy</_sul>

</font>
<p>
 <font face="Comic Sans MS">GET RICH QUICK working in your spare time
 at home!</font>

<p>
 Anyone with an e-mail address has heard that one before, but with the
 system we call the
 <font color="#009999"><b>Euphoria Micro-Economy</b></font> you can
 potentially make a few bucks (very few) working very long hours at home
 in your spare time.

<p>
 Briefly, the way it works is that each month, registered users of Euphoria
 are encouraged to send e-mail to RDS donating $1.00 U.S.
 <_ba><i>of RDS's money</i></_ba> to any file on the RDS Archive or
 Recent User Contributions pages. You can split your dollar across multiple
 files as you see fit. Gradually, those who have contributed useful programs,
 documentation, or whatever to the Euphoria community will build up dollars
 that they can use to reduce or even eliminate the cost of registering or
 upgrading. There's no limit to what you can make (but don't expect to get
 rich quick!).

<p>
 For full details, please go to the
 <a href="http://www.RapidEuphoria.com">Euphoria Web site</a>.

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>

WHAT2DO.HTX
5596
<_init_comment>
<html>
<head><title>What to Do?</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#003366" vlink="#006699">
<_width>
<_center><font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#FF0099" size=+2>
<br>
                              What to Do?
</font></_center>
<p> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" color="#003366">
<b><_sul>Now that you have installed Euphoria, here are some things you
 can try:</_sul></b></font>

<ul>
<li>
 Run each of the demo programs in the <font color="#5500FF"><b>demo</b></font>
  directory. You just type <font color="#993333"><b>ex</b></font> or
  <font color="#993333"><b>exw</b></font> or
  <font color="#993333"><b>exu</b></font> followed by the name of the
  <b>.ex</b> or <b>.exw</b> or <b>.exu</b> file, e.g.

<pre>
           ex buzz
</pre>

   will run the file <font color="#5500FF"><b>buzz.ex</b></font>. (Depending
   on your graphics card you may have to edit a line in some of the <b>.ex</b>
   files to select a different graphics mode. Most demos will try to use
   <b>SVGA</b> modes. You need DOS mouse support to run
   <font color="#5500FF"><b>mouse.ex</b></font> and
   <font color="#5500FF"><b>ttt.ex</b></font>).
<p>
   You can also double-click on a <b>.ex</b> (<b>.exw</b>) file
   from <font color="#CC3366"><b>Windows</b></font>, but you will
   have to "associate" <b>.ex</b> files with
   <font color="#993333"><b>ex.exe</b></font> and <b>.exw</b> files with
   <font color="#993333"><b>exw.exe</b></font>. A few of the demos are meant
   to be run from the command line, but most will look ok from Windows.
<p>
<li>
 Use the Euphoria editor, <font color="#993333"><b>ed</b></font>, to edit a
  Euphoria file. Notice the use of
  colors. <b><font color="#006633">You can adjust these colors along with
  the cursor size and many other "user-modifiable" parameters by editing
  constant declarations in</font>
  <font color="#5500FF">ed.ex</font><font color="#006633">.</font></b>
  Use <b>Esc q</b> to quit the editor or <b>Esc h</b> for help.
<p>
<li>
 Try the benchmarks in <font color="#5500FF"><b>demo\bench</b></font>.
  Do you get the same ratios as we did in comparison with QBasic (or Perl or
  Python)? If you
   have a C/C++ compiler, how much faster can you get these benchmarks to
   run? We bet you'll be surprised, especially when you consider that
   <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>Euphoria runs the benchmarks with
   subscript checking and a host of other run-time checks</i></b></font>.
<p>
<li>
 Read the manual in <font color="#5500FF"><b>doc\refman.doc</b></font> or
 <a href="refman.htm"><b>view the HTML version of the manual</b></a> by
  double-clicking it and starting your Web browser. The simple expressive
   power of Euphoria makes this manual much shorter than manuals for other
   languages. If you have a specific question, type
   <font color="#993333"><_bq>guru</_bq></font> followed by a list of words.
   The <font color="#993333"><b>guru</b></font> program will search all the
   <b>.doc</b> files as well as all the example programs and other files,
   and will present you with a <i>sorted</i> list of the most
   relevant chunks of text that might answer your enquiry.
<p>
<li>
 Try running a Euphoria program with
  <font color="#993333"><b>tracing</b></font> turned on. Add:
<_eucode>
           with trace
           trace(1)
</_eucode>

   at the beginning of any <b>.ex</b> or <b>.exw</b> file.
<p>
<li>
 Run some of the tutorial programs in
  <font color="#5500FF"><b>euphoria\tutorial</b></font>.
<p>
<li>
 Try modifying some of the demo programs.
<p>
   First some <font color="#009999"><b><i>simple</i></b></font> modifications
   (takes less than a minute):
  <blockquote>
  <p>
     What if there were 100 C++ ships in
     <font color="#5500FF"><b>Language Wars</b></font>? What if
     <font color="#5500FF"><b>sb.ex</b></font> had to move 1000 balls
     instead of 125? Change some parameters in
     <font color="#5500FF"><b>polygon.ex</b></font>. Can you get prettier
     pictures to appear? Add some funny phrases to
     <font color="#5500FF"><b>buzz.ex</b></font>.
   </blockquote>
   <p>

   Then, some <font color="#009999"><b><i>slightly harder</i></b></font> ones
   (takes a few minutes):
   <blockquote>
   <p>
     Define a new function of x and y in
     <font color="#5500FF"><b>plot3d.ex</b></font>.
   </blockquote>
   <p>

   Then a <font color="#009999"><b><i>challenging</i></b></font> one
   (takes an hour or more):
   <blockquote>
   <p>
     Set up your own customized database by defining the
     fields in <font color="#5500FF"><b>mydata.ex</b></font>.
   </blockquote>
   <p>

   Then a <font color="#009999"><b><i>major</i></b></font> project
   (several days or weeks):
   <blockquote>
   <p>
     Write a <i>smarter</i> 3D TicTacToe algorithm.
   </blockquote>

<p>
<li>
 Try writing your own program in Euphoria. A program can be as simple as:

<_eucode>
           ? 2+2
</_eucode>

   <font color="#006633"><b>Remember that after any error you can simply
   type</b></font> <font color="#993333"><_bq>ed</_bq></font>
   <font color="#006633"><b>to jump into the editor at the offending file
   and line.</b></font>
<p>
   Once you get used to it, you'll be developing programs
   <font color="#CC0099"><b><i>much</i></b></font> faster in
   Euphoria than you could in BASIC, Fortran, Pascal, C/C++ or any other
   language that we are aware of.

</ul>

<p>

</_width>
</body>
</html>

DLL.E
1786
-- routines and constants for dynamic linking to C functions

-- C types for arguments and return value:
global constant
     C_CHAR    = #01000001,
     C_UCHAR   = #02000001,
     C_SHORT   = #01000002,
     C_USHORT  = #02000002,
     C_INT     = #01000004,
     C_UINT    = #02000004,
     C_LONG    = C_INT,
     C_ULONG   = C_UINT,
     C_POINTER = C_ULONG,
     C_FLOAT   = #03000004,
     C_DOUBLE  = #03000008

global constant NULL = 0 -- NULL pointer

constant M_OPEN_DLL  = 50,
     M_DEFINE_C  = 51,
     M_CALL_BACK = 52,
     M_FREE_CONSOLE = 54,
     M_DEFINE_VAR = 56

global function open_dll(sequence file_name)
-- Open a .DLL file
    return machine_func(M_OPEN_DLL, file_name)
end function

global function define_c_var(atom lib, sequence variable_name)
-- get the memory address where a global C variable is stored
    return machine_func(M_DEFINE_VAR, {lib, variable_name})
end function

global function define_c_proc(atom lib, sequence routine_name,
                  sequence arg_sizes)
-- define a C function with VOID return type, or where the
-- return value will always be ignored
    return machine_func(M_DEFINE_C, {lib, routine_name, arg_sizes, 0})
end function

global function define_c_func(atom lib, sequence routine_name,
                  sequence arg_sizes, atom return_type)
-- define a C function
    return machine_func(M_DEFINE_C, {lib, routine_name, arg_sizes, return_type})
end function

global function call_back(integer id)
-- return a 32-bit call-back address for a Euphoria routine
    return machine_func(M_CALL_BACK, id)
end function

global procedure free_console()
-- delete the console text-window (if one currently exists)
    machine_proc(M_FREE_CONSOLE, 0)
end procedure

-- This file (unless modified) counts as 0 statements.
with 24851813 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

FILE.E
5791
        -- Directory and File Operations --

include sort.e
include misc.e

constant M_SEEK  = 19,
     M_WHERE = 20,
     M_DIR   = 22,
     M_CURRENT_DIR = 23,
     M_ALLOW_BREAK = 42,
     M_CHECK_BREAK = 43,
     M_FLUSH = 60,
     M_LOCK_FILE = 61,
     M_UNLOCK_FILE = 62,
     M_CHDIR = 63

type file_number(integer f)
    return f >= 0
end type

type file_position(integer p)
    return p >= -1
end type

type boolean(integer b)
    return b = 0 or b = 1
end type

global function seek(file_number fn, file_position pos)
-- seeks to a byte position in the file,
-- or to end of file if pos is -1
    return machine_func(M_SEEK, {fn, pos})
end function

global function where(file_number fn)
-- returns the current byte position in the file
    return machine_func(M_WHERE, fn)
end function

global procedure flush(file_number fn)
-- flush out the buffer associated with file fn
    machine_proc(M_FLUSH, fn)
end procedure

global constant LOCK_SHARED = 1,
        LOCK_EXCLUSIVE = 2

type lock_type(integer t)
    if platform()=LINUX then
    return t = LOCK_SHARED or t = LOCK_EXCLUSIVE
    else
    return 1
    end if
end type

type byte_range(sequence r)
    if length(r) = 0 then
    return 1
    elsif length(r) = 2 and r[1] <= r[2] then
    return 1
    else
    return 0
    end if
end type

global function lock_file(file_number fn, lock_type t, byte_range r)
-- Attempt to lock a file so other processes won't interfere with it.
-- The byte range can be {} if you want to lock the whole file
    return machine_func(M_LOCK_FILE, {fn, t, r})
end function

global procedure unlock_file(file_number fn, byte_range r)
-- The byte range can be {} if you want to unlock the whole file.
    machine_proc(M_UNLOCK_FILE, {fn, r})
end procedure

global constant
    D_NAME = 1,
    D_ATTRIBUTES = 2,
    D_SIZE = 3,

    D_YEAR = 4,
    D_MONTH = 5,
    D_DAY = 6,

    D_HOUR = 7,
    D_MINUTE = 8,
    D_SECOND = 9
global function dir(sequence name)
-- returns directory information, given the name
-- of a file or directory. Format returned is:
-- {
--  {"name1", attributes, size, year, month, day, hour, minute, second},
--  {"name2", ...                                                     },
-- }
    return machine_func(M_DIR, name)
end function

global function current_dir()
-- returns name of current working directory
    return machine_func(M_CURRENT_DIR, 0)
end function

global function chdir(sequence newdir)
-- Changes the current directory. Returns 1 - success, 0 - fail.
    return machine_func(M_CHDIR, newdir)
end function

global procedure allow_break(boolean b)
-- If b is TRUE then allow control-c/control-break to
-- terminate the program. If b is FALSE then don't allow it.
-- Initially they *will* terminate the program, but only when it
-- tries to read input from the keyboard.
    machine_proc(M_ALLOW_BREAK, b)
end procedure

global function check_break()
-- returns the number of times that control-c or control-break
-- were pressed since the last time check_break() was called
    return machine_func(M_CHECK_BREAK, 0)
end function

-- Generalized recursive directory walker

global constant W_BAD_PATH = -1 -- error code

function default_dir(sequence path)
-- Default directory sorting function for walk_dir().
-- * sorts by name *
    object d

    d = dir(path)
    if atom(d) then
    return d
    else
    -- sort by name
    return sort(d)
    end if
end function

integer SLASH
if platform() = LINUX then
    SLASH='/'
else
    SLASH='\\'
end if

-- override the dir sorting function with your own routine id
constant DEFAULT = -2
global integer my_dir
my_dir = DEFAULT  -- it's better not to use routine_id() here,
          -- or else users will have to bind with clear routine names

global function walk_dir(sequence path_name, integer your_function,
             integer scan_subdirs)
-- Generalized Directory Walker
-- Walk through a directory and (optionally) its subdirectories,
-- "visiting" each file and subdirectory. Your function will be called
-- via its routine id. The visits will occur in alphabetical order.
-- Your function should accept the path name and dir() entry for
-- each file and subdirectory. It should return 0 to keep going,
-- or an error code (greater than 0) to quit, or it can return
-- any sequence or atom other than 0 as a useful diagnostic value.
    object d, abort_now

    -- get the full directory information
    if my_dir = DEFAULT then
    d = default_dir(path_name)
    else
    d = call_func(my_dir, {path_name})
    end if
    if atom(d) then
    return W_BAD_PATH
    end if

    -- trim any trailing blanks or '\' characters from the path
    while find(path_name[length(path_name)], {' ', SLASH}) do
    path_name = path_name[1..length(path_name)-1]
    end while

    for i = 1 to length(d) do
    if find('d', d[i][D_ATTRIBUTES]) then
        -- a directory
        if not find(d[i][D_NAME], {".", ".."}) then
        abort_now = call_func(your_function, {path_name, d[i]})
        if not equal(abort_now, 0) then
            return abort_now
        end if
        if scan_subdirs then
            abort_now = walk_dir(path_name & SLASH & d[i][D_NAME],
                     your_function, scan_subdirs)

            if not equal(abort_now, 0) and
               not equal(abort_now, W_BAD_PATH) then
            -- allow BAD PATH, user might delete a file or directory
            return abort_now
            end if
        end if
        end if
    else
        -- a file
        abort_now = call_func(your_function, {path_name, d[i]})
        if not equal(abort_now, 0) then
        return abort_now
        end if
    end if
    end for
    return 0
end function


-- This file (unless modified) is FREE - 0 statements.
with 11356118 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

GET.E
7701
        ------------------------------------
        -- Input and Conversion Routines: --
        -- get()                          --
        -- value()                        --
        -- wait_key()                     --
        ------------------------------------

-- error status values returned from get() and value():
global constant GET_SUCCESS = 0,
        GET_EOF = -1,
        GET_FAIL = 1

constant M_WAIT_KEY = 26

constant DIGITS = "0123456789",
     HEX_DIGITS = DIGITS & "ABCDEF",
     START_NUMERIC = DIGITS & "-+.#"

constant TRUE = 1

type natural(integer x)
    return x >= 0
end type

type char(integer x)
    return x >= -1 and x <= 255
end type

natural input_file  -- file to be read from

object input_string -- string to be read from
natural string_next

char ch  -- the current character

global function wait_key()
-- Get the next key pressed by the user.
-- Wait until a key is pressed.
    return machine_func(M_WAIT_KEY, 0)
end function

procedure get_ch()
-- set ch to the next character in the input stream (either string or file)

    if sequence(input_string) then
    if string_next <= length(input_string) then
        ch = input_string[string_next]
        string_next += 1
    else
        ch = GET_EOF
    end if
    else
    ch = getc(input_file)
    end if
end procedure

procedure skip_blanks()
-- skip white space
-- ch is "live" at entry and exit

    while find(ch, " \t\n\r") do
    get_ch()
    end while
end procedure

constant ESCAPE_CHARS = "nt'\"\\r",
     ESCAPED_CHARS = "\n\t'\"\\\r"

function escape_char(char c)
-- return escape character
    natural i

    i = find(c, ESCAPE_CHARS)
    if i = 0 then
    return GET_FAIL
    else
    return ESCAPED_CHARS[i]
    end if
end function

function get_qchar()
-- get a single-quoted character
-- ch is "live" at exit
    char c

    get_ch()
    c = ch
    if ch = '\\' then
    get_ch()
    c = escape_char(ch)
    if c = GET_FAIL then
        return {GET_FAIL, 0}
    end if
    elsif ch = '\'' then
    return {GET_FAIL, 0}
    end if
    get_ch()
    if ch != '\'' then
    return {GET_FAIL, 0}
    else
    get_ch()
    return {GET_SUCCESS, c}
    end if
end function

function get_string()
-- get a double-quoted character string
-- ch is "live" at exit
    sequence text

    text = ""
    while TRUE do
    get_ch()
    if ch = GET_EOF or ch = '\n' then
        return {GET_FAIL, 0}
    elsif ch = '"' then
        get_ch()
        return {GET_SUCCESS, text}
    elsif ch = '\\' then
        get_ch()
        ch = escape_char(ch)
        if ch = GET_FAIL then
        return {GET_FAIL, 0}
        end if
    end if
    text = text & ch
    end while
end function

type plus_or_minus(integer x)
    return x = -1 or x = +1
end type

function get_number()
-- read a number
-- ch is "live" at entry and exit
    plus_or_minus sign, e_sign
    natural ndigits
    integer hex_digit
    atom mantissa, dec, e_mag

    sign = +1
    mantissa = 0
    ndigits = 0

    -- process sign
    if ch = '-' then
    sign = -1
    get_ch()
    elsif ch = '+' then
    get_ch()
    end if

    -- get mantissa
    if ch = '#' then
    -- process hex integer and return
    get_ch()
    while TRUE do
        hex_digit = find(ch, HEX_DIGITS)-1
        if hex_digit >= 0 then
        ndigits += 1
        mantissa = mantissa * 16 + hex_digit
        get_ch()
        else
        if ndigits > 0 then
            return {GET_SUCCESS, sign * mantissa}
        else
            return {GET_FAIL, 0}
        end if
        end if
    end while
    end if

    -- decimal integer or floating point
    while ch >= '0' and ch <= '9' do
    ndigits += 1
    mantissa = mantissa * 10 + (ch - '0')
    get_ch()
    end while

    if ch = '.' then
    -- get fraction
    get_ch()
    dec = 10
    while ch >= '0' and ch <= '9' do
        ndigits += 1
        mantissa += (ch - '0') / dec
        dec *= 10
        get_ch()
    end while
    end if

    if ndigits = 0 then
    return {GET_FAIL, 0}
    end if

    mantissa = sign * mantissa

    if ch = 'e' or ch = 'E' then
    -- get exponent sign
    e_sign = +1
    e_mag = 0
    get_ch()
    if ch = '-' then
        e_sign = -1
        get_ch()
    elsif ch = '+' then
        get_ch()
    end if
    -- get exponent magnitude
    if ch >= '0' and ch <= '9' then
        e_mag = ch - '0'
        get_ch()
        while ch >= '0' and ch <= '9' do
        e_mag = e_mag * 10 + ch - '0'
        get_ch()
        end while
    else
        return {GET_FAIL, 0} -- no exponent
    end if
    e_mag *= e_sign
    if e_mag > 308 then
        -- rare case: avoid power() overflow
        mantissa *= power(10, 308)
        if e_mag > 1000 then
        e_mag = 1000
        end if
        for i = 1 to e_mag - 308 do
        mantissa *= 10
        end for
    else
        mantissa *= power(10, e_mag)
    end if
    end if

    return {GET_SUCCESS, mantissa}
end function

function Get()
-- read a Euphoria data object as a string of characters
-- and return {error_flag, value}
-- Note: ch is "live" at entry and exit of this routine
    sequence s, e

    skip_blanks()

    if find(ch, START_NUMERIC) then
    return get_number()

    elsif ch = '{' then
    -- process a sequence
    s = {}
    get_ch()
    skip_blanks()
    if ch = '}' then
        get_ch()
        return {GET_SUCCESS, s} -- empty sequence
    end if

    while TRUE do
        e = Get() -- read next element
        if e[1] != GET_SUCCESS then
        return e
        end if
        s = append(s, e[2])
        skip_blanks()
        if ch = '}' then
        get_ch()
        return {GET_SUCCESS, s}
        elsif ch != ',' then
        return {GET_FAIL, 0}
        end if
        get_ch() -- skip comma
    end while

    elsif ch = '\"' then
    return get_string()

    elsif ch = '\'' then
    return get_qchar()

    elsif ch = -1 then
    return {GET_EOF, 0}

    else
    return {GET_FAIL, 0}

    end if
end function

global function get(integer file)
-- Read the string representation of a Euphoria object
-- from a file. Convert to the value of the object.
-- Return {error_status, value}.
    input_file = file
    input_string = 0
    get_ch()
    return Get()
end function

global function value(sequence string)
-- Read the representation of a Euphoria object
-- from a sequence of characters. Convert to the value of the object.
-- Return {error_status, value).
    input_string = string
    string_next = 1
    get_ch()
    return Get()
end function

global function prompt_number(sequence prompt, sequence range)
-- Prompt the user to enter a number.
-- A range of allowed values may be specified.
    object answer

    while 1 do
     puts(1, prompt)
     answer = gets(0) -- make sure whole line is read
     puts(1, '\n')

     answer = value(answer)
     if answer[1] != GET_SUCCESS or sequence(answer[2]) then
          puts(1, "A number is expected - try again\n")
     else
         if length(range) = 2 then
          if range[1] <= answer[2] and answer[2] <= range[2] then
              return answer[2]
          else
              printf(1,
              "A number from %g to %g is expected here - try again\n",
               range)
          end if
          else
          return answer[2]
          end if
     end if
    end while
end function

global function prompt_string(sequence prompt)
-- Prompt the user to enter a string
    object answer

    puts(1, prompt)
    answer = gets(0)
    puts(1, '\n')
    if sequence(answer) and length(answer) > 0 then
    return answer[1..length(answer)-1] -- trim the \n
    else
    return ""
    end if
end function

global function get_bytes(integer fn, integer n)
-- Return a sequence of n bytes (maximum) from an open file.
-- If n > 0 and fewer than n bytes are returned,
-- you've reached the end of file.
    sequence s
    integer c

    if n = 0 then
    return {}
    end if
    c = getc(fn)
    if c = -1 then
    return {}
    end if
    s = repeat(c, n)
    for i = 2 to n do
    s[i] = getc(fn)
    end for
    while s[n] = -1 do
    n -= 1
    end while
    return s[1..n]
end function

-- This file (unless modified) counts as 0 statements.
with 662503241 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

GRAPHICS.E
6271
        ----------------------
        -- Graphics & Sound --
        ----------------------

--    GRAPHICS MODES --  argument to graphics_mode()

-- mode  description
-- ----  -----------
--   -1  restore to original default mode
--    0  40 x 25 text, 16 grey
--    1  40 x 25 text, 16/8 color
--    2  80 x 25 text, 16 grey
--    3  80 x 25 text, 16/8 color
--    4  320 x 200, 4 color
--    5  320 x 200, 4 grey
--    6  640 x 200, BW
--    7  80 x 25 text, BW
--   11  720 x 350, BW  (many video cards are lacking this one)
--   13  320 x 200, 16 color
--   14  640 x 200, 16 color
--   15  640 x 350, BW  (may be 4-color with blinking)
--   16  640 x 350, 4 or 16 color
--   17  640 x 480, BW
--   18  640 x 480, 16 color
--   19  320 x 200, 256 color
--  256  640 x 400, 256 color  (some cards are missing this one)
--  257  640 x 480, 256 color  (some cards are missing this one)
--  258  800 x 600, 16 color
--  259  800 x 600, 256 color
--  260  1024 x 768, 16 color
--  261  1024 x 768, 256 color

-- COLOR values -- for characters and pixels
global constant
     BLACK = 0,  -- in graphics modes this is "transparent"
     GREEN = 2,
     MAGENTA = 5,
     WHITE = 7,
     GRAY  = 8,
     BRIGHT_GREEN = 10,
     BRIGHT_MAGENTA = 13,
     BRIGHT_WHITE = 15
global integer
     BLUE, CYAN, RED, BROWN, BRIGHT_BLUE, BRIGHT_CYAN, BRIGHT_RED, YELLOW

include misc.e

if platform() = LINUX then
    BLUE  = 4
    CYAN =  6
    RED   = 1
    BROWN = 3
    BRIGHT_BLUE = 12
    BRIGHT_CYAN = 14
    BRIGHT_RED = 9
    YELLOW = 11
else
    BLUE  = 1
    CYAN =  3
    RED   = 4
    BROWN = 6
    BRIGHT_BLUE = 9
    BRIGHT_CYAN = 11
    BRIGHT_RED = 12
    YELLOW = 14
end if

global constant BLINKING = 16  -- add to color to get blinking text

-- machine() commands
constant M_SOUND          = 1,
     M_LINE           = 2,
     M_PALETTE        = 3,
     M_GRAPHICS_MODE  = 5,
     M_CURSOR         = 6,
     M_WRAP           = 7,
     M_SCROLL         = 8,
     M_SET_T_COLOR    = 9,
     M_SET_B_COLOR    = 10,
     M_POLYGON        = 11,
     M_TEXTROWS       = 12,
     M_VIDEO_CONFIG   = 13,
     M_ELLIPSE        = 18,
     M_GET_POSITION   = 25,
     M_ALL_PALETTE    = 27

type mode(integer x)
    return (x >= -3 and x <= 19) or (x >= 256 and x <= 263)
end type

type color(integer x)
    return x >= 0 and x <= 255
end type

type boolean(integer x)
    return x = 0 or x = 1
end type

type positive_int(integer x)
    return x >= 1
end type

type point(sequence x)
    return length(x) = 2
end type

type multi_point(sequence x)
    return length(x) = 2 or length(x) = 3
end type

type point_sequence(sequence x)
    return length(x) >= 2
end type

global procedure draw_line(color c, point_sequence xyarray)
-- draw a line connecting the 2 or more points
-- in xyarray: {{x1, y1}, {x2, y2}, ...}
-- using a certain color
    machine_proc(M_LINE, {c, 0, xyarray})
end procedure

global procedure polygon(color c,
             boolean fill,
             point_sequence xyarray)
-- draw a polygon using a certain color
-- fill the area if fill is TRUE
-- 3 or more vertices are given in xyarray
    machine_proc(M_POLYGON, {c, fill, xyarray})
end procedure

global procedure ellipse(color c, boolean fill, point p1, point p2)
-- draw an ellipse with a certain color that fits in the
-- rectangle defined by diagonal points p1 and p2, i.e.
-- {x1, y1} and {x2, y2}. The ellipse may be filled or just an outline.
    machine_proc(M_ELLIPSE, {c, fill, p1, p2})
end procedure

global function graphics_mode(mode m)
-- try to set up a new graphics mode
-- return 0 if successful, non-zero if failed
   return machine_func(M_GRAPHICS_MODE, m)
end function

global constant VC_COLOR = 1,
        VC_MODE  = 2,
        VC_LINES = 3,
        VC_COLUMNS = 4,
        VC_XPIXELS = 5,
        VC_YPIXELS = 6,
        VC_NCOLORS = 7,
        VC_PAGES = 8
global function video_config()
-- return sequence of information on video configuration
-- {color?, mode, text lines, text columns, xpixels, ypixels, #colors, pages}
    return machine_func(M_VIDEO_CONFIG, 0)
end function

-- cursor styles:
global constant NO_CURSOR       = #2000,
     UNDERLINE_CURSOR       = #0607,
     THICK_UNDERLINE_CURSOR = #0507,
     HALF_BLOCK_CURSOR      = #0407,
     BLOCK_CURSOR           = #0007


global procedure cursor(integer style)
-- choose a cursor style
    machine_proc(M_CURSOR, style)
end procedure

global function get_position()
-- return {line, column} of current cursor position
    return machine_func(M_GET_POSITION, 0)
end function

global function text_rows(positive_int rows)
    return machine_func(M_TEXTROWS, rows)
end function

global procedure wrap(boolean on)
-- on = 1: characters will wrap at end of long line
-- on = 0: lines will be truncated
    machine_proc(M_WRAP, on)
end procedure

global procedure scroll(integer amount,
            positive_int top_line,
            positive_int bottom_line)
-- scroll lines of text on screen between top_line and bottom_line
-- amount > 0: scroll text up by amount lines
-- amount < 0: scroll text down by amount lines
-- (had only the first parameter in v1.2)
    machine_proc(M_SCROLL, {amount, top_line, bottom_line})
end procedure

global procedure text_color(color c)
-- set the foreground text color to c - text or graphics modes
-- add 16 to get blinking
    machine_proc(M_SET_T_COLOR, c)
end procedure

global procedure bk_color(color c)
-- set the background color to c - text or graphics modes
    machine_proc(M_SET_B_COLOR, c)
end procedure

type mixture(sequence s)
    return length(s) = 3 -- {red, green, blue}
end type

global function palette(color c, mixture s)
-- choose a new mix of {red, green, blue} to be shown on the screen for
-- color number c. Returns previous mixture as {red, green, blue}.
    return machine_func(M_PALETTE, {c, s})
end function

global procedure all_palette(sequence s)
-- s is a sequence of the form: {{r,g,b},{r,g,b}, ...{r,g,b}}
-- that specifies new color intensities for the entire set of
-- colors in the current graphics mode.
    machine_proc(M_ALL_PALETTE, s)
end procedure

-- Sound Effects --

type frequency(integer x)
    return x >= 0
end type

global procedure sound(frequency f)
-- turn on speaker at frequency f
-- turn off speaker if f is 0
    machine_proc(M_SOUND, f)
end procedure


-- This file (unless modified) counts as 0 statements.
with 26547076 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

IMAGE.E
19749
-- Graphical Image routines

include machine.e
include graphics.e
include misc.e

constant BMPFILEHDRSIZE = 14
constant OLDHDRSIZE = 12, NEWHDRSIZE = 40
constant EOF = -1

-- error codes returned by read_bitmap(), save_bitmap() and save_screen()
global constant BMP_SUCCESS = 0,
        BMP_OPEN_FAILED = 1,
        BMP_UNEXPECTED_EOF = 2,
        BMP_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT = 3,
        BMP_INVALID_MODE = 4

integer fn, error_code

function get_word()
-- read 2 bytes
    integer lower, upper

    lower = getc(fn)
    upper = getc(fn)
    if upper = EOF then
    error_code = BMP_UNEXPECTED_EOF
    end if
    return upper * 256 + lower
end function

function get_dword()
-- read 4 bytes
    integer lower, upper

    lower = get_word()
    upper = get_word()
    return upper * 65536 + lower
end function

function get_c_block(integer num_bytes)
-- read num_bytes bytes
    sequence s

    s = repeat(0, num_bytes)
    for i = 1 to num_bytes do
    s[i] = getc(fn)
    end for
    if s[length(s)] = EOF then
    error_code = BMP_UNEXPECTED_EOF
    end if
    return s
end function

function get_rgb(integer set_size)
-- get red, green, blue palette values
    integer red, green, blue

    blue = getc(fn)
    green = getc(fn)
    red = getc(fn)
    if set_size = 4 then
    if getc(fn) then
    end if
    end if
    return {red, green, blue}
end function

function get_rgb_block(integer num_dwords, integer set_size)
-- reads palette
    sequence s

    s = {}
    for i = 1 to num_dwords do
    s = append(s, get_rgb(set_size))
    end for
    if s[length(s)][3] = EOF then
    error_code = BMP_UNEXPECTED_EOF
    end if
    return s
end function

function row_bytes(atom BitCount, atom Width)
-- number of bytes per row of pixel data
    return floor(((BitCount * Width) + 31) / 32) * 4
end function

function unpack(sequence image, integer BitCount, integer Width, integer Height)
-- unpack the 1-d byte sequence into a 2-d sequence of pixels
    sequence pic_2d, row, bits
    integer bytes, next_byte, byte

    pic_2d = {}
    bytes = row_bytes(BitCount, Width)
    next_byte = 1
    for i = 1 to Height do
    row = {}
    if BitCount = 1 then
        for j = 1 to bytes do
        byte = image[next_byte]
        next_byte += 1
        bits = repeat(0, 8)
        for k = 8 to 1 by -1 do
            bits[k] = and_bits(byte, 1)
            byte = floor(byte/2)
        end for
        row &= bits
        end for
    elsif BitCount = 2 then
        for j = 1 to bytes do
        byte = image[next_byte]
        next_byte += 1
        bits = repeat(0, 4)
        for k = 4 to 1 by -1 do
            bits[k] = and_bits(byte, 3)
            byte = floor(byte/4)
        end for
        row &= bits
        end for
    elsif BitCount = 4 then
        for j = 1 to bytes do
        byte = image[next_byte]
        row = append(row, floor(byte/16))
        row = append(row, and_bits(byte, 15))
        next_byte += 1
        end for
    elsif BitCount = 8 then
        row = image[next_byte..next_byte+bytes-1]
        next_byte += bytes
    else
        error_code = BMP_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT
        exit
    end if
    pic_2d = prepend(pic_2d, row[1..Width])
    end for
    return pic_2d
end function

global function read_bitmap(sequence file_name)
-- read a bitmap (.BMP) file into a 2-d sequence of sequences (image)
-- return {palette,image}
    atom Size
    integer Type, Xhot, Yhot, Planes, BitCount
    atom Width, Height, Compression, OffBits, SizeHeader,
     SizeImage, XPelsPerMeter, YPelsPerMeter, ClrUsed,
     ClrImportant, NumColors
    sequence Palette, Bits, two_d_bits

    error_code = 0
    fn = open(file_name, "rb")
    if fn = -1 then
    return BMP_OPEN_FAILED
    end if
    Type = get_word()
    Size = get_dword()
    Xhot = get_word()
    Yhot = get_word()
    OffBits = get_dword()
    SizeHeader = get_dword()

    if SizeHeader = NEWHDRSIZE then
    Width = get_dword()
    Height = get_dword()
    Planes = get_word()
    BitCount = get_word()
    Compression = get_dword()
    if Compression != 0 then
        close(fn)
        return BMP_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT
    end if
    SizeImage = get_dword()
    XPelsPerMeter = get_dword()
    YPelsPerMeter = get_dword()
    ClrUsed = get_dword()
    ClrImportant = get_dword()
    NumColors = (OffBits - SizeHeader - BMPFILEHDRSIZE) / 4
    if NumColors < 2 or NumColors > 256 then
        close(fn)
        return BMP_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT
    end if
    Palette = get_rgb_block(NumColors, 4)

    elsif SizeHeader = OLDHDRSIZE then
    Width = get_word()
    Height = get_word()
    Planes = get_word()
    BitCount = get_word()
    NumColors = (OffBits - SizeHeader - BMPFILEHDRSIZE) / 3
    SizeImage = row_bytes(BitCount, Width) * Height
    Palette = get_rgb_block(NumColors, 3)
    else
    close(fn)
    return BMP_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT
    end if
    if Planes != 1 or Height <= 0 or Width <= 0 then
    close(fn)
    return BMP_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT
    end if
    Bits = get_c_block(row_bytes(BitCount, Width) * Height)
    close(fn)
    two_d_bits = unpack(Bits, BitCount, Width, Height)
    if error_code then
    return error_code
    end if
    return {Palette, two_d_bits}
end function

type graphics_point(sequence p)
    return length(p) = 2 and p[1] >= 0 and p[2] >= 0
end type

type text_point(sequence p)
    return length(p) = 2 and p[1] >= 1 and p[2] >= 1
       and p[1] <= 200 and p[2] <= 500 -- rough sanity check
end type

global procedure display_image(graphics_point xy, sequence pixels)
-- display a 2-d sequence of pixels at location xy
-- N.B. coordinates are {x, y} with {0,0} at top left of screen
-- and x values increasing towards the right,
-- and y values increasing towards the bottom of the screen
    for i = 1 to length(pixels) do
    pixel(pixels[i], xy)
    xy[2] = xy[2] + 1
    end for
end procedure

global function save_image(graphics_point top_left, graphics_point bottom_right)
-- Save a rectangular region on a graphics screen,
-- given the {x, y} coordinates of the top-left and bottom-right
-- corner pixels. The result is a 2-d sequence of pixels suitable
-- for use in display_image() above.
    integer x, width
    sequence save

    x = top_left[1]
    width = bottom_right[1] - x + 1
    save = {}
    for y = top_left[2] to bottom_right[2] do
    save = append(save, get_pixel({x, y, width}))
    end for
    return save
end function

constant COLOR_TEXT_MEMORY = #B8000,
      MONO_TEXT_MEMORY = #B0000

constant M_GET_DISPLAY_PAGE = 28,
     M_SET_DISPLAY_PAGE = 29,
     M_GET_ACTIVE_PAGE = 30,
     M_SET_ACTIVE_PAGE = 31

constant BYTES_PER_CHAR = 2

type page_number(integer p)
    return p >= 0 and p <= 7
end type

global function get_display_page()
-- return current page# mapped to the monitor
    return machine_func(M_GET_DISPLAY_PAGE, 0)
end function

global procedure set_display_page(page_number page)
-- select a page to be displayed
    machine_proc(M_SET_DISPLAY_PAGE, page)
end procedure

global function get_active_page()
-- return current page# that screen output is sent to
    return machine_func(M_GET_ACTIVE_PAGE, 0)
end function

global procedure set_active_page(page_number page)
-- select a page for screen output
    machine_proc(M_SET_ACTIVE_PAGE, page)
end procedure

constant M_GET_SCREEN_CHAR = 58,
     M_PUT_SCREEN_CHAR = 59

type positive_atom(atom x)
    return x >= 1
end type

function DOS_scr_addr(sequence vc, text_point xy)
-- calculate address in DOS screen memory for a given line, column
    atom screen_memory
    integer page_size

    if vc[VC_MODE] = 7 then
    screen_memory = MONO_TEXT_MEMORY
    else
    screen_memory = COLOR_TEXT_MEMORY
    end if
    page_size = vc[VC_LINES] * vc[VC_COLUMNS] * BYTES_PER_CHAR
    page_size = 1024 * floor((page_size + 1023) / 1024)
    screen_memory = screen_memory + get_active_page() * page_size
    return screen_memory + ((xy[1]-1) * vc[VC_COLUMNS] + (xy[2]-1))
               * BYTES_PER_CHAR
end function

global function get_screen_char(positive_atom line, positive_atom column)
-- returns {character, attributes} of the single character
-- at the given (line, column) position on the screen
    atom scr_addr
    sequence vc

    if platform() = DOS32 then
    vc = video_config()
    if line >= 1 and line <= vc[VC_LINES] and
       column >= 1 and column <= vc[VC_COLUMNS] then
        scr_addr = DOS_scr_addr(vc, {line, column})
        return peek({scr_addr, 2})
    else
        return {0,0}
    end if
    else
    return machine_func(M_GET_SCREEN_CHAR, {line, column})
    end if
end function

global procedure put_screen_char(positive_atom line, positive_atom column,
                 sequence char_attr)
-- stores {character, attributes, character, attributes, ...}
-- of 1 or more characters at position (line, column) on the screen
    atom scr_addr
    sequence vc
    integer overflow

    if platform() = DOS32 then
    vc = video_config()
    if line <= vc[VC_LINES] and column <= vc[VC_COLUMNS] then
        scr_addr = DOS_scr_addr(vc, {line, column})
        overflow = length(char_attr) - 2 * (vc[VC_COLUMNS] - column + 1)
        if overflow then
        poke(scr_addr, char_attr[1..length(char_attr) - overflow])
        else
        poke(scr_addr, char_attr)
        end if
    end if
    else
    machine_proc(M_PUT_SCREEN_CHAR, {line, column, char_attr})
    end if
end procedure

global procedure display_text_image(text_point xy, sequence text)
-- Display a text image at line xy[1], column xy[2] in any text mode.
-- N.B. coordinates are {line, column} with {1,1} at the top left of screen
-- Displays to the active text page.
    atom scr_addr
    integer screen_width, extra_col2, extra_lines
    sequence vc, one_row

    vc = video_config()
    if platform() = DOS32 then
    screen_width = vc[VC_COLUMNS] * BYTES_PER_CHAR
    scr_addr = DOS_scr_addr(vc, xy)
    end if
    if xy[1] < 1 or xy[2] < 1 then
    return -- bad starting point
    end if
    extra_lines = vc[VC_LINES] - xy[1] + 1
    if length(text) > extra_lines then
    if extra_lines <= 0 then
        return -- nothing to display
    end if
    text = text[1..extra_lines] -- truncate
    end if
    extra_col2 = 2 * (vc[VC_COLUMNS] - xy[2] + 1)
    for row = 1 to length(text) do
    one_row = text[row]
    if length(one_row) > extra_col2 then
        if extra_col2 <= 0 then
        return -- nothing to display
        end if
        one_row = one_row[1..extra_col2] -- truncate
    end if
    if platform() = DOS32 then
        poke(scr_addr, one_row)
        scr_addr += screen_width
    else
        -- Linux
        machine_proc(M_PUT_SCREEN_CHAR, {xy[1]+row-1, xy[2], one_row})
    end if
    end for
end procedure

global function save_text_image(text_point top_left, text_point bottom_right)
-- Copy a rectangular block of text out of screen memory,
-- given the coordinates of the top-left and bottom-right corners.
-- Reads from the active text page.
    sequence image, row_chars, vc
    atom scr_addr, screen_memory
    integer screen_width, image_width
    integer page_size

    vc = video_config()
    screen_width = vc[VC_COLUMNS] * BYTES_PER_CHAR
    if platform() = DOS32 then
    if vc[VC_MODE] = 7 then
        screen_memory = MONO_TEXT_MEMORY
    else
        screen_memory = COLOR_TEXT_MEMORY
    end if
    page_size = vc[VC_LINES] * screen_width
    page_size = 1024 * floor((page_size + 1023) / 1024)
    screen_memory = screen_memory + get_active_page() * page_size
    scr_addr = screen_memory +
        (top_left[1]-1) * screen_width +
        (top_left[2]-1) * BYTES_PER_CHAR
    end if
    image = {}
    image_width = (bottom_right[2] - top_left[2] + 1) * BYTES_PER_CHAR
    for row = top_left[1] to bottom_right[1] do
    if platform() = DOS32 then
        row_chars = peek({scr_addr, image_width})
        scr_addr += screen_width
    else
        -- Linux
        row_chars = {}
        for col = top_left[2] to bottom_right[2] do
        row_chars &= machine_func(M_GET_SCREEN_CHAR, {row, col})
        end for
    end if
    image = append(image, row_chars)
    end for
    return image
end function


-- save_screen() and related functions were written by
-- Junko C. Miura of Rapid Deployment Software.

integer numXPixels, numYPixels, bitCount, numRowBytes
integer startXPixel, startYPixel, endYPixel

type region(object r)
    -- a region on the screen
    if atom(r) then
    return r = 0
    else
    return length(r) = 2 and graphics_point(r[1]) and
                 graphics_point(r[2])
    end if
end type

type two_seq(sequence s)
    -- a two element sequence, both elements are sequences
    return length(s) = 2 and sequence(s[1]) and sequence(s[2])
end type

procedure putBmpFileHeader(integer numColors)
    integer offBytes

    -- calculate bitCount, ie, color bits per pixel, (1, 2, 4, 8, or error)
    if numColors = 256 then
    bitCount = 8            -- 8 bits per pixel
    elsif numColors = 16 then
    bitCount = 4            -- 4 bits per pixel
    elsif numColors = 4 then
    bitCount = 2            -- 2 bits per pixel
    elsif numColors = 2 then
    bitCount = 1            -- 1 bit per pixel
    else
    error_code = BMP_INVALID_MODE
    return
    end if

    puts(fn, "BM")  -- file-type field in the file header
    offBytes = 4 * numColors + BMPFILEHDRSIZE + NEWHDRSIZE
    numRowBytes = row_bytes(bitCount, numXPixels)
    -- put total size of the file
    puts(fn, int_to_bytes(offBytes + numRowBytes * numYPixels))

    puts(fn, {0, 0, 0, 0})              -- reserved fields, must be 0
    puts(fn, int_to_bytes(offBytes))    -- offBytes is the offset to the start
                    --   of the bitmap information
    puts(fn, int_to_bytes(NEWHDRSIZE))  -- size of the secondary header
    puts(fn, int_to_bytes(numXPixels))  -- width of the bitmap in pixels
    puts(fn, int_to_bytes(numYPixels))  -- height of the bitmap in pixels

    puts(fn, {1, 0})                    -- planes, must be a word of value 1

    puts(fn, {bitCount, 0})     -- bitCount

    puts(fn, {0, 0, 0, 0})      -- compression scheme
    puts(fn, {0, 0, 0, 0})      -- size image, not required
    puts(fn, {0, 0, 0, 0})      -- XPelsPerMeter, not required
    puts(fn, {0, 0, 0, 0})      -- YPelsPerMeter, not required
    puts(fn, int_to_bytes(numColors))   -- num colors used in the image
    puts(fn, int_to_bytes(numColors))   -- num important colors in the image
end procedure

procedure putOneRowImage(sequence x, integer numPixelsPerByte, integer shift)
-- write out one row of image data
    integer  j, byte, numBytesFilled

    x &= repeat(0, 7)   -- 7 zeros is safe enough

    numBytesFilled = 0
    j = 1
    while j <= numXPixels do
    byte = x[j]
    for k = 1 to numPixelsPerByte - 1 do
        byte = byte * shift + x[j + k]
    end for

    puts(fn, byte)
    numBytesFilled += 1
    j += numPixelsPerByte
    end while

    for m = 1 to numRowBytes - numBytesFilled do
    puts(fn, 0)
    end for
end procedure

procedure putImage()
-- Write image data packed according to the bitCount information, in the order
-- last row ... first row. Data for each row is padded to a 4-byte boundary.
    sequence x
    integer  numPixelsPerByte, shift

    numPixelsPerByte = 8 / bitCount
    shift = power(2, bitCount)
    for i = endYPixel to startYPixel by -1 do
    x = get_pixel({startXPixel, i, numXPixels})
    putOneRowImage(x, numPixelsPerByte, shift)
    end for
end procedure

global function get_all_palette()
-- Get color intensities for the entire set of colors in the current
-- graphics mode. Returned sequence is {{r,g,b},{r,g,b},...,{r,g,b}}.
-- Intensity values are in the range 0 to 63.
    integer mem, numColors
    sequence vc, reg, colors

    vc = video_config()
    numColors = vc[VC_NCOLORS]
    reg = repeat(0, REG_LIST_SIZE)
    mem = allocate_low(numColors*3)
    if mem then
    reg[REG_AX] = #1017
    reg[REG_BX] = 0
    reg[REG_CX] = numColors
    reg[REG_ES] = floor(mem/16)
    reg[REG_DX] = and_bits(mem, 15)
    reg = dos_interrupt(#10, reg)
    colors = {}
    for col = mem to mem+(numColors-1)*3 by 3 do
        colors = append(colors, peek({col,3}))
    end for
    free_low(mem)
    return colors
    else
    return {} -- unlikely
    end if
end function

procedure putColorTable(integer numColors, sequence pal)
-- Write color table information to the .BMP file.
-- palette data is given as a sequence {{r,g,b},..,{r,g,b}}, where each
-- r, g, or b value is 0 to 255.

    for i = 1 to numColors do
    puts(fn, pal[i][3])     -- blue first in .BMP file
    puts(fn, pal[i][2])     -- green second
    puts(fn, pal[i][1])     -- red third
    puts(fn, 0)             -- reserved, must be 0
    end for
end procedure

global function save_screen(region r, sequence file_name)
-- Capture the whole screen or a region of the screen, and create a Windows
-- bitmap (.BMP) file. The file name is given as a parameter. Region r is
-- either a sequence of 2 sequences: {{topLeftXPixel, topLeftYPixel},
-- {bottomRightXPixel, bottomRightYPixel}} defining a region,
-- or the integer 0 if you want to save the whole screen.
    sequence vc
    integer numColors

    error_code = BMP_SUCCESS
    fn = open(file_name, "wb")
    if fn = -1 then
    return BMP_OPEN_FAILED
    end if

    vc = video_config()
    if sequence(r) then
    numXPixels = r[2][1] - r[1][1] + 1
    numYPixels = r[2][2] - r[1][2] + 1
    if r[2][1] >= vc[VC_XPIXELS] or r[2][2] >= vc[VC_YPIXELS] then
        close(fn)
        return BMP_INVALID_MODE   -- not a valid argument
    end if
    startXPixel = r[1][1]
    startYPixel = r[1][2]
    endYPixel   = r[2][2]
    else
    numXPixels = vc[VC_XPIXELS]
    numYPixels = vc[VC_YPIXELS]
    startXPixel = 0
    startYPixel = 0
    endYPixel   = numYPixels - 1
    end if

    if numXPixels <= 0 or numYPixels <= 0 then
    -- not a valid graphics mode or not a valid argument
    close(fn)
    return BMP_INVALID_MODE
    end if

    numColors = vc[VC_NCOLORS]
    putBmpFileHeader(numColors)

    if error_code = BMP_SUCCESS then
    putColorTable(numColors, get_all_palette()*4)
    end if
    if error_code = BMP_SUCCESS then
    putImage()
    end if
    close(fn)
    return error_code
end function

procedure putImage1(sequence image)
-- Write image data packed according to the bitCount information, in the order
-- last row ... first row. Data for each row is padded to a 4-byte boundary.
-- Image data is given as a 2-d sequence in the order first row... last row.
    object   x
    integer  numPixelsPerByte, shift

    numPixelsPerByte = 8 / bitCount
    shift = power(2, bitCount)
    for i = numYPixels to 1 by -1 do
    x = image[i]
    if atom(x) then
        error_code = BMP_INVALID_MODE
        return
    elsif length(x) != numXPixels then
        error_code = BMP_INVALID_MODE
        return
    end if
    putOneRowImage(x, numPixelsPerByte, shift)
    end for
end procedure

global function save_bitmap(two_seq palette_n_image, sequence file_name)
-- Create a .BMP bitmap file, given a palette and a 2-d sequence of sequences.
-- The opposite of read_bitmap().
    sequence color, image
    integer numColors

    error_code = BMP_SUCCESS
    fn = open(file_name, "wb")
    if fn = -1 then
    return BMP_OPEN_FAILED
    end if

    color = palette_n_image[1]
    image = palette_n_image[2]
    numYPixels = length(image)
    numXPixels = length(image[1])   -- assume the same length with each row
    numColors = length(color)

    putBmpFileHeader(numColors)

    if error_code = BMP_SUCCESS then
    putColorTable(numColors, color)
    putImage1(image)
    end if
    close(fn)
    return error_code
end function


-- This file (unless modified) is FREE - 0 statements.
with 472333662 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

MACHINE.E
9072
        ----------------------------------------
        -- Machine Level Programming for 386+ --
        ----------------------------------------

-- Warning: Some of these routines require a knowledge of
-- machine-level programming. You could crash your system!

-- These routines, along with peek(), poke() and call(), let you access all
-- of the features of your computer.  You can read and write to any memory
-- location, and you can create and execute machine code subroutines.

-- If you are manipulating 32-bit addresses or values, remember to use
-- variables declared as atom. The integer type only goes up to 31 bits.

-- Writing characters to screen memory with poke() is much faster than
-- using puts(). Address of start of text screen memory:
--       mono: #B0000
--      color: #B8000

-- If you choose to call machine_proc() or machine_func() directly (to save
-- a bit of overhead) you *must* pass valid arguments or Euphoria could crash.

-- Some example programs to look at:
--   demo\dos32\callmach.ex - calling a machine language routine
--   demo\dos32\hardint.ex  - setting up a hardware interrupt handler
--   demo\dos32\dosint.ex   - calling a DOS software interrupt

-- See also safe.e in this directory. It's a safe, debugging version of this
-- file.

constant M_ALLOC = 16,
     M_FREE = 17,
     M_ALLOC_LOW = 32,
     M_FREE_LOW = 33,
     M_INTERRUPT = 34,
     M_SET_RAND = 35,
     M_USE_VESA = 36,
     M_CRASH_MESSAGE = 37,
     M_TICK_RATE = 38,
     M_GET_VECTOR = 39,
     M_SET_VECTOR = 40,
     M_LOCK_MEMORY = 41,
     M_A_TO_F64 = 46,
     M_F64_TO_A = 47,
     M_A_TO_F32 = 48,
     M_F32_TO_A = 49,
     M_CRASH_FILE = 57

-- biggest address on a 32-bit machine
constant MAX_ADDR = power(2, 32)-1

-- biggest address accessible to 16-bit real mode
constant LOW_ADDR = power(2, 20)-1

type positive_int(integer x)
    return x >= 1
end type

type natural(integer x)
    return x >= 0
end type

type machine_addr(atom a)
-- a 32-bit non-null machine address
    return a > 0 and a <= MAX_ADDR and floor(a) = a
end type

type far_addr(sequence a)
-- protected mode far address {seg, offset}
    return length(a) = 2 and integer(a[1]) and machine_addr(a[2])
end type

type low_machine_addr(atom a)
-- a legal low machine address
    return a > 0 and a <= LOW_ADDR and floor(a) = a
end type

type sequence_8(sequence s)
-- an 8-element sequence
    return length(s) = 8
end type

type sequence_4(sequence s)
-- a 4-element sequence
    return length(s) = 4
end type

global constant REG_LIST_SIZE = 10
global constant REG_DI = 1,
        REG_SI = 2,
        REG_BP = 3,
        REG_BX = 4,
        REG_DX = 5,
        REG_CX = 6,
        REG_AX = 7,
        REG_FLAGS = 8, -- on input: ignored
                   -- on output: low bit has carry flag for
                   -- success/fail
        REG_ES = 9,
        REG_DS = 10

type register_list(sequence r)
-- a list of register values
    return length(r) = REG_LIST_SIZE
end type

global function allocate(positive_int n)
-- Allocate n bytes of memory and return the address.
-- Free the memory using free() below.
    return machine_func(M_ALLOC, n)
end function

global procedure free(machine_addr a)
-- free the memory at address a
    machine_proc(M_FREE, a)
end procedure

global function allocate_low(positive_int n)
-- Allocate n bytes of low memory (address less than 1Mb)
-- and return the address. Free this memory using free_low() below.
-- Addresses in this range can be passed to DOS during software interrupts.
    return machine_func(M_ALLOC_LOW, n)
end function

global procedure free_low(low_machine_addr a)
-- free the low memory at address a
    machine_proc(M_FREE_LOW, a)
end procedure

global function dos_interrupt(integer int_num, register_list input_regs)
-- call the DOS operating system via software interrupt int_num, using the
-- register values in input_regs. A similar register_list is returned.
-- It contains the register values after the interrupt.
    return machine_func(M_INTERRUPT, {int_num, input_regs})
end function

global function int_to_bytes(atom x)
-- returns value of x as a sequence of 4 bytes
-- that you can poke into memory
--      {bits 0-7,  (least significant)
--       bits 8-15,
--       bits 16-23,
--       bits 24-31} (most significant)
-- This is the order of bytes in memory on 386+ machines.
    integer a,b,c,d

    a = remainder(x, #100)
    x = floor(x / #100)
    b = remainder(x, #100)
    x = floor(x / #100)
    c = remainder(x, #100)
    x = floor(x / #100)
    d = remainder(x, #100)
    return {a,b,c,d}
end function

global function bytes_to_int(sequence s)
-- converts 4-byte peek() sequence into an integer value
    return s[1] +
       s[2] * #100 +
       s[3] * #10000 +
       s[4] * #1000000
end function

global function int_to_bits(atom x, integer nbits)
-- Returns the low-order nbits bits of x as a sequence of 1's and 0's.
-- Note that the least significant bits come first. You can use Euphoria's
-- and/or/not operators on sequences of bits. You can also subscript,
-- slice, concatenate etc. to manipulate bits.
    sequence bits
    integer mask

    bits = repeat(0, nbits)
    if integer(x) and nbits < 30 then
    -- faster method
    mask = 1
    for i = 1 to nbits do
        bits[i] = and_bits(x, mask) and 1
        mask *= 2
    end for
    else
    -- slower, but works for large x and large nbits
    if x < 0 then
        x += power(2, nbits) -- for 2's complement bit pattern
    end if
    for i = 1 to nbits do
        bits[i] = remainder(x, 2)
        x = floor(x / 2)
    end for
    end if
    return bits
end function

global function bits_to_int(sequence bits)
-- get the (positive) value of a sequence of "bits"
    atom value, p

    value = 0
    p = 1
    for i = 1 to length(bits) do
    if bits[i] then
        value += p
    end if
    p += p
    end for
    return value
end function

global procedure set_rand(integer seed)
-- Reset the random number generator.
-- A given value of seed will cause the same series of
-- random numbers to be generated from the rand() function
    machine_proc(M_SET_RAND, seed)
end procedure

global procedure use_vesa(integer code)
-- If code is 1 then force Euphoria to use the VESA graphics standard.
-- This may let Euphoria work better in SVGA modes with certain graphics cards.
-- If code is 0 then Euphoria's normal use of the graphics card is restored.
-- Values of code other than 0 or 1 should not be used.
    machine_proc(M_USE_VESA, code)
end procedure

global procedure crash_message(sequence msg)
-- Specify a final message to display for your user, in the event
-- that Euphoria has to shut down your program due to an error.
    machine_proc(M_CRASH_MESSAGE, msg)
end procedure

global procedure crash_file(sequence file_path)
-- Specify a file path name in place of "ex.err" where you want
-- any diagnostic information to be written.
    machine_proc(M_CRASH_FILE, file_path)
end procedure

global procedure tick_rate(atom rate)
-- Specify the number of clock-tick interrupts per second.
-- This determines the precision of the time() library routine,
-- and also the sampling rate for time profiling.
    machine_proc(M_TICK_RATE, rate)
end procedure

global function get_vector(integer int_num)
-- returns the current (far) address of the interrupt handler
-- for interrupt vector number int_num as a 2-element sequence:
-- {16-bit segment, 32-bit offset}
    return machine_func(M_GET_VECTOR, int_num)
end function

global procedure set_vector(integer int_num, far_addr a)
-- sets a new interrupt handler address for vector int_num
    machine_proc(M_SET_VECTOR, {int_num, a})
end procedure

global procedure lock_memory(machine_addr a, positive_int n)
-- Prevent a chunk of code or data from ever being swapped out to disk.
-- You should lock any code or data used by an interrupt handler.
    machine_proc(M_LOCK_MEMORY, {a, n})
end procedure

global function atom_to_float64(atom a)
-- Convert an atom to a sequence of 8 bytes in IEEE 64-bit format
    return machine_func(M_A_TO_F64, a)
end function

global function atom_to_float32(atom a)
-- Convert an atom to a sequence of 4 bytes in IEEE 32-bit format
    return machine_func(M_A_TO_F32, a)
end function

global function float64_to_atom(sequence_8 ieee64)
-- Convert a sequence of 8 bytes in IEEE 64-bit format to an atom
    return machine_func(M_F64_TO_A, ieee64)
end function

global function float32_to_atom(sequence_4 ieee32)
-- Convert a sequence of 4 bytes in IEEE 32-bit format to an atom
    return machine_func(M_F32_TO_A, ieee32)
end function

global function allocate_string(sequence s)
-- create a C-style null-terminated string in memory
    atom mem

    mem = allocate(length(s) + 1)
    if mem then
    poke(mem, s & 0)
    end if
    return mem
end function

-- variables and routines used in safe.e
without warning
integer check_calls
check_calls = 1

global procedure register_block(atom block_addr, atom block_len)
end procedure

global procedure unregister_block(atom block_addr)
end procedure

global procedure check_all_blocks()
end procedure
with warning

-- This file (unless modified) counts as 0 statements.
with 953103301 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

MISC.E
2143
-- Miscellaneous routines and constants

global constant DOS32 = 1, -- ex.exe
        WIN32 = 2, -- exw.exe
        LINUX = 3  -- exu

constant M_INSTANCE = 55, M_SLEEP = 64

global function instance()
-- WIN32: returns hInstance - handle to this instance of the program
-- DOS32: returns 0
    return machine_func(M_INSTANCE, 0)
end function

global procedure sleep(integer t)
-- go to sleep for t seconds
-- allowing (on WIN32 and Linux) other processes to run
    if t > 0 then
    machine_proc(M_SLEEP, t)
    end if
end procedure

global function reverse(sequence s)
-- reverse the top-level elements of a sequence.
-- Thanks to Hawke' for helping to make this run faster.
    integer lower, n
    sequence t

    n = length(s)
    t = repeat(0, n)
    lower = 1
    for upper = n to floor(n/2)+1 by -1 do
    t[upper] = s[lower]
    t[lower] = s[upper]
    lower += 1
    end for
    return t
end function

global function sprint(object x)
-- Return the string representation of any Euphoria data object.
-- This is the same as the output from print(1, x) or '?', but it's
-- returned as a string sequence rather than printed.
    sequence s

    if atom(x) then
    return sprintf("%.10g", x)
    else
    s = "{"
    for i = 1 to length(x) do
        s &= sprint(x[i])
        if i < length(x) then
        s &= ','
        end if
    end for
    s &= "}"
    return s
    end if
end function

-- trig formulas provided by Larry Gregg

global constant PI = 3.141592653589793238

constant PI_HALF =  PI / 2.0  -- this is pi/2

type trig_range(object x)
--  values passed to arccos and arcsin must be [-1,+1]
    if atom(x) then
    return x >= -1 and x <= 1
    else
    for i = 1 to length(x) do
        if not trig_range(x[i]) then
        return 0
        end if
    end for
    return 1
    end if
end type

global function arccos(trig_range x)
--  returns angle in radians
    return PI_HALF - 2 * arctan(x / (1.0 + sqrt(1.0 - x * x)))
end function

global function arcsin(trig_range x)
--  returns angle in radians
    return 2 * arctan(x / (1.0 + sqrt(1.0 - x * x)))
end function

-- This file (unless modified) counts as 0 statements.
with 63010154 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

MOUSE.E
1438
        --------------------
        -- Mouse Routines --
        --------------------
-- DOS32 - you need a mouse driver
-- Linux - you need GPM server to be running
-- WIN32 - not implemented yet for the text console

include misc.e

-- Mouse Events:
global integer MOVE, LEFT_DOWN, LEFT_UP, RIGHT_DOWN, RIGHT_UP,
           MIDDLE_DOWN, MIDDLE_UP, ANY_UP

if platform() = LINUX then
    MOVE = 0
    LEFT_DOWN = 4
    LEFT_UP = 4
    RIGHT_DOWN = 1
    RIGHT_UP = 1
    MIDDLE_DOWN = 2
    MIDDLE_UP = 2
    ANY_UP = 35  -- LEFT, RIGHT or MIDDLE up (best you can do under xterm)
else
    MOVE = 1
    LEFT_DOWN = 2
    LEFT_UP = 4
    RIGHT_DOWN = 8
    RIGHT_UP = 16
    MIDDLE_DOWN = 32
    MIDDLE_UP = 64
end if

constant M_GET_MOUSE = 14,
     M_MOUSE_EVENTS = 15,
     M_MOUSE_POINTER = 24

global function get_mouse()
-- report mouse events,
-- returns -1 if no mouse event,
-- otherwise returns {event#, x-coord, y-coord}
    return machine_func(M_GET_MOUSE, 0)
end function

global procedure mouse_events(integer events)
-- select the mouse events to be reported by get_mouse()
-- e.g. mouse_events(LEFT_UP + LEFT_DOWN + RIGHT_DOWN)
    machine_proc(M_MOUSE_EVENTS, events)
end procedure

global procedure mouse_pointer(integer show_it)
-- show (1) or hide (0) the mouse pointer
    machine_proc(M_MOUSE_POINTER, show_it)
end procedure

-- This file (unless modified) counts as 0 statements.
with 92143742 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

MSGBOX.E
3508
-- message_box() function

include dll.e
include machine.e
include misc.e

without warning

-- Possible style values for message_box() style sequence
global constant
    MB_ABORTRETRYIGNORE = #02, --  Abort, Retry, Ignore
    MB_APPLMODAL = #00,       -- User must respond before doing something else
    MB_DEFAULT_DESKTOP_ONLY = #20000,
    MB_DEFBUTTON1 = #00,      -- First button is default button
    MB_DEFBUTTON2 = #100,      -- Second button is default button
    MB_DEFBUTTON3 = #200,      -- Third button is default button
    MB_DEFBUTTON4 = #300,   -- Fourth button is default button
    MB_HELP = #4000,            -- Windows 95: Help button generates help event
    MB_ICONASTERISK = #40,
    MB_ICONERROR = #10,
    MB_ICONEXCLAMATION = #30, -- Exclamation-point appears in the box
    MB_ICONHAND = MB_ICONERROR,        -- A hand appears
    MB_ICONINFORMATION = MB_ICONASTERISK,-- Lowercase letter i in a circle appears
    MB_ICONQUESTION = #20,    -- A question-mark icon appears
    MB_ICONSTOP = MB_ICONHAND,
    MB_ICONWARNING = MB_ICONEXCLAMATION,
    MB_OK = #00,              -- Message box contains one push button: OK
    MB_OKCANCEL = #01,        -- Message box contains OK and Cancel
    MB_RETRYCANCEL = #05,     -- Message box contains Retry and Cancel
    MB_RIGHT = #80000,        -- Windows 95: The text is right-justified
    MB_RTLREADING = #100000,   -- Windows 95: For Hebrew and Arabic systems
    MB_SERVICE_NOTIFICATION = #40000, -- Windows NT: The caller is a service
    MB_SETFOREGROUND = #10000,   -- Message box becomes the foreground window
    MB_SYSTEMMODAL  = #1000,    -- All applications suspended until user responds
    MB_TASKMODAL = #2000,       -- Similar to MB_APPLMODAL
    MB_YESNO = #04,           -- Message box contains Yes and No
    MB_YESNOCANCEL = #03      -- Message box contains Yes, No, and Cancel

-- possible values returned by MessageBox()
-- 0 means failure
global constant IDABORT = 3,  -- Abort button was selected.
        IDCANCEL = 2, -- Cancel button was selected.
        IDIGNORE = 5, -- Ignore button was selected.
        IDNO = 7,     -- No button was selected.
        IDOK = 1,     -- OK button was selected.
        IDRETRY = 4,  -- Retry button was selected.
        IDYES = 6    -- Yes button was selected.

atom lib
integer msgbox_id, get_active_id

if platform() = WIN32 then
    lib = open_dll("user32.dll")
    msgbox_id = define_c_func(lib, "MessageBoxA", {C_POINTER, C_POINTER,
                           C_POINTER, C_INT}, C_INT)
    if msgbox_id = -1 then
    puts(2, "couldn't find MessageBoxA\n")
    abort(1)
    end if

    get_active_id = define_c_func(lib, "GetActiveWindow", {}, C_LONG)
    if get_active_id = -1 then
    puts(2, "couldn't find GetActiveWindow\n")
    abort(1)
    end if
end if

global function message_box(sequence text, sequence title, object style)
    integer or_style
    atom text_ptr, title_ptr, ret

    text_ptr = allocate_string(text)
    if not text_ptr then
    return 0
    end if
    title_ptr = allocate_string(title)
    if not title_ptr then
    free(text_ptr)
    return 0
    end if
    if atom(style) then
    or_style = style
    else
    or_style = 0
    for i = 1 to length(style) do
        or_style = or_bits(or_style, style[i])
    end for
    end if
    ret = c_func(msgbox_id, {c_func(get_active_id, {}),
                 text_ptr, title_ptr, or_style})
    free(text_ptr)
    free(title_ptr)
    return ret
end function

-- This file (unless modified) counts as 0 statements.
with 80075173 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

SAFE.E
21382
        ----------------------------------------
        -- Machine Level Programming for 386+ --
        -- * DEBUGGING VERSION of machine.e * --
        ----------------------------------------

-- How To Use This File:

-- 1. Copy safe.e into the same directory as your main .ex[w] file and
--    rename safe.e as machine.e in that directory. (Do NOT simply
--    include safe.e, or you may have naming conflicts.)

-- 2. If your program doesn't already include machine.e add:
--           include machine.e
--    to your main .ex[w] file at the top.

-- 3. If necessary, call register_block(address, length) to add additional
--    "external" blocks of memory to the safe_address_list. These are blocks
--    of memory that are safe to read/write but which you did not acquire
--    through Euphoria's allocate() or allocate_low(). Call
--    unregister_block(address) when you want to prevent further access to
--    an external block.

-- 4. Run your program. It might be 10x slower than normal but it's
--    worth it to catch a nasty bug.

-- 5. If a bug is caught, you will hear some "beep" sounds.
--    Press Enter to clear the screen and see the error message.
--    There will be a "divide by zero" traceback in ex.err
--    (if you are eligible for diagnostic dumps) so you can find the
--    statement that is making the illegal memory access.

-- 6. When you are finished debugging and want to run at full speed,
--    remove or rename the local copy of machine.e (really safe.e)
--    in your directory.

-- This file is equivalent to machine.e, but it overrides the built-in
-- routines:
--     poke, peek, poke4, peek4s, peek4u, call, mem_copy, and mem_set
-- and it provides alternate versions of:
--     allocate, allocate_low, free, free_low

global integer check_calls
check_calls = 1   -- check all blocks for boundary corruption after each
          -- call(), dos_interrupt(), c_proc(), or c_func().
          -- To save time, your program can turn off this checking by
          -- setting check_calls to 0.

-- from misc.e and graphics.e:
constant M_SOUND = 1

-- Your program will only be allowed to read/write areas of memory
-- that it allocated (and hasn't freed), as well as areas in low memory
-- that you list below, or add dynamically via register_block().

sequence safe_address_list
-- Include the starting address and length of any
-- acceptable areas of memory for peek/poke here.
-- Set allocation number to 0.
if platform() = 1 then -- DOS32
    safe_address_list = {
--      {start , length , allocation_number}
    {#A0000, 200*320, 0},   -- mode 19 pixel memory, start & length
      --{#B0000, 4000   , 0},   -- monochrome text memory, first page
    {#B8000, 8000   , 0},   -- color text memory, first page, 50-line mode
    {1024  , 100    , 0}    -- keyboard buffer area (roughly)
    -- add more here
}
else
    safe_address_list = {}
end if

with type_check

puts(1, "\n\t\tUsing Debug Version of machine.e\n")
atom t
t = time()
while time() < t + 3 do
end while

constant OK = 1, BAD = 0
constant M_ALLOC = 16,
     M_FREE = 17,
     M_ALLOC_LOW = 32,
     M_FREE_LOW = 33,
     M_INTERRUPT = 34,
     M_SET_RAND = 35,
     M_USE_VESA = 36,
     M_CRASH_MESSAGE = 37,
     M_TICK_RATE = 38,
     M_GET_VECTOR = 39,
     M_SET_VECTOR = 40,
     M_LOCK_MEMORY = 41,
     M_A_TO_F64 = 46,
     M_F64_TO_A = 47,
     M_A_TO_F32 = 48,
     M_F32_TO_A = 49,
     M_CRASH_FILE = 57

-- biggest address on a 32-bit machine
constant MAX_ADDR = power(2, 32)-1

-- biggest address accessible to 16-bit real mode
constant LOW_ADDR = power(2, 20)-1

type positive_int(integer x)
    return x >= 1
end type

type natural(integer x)
    return x >= 0
end type

type machine_addr(atom a)
-- a 32-bit non-null machine address
    return a > 0 and a <= MAX_ADDR and floor(a) = a
end type

type far_addr(sequence a)
-- protected mode far address {seg, offset}
    return length(a) = 2 and integer(a[1]) and machine_addr(a[2])
end type

type low_machine_addr(atom a)
-- a legal low machine address
    return a > 0 and a <= LOW_ADDR and floor(a) = a
end type

function safe_address(atom start, integer len)
-- is it ok to read/write all addresses from start to start+len-1?
    atom block_start, block_upper, upper
    sequence block

    upper = start + len
    -- search the list of safe memory blocks:
    for i = 1 to length(safe_address_list) do
    block = safe_address_list[i]
    block_start = block[1]
    if start >= block_start then
        block_upper = block_start + block[2]
        if upper <= block_upper then
        if i > 1 then
            -- move block i to the top and move 1..i-1 down
            if i = 2 then
            -- common case, subscript is faster than slice:
            safe_address_list[2] = safe_address_list[1]
            else
            safe_address_list[2..i] = safe_address_list[1..i-1]
            end if
            safe_address_list[1] = block
        end if
        return OK
        end if
    end if
    end for
    return BAD -- not found in any safe block
end function

procedure die(sequence msg)
-- Terminate with a message.
-- makes warning beeps first so you can see what's happening on the screen
    atom t

    for i = 1 to 7 do
    machine_proc(M_SOUND, 1000)
    t = time()
    while time() < t + .1 do
    end while
    machine_proc(M_SOUND, 0)
    t = time()
    while time() < t + .1 do
    end while
    end for
    puts(1, "\n *** Press Enter *** ")
    if getc(0) then
    end if
    if machine_func(5, -1) then -- graphics_mode
    end if
    puts(1, "\n\n" & msg & "\n\n")
    if getc(0) then
    end if
    ? 1/0 -- force traceback
end procedure

function bad_address(atom a)
-- show address in decimal and hex
    return sprintf(" ADDRESS!!!! %d (#%08x)", {a, a})
end function

function original_peek(object x)
    return peek(x) -- Euphoria's normal peek
end function

without warning
-- override "peek" with debug peek
global function peek(object x)
-- safe version of peek
    integer len
    atom a

    if atom(x) then
    len = 1
    a = x
    else
    len = x[2]
    a = x[1]
    end if
    if safe_address(a, len) then
    return original_peek(x)
    else
    die("BAD PEEK" & bad_address(a))
    end if
end function

function original_peek4s(object x)
    return peek4s(x) -- Euphoria's normal peek
end function

-- override "peek4s" with debug peek4s
global function peek4s(object x)
-- safe version of peek4s
    integer len
    atom a

    if atom(x) then
    len = 4
    a = x
    else
    len = x[2]*4
    a = x[1]
    end if
    if safe_address(a, len) then
    return original_peek4s(x)
    else
    die("BAD PEEK4S" & bad_address(a))
    end if
end function

function original_peek4u(object x)
    return peek4u(x) -- Euphoria's normal peek
end function

-- override "peek4u" with debug peek4u
global function peek4u(object x)
-- safe version of peek4u
    integer len
    atom a

    if atom(x) then
    len = 4
    a = x
    else
    len = x[2]*4
    a = x[1]
    end if
    if safe_address(a, len) then
    return original_peek4u(x)
    else
    die("BAD PEEK4U" & bad_address(a))
    end if
end function

procedure original_poke(atom a, object v)
    poke(a, v)
end procedure

global procedure poke(atom a, object v)
-- safe version of poke
    integer len

    if atom(v) then
    len = 1
    else
    len = length(v)
    end if
    if safe_address(a, len) then
    original_poke(a, v)
    else
    die("BAD POKE" & bad_address(a))
    end if
end procedure

procedure original_poke4(atom a, object v)
    poke4(a, v)
end procedure

global procedure poke4(atom a, object v)
-- safe version of poke4
    integer len

    if atom(v) then
    len = 4
    else
    len = length(v)*4
    end if
    if safe_address(a, len) then
    original_poke4(a, v)
    else
    die("BAD POKE4" & bad_address(a))
    end if
end procedure

procedure original_mem_copy(atom target, atom source, atom len)
    mem_copy(target, source, len)
end procedure

global procedure mem_copy(machine_addr target, machine_addr source, natural len)
-- safe mem_copy
    if not safe_address(target, len) then
    die("BAD MEM_COPY TARGET" & bad_address(target))
    elsif not safe_address(source, len) then
    die("BAD MEM_COPY SOURCE" & bad_address(source))
    else
    original_mem_copy(target, source, len)
    end if
end procedure

procedure original_mem_set(atom target, atom value, integer len)
    mem_set(target, value, len)
end procedure

global procedure mem_set(machine_addr target, atom value, natural len)
-- safe mem_set
    if safe_address(target, len) then
    original_mem_set(target, value, len)
    else
    die("BAD MEM_SET" & bad_address(target))
    end if
end procedure

atom allocation_num
allocation_num = 0
constant BORDER_SPACE = 40
constant leader = repeat('@', BORDER_SPACE)
constant trailer = repeat('%', BORDER_SPACE)

procedure show_byte(atom m)
-- display byte at memory location m
    integer c

    c = original_peek(m)
    if c <= 9 then
    printf(1, "%d", c)
    elsif c < 32 or c > 127 then
    printf(1, "%d #%02x", {c, c})
    else
    if c = leader[1] or c = trailer[1] then
        printf(1, "%s", c)
    else
        printf(1, "%d #%02x '%s'", {c, c, c})
    end if
    end if
    puts(1, ",  ")
end procedure

procedure show_block(sequence block_info)
-- display a corrupted block and die
    integer len, id, bad, p
    atom start

    start = block_info[1]
    len = block_info[2]
    id = block_info[3]
    printf(1, "BLOCK# %d, START: #%x, SIZE %d\n", {id, start, len})
    -- check pre-block
    bad = 0
    for i = start-BORDER_SPACE to start-1 do
    p = original_peek(i)
    if p != leader[1] or bad then
        bad += 1
        if bad = 1 then
        puts(1, "DATA WAS STORED ILLEGALLY, JUST BEFORE THIS BLOCK:\n")
        puts(1, "(" & leader[1] & " characters are OK)\n")
        printf(1, "#%x: ", i)
        end if
        show_byte(i)
    end if
    end for
    puts(1, "\nDATA WITHIN THE BLOCK:\n")
    printf(1, "#%x: ", start)
    if len <= 30 then
    -- show whole block
    for i = start to start+len-1 do
        show_byte(i)
    end for
    else
    -- first part of block
    for i = start to start+14 do
        show_byte(i)
    end for
    -- last part of block
    puts(1, "\n ...\n")
    printf(1, "#%x: ", start+len-15)
    for i = start+len-15 to start+len-1 do
        show_byte(i)
    end for
    end if
    bad = 0
    -- check post-block
    for i = start+len to start+len+BORDER_SPACE-1 do
    p = original_peek(i)
    if p != trailer[1] or bad then
        bad += 1
        if bad = 1 then
        puts(1, "\nDATA WAS STORED ILLEGALLY, JUST AFTER THIS BLOCK:\n")
        puts(1, "(" & trailer[1] & " characters are OK)\n")
        printf(1, "#%x: ", i)
        end if
        show_byte(i)
    end if
    end for
    die("")
end procedure

global procedure check_all_blocks()
-- Check all allocated blocks for corruption of the leader and trailer areas.
    integer n
    atom a
    sequence block

    for i = 1 to length(safe_address_list) do
    block = safe_address_list[i]
    if block[3] >= 1 then
        -- a block that we allocated
        a = block[1]
        n = block[2]
        if not equal(leader,
             original_peek({a-BORDER_SPACE, BORDER_SPACE})) then
        show_block(block)
        elsif not equal(trailer,
             original_peek({a+n, BORDER_SPACE})) then
        show_block(block)
        end if
    end if
    end for
end procedure

procedure original_call(atom addr)
    call(addr)
end procedure

global procedure call(atom addr)
-- safe call - machine code must start in block that we own
    if safe_address(addr, 1) then
    original_call(addr)
    if check_calls then
        check_all_blocks() -- check for any corruption
    end if
    else
    die(sprintf("BAD CALL ADDRESS!!!! %d\n\n", addr))
    end if
end procedure

procedure original_c_proc(integer i, sequence s)
    c_proc(i, s)
end procedure

global procedure c_proc(integer i, sequence s)
    original_c_proc(i, s)
    if check_calls then
    check_all_blocks()
    end if
end procedure

function original_c_func(integer i, sequence s)
    return c_func(i, s)
end function

global function c_func(integer i, sequence s)
    object r

    r = original_c_func(i, s)
    if check_calls then
    check_all_blocks()
    end if
    return r
end function


global procedure register_block(machine_addr block_addr, positive_int block_len)
-- register an externally-acquired block of memory as being safe to use
    allocation_num += 1
    safe_address_list = prepend(safe_address_list, {block_addr, block_len,
       -allocation_num})
end procedure

global procedure unregister_block(machine_addr block_addr)
-- remove an external block of memory from the safe address list
    for i = 1 to length(safe_address_list) do
    if safe_address_list[i][1] = block_addr then
        if safe_address_list[i][3] >= 0 then
        die("ATTEMPT TO UNREGISTER A NON-EXTERNAL BLOCK")
        end if
        safe_address_list = safe_address_list[1..i-1] &
                   safe_address_list[i+1..length(safe_address_list)]
        return
    end if
    end for
    die("ATTEMPT TO UNREGISTER A BLOCK THAT WAS NOT REGISTERED!")
end procedure

function prepare_block(atom a, integer n)
-- set up an allocated block so we can check it for corruption
    if a = 0 then
    die("OUT OF MEMORY!")
    end if
    original_poke(a, leader)
    a += BORDER_SPACE
    original_poke(a+n, trailer)
    allocation_num += 1
--  if allocation_num = ??? then
--      trace(1) -- find out who allocated this block number
--  end if
    safe_address_list = prepend(safe_address_list, {a, n, allocation_num})
    return a
end function

global function allocate(positive_int n)
-- allocate memory block and add it to safe list
    atom a
    integer half

    a = machine_func(M_ALLOC, n+BORDER_SPACE*2)
    return prepare_block(a, n)
end function

global function allocate_low(positive_int n)
-- allocate memory block and add it to safe list
    atom a

    a = machine_func(M_ALLOC_LOW, n+BORDER_SPACE*2)
    return prepare_block(a, n)
end function

global procedure free(machine_addr a)
-- free address a - make sure it was allocated
    integer n

    for i = 1 to length(safe_address_list) do
    if safe_address_list[i][1] = a then
        -- check pre and post block areas
        if safe_address_list[i][3] <= 0 then
        die("ATTEMPT TO FREE A BLOCK THAT WAS NOT ALLOCATED!")
        end if
        n = safe_address_list[i][2]
        if not equal(leader, original_peek({a-BORDER_SPACE, BORDER_SPACE})) then
        show_block(safe_address_list[i])
        elsif not equal(trailer, original_peek({a+n, BORDER_SPACE})) then
        show_block(safe_address_list[i])
        end if
        machine_proc(M_FREE, a)
        -- remove it from list
        safe_address_list =
            safe_address_list[1..i-1] &
            safe_address_list[i+1..length(safe_address_list)]
        return
    end if
    end for
    die("ATTEMPT TO FREE USING AN ILLEGAL ADDRESS!")
end procedure

global procedure free_low(low_machine_addr a)
-- free low address a - make sure it was allocated
    integer n

    if a > 1024*1024 then
    die("TRYING TO FREE A HIGH ADDRESS USING free_low!")
    end if
    for i = 1 to length(safe_address_list) do
    if safe_address_list[i][1] = a then
        -- check pre and post block areas
        if safe_address_list[i][3] <= 0 then
        die("ATTEMPT TO FREE A BLOCK THAT WAS NOT ALLOCATED!")
        end if
        n = safe_address_list[i][2]
        if not equal(leader, original_peek({a-BORDER_SPACE, BORDER_SPACE})) then
        show_block(safe_address_list[i])
        elsif not equal(trailer, original_peek({a+n, BORDER_SPACE})) then
        show_block(safe_address_list[i])
        end if
        machine_proc(M_FREE_LOW, a)
        -- remove it from list
        safe_address_list =
            safe_address_list[1..i-1] &
            safe_address_list[i+1..length(safe_address_list)]
        return
    end if
    end for
    die("ATTEMPT TO FREE USING AN ILLEGAL ADDRESS!")
end procedure

global constant REG_LIST_SIZE = 10

type register_list(sequence r)
-- a list of register values
    return length(r) = REG_LIST_SIZE
end type

global function dos_interrupt(integer int_num, register_list input_regs)
-- call the DOS operating system via software interrupt int_num, using the
-- register values in input_regs. A similar register_list is returned.
-- It contains the register values after the interrupt.
    object r
    r = machine_func(M_INTERRUPT, {int_num, input_regs})
    if check_calls then
    check_all_blocks()
    end if
    return r
end function


----------- the rest is identical to machine.e ------------------------------

type sequence_8(sequence s)
-- an 8-element sequence
    return length(s) = 8
end type

type sequence_4(sequence s)
-- a 4-element sequence
    return length(s) = 4
end type

global constant REG_DI = 1,
        REG_SI = 2,
        REG_BP = 3,
        REG_BX = 4,
        REG_DX = 5,
        REG_CX = 6,
        REG_AX = 7,
        REG_FLAGS = 8, -- on input: ignored
                   -- on output: low bit has carry flag for
                   -- success/fail
        REG_ES = 9,
        REG_DS = 10

global function int_to_bytes(atom x)
-- returns value of x as a sequence of 4 bytes
-- that you can poke into memory
--      {bits 0-7,  (least significant)
--       bits 8-15,
--       bits 16-23,
--       bits 24-31} (most significant)
-- This is the order of bytes in memory on 386+ machines.
    integer a,b,c,d

    a = remainder(x, #100)
    x = floor(x / #100)
    b = remainder(x, #100)
    x = floor(x / #100)
    c = remainder(x, #100)
    x = floor(x / #100)
    d = remainder(x, #100)
    return {a,b,c,d}
end function

global function bytes_to_int(sequence s)
-- converts 4-byte peek() sequence into an integer value
    return s[1] +
       s[2] * #100 +
       s[3] * #10000 +
       s[4] * #1000000
end function

global function int_to_bits(atom x, integer nbits)
-- Returns the low-order nbits bits of x as a sequence of 1's and 0's.
-- Note that the least significant bits come first. You can use Euphoria's
-- and/or/not operators on sequences of bits. You can also subscript,
-- slice, concatenate etc. to manipulate bits.
    sequence bits
    integer mask

    bits = repeat(0, nbits)
    if integer(x) and nbits < 30 then
    -- faster method
    mask = 1
    for i = 1 to nbits do
        bits[i] = and_bits(x, mask) and 1
        mask *= 2
    end for
    else
    -- slower, but works for large x and large nbits
    if x < 0 then
        x += power(2, nbits) -- for 2's complement bit pattern
    end if
    for i = 1 to nbits do
        bits[i] = remainder(x, 2)
        x = floor(x / 2)
    end for
    end if
    return bits
end function

global function bits_to_int(sequence bits)
-- get the (positive) value of a sequence of "bits"
    atom value, p

    value = 0
    p = 1
    for i = 1 to length(bits) do
    if bits[i] then
        value += p
    end if
    p += p
    end for
    return value
end function

global procedure set_rand(integer seed)
-- Reset the random number generator.
-- A given value of seed will cause the same series of
-- random numbers to be generated from the rand() function
    machine_proc(M_SET_RAND, seed)
end procedure

global procedure use_vesa(integer code)
-- If code is 1 then force Euphoria to use the VESA graphics standard.
-- This may let Euphoria work better in SVGA modes with certain graphics cards.
-- If code is 0 then Euphoria's normal use of the graphics card is restored.
-- Values of code other than 0 or 1 should not be used.
    machine_proc(M_USE_VESA, code)
end procedure

global procedure crash_message(sequence msg)
-- Specify a final message to display for your user, in the event
-- that Euphoria has to shut down your program due to an error.
    machine_proc(M_CRASH_MESSAGE, msg)
end procedure

global procedure crash_file(sequence file_path)
-- Specify a file name in place of "ex.err" where you want
-- diagnostic information to be written.
    machine_proc(M_CRASH_FILE, file_path)
end procedure

global procedure tick_rate(atom rate)
-- Specify the number of clock-tick interrupts per second.
-- This determines the precision of the time() library routine,
-- and also the sampling rate for time profiling.
    machine_proc(M_TICK_RATE, rate)
end procedure

global function get_vector(integer int_num)
-- returns the current (far) address of the interrupt handler
-- for interrupt vector number int_num as a 2-element sequence:
-- {16-bit segment, 32-bit offset}
    return machine_func(M_GET_VECTOR, int_num)
end function

global procedure set_vector(integer int_num, far_addr a)
-- sets a new interrupt handler address for vector int_num
    machine_proc(M_SET_VECTOR, {int_num, a})
end procedure

global procedure lock_memory(machine_addr a, positive_int n)
-- Prevent a chunk of code or data from ever being swapped out to disk.
-- You should lock any code or data used by an interrupt handler.
    machine_proc(M_LOCK_MEMORY, {a, n})
end procedure

global function atom_to_float64(atom a)
-- Convert an atom to a sequence of 8 bytes in IEEE 64-bit format
    return machine_func(M_A_TO_F64, a)
end function

global function atom_to_float32(atom a)
-- Convert an atom to a sequence of 4 bytes in IEEE 32-bit format
    return machine_func(M_A_TO_F32, a)
end function

global function float64_to_atom(sequence_8 ieee64)
-- Convert a sequence of 8 bytes in IEEE 64-bit format to an atom
    return machine_func(M_F64_TO_A, ieee64)
end function

global function float32_to_atom(sequence_4 ieee32)
-- Convert a sequence of 4 bytes in IEEE 32-bit format to an atom
    return machine_func(M_F32_TO_A, ieee32)
end function

global function allocate_string(sequence s)
-- create a C-style null-terminated string in memory
    atom mem

    mem = allocate(length(s) + 1)
    poke(mem, s & 0)
    return mem
end function

-- This file (unless modified) counts as 0 statements.
with 447683372 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

SORT.E
1631
        -------------
        -- Sorting --
        -------------

-- Sort the elements of a sequence into ascending order, using "Shell" sort.

global function sort(sequence x)
-- Sort a sequence into ascending order. The elements can be atoms or
-- sequences. The standard compare() routine is used to compare elements.
    integer gap, j, first, last
    object tempi, tempj

    last = length(x)
    gap = floor(last / 3) + 1
    while 1 do
    first = gap + 1
    for i = first to last do
        tempi = x[i]
        j = i - gap
        while 1 do
        tempj = x[j]
        if compare(tempi, tempj) >= 0 then
            j += gap
            exit
        end if
        x[j+gap] = tempj
        if j <= gap then
            exit
        end if
        j -= gap
        end while
        x[j] = tempi
    end for
    if gap = 1 then
        return x
    else
        gap = floor(gap / 3) + 1
    end if
    end while
end function

global function custom_sort(integer custom_compare, sequence x)
-- Sort a sequence. A user-supplied comparison function is used
-- to compare elements.
    integer gap, j, first, last
    object tempi, tempj

    last = length(x)
    gap = floor(last / 3) + 1
    while 1 do
    first = gap + 1
    for i = first to last do
        tempi = x[i]
        j = i - gap
        while 1 do
        tempj = x[j]
        if call_func(custom_compare, {tempi, tempj}) >= 0 then
            j += gap
            exit
        end if
        x[j+gap] = tempj
        if j <= gap then
            exit
        end if
        j -= gap
        end while
        x[j] = tempi
    end for
    if gap = 1 then
        return x
    else
        gap = floor(gap / 3) + 1
    end if
    end while
end function

-- This file (unless modified) counts as 0 statements.
with 19276224 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

WILDCARD.E
2654
-- wildcard.e - wild card matching for strings and DOS file names

constant TO_LOWER = 'a' - 'A'

global function lower(object x)
-- convert atom or sequence to lower case
    return x + (x >= 'A' and x <= 'Z') * TO_LOWER
end function

global function upper(object x)
-- convert atom or sequence to upper case
    return x - (x >= 'a' and x <= 'z') * TO_LOWER
end function

function qmatch(sequence p, sequence s)
-- find pattern p in string s
-- p may have '?' wild cards (but not '*')
    integer k

    if not find('?', p) then
    return match(p, s) -- fast
    end if
    -- must allow for '?' wildcard
    for i = 1 to length(s) - length(p) + 1 do
    k = i
    for j = 1 to length(p) do
        if p[j] != s[k] and p[j] != '?' then
        k = 0
        exit
        end if
        k += 1
    end for
    if k != 0 then
        return i
    end if
    end for
    return 0
end function

constant END_MARKER = -1

global function wildcard_match(sequence pattern, sequence string)
-- returns TRUE if string matches pattern
-- pattern can include '*' and '?' "wildcard" characters
    integer p, f, t
    sequence match_string

    pattern = pattern & END_MARKER
    string = string & END_MARKER
    p = 1
    f = 1
    while f <= length(string) do
    if not find(pattern[p], {string[f], '?'}) then
        if pattern[p] = '*' then
        while pattern[p] = '*' do
            p += 1
        end while
        if pattern[p] = END_MARKER then
            return 1
        end if
        match_string = ""
        while pattern[p] != '*' do
            match_string = match_string & pattern[p]
            if pattern[p] = END_MARKER then
            exit
            end if
            p += 1
        end while
        if pattern[p] = '*' then
            p -= 1
        end if
        t = qmatch(match_string, string[f..length(string)])
        if t = 0 then
            return 0
        else
            f += t + length(match_string) - 2
        end if
        else
        return 0
        end if
    end if
    p += 1
    f += 1
    if p > length(pattern) then
        return f > length(string)
    end if
    end while
    return 0
end function

global function wildcard_file(sequence pattern, sequence filename)
-- Return 1 (TRUE) if filename matches the wild card pattern.
-- Similar to DOS wild card matching but better. For example,
-- "*ABC.*" in DOS will match *all* files, where this function will
-- only match when the file name part has "ABC" at the end.

    pattern = upper(pattern)
    filename = upper(filename)
    if not find('.', pattern) then
    pattern = pattern & '.'
    end if
    if not find('.', filename) then
    filename = filename & '.'
    end if
    return wildcard_match(pattern, filename)
end function

-- This file (unless modified) counts as 0 statements.
with 55041175 -- delete this statement if it causes an error

HOW2REG.EX
23925
-- Guide to Purchasing the Complete Edition of Euphoria
-- written by Junko C. Miura of Rapid Deployment Software
-- If you have trouble running this program, send e-mail
-- to: [e-mail]

include misc.e
include get.e
include graphics.e
include image.e

-- packages
constant WIN = "WIN32 + DOS32",
     DOS = "DOS32",
     LNX = "Linux",
     PLNX = " + Linux"

-- prices
constant COMPLETE_WIN = 39,
     COMPLETE_LNX = 25,
     COMPLETE_ALL = 59,
     SH = 5,
     DISCOUNT = 15

function string(integer amount)
    return sprintf("%d", amount)
end function

constant COMPLETE_WIN_ = string(COMPLETE_WIN),
     COMPLETE_LNX_ = string(COMPLETE_LNX),
     COMPLETE_ALL_ = string(COMPLETE_ALL),
     UPGRADE_WIN_ = string(COMPLETE_WIN - DISCOUNT),
     UPGRADE_ALL_ = string(COMPLETE_ALL - DISCOUNT),
     SH_ = string(SH),
     DISCOUNT_ = string(DISCOUNT)

constant strEsc =
 "Fill in or change the above information. &EPress 'Esc' key when " &
 "finished&7"

constant strGreeting0 =
 "\n\nYou will be asked several questions in the following menu screens. " &
 "Whether you are registering for the first time, or upgrading, " &
 "this tool will select the most " &
 "convenient way for you to order the Complete Edition " &
 "of Euphoria. " &
 "\n\n&4If you want to change any of your choices, you can always " &
 "run this program again.&7"

constant strGreeting =
 "\n\nEuphoria runs on Windows, DOS and Linux platforms." &
 "\n\nYou can choose from the following selections:" &
 "\n\t- &9" & WIN & "&7 package ($" & COMPLETE_WIN_ & ")" &
 "\n\t- &2" & LNX & "&7 package ($" & COMPLETE_LNX_ & ")" &
 "\n\t- &9" & WIN & "&2" & PLNX & "&7 package ($" & COMPLETE_ALL_ & ")" &
 "\n\nShipping and handling is $" & SH_ & "." &
 "\n\nIf you have access to the World Wide Web and you don't require " &
 "a disk or receipt, you can " &
 "&4save the shipping and handling cost&7. " &
 "\n\n&3All prices are in U.S. dollars.&7"

constant strGreeting1 =
 "\n\nWe offer a special discounted price for registered users who wish " &
 "to upgrade:" &
 "\n\n\t- Upgrade price of &9" & WIN & "&7 package ($" & UPGRADE_WIN_ &
 ")\n\t- Upgrade price of &9" & WIN & "&2" & PLNX & "&7 package ($" &
 UPGRADE_ALL_ & ")\n\n\nTo be eligible for the &9" & WIN & "&7 upgrade " &
 "price, you must have previously registered for the &9" & WIN &
 "&7 or &9" & DOS & "&7 package." &
 "\n\nRegistering for &2" & LNX & "&7-only does &Fnot&7 entitle you to a " &
 "discount on the &9" & WIN & "&7 package, but does allow you a discount " &
 "on the &9" & WIN & "&2" & PLNX & "&7 package."

constant strCC1 =
 "\t\t&DOrdering through DigiBuy\n" &
 "\t\t------------------------&7\n\n" &
 "You can order Euphoria from DigiBuy using your " &
 "&4MasterCard&7,&4 Visa&7,&4 American Express &7or&4 Discover Card&7." &
 "\n\n\nGo to our Web site:\n\n\t" &
 "&3http://www.RapidEuphoria.com/ &7\n\n" &
 "and click \"Register Now On-Line!\""

constant strCC3 =
 "\t\t&DOrdering through DigiBuy (continued)\n" &
 "\t\t------------------------------------&7\n\n" &
 "On the DigiBuy ordering page, select "

constant strCC4 =
 "\nFor technical assistance, volume discounts, or any other enquiries " &
 "please contact Rapid Deployment Software directly.\n\n"

constant strRDS0 =
 "\t&DOrdering directly from Rapid Deployment Software (continued)\n" &
 "\t------------------------------------------------------------&7"

constant strRDSGreet =
 "\t&DOrdering directly from Rapid Deployment Software\n" &
 "\t------------------------------------------------&7" &
 "\n\n&4You can order by postal mail directly from " &
 "Rapid Deployment Software.&7" &
 "\n\nYou need to send an order form to RDS by postal mail. \n\nNext, you " &
 "will be asked some questions, so we can create an order form " &
 "for you. Send this order form to RDS when you decide to register." &
 "\n\nFor your convenience, you can print the file &EMYORDER.FRM&7 " &
 "and send it along with your check or money order. If you don't " &
 "have a printer, just copy the essential information to a sheet of paper."

constant strRDSUpgrade =
 strRDS0 &
 "\n\nYou can upgrade to v2.2 and get a discount of $" &
 DISCOUNT_ & ".00 U.S. \n\nYou must mail us the order form " &
 "&EMYORDER.FRM&7 that you generate from this tool " &
 "along with your check."

constant strRDSFormNotice0 =
 "&3Please make sure that the following data is correct.&7\n\n"

constant strRDSOrder =
 "\n         Euphoria Complete Edition Order Form v2.2 (or later)" &
 "\n         ----------------------------------------------------" &
 "\n\n Enclose a check or money order payable to:\n" &
 "      Rapid Deployment Software\n" &
 "      130 Holm Crescent\n" &
 "      Thornhill, Ontario\n" &
 "      L3T 5J3\n" &
 "      CANADA\n\n\n" &
 " Ship Euphoria to:\n\n"

constant strRDSFormNotice =
 strRDS0 &
 "\n\n&EMYORDER.FRM&7 has been created in the current directory. " &
 "&4You can print it and send it with a check or money order to RDS " &
 "when you are ready.&7 If you don't have a printer, just copy the " &
 "essential information to a sheet of paper." &
 "\n\n&3The total cost is U.S. $"

constant strRDSFormNotice1 =
 "\n\n&3We can accept a personal check or money order " &
 "\n\t\tin your country's currency, or " &
 "\n\t\tin Canadian dollars, or " &
 "\n\t\tin U.S. dollars." &
 "\n\nPlease do a fair conversion from the U.S. dollar price.&7 "

constant strRDSFormNotice2 =
 "\n\n&3You can make a check or money order at your bank or " &
 "post office. Please make it in either U.S. dollars, or preferably " &
 "in Canadian dollars.&7"

constant strRDSCheck =
 strRDS0 &
 "\n\nMake your check or money order payable to: " &
 "\n\n\t    &4Rapid Deployment Software&7 " &
 "\n\n\t    130 Holm Crescent " &
 "\n\t    Thornhill, Ontario " &
 "\n\t    L3T 5J3 " &
 "\n\t    CANADA " &
 "\n\n\t    Phone [phone] " &
 "\n\t    Fax   [phone]\n\n" &
 "\nand include a print-out of &EMYORDER.FRM&7\n\n"

--****************************************************************************
constant TRUE = 1, FALSE = 0, SCREEN = 1
constant CR = 13, TAB = 9, ARROW_LEFT = 331, ARROW_RIGHT = 333,
     ARROW_UP = 328, ARROW_DOWN = 336, ESC = 27, DELETE = 339,
     FORM_FEED = 12
constant USA = 'U', CANADA = 'C', OTHER = 'O'
constant YES = 'Y', NO = 'N'
constant WIN_DOS = 'W', LNX_ONLY = 'L'
integer BS
if platform() = LINUX then
    BS = 263
else
    BS = 8
end if

-- field types and indices of the various fields for the menu screen
constant STRING = 1, NUMERIC = 2
constant PROMPT = 1,
     DATA_TYPE = 2,
     LINE = 3,
     COLUMN = 4,
     DATA_COLUMN = 5,
     LENGTH = 6,
     MAX_COLUMN_NO = 7, -- cursor can come, but no entry in THIS column
     DEFAULT_VALUE = 8,
     UNIT_PRICE = 9

constant FINISH = 0, UP = 1, DOWN = 2


sequence fields -- fields info for the menu screen, definition comes later
sequence input_values   -- user response to fields

integer COUNTRY_INDEX, EMAIL_INDEX, UPGRADE_INDEX,
    SHIPPING_INDEX, PLATFORM_INDEX
    -- field specific variables and constants finish here

integer screenWidth, maxNumLines, numColumns, monoMonitor
integer country, whichPkg, isUpgrade
integer haveCC
integer countryOk, downloadOnly, totalPrice, printNow


function indexLastNonBlankChar(sequence str)
    integer allBlanks, i

    i = length(str)
    allBlanks = TRUE
    while allBlanks and i >= 1 do
    if str[i] = ' ' then
        i -= 1
    else
        allBlanks = FALSE
    end if
    end while
    return i
end function


procedure set_color(integer color)
    if monoMonitor then
    return
    else
    text_color(color)
    end if
end procedure


procedure waitResponse(sequence str)
-- wait for the key response indicated by a parameter
    integer char

    position(maxNumLines, screenWidth - length(str))
    puts(SCREEN,str)
    while TRUE do
    char = wait_key()
    if char = CR or '\n' then
        clear_screen()
        exit
    end if
    end while
end procedure


function upper_key()
    integer char
    object line

    line = gets(0)
    if sequence(line) then
    char = line[1]
    else
    char = CR
    end if
    if char >= 'a' and char <= 'z' then
    char += 'A' - 'a'
    end if
    return char
end function


procedure color_puts(integer color, object x)
    set_color(color)
    puts(SCREEN, x)
    set_color(WHITE)
end procedure


procedure display(sequence paragraph)
-- neatly display some multi-colored text
    integer column, i

    column = 1
    i = 1
    while i <= length(paragraph) do
    if paragraph[i] = '\n' then
        puts(SCREEN, paragraph[i])
        column = 1
    elsif paragraph[i] = '&' then
        set_color(find(paragraph[i+1], "0123456789ABCDEF")-1)
        i += 1
    else
        puts(SCREEN, paragraph[i])
        column += 1
        if column > numColumns and
        (paragraph[i] = ' ' or paragraph[i] = '-') then
        puts(SCREEN, '\n')
        column = 1
        end if
    end if
    i += 1
    end while
end procedure


procedure putGreeting(sequence s)
    color_puts(BRIGHT_MAGENTA, "\n\tHow to Register for the Complete " &
        "Edition of Euphoria\n\t-----------------------------" &
        "-----------------------\n\n")
    display(s)
    waitResponse("press 'Enter' for NEXT")
end procedure


procedure greetings()
    sequence vc

    vc = video_config()
    monoMonitor = not vc[VC_COLOR]
    screenWidth = vc[VC_COLUMNS]
    numColumns = screenWidth - 15
    maxNumLines = vc[VC_LINES]
    clear_screen()
    putGreeting(strGreeting0)
    putGreeting(strGreeting)
    putGreeting(strGreeting1)
end procedure


function ask(sequence str)
    integer i
    sequence choices, pos

    choices = {}
    i = 1
    while i <= length(str) do
    if str[i] = '&' then
        i += 1           -- note i is incremented here by one already
        color_puts(YELLOW, str[i])
        if str[i] != '_' then
        choices &= str[i]
        end if
    else
        puts(SCREEN, str[i])
    end if
    i += 1               -- increment i
    end while

    if length(choices) > 0 then
    pos = get_position()
    position(pos[1], pos[2] - 1)
    while TRUE do
        i = find(upper_key(), choices)
        if i != 0 then
        return choices[i]
        else
        puts(SCREEN, "\nPlease enter ")
        for j = 1 to length(choices) - 2 do
            color_puts(YELLOW, choices[j])
            puts(SCREEN, ", ")
        end for
        color_puts(YELLOW, choices[length(choices) - 1])
        puts(SCREEN, " or ")
        color_puts(YELLOW, choices[length(choices)])
        puts(SCREEN, ':')
        end if
    end while
    end if
end function


procedure CCard()
    integer cost
    sequence str

    clear_screen()
    display(strCC1)
    waitResponse("press 'Enter' for NEXT")

    str = "&4Euphoria "
    if whichPkg = WIN_DOS then
    cost = COMPLETE_WIN
    str = str & "&9" & WIN & " "
    elsif whichPkg = LNX_ONLY then
    cost = COMPLETE_LNX
    str = str & "&2" & LNX & " "
    else
    cost = COMPLETE_ALL
    str = str & "&9" & WIN & "&2" & PLNX & " "
    end if

    if isUpgrade = YES then
    cost = cost - DISCOUNT
    str &= "&4upgrade, "
    end if
    if downloadOnly = NO then
    cost += SH
    str &= "&4with shipping and handling"
    else
    str &= "&4with download-only option"
    end if

    display(strCC3 & str & "&7. The charge will be $" &
        string(cost) & ".00 U.S.\n\n" & strCC4)
end procedure


procedure displayFields()
    sequence fieldInsert

    -- define the description of the various fields for the menu screen
    COUNTRY_INDEX = 7       -- these are indices into fields, better NOT
    EMAIL_INDEX = 8         --   to be constants
    PLATFORM_INDEX = 9
    UPGRADE_INDEX = 10      -- note that UPGRADE_INDEX and SHIPPING_INDEX are
    SHIPPING_INDEX = 10     --   the same value

    fields =
    {
      {"Your Name",       STRING,  5, 7, 27, 35, screenWidth, "", ""},
      {"Your Address",    STRING,  7, 7, 27, 35, screenWidth, "", ""},
      {"",                STRING,  8, 7, 27, 35, screenWidth, "", ""},
      {"",                STRING,  9, 7, 27, 35, screenWidth, "", ""},
      {"",                STRING, 10, 7, 27, 35, screenWidth, "", ""},
      {"",                STRING, 11, 7, 27, 35, screenWidth, "", ""},
      {"Country",         STRING, 12, 7, 27, 30, screenWidth, "", ""},
      {"E-mail address",  STRING, 14, 7, 27, 35, screenWidth, "", ""}
    }

    if whichPkg = WIN_DOS then
    fields &=
    {
      {"Complete Edition WIN32 + DOS32          @  $" &
                  sprintf("%2d.00", COMPLETE_WIN),
                  NUMERIC, 18, 7, 62, 2, 64, "1", COMPLETE_WIN}
    }
    elsif whichPkg = LNX_ONLY then
    fields &=
    {
      {"Complete Edition Linux                  @  $" &
                  sprintf("%2d.00", COMPLETE_LNX),
                  NUMERIC, 18, 7, 62, 2, 64, "1", COMPLETE_LNX}
    }
    else
    fields &=
    {
      {"Complete Edition WIN32 + DOS32 + Linux  @  $" &
                  sprintf("%2d.00", COMPLETE_ALL),
                  NUMERIC, 18, 7, 62, 2, 64, "1", COMPLETE_ALL}
    }
    end if
    fields &=
    {
      {"shipping/handling                       @  $",
                  NUMERIC, 19, 7, 62, 2, 64, "1", SH}
    }

    fieldInsert =
      {"upgrade discount                        @ -$" &
                  sprintf("%2d.00", DISCOUNT),
                  NUMERIC, 19, 7, 62, 2, 64, "1", -DISCOUNT}

    if country = USA then
    fields[COUNTRY_INDEX][DEFAULT_VALUE] = "U.S.A."
    fields[SHIPPING_INDEX][PROMPT] &= sprintf("%2d.00", SH)
    elsif country = CANADA then
    fields[COUNTRY_INDEX][DEFAULT_VALUE] = "CANADA"
    fields[SHIPPING_INDEX][PROMPT] &= sprintf("%2d.00", SH)
    else
    fields[SHIPPING_INDEX][PROMPT] &= sprintf("%2d.00", SH)
    end if

    if isUpgrade = YES then
    fields = append(append(fields[1..PLATFORM_INDEX], fieldInsert),
            fields[SHIPPING_INDEX])
    SHIPPING_INDEX += 1
    fields[SHIPPING_INDEX][LINE] += 1
    end if

    if downloadOnly = YES then
    fields[SHIPPING_INDEX][DEFAULT_VALUE] = "0"
    end if

    clear_screen()
    display(strRDS0)

    -- display all the prompts
    for i = 1 to length(fields) do
    position(fields[i][LINE], fields[i][COLUMN])
    puts(SCREEN, fields[i][PROMPT])
    position(fields[i][LINE], fields[i][DATA_COLUMN])
    puts(SCREEN, repeat('_', fields[i][LENGTH]))
    position(fields[i][LINE], fields[i][DATA_COLUMN])
    puts(SCREEN, fields[i][DEFAULT_VALUE])
    end for
    position(17, 7)
    color_puts(RED, "description                                 price" &
           "   quantity\n")
end procedure


function key_gets(integer fieldNo)
   integer line, init_column, column, indicator, char, maxColNo, num, num1
   sequence cursor, temp, temp1

   cursor = get_position()
   line = cursor[1]
   init_column = cursor[2]
   maxColNo = fields[fieldNo][MAX_COLUMN_NO]
   column = init_column
   while TRUE do
    char = wait_key()

    if char = CR or char = '\n' or char = TAB or char = ARROW_DOWN then
        indicator = DOWN
        exit

    elsif char = ARROW_UP then
        indicator = UP
        exit

    elsif char = ESC then
        indicator = FINISH
        exit

    elsif char = DELETE then
        if column >= init_column and column < maxColNo then
        temp = save_text_image({line, column + 1},
                       {line, maxColNo - 1})
        temp = temp[1]          -- temp now is a single sequence
        temp1 = ""
        for j = 1 to length(temp) - 1 by 2 do
            temp1 = append(temp1, temp[j])
        end for
        temp1 = temp1[1..indexLastNonBlankChar(temp1)]
        puts(SCREEN, temp1)
        num = fields[fieldNo][DATA_COLUMN] + fields[fieldNo][LENGTH]
        num1 = column + length(temp1)
        if num1 < num then      -- num1 is a cursor column position
            puts(SCREEN, repeat('_', num - num1))
        else
            puts(SCREEN, repeat(' ', maxColNo - num1))
        end if
        position(line, column)
        end if

    elsif char = ARROW_RIGHT then
        if column < maxColNo then
        column += 1
        position(line, column)
        end if

    elsif char = BS then
        if column > init_column then
        if column < maxColNo then
            temp = save_text_image({line, column},
                       {line, maxColNo - 1})
            temp = temp[1]          -- temp now is a single sequence
            temp1 = ""
            for j = 1 to length(temp) - 1 by 2 do
            temp1 = append(temp1, temp[j])
            end for
            temp1 = temp1[1..indexLastNonBlankChar(temp1)]
            column -= 1
            position(line, column)
            puts(SCREEN, temp1)
            num = fields[fieldNo][DATA_COLUMN] +
              fields[fieldNo][LENGTH]
            num1 = column + length(temp1)
            if num1 < num then      -- num1 is a cursor column position
            puts(SCREEN, repeat('_', num - num1))
            else
            puts(SCREEN, repeat(' ', maxColNo - num1))
            end if
            position(line, column)
        elsif column = maxColNo then
            column -= 1
            position(line, column)
        end if
        end if

    elsif char = ARROW_LEFT then
        if column > init_column then
        column -= 1
        position(line, column)
        end if

    elsif char >= 32  and char <= 255 then
        if column < maxColNo then
        puts(SCREEN, char)
        column += 1
        end if

    end if
    end while
    return indicator
end function


procedure get_data()
-- get field values from user and return them as a sequence
    integer fieldNo, keyResults
    sequence temp, temp1

    displayFields()
    position(maxNumLines, screenWidth - length(strEsc))
    display(strEsc)

    -- let the user enter all data
    fieldNo = 1
    while TRUE do
    position(fields[fieldNo][LINE], fields[fieldNo][DATA_COLUMN])
    keyResults = key_gets(fieldNo)
    if keyResults = DOWN then
        if fieldNo < length(fields) then
        fieldNo += 1
        else
        fieldNo = 1
        end if

    elsif keyResults = UP then
        if fieldNo > 1 then
        fieldNo -= 1
        end if

    elsif keyResults = FINISH then
        exit

    end if
    end while

    -- collect all the input
    input_values = repeat("", length(fields))
    totalPrice = 0
    for i = 1 to length(fields) do
    temp = save_text_image({fields[i][LINE], fields[i][DATA_COLUMN]},
             {fields[i][LINE], fields[i][MAX_COLUMN_NO] - 1})
    temp = temp[1]
    for j = 1 to length(temp) - 1 by 2 do
        if temp[j] = '_' then
        temp[j] = ' '
        end if
        input_values[i] = append(input_values[i], temp[j])
    end for

    if fields[i][DATA_TYPE] = NUMERIC then
        temp = value(input_values[i])
        if temp[1] = GET_SUCCESS then
        input_values[i] = temp[2]
        elsif temp[1] = GET_EOF then    -- nothing in the field
        input_values[i] = 0
        else        -- non-numeric data in the field. Assign a default.
        temp1 = value(fields[i][DEFAULT_VALUE])
        input_values[i] = temp1[2]
        end if
        totalPrice += input_values[i] * fields[i][UNIT_PRICE]
    end if
    end for
end procedure

procedure displayCost()
    integer fn, k, totalCadPrice

    clear_screen()
    display(strRDSFormNotice0)
    -- display data for user's check on the screen here, then create a file
    fn = open("myorder.frm", "w")
    if fn = -1 then
    display("Can't create MYORDER.FRM ! We will abort execution.")
    abort(1)
    end if
    for j = 1 to 2 do
    if j = 1 then
        k = SCREEN
    else
        k = fn
        puts(k, strRDSOrder)
    end if
    for i = 1 to length(input_values) do
        if fields[i][DATA_TYPE] = NUMERIC then
        printf(k, " %-60s%d\n", {fields[i][PROMPT], input_values[i]})
        elsif i = EMAIL_INDEX then
        printf(k, "\n %-20s%s\n\n\n",
               {fields[i][PROMPT], input_values[i]})
        puts(k, " description                                 price" &
            "       quantity\n")
        puts(k, " --------------------------------------      -----" &
            "       --------\n")
        else
        printf(k, " %-20s%s\n", {fields[i][PROMPT], input_values[i]})
        end if
    end for
    printf(k, "%72s\n\n", {"----------------------------"})
    printf(k, "%51s%5d.00 %s\n", {"Total:", totalPrice, "U.S. dollars"})

    if country != USA then
        totalCadPrice = floor(totalPrice * 1.52)
        printf(k, "%51s%d.00 %s\n", {"(We will also accept ",
                      totalCadPrice, "Canadian dollars)"})
    end if
    puts(k, "\n")
    end for

    if input_values[SHIPPING_INDEX] = 0 then
    puts(fn, "\n\n You will download the Complete Edition software " &
        "from the \n World Wide Web. Send e-mail to [e-mail]" &
        " and we will\n give you the necessary " &
        "instructions. Nothing will be\n shipped to you by postal" &
        " mail.\n\n")
    end if
    puts(fn, 12) -- add a form feed
    close(fn)

    waitResponse("press 'Enter' for NEXT")
    display(strRDSFormNotice)
    printf(SCREEN, "%d.00", totalPrice)     -- printed in some bright color
    if country != USA then
    printf(SCREEN, " (or %d.00 Canadian dollars)", totalCadPrice)
    end if
    set_color(WHITE)                        -- change back the foreground color
    if country = OTHER then
    if countryOk = YES then
        display(strRDSFormNotice1)
    else
        display(strRDSFormNotice2)
    end if
    end if
    waitResponse("press 'Enter' for NEXT")
end procedure


procedure printRDSOrder()
    integer p, of, tryAgain
    object line

    puts(SCREEN, "\n\nPress any key when your printer is ready.")
    if wait_key() then
    end if
    if platform() = LINUX then
    system("cat myorder.frm | lpr", 2)
    else
    p = open("PRN", "w")
    if p = -1 then
        color_puts(RED, "\n\ncould not open printer. Make sure it " &
                "is on and connected.")
        tryAgain = ask("\n\nWould you like to try again? &Yes or &No &_")
        if tryAgain = YES then
        p = open("PRN", "w")
        if p = -1 then
            color_puts(RED, "\n\nStill can't open printer. You can " &
                    "print MYORDER.FRM file at a later time.")
            waitResponse("press 'Enter' for NEXT")
            return
        end if
        else
        return
        end if
    end if
    of = open("myorder.frm", "r")
    if of = -1 then
        display("\n\nCan't open MYORDER.FRM !")
        waitResponse("press 'Enter' for NEXT")
        return
    end if

    while TRUE do
        line = gets(of)
        if atom(line) then
        exit
        end if
        puts(p, line)
    end while
    puts(p, FORM_FEED)
    close(p)
    close(of)
    end if
end procedure


procedure RDSOrder()
    integer create

    clear_screen()
    display(strRDSGreet)
    create = ask("\n\nWould you like to create an order form now? " &
         "&Yes or &No &_")
    clear_screen()
    if create = NO then
    return
    end if

    display(strRDS0)
    country = ask("\n\nWhich country do you live in, &U.S.A., &Canada " &
          "or &Other? &_")
    countryOk = YES         -- USA or Canada currency is accepted
    if country = OTHER then
    countryOk = ask("\n\nDo you live in one of the following " &
        "countries?\n\n\t" &
        "\n\tAustralia,    Austria,      Barbados,      Belgium, " &
        "\n\tBritain,      Canada,       Denmark,       Finland, " &
        "\n\tFrance,       Greece,       Germany,       Hong Kong, " &
        "\n\tIreland,      Japan,        Mexico,        Netherlands, " &
        "\n\tNew Zealand,  Norway,       Portugal,      Spain, " &
        "\n\tSweden,       Switzerland,  United States" &
        "\n\n\t\t&Yes or &No &_")
    end if
    clear_screen()

    if isUpgrade = YES then
    display(strRDSUpgrade)
    waitResponse("press 'Enter' for NEXT")
    end if
    get_data()
    displayCost()
    display(strRDS0)
    printNow = ask("\n\nWould you like to print your order form right " &
           "now? &Yes or &No &_")
    if printNow = YES then
    printRDSOrder()
    end if
    clear_screen()
    display(strRDSCheck)
end procedure


-- *** start the main execution part
    greetings()
    whichPkg = ask("\nWhich package do you want to purchase?" &
           "\n&WIN32+DOS32, &Linux or &All three &_")

    isUpgrade = NO
    if whichPkg != LNX_ONLY then
    isUpgrade = ask("\n\nAre you currently a registered user of " &
            "Euphoria on WIN32 or DOS32? " &
            "&Yes or &No &_")
    if isUpgrade = NO and whichPkg != WIN_DOS then
        isUpgrade = ask("\n\nAre you currently a registered user of " &
                "Euphoria on Linux? " &
                "&Yes or &No &_")
    end if
    end if

    downloadOnly = ask("\n\nWould you like to take advantage of the " &
               "\"Download-only\" option? &Yes or &No &_")

    -- keep up-to-date which CCards are accepted by DigiBuy all the time !
    haveCC = ask("\n\nDo you have a credit card, such as\n\t\t" &
         "MasterCard, \n\t\tVisa, \n\t\tAmerican Express " &
         "or \n\t\tDiscover Card, \n\tand do you want to " &
         "use it? \n\t\t\t&Yes or &No &_")

    if haveCC = YES then
    CCard()
    else
    RDSOrder()
    end if

REGISTER.DOC
5096


                Ordering the Complete Edition of Euphoria


 1. What You Get
 ===============

 Euphoria runs on Windows, DOS and Linux platforms. You can choose from the
 following packages:

     New Registrations:
        WIN32 + DOS32 ........... $39
        Linux  .................. $25
        WIN32 + DOS32 + Linux  .. $59

     Upgrades:
        WIN32 + DOS32 ........... $24
        WIN32 + DOS32 + Linux ... $44


 Low cost upgrade prices are available to all registered users of Euphoria
 (from v1.0 onward). To get the upgrade price on a package, you must have
 previously registered Euphoria on one of the platforms contained in that
 package. For example, to be eligible for the WIN32 + DOS32 upgrade price, you
 must have previously registered Euphoria for WIN32 + DOS32, or just DOS32. To
 be eligible for the WIN32 + DOS32 + Linux upgrade price, you must simply be a
 registered user of Euphoria on any platform.

 All prices are in U.S. dollars. Shipping of a 3.5" floppy disk to any country,
 if required, costs $5. If you don't require a disk or a receipt, you can
 download the Complete Edition software from our Web site and avoid the
 shipping charge.

 When you register or upgrade, you get:

      * versions of ex.exe (DOS32) and exw.exe (WIN32), and/or exu (Linux) with
        full, greater than 300 statements, diagnostic support

      * the ability to bind and shroud Euphoria programs for easy use and
        distribution

      * execution-count profiling, to analyze your program's logic, and improve
        performance

      * time profiling, to discover performance bottlenecks (DOS32 only)

      * a discount on all future releases of Euphoria for the platforms that
        you have registered

      * 6 months of free technical support from Rapid Deployment Software

      * 6 months of free software upgrades to the package you registered or
        upgraded

      * the ability to vote in the Euphoria Micro-Economy and encourage others
        to develop software that you find useful. (See web.doc or the RDS Web
        site for details on the Micro-Economy.)

 Free upgrades consist of downloading improved official-release software from
 the Web. You must have registered or upgraded within 6 months of a new
 *official* release (alpha-test and beta-test releases aren't considered).

 If you have earned money in the Euphoria Micro-Economy, please contact RDS
 ([e-mail]) for details on how to reduce the price.


 2. Methods of Registering
 =========================

 2.1 Credit Card Orders
 ----------------------

 You can register or upgrade Euphoria through DigiBuy using your MasterCard,
 Visa, American Express or Discover Card. Go to our Web site:

        http://www.RapidEuphoria.com

 and click "Register Now On-Line!" DigiBuy has a secure server that lets your
 Web browser encrypt your credit card information before sending it across the
 Internet.

 If you choose to download the Complete Edition, we will send the instructions
 to the e-mail address that you provide to DigiBuy. This usually happens the
 same day, or early the next day. If you choose to receive a disk (and receipt)
 we will assume that you don't need the instructions. E-mail us if you do - we
 will give you the instructions, while still shipping your disk and receipt.

 With DigiBuy, there are no extra sales taxes to pay, unless you are a resident
 of Connecticut, Minnesota or Washington States.


 2.2 Paying with a Check or Money Order
 --------------------------------------

 There is a program, how2reg.ex, in the euphoria\register directory that will
 ask you questions and advise you on how to order.

 Just type:

        ex how2reg

 or on Linux:

        exu how2reg.ex

 Run how2reg any time, and rerun it as many times as you like. You are not
 committed to registering just by running it. Run how2reg for upgrade orders as
 well.

 After running how2reg, print MYORDER.FRM or simply copy the information to a
 sheet of paper, before mailing it to RDS with your check or money order.

 We prefer U.S. or Canadian currency. However, we can accept personal checks
 from any of the following countries:

     Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
     France, Greece, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands,
     New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States

     Please do a fair conversion from our U.S. dollar prices to your local
     currency.

 Make your check or money order payable to:

         Rapid Deployment Software

         130 Holm Crescent
         Thornhill, Ontario
         L3T 5J3
         CANADA


 There are no extra sales taxes to pay.


 3. Return Policy
 ================

 Since you have ample opportunity to "try before you buy" we do not accept
 returns. However, if the disk is damaged or lost in transit we will send you a
 new one free of charge.



APPEND.EX
1349
with trace
trace(1)

-- Action Tutorial #5 - Append and Prepend to a Sequence

-- To run this tutorial,
--        Press Enter to execute the highlighted Euphoria statement.
--        Press F1 to flip to the main output screen.
--        Press F2 to flip back to this trace screen.
--        Read the comments as you go.

-- We will:
--        1. make a sequence of 15 random numbers
--        2. append() all the even numbers into a variable called "even"
--        3. prepend() all the odd numbers into a variable called "odd"

sequence even, odd, random
even = {} -- it's a sequence, but it contains 0 elements

odd = {}  -- the same

random = repeat(30, 15) -- 30 repeated 15 times

random = rand(random)    -- 15 random numbers between 1 and 30

integer num -- convenient place to put the next number

-- Now we'll put the even numbers into even using append()
for i = 1 to length(random) do
    num = random[i]  -- the next random number
    -- if the remainder after dividing by 2 is 0, the number is even
    if remainder(num, 2) = 0 then
    even = append(even, num) -- add number at the end
    else
    odd = prepend(odd, num) -- add number on at the beginning
    end if
end for

-- display the even numbers
puts(1, "The even numbers are:\n")
? even  -- check it with F1/F2

-- display the odd numbers
puts(1, "The odd numbers are:\n")
? odd

CALC.EX
687
with trace
trace(1)

-- Action tutorial #2 - evaluate simple expressions

-- To run this tutorial, keep pressing the Enter key
-- to execute the next statement, and the F1 and F2
-- keys to flip between the main screen and this trace screen.

-- Step 1 - We can use the question mark (?) to print
-- the value of any expression on the screen. Let's
-- calculate 2+2
? 2 + 2
-- Press F1 then F2 to see the result printed on the screen.

-- Let's try something a bit harder:
? 3 * 3 * sqrt(16)
-- Press F1 then F2 to see the result (and the previous result)
-- printed on the screen.

-- Notice that multiply has higher precedence than addition:
? 2 * 3 + 4 * 5


CELCIUS.EX
1310
include get.e -- so we can use the prompt_number() function

with trace
trace(1)
-- Action Tutorial #4 - Convert Fahrenheit to Celcius

-- To run this tutorial,
--        Press Enter to execute the highlighted Euphoria statement.
--        Press F1 to flip to the main output screen.
--        Press F2 to flip back to this trace screen.
--        Read the comments as you go.

-- In this tutorial we will:
--          1. Ask the user to enter a Fahrenheit temperature
--          2. Read a number from the user
--          3. Convert the number to Celcius
--          4. Print the result on the screen

-- Some variables:
atom ftemp     -- holds Fahrenheit temperature
atom ctemp     -- holds Celcius temperature

-- Prompt the user to enter a number:
-- We included the file "get.e", so we can use prompt_number().
ftemp = prompt_number("Enter a Fahrenheit temperature: ", {})
-- {} means the user can enter any number.
-- If we said {10,20} he would have to enter a number from 10 to 20.

-- Now, using the magic formula, convert it to Celcius:
ctemp = 5/9 * (ftemp - 32)

-- Now print the Celcius temperature:
? ctemp

-- To be neat, we can print exactly 2 decimal places
-- by calling printf() - formatted print
printf(1, "with two decimal places: %.2f\n", ctemp)

EXAMPLE.EX
1155
        -------------------------------------
        -- Example Program from the Manual --
        -------------------------------------

function merge_sort(sequence x)
-- put x into ascending order using a recursive merge sort
    integer n, mid
    sequence merged, a, b

    n = length(x)
    if n = 0 or n = 1 then
    return x  -- trivial case
    end if

    mid = floor(n/2)
    a = merge_sort(x[1..mid])       -- sort first half of x
    b = merge_sort(x[mid+1..n])     -- sort second half of x

    -- merge the two sorted halves into one
    merged = {}
    while length(a) > 0 and length(b) > 0 do
    if compare(a[1], b[1]) < 0 then
        merged = append(merged, a[1])
        a = a[2..length(a)]
    else
        merged = append(merged, b[1])
        b = b[2..length(b)]
    end if
    end while
    return merged & a & b  -- merged data plus leftovers
end function

procedure print_sorted_list()
-- generate sorted_list from list
    ? merge_sort( {9, 10, 3, 1, 4, 5, 8, 7, 6, 2} )
    ? merge_sort( {1.5, -9, 1e6, 100} )
    printf(1, "%s, %s, %s\n", merge_sort({"oranges", "apples", "bananas"}))
end procedure

print_sorted_list()     -- this command starts the program

GETC.EX
1614
with trace
trace(1)

-- Action Tutorial #6 - Read a File: One character at a time
-- To run this tutorial,
--        Press Enter to execute the highlighted Euphoria statement.
--        Press F1 / F2 to flip to the main output screen.
--        Press down-arrow to execute quickly to the end of a loop

-- We will:
--        1. open the "tutorial.doc" file in this directory
--        2. count the number of new-line, '\n', characters
--        3. print the number of new-lines
--        4. close the file

integer fn    -- the file number
integer lines -- the number of lines ('\n' characters)
integer c     -- the next character from the file

-- First, we try to open the file called "tutorial.doc"
fn = open("tutorial.doc", "r")
if fn = -1 then
    puts(1, "Can't open tutorial.doc\n")
    abort(1)
end if
-- By successfully opening the file we have established that
-- the file exists, and open() gives us a file number (or "handle")
-- that we can use to perform operations on the file.

lines = 0
while 1 do   -- this is always true - apparently an "infinite" loop
    c = getc(fn)
    if c = -1 then
    exit -- no more characters, end of file,
         -- this is how we quit the loop
    end if
    if c = '\n' then
    lines = lines + 1  -- assume one \n per line in the file
    end if
    -- When you get bored,
    -- Press down-arrow until you are out of the loop
end while

-- print the total number of lines
? lines

-- close the tutorial.doc file
-- This is not really necessary, but you can only have
-- 25 files open at any one time.
close(fn)

GETS.EX
1804
with trace
trace(1)

-- Action Tutorial #7 - Read a File: One line at a time
-- To run this tutorial,
--        Press Enter to execute the highlighted Euphoria statement.
--        Press F1 / F2 to flip to the main output screen.
--        Press down-arrow to execute quickly to the end of a loop

-- We will:
--        1. open the "tutorial.doc" file in this directory
--        2. See how many lines contain the word "Euphoria"
--        3. print the lines containing "Euphoria"
--        4. close the file

integer fn    -- the file number
integer e     -- the number of lines that contain "Euphoria"
object line   -- the next line from the file

-- First, we try to open the file called "tutorial.doc"
fn = open("tutorial.doc", "r")
if fn = -1 then
    puts(1, "Can't open tutorial.doc\n")
    abort(1)
end if
-- By successfully opening the file we have established that
-- the file exists, and open() gives us a file number (or "handle")
-- that we can use to perform operations on the file.

e = 0
while 1 do   -- this is always true - apparently an "infinite" loop
    line = gets(fn)
    if atom(line) then
    exit -- no more lines, end of file,
         -- this is how we quit the loop
    end if
    if match("Euphoria", line) then
    e = e + 1
    end if
    -- When you get bored,
    -- Press down-arrow until you are out of the loop
end while

-- Print the total number of lines containing "Euphoria".
-- We need \" to get a double-quote within a string.
-- %d formats for an integer value in base 10 (decimal)
-- 1 prints to the screen (standard output)
printf(1, "%d lines contain \"Euphoria\"\n", e)

-- close the tutorial.doc file
-- This is not really necessary, but you can only have
-- 25 files open at any one time.
close(fn)

HELLO.EX
798
with trace
trace(1)

-- Action Tutorial #1 - Print Hello World on the Screen

-- To run this tutorial,
--        Press Enter to execute the highlighted Euphoria statement.
--        Press F1 to flip to the main output screen.
--        Press F2 to flip back to this trace screen.
--        Read the comments as you go.

-- Step 1: Just to be neat - we'll clear the screen.
-- First, press F1 then F2.
-- Then press Enter:
clear_screen()
-- Check again with F1/F2 - was the screen cleared?

-- Step 2: Let's position the cursor at line 10, column 30
position(10, 30)
-- Is the cursor now at 10,30? Press F1/F2

-- Step 3: Display the text:
puts(1, "Hello World")
-- Is the text there? Press F1/F2

-- Step 4 Output 2 blank lines and we're done
puts(1, "\n\n")



LEARN.EX
2774
    -----------------------------------------------
    -- A Quiz to Test Your Knowledge of Euphoria --
    -----------------------------------------------
include get.e
include graphics.e

constant NTRYS = 3
constant KEYBOARD = 0, SCREEN = 1

procedure get_answer(object correct)
    sequence answer
    atom t
    integer c

    for i = 1 to NTRYS do
    answer = get(KEYBOARD)
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
    if answer[1] = GET_SUCCESS then
        if equal(answer[2], correct) then
        puts(SCREEN, "Correct!\n\n")
        sound(2000)
        t = time()
        while time() < t+0.1 do
        end while
        sound(0)
        return
        elsif i < NTRYS then
        puts(SCREEN, "Try again\n")
        sound(200)
        t = time()
        while time() < t+0.4 do
        end while
        sound(0)
        end if
    else
        puts(SCREEN, "syntax error - a Euphoria object is expected\n")
        -- clear rest of line:
        for j = 1 to 100 do
        c = getc(KEYBOARD)
        if c = -1 then
            abort(0)
        elsif c = '\n' then
            exit
        end if
        end for
    end if
    end for
    puts(SCREEN, "The correct answer was: ")
    print(SCREEN, correct)
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
end procedure

procedure part1()
-- evaluating simple expressions
    object x, y

    puts(SCREEN, "Please evaluate the following Euphoria expressions\n")
    puts(SCREEN, "You have 3 guesses.\n\n")

    x = rand(10)
    y = rand(10)
    printf(SCREEN, "%d + %d\n", {x, y})
    get_answer(x + y)

    x = rand(repeat(10, 3))
    y = rand(10)
    print(SCREEN, x)
    puts(SCREEN, " * ")
    print(SCREEN, y)
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
    get_answer(x * y)

    x = rand(repeat(10, 4)) - 5
    y = rand(repeat(10, 4)) - 5
    print(SCREEN, x)
    puts(SCREEN, " > ")
    print(SCREEN, y)
    puts(SCREEN, '\n')
    get_answer(x > y)

    x = rand(20)
    y = rand(5)
    puts(SCREEN, "repeat(")
    print(1, x)
    puts(SCREEN, ", ")
    print(1, y)
    puts(SCREEN, ")\n")
    get_answer(repeat(x, y))

    x = rand(repeat(25, 3)) + 'a'
    y = rand(repeat(25, 2)) + 'a'
    printf(SCREEN, "\"%s\" & \"%s\"\n", {x, y})
    get_answer(x & y)

    x = rand(repeat(99,3))
    y = rand(repeat(99,2))
    puts(SCREEN, "append(")
    print(SCREEN, x)
    puts(SCREEN, ", ")
    print(SCREEN, y)
    puts(SCREEN, ")\n")
    get_answer(append(x, y))

    puts(SCREEN, "what will the value of x be\n")
    puts(SCREEN, "after executing the following statements?\n")
    puts(SCREEN, "x = ")
    x = rand({10, 10, {10, 10, 10, 10}, 20})
    print(SCREEN, x)
    y = rand({20, 20, 20, 20, 20})
    puts(SCREEN, "\ny = ")
    print(SCREEN, y)
    puts(SCREEN, "\nx[3][2..3] = y[4..5]\n")
    x[3][2..3] = y[4..5]
    get_answer(x)
end procedure

part1()   -- quick questions

SEQCALC.EX
1078
with trace
trace(1)

-- Action Tutorial #3 - Sequences

-- To run this tutorial, keep pressing the Enter key
-- to execute the next statement, and the F1 and F2
-- keys to flip between the main screen and this trace screen.

-- The most important feature of Euphoria is the "sequence".
-- Once you learn how sequences work, everything else is easy.

-- A sequence is just a collection of numbers, sort of like the
-- "array" in other programming languages, but much more flexible.
-- Here's an example of a simple sequence:
--               {5, 1, 9}
-- It's a collection of 3 numbers. The order is important.
-- {5,1,9} is certainly *not* equivalent to {1,9,5}.

-- Let's try some calculations:
? {5, 1, 9}
? {5, 1, 9} * 2
? {5, 1, 9} + {5, 1, 9}
-- Euphoria lets you perform arithmetic calculations on sequences.
-- The rules are fairly intuitive. You can also store a sequence
-- into a variable. First you have to declare a variable that
-- is allowed to hold a sequence:
sequence fred

fred = {5,1,9}
? fred
? fred * 2
? fred + fred



SIMPLE.EX
593
    --------------------------------
    -- A very simple sort program --
    --------------------------------
with trace -- make everything traceable
trace(1)   -- turn on tracing

function simple_sort(sequence x)
object temp
    for i = 1 to length(x) - 1 do
    for j = i + 1 to length(x) do
        if compare(x[j],x[i]) < 0 then
        -- swap x[j], x[i]
        temp = x[j]
        x[j] = x[i]
        x[i] = temp
        end if
    end for
    end for
    return x
end function

-- Hold down the Enter key and
-- watch x get sorted before your eyes!
? simple_sort( {9, 10, 3, 1, 4, 5, 8, 7, 6, 2} )
TUTORIAL.DOC
1573

            Euphoria Tutorial Programs
            --------------------------

 To make learning Euphoria easier, and more fun, we have created some
 simple programs that you can run in trace mode. They show you step-by-step
 how to do common operations like reading in numbers, printing numbers,
 opening files etc. There are comments on most of the statements so someone
 who is new to Euphoria, or new to programming, can understand exactly how
 each program works. Most of the programs do not do anything useful, but they
 cover topics that sometimes are confusing to beginners.

 Hopefully these "Action Tutorials" will be more stimulating for you than
 simply reading a lot of dull text. You can actually watch each program
 executing, from the inside out, and see the values of variables etc.

 Once you understand these programs, you might want to download David Gay's
 "Beginner's Guide to Euphoria", or other tutorials available on the Web.

 Action Tutorials
 ----------------

 Suggested Order:

    1. hello.ex - Hello World

    2. celcius.ex - Fahrenheit to Celsius converter

    3. calc.ex - Simple Calculations

    4. seqcalc.ex - Calculations on Sequences

    5. append.ex - append() and prepend()

    6. getc.ex - reading a file - one character at a time

    7. gets.ex - reading a file - one line at a time

    8. simple.ex - watch a simple sorting algorithm at work

    9. example.ex - the merge sort example from REFMAN.DOC

    10. learn.ex - test your knowledge!