20th Century Video Alman…Century in Depth - Sports/ALMANAC_03.iso/content/fuldat3.dat

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K     On June 9, 1899, James J. Jeffries (1875-1953) defeated Robert L. Fitzsimmons (1862-1917) at Coney Island, New York, for the heavyweight championship of the world.     Fitzsimmons had won the crown from Jim Corbett in 1897 and had then spent the following two years touring the country with a theatrical show. He cashed in handsomely on his fame, but was widely criticized for not fighting. Finally he agreed to fight the young challenger Jim Jeffries. Fitzsimmons was 37 years old at the time and, although Jeffries was 13 years his junior, few experts gave Jeffries any chance of winning the bout. The unexpected result, a knockout of Fitzsimmons in the 11th round, came as quite a surprise.     Fitzsimmons weighed only 167 pounds for the fight, 38 pounds less than Jeffries. The knockout came with a powerful left to Fitzsimmons' jaw. The champion feel with a thud, and young Jeffries stood silently as referee George Siler counted Fitzsimmons out.     Fitzsimmons and Jeffries fought again in San Francisco on July 25, 1902. In this bout, Fitzsimmons hammered the huge Jeffries for eight rounds, breaking Jim's nose and cutting both his cheeks to the bone. Then suddenly Jeffries hit Fitzsimmons with a terrific right to the stomach, and a left hook to the jaw - and it was all over.     Jeffries retired undefeated as heavyweight champion on May 13, 1905. (Marvin Hart and Jack Root fought for the vacated crown. When Hart knocked out Root in the 12th round, he became the new champion.)     After five years, Jeffries made a comeback only to be defeated by Jack Johnson in Reno, Nevada in 1910.     On April 4, 1910, William Howard Taft became the first President of the United States to toss out the ball that opened the baseball season. Unfortunately, this event was not filmed. A filmed record does exist, however, of all the Presidents after Taft who performed the same function. In this brief summary of baseball highlights over the years, seven of the U.S. Presidents (Woodrow Wilson, Warren G. harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower) are seen throwing out the first ball.e     The Indianapolis Speedway Classic was shortened to 300 miles in 1916, because of a shortage of cars which resulted from the war in Europe. It was feared that the usual 500-mile race would be too long for a small field of cars, and too many cars were bound to drop out along the way.     Twenty-one cars were on hand for the start. The favorite in the race was a man who was to become famous as a flying ace during World War I, Eddie Rickenbacker. From the start, Eddie looked like he intended to live up to his advance notices. He took the lead on the first lap and began to open a wide gap between himself and the other cars. His good fortune was only temporary, however. After the ninth lap, Rickenbacker was forced to leave the race with a broken steering knuckle.     Johnny Aiken took the lead until the 45th lap, when Dario Resta passed Aiken. Resta never relinquished the lead thereafter. He even stopped for a tire change on the 69th lap, despite the fact that his tires were in perfect condition, because he feared a tire failure, which had cost him the 1915 race.     Resta averaged 84 m.p.h. for 300 miles.     Louis Chevrolet, driving a Frontenac, won the Harkness Trophy race at Sheepshead Bay Speedway in Brooklyn, N.Y., on September 22, 1917.  He averaged 111 miles an hour in the 100-mile race in which he made no pit stops, a record.     Ralph De Palma came in second place, dragging more than a lap behind Chevrolet.  De Palma, racing a Packard, had to stop near the halfway point to change his two front tires, which had blown out on a turn.  This was a disadvantage that De Palma could not overcome; it gave Chevrolet the additional lap he needed to win.  Although De Palma was able to close the large gap which had opened up during his pit stop, Chevrolet still won by more than a lap.     Chevrolet smashed the world's record for the 100-mile race in 54:20.98.  DePalma's time was 56:18.40 .     In 1914, George Herman "Babe" Ruth was signed by the Baltimore Orioles, but was sold later that year to the Boston Red Sox.  For the next four years, Ruth proved to be not only a fine hitter but an excellent pitcher as well.  In the 1916 and 1918 World Series, Ruth threw 29 2/3 scoreless innings.  He was transferred to the outfield in 1919 and hit 29 home runs, a record.  Red Sox management awarded him with six $100 U.S. Treasury Savings Certificates.  Because Boston had financial troubles.  Ruth was sold to the N.Y. Yankees for $125,000 and a $350,000 loan.  At that time, the Yankees were a struggling ball club that played out of the Polo Grounds, home of the N.Y. Giants.  The acquisition of the Babe changed that and Yankee Stadium, "the house that Ruth built," opened in 1923.⌡     In April of 1919, the 1920 Olympic Games were awarded by the Olympic committee to Belgium, as a gesture of appreciation to the hero nation of World War I.  The games were officially opened by King Albert of Belgium.     Two innovations were introduced which have become an integral part of today's Olympic Games:  first, the Olympic oath taken by a member of the host nation's team; and second, the appearance of the Olympic flag.     A feature of the games, which opened August 15, 1920, was the 5,000-meter race.  The favorite was Joseph Guillemot of France, Europe's greatest runner at the time.  His competition came from a then unknown Finn named Paavo Nurmi.  Nurmi lost the 5,000 meters by a stride and Guillemot was warmly congratulated for his winning effort by King Albert.  Nurmi, however, went on to win the 10,000 meter race and established himself as a great new star.  He was, in the years ahead, to become the world's most famous track hero.     The United States team had been heavily favored in the track and field events, and it came as a great surprise to Olympic fans when little Finland won most of the top events.  The Finns, perhaps inspired by Nurmi, captured the shotput; discus; javelin; and hop, skip and jump (now called the triple jump).     Two outstanding members of the U.S. team were Dick Landon and Frank Loomis.  Landon won the high jump with a record leap of six feet, four and one-quarter inches.  Loomis took the gold in the 400-meter hurdles with a winning time of 54 seconds.Θ     The three most prominent American automobile designers and builders in 1920 were Fred Deusenberg and the Chevrolet brothers, Louis and Gaston.  All three were determined to end the monopoly that European cars had enjoyed in the big race - the Indianapolis 500 - since 1913.  Gaston was the one who turned the trick as he raced a Monroe machine, which his brother Louis had designed, to victory in the Indianapolis classic.  It was the peak moment of Gaston's racing career and unfortunately it was to be his last triumph.  A few months later, he traveled to the west coast to appear in the Beverly Hills Speedway Classic, where he met his death along with Eddie O'Donnell and Lyall Jolls, his mechanic, in a fiery crash (December 25, 1920).T     The first woman to succeed in swimming the English Channel was Gertrude Caroline Ederle, an American born in 1906.  She swam from France to England on August 6, 1926, in 14 hours and 31 minutes.     At 7:09 A.M., Gertrude Ederle plunged into the cold waters of the English Channel at Cape Griz-Nez, France to the cheers of fellow swimmers assembled at the training camp.  She landed at Kingsdown near Deal, England at 9:40 P.M.  She broke the best record for men, made by Enrico Tiraboschi who crossed in 16 hours and 33 minutes on August 21, 1923.  Ederle's swim came 51 years after the channel was conquered by its first swimmer, the English Captain Matthew Webb, who swam without the aid of a life jacket.     During the last hours of Ederle's swim, she bucked an almost impossible combination of obstacles:  rough seas, the tide running against her, squalls and a constant spray stinging her face.  Her swim ended in a literal blaze of glory, for the English had lighted massive bonfires along the coast to guide her.     She was accompanied during her swim by two tugs, the first containing her father, sister, and trainer, plus three other swimmers (among them Helmy, the famous Egyptian).  The second boat contained news and cameramen.     After she had reached the shore, her comment was, "I just knew if it could be done, it had to be done, and I did it."     New York welcomed her with a demonstration that surpassed any previous reception given a distinguished person.  Harborcraft vied with the crowds on shore with bands, flags, sirens, whistles, and fog horns.  During the tickertape parade from the Battery north to City Hall, crowds constantly broke through police lines.     During the presentation of a gold medal and a scroll by Mayor James J. Walker on the steps of City Hall, 10,000 people broke through, engulfing both Ederle and the Mayor.  She was lifted by a policeman and carried safely into City Hall.  After a reception, the parade continued up Fifth Avenue to her home at Amsterdam Avenue and 63rd Street.     Following her feat, Ederle received contract offers totalling more than $900,000.¼     On May 30, 1927, for the first time in many years, a full field of 33 racing cars waited for the starter's flag in the 1927 Indianapolis Speedway race.  According to a 1911 American Automobile Association ruling, this number was the absolute maximum for a 2 1/2 mile track, but during the '20s, small entry lists kept the starting field below this limit in quite a few races.     Frank Lockhart, Norman Batten, and Peter De Paola were the early leaders in the race, but a young man named George Souders was the eventual winner.  Souders, a virtual unknown at the Speedway, waited until the 400th mile before he made a pit stop, at which point he had established a two-lap lead.  He reentered the race and for the last 100 miles drove quite conservatively, but fast enough to be the first to see the wave of the checkered flag.  Souders drove a Duesenberg Special and covered the 500 miles at an average speed of 97.545 miles per hour.ó     Army defeated Notre Dame 18-0 at Yankee Stadium on November 2, 1927, before a record crowd of 80,000.     In the first quarter, "Red" Cagle ran a spectacular 48 yards for a touchdown and Notre Dame never recovered.     In the fourth quarter, "Red" grabbed a beautiful forward pass and scrambled 20 yards to end up behind Notre Dame's goal line.     Along with hero Cagle, Army had a score of good players who outclassed, outplayed, and principally outsmarted "The Fighting Irish."     Three touchdowns, one in the first, one in the third, and another in the fourth quarter for Army, showed that master magician Knute Rockne didn't always have the luck of the Irish.     The year 1929 was a good one for the Harvard Crimson.  The Harvard team took a lateral pass in the second period and made it the Crimson's ace-in-the-hole, to win 10-6 over Yale.  In this quarter, the Crimson team used the lateral with deadly effectiveness to bring the team within scoring distance for the points which decided the game.  This was the 48th annual contest between the ancient rivals.     Harvard triumphed over the Eli's before 59,000 enthusiasts huddled in furs and blankets against the cold weather.╔     Although the economic boom of the Roaring Twenties was just a few short months from its doom, there was no such indication at the 1929 Indianapolis Speedway race.  Owners and sponsors alike spent thousands of dollars to prepare their Millers and Duesenbergs for the event.     Lou Meyer dominated the race until the 157th lap when a pit stop opened the way for Ray Keech, a dirt- and board- track speedway star.  Keech, who lost his life less than a month later in a board-track wreck, raced home in his Simplex Piston Ring Special, a Miller, six minutes ahead of Meyer.     The year 1929 marked the end of an era in Indianapolis racing.  The stock market crash and the ensuing depression left the American Automobile Association no other choice but to convert to a more economical stock-car-based formula.  The Duesenbergs and Millers left the scene, but the names of the builders of these great racing machines, Fred Duesenberg and Harry Miller remain forever.½         After many previous efforts, the city of Los Angeles, California finally secured the 10th Olympic Games in 1932.  The Los Angeles Coliseum was built at a cost of $1,700,000 and was capable of holding 105,000 spectators in its 30 miles of seats.  An additional $1,300,000 was spent to provide the best possible facilities for everyone involved in the X Olympiad.  The Olympic Village was built to house the male competitors (women athletes stayed in a nearby hotel).  The 331-acre village included five miles of streets, a hospital, a library, a post office, a firehouse, an amphitheater, and 40 separate kitchens designed to prepare native dishes for foreign competitors.  The Los Angeles area was well rewarded for its efforts, as more than a million spectators spent nearly $60,000,000 in the Los Angeles area while the games were being held.     The opening of the games was attended by a capacity crowd, including many Hollywood stars who listened while Vice President Charles Curtis officially opened the proceedings.     Despite concern about how the California heat would affect athletes, 58 nations sent representatives to the 10th Olympiad.     American athletes fared well in the games.  Dorothy Poynton, age 17, won the gold (40.26 pts.) for the United States in the women's platform diving competition.  Harold Smith, an American, won the gold medal (124.80 pts.) in the men's platform dive, in addition to a silver medal (158.54) points in the men's springboard contest.  Michael Galitzen of the United States took the gold (161.38 pts.) in the men's springboard competition and the silver (124.28 pts.) in the platform dive.     Nineteen-year-old Helene Madison of the United States set an Olympic record when she swam the women's 100-meter freestyle race in 1:06.8, winning a gold medal.  Madison also won the gold in the women's 400-meter freestyle in 5:28.5, a world record.  She also contributed to the United States' gold medal in the 4-by-100-meter freestyle, along with Josephine McKim, Helen Johns, and Eleanor Savill (Garath).  The four women set a world record in the relay, completing the race in 4:38.0     Albert Michelsen of the United States placed seventh in the 42,195-meter marathon race, which 20-year-old Juan Carlos Zabala of Argentina won in an Olympic-record time of 2:31:36.0.  Zabala held the lead for most of the race; Samuel Ferris, who moved in behind Zabala at the 37-kilometer mark, won the silver in a time of 2:31:55.0./     The University of Southern California had 12 men on the field at the start of the game and 13 points on the scoreboard at the end of the game to triumph in a shutout victory over Notre Dame, before 100,000 spectators in the Memorial Coliseum of Los Angeles.     An apparent violation of the rules was in order, as USC first-string quarterback Orv Mohler, who had suffered an early-season injury, was accorded the privilege of holding the ball for the opening kickoff.     From then on, his teammates took over, scoring a touchdown in each of the middle periods.     Homer Griffith, who played as both quarterback and fullback for the Trojans, was instrumental in both scoring drives, throwing a long pass to halfback Bob McNeish for the one tally, and crashing through center from close range for the other.N     Lou Meyer, who had won the Indianapolis classic in 1928, took the lead in the 1933 race (May 30) at the 375-mile mark and held on to become the second two-time winner of this race (Tommy Milton won in 1921 and 1923).     Meyer set a new record for the distance as he whizzed his Tydol Special (a Miller) around at an average speed of 104.162 m.p.h.  Meyer began the race in seventh spot and played it smart, permitting the early leaders to burn their cars out with a fast pace before he took command.  Meyer's record speed was extraordinary considering that the race was slowed down twice because of two fatal accidents.     Mark Billman, 36 years old, was killed when his car skidded on a turn and crashed into a wall.  In an attempt to save his life, doctors amputated Billman's left arm, but he died an hour later.     In another accident, 27-year-old G.L. Jordan, a mechanic for Les Spangler, died when Spangler's car crashed into Malcolm Fox's disabled car (Fox had lost a wheel on a turn).  Spangler died soon after the accident and Fox was treated for injuries at the emergency hospital.t     Left end Wayne Millner penetrated the Army line late in the fourth period, blocked Maurice Simons' punt and recovered the ball in the end zone for a game-winning touchdown.  The most disastrous season in Notre Dame history ended in a flash of victory.     The tally ended a fourth-period Notre Dame splurge and carried them to a 13-12 win over the Cadets before a gathering of 78,000 fans at New York's Yankee Stadium, including Army Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur, and Mayor-Elect Fiorello La Guardia.     Army had led by a margin of 12-0 going into the final period, having scored all its points in the second period.é     Although beset with many problems caused by the Nazi government and Nazi control, the XI Olympics were nevertheless successful and their technical direction, with German thoroughness, was nearly perfect.  Every possible electrical timing and photo-finish device was improved at Berlin.  Press and radio service were excellent.     The star of this Olympiad, to Hitler's dismay, was not a German.  It was instead an American, Jesse Owens (1913-1980).  Owen's accomplishments were without parallel in modern Olympic history until 1984, when American Carl Lewis repeated Owen's feat.  Owens won three individual events and ran a decisive lap on a winning relay team, thus winning four gold medals.  Equally important, Owens broke both the Olympic and world record in the 100-meter sprint (10 3/10 seconds), although it was disallowed because of a strong wind behind his back.  He set a new Olympic and world record for the 200-meters (20 7/19 seconds) and the broad jump (26 feet, 5/16 inches).  Owens' new records were a large and bitter pill for Chancellor Hitler to swallow because Owens was black, and his magnificent performance did not fit into Hitler's propaganda.     Other American athletes also performed well in the track and field events.  Earle Meadows received the gold medal in the pole vault with a vault of 14 feet, 3 1/4 inches.  Forrest Towns finished first in the 110-meter hurdles.  Archie Williams took the gold in the 400-meter race in a close finish with Great Britain's Arthur Godfrey Brown, who received the silver.     Another superlative performance was turned in by Jack Loveback of New Zealand who broke all existing Olympic records in his 1500-meter win over America's Glenn Cunningham.     The United States team won the gold, silver, and the bronze in the men's springboard diving competition.  Richard Degener finished first, Marshall Wayne placed second, and Albert Greene third. ║     The modern era of professional football actually began by 1933.  By 1936, professional football was recognized all over the United States as a major professional sport.     In 1933, the first World Championship game was played.  In 1934, the first College All-Star game was played in Chicago as the All-Stars held the Chicago Bears to a tie (the Bears, having defeated the New York Giants the year before in the title game, represented the NFL in the 1936 All-Star Game).  In 1935, Bert Bell, who had joined the league in 1933 as part owner of the Philadelphia Eagles, proposed what proved to be the most important single rule in pro football.  This was the player selection system, which has insured over the years that no professional football team can dominate the National Football League.  The system allows the teams that finish at the bottom of the standings each year to have first pick in the draft of college players as they become eligible each year to join the NFL.     The first player selected in 1936 was Jay Berwanger, University of Chicago star.  He was selected by Bert Bell's Eagles, who had finished last in the league in 1935.  Berwanger, however, chose not to play professional football.     Someone once asked the great Cleveland coach Paul Brown, "How do you build a winning pro football team?"  Brown answered, "You finish last for several years...then you get a Vince Lombardi to tie all those first draft choices together for you."─     Green Bay Packers 21 Boston Redskins 6 Polo Grounds, New York, N.Y.     Despite the fact that the Boston Redskins were a championship contender all season long, the Boston fans refused to support the club at the gate because the Redskin franchise was being relocated to Washington.  As a result, the 1936 NFL Title Game was played on a neutral field, New York's Polo Grounds.     The game was played in perfect weather before a good turnout of nearly 30,000 fans.     Immediately after the kickoff, Lou Gordon of the Packers recovered Riley Smith's fumble setting up a 43-yard, Arnie Herber-to-Don Hutson touchdown pass.  Ernie Smith converted to give the Packers a 7-0 lead.  Then after the kickoff, the Skins suffered a fatal blow as their great halfback Cliff Battles was injured so badly that he could not play any more that day.     After the Skins had closed to 7-6 on 1-yard plunge by Put Rentner, Herber fired a 52-yard pass to John "Blood" McNally to move the Packers to the Boston 8-yard line.  Herber then passed to Milt Gantenbein to give the Packers a 14-6 lead in the third quarter.  They later added another TD when Bobby Monnett plunged over from the 2-yard line after a Boston punt was blocked.G     On July 1, 1939, Yankee Stadium was jammed to capacity with New York fans who turned out to pay tribute to a fallen star, the immortal Lou Gehrig.     Since joining the Yankees in 1923, Gehrig, known as "The Iron Horse" to his fans, became a living legend as he teamed with Babe Ruth to lead the Yankees year after year to the crest of the baseball world.  By the time he hung up his glove in 1939, he had appeared in 2,130 consecutive games for the New York club, a record which will stand as long as baseball exists.  His lifetime average of .340 and his almost 2,000 runs batted in for the Yankees were only a small part of his contribution to the club.  His example of leadership and sportsmanship have never been surpassed.     In the 1939 season, Gehrig's play had fallen off considerably, and on May 2nd, Lou went to Manager Joe McCarthy and asked to be taken out of the lineup.  Lou was batting .143 at the time.  Many thought Lou was just in a slump and, unfortunately, they were proved incorrect.  Doctors discovered that Lou had a rare disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a type of muscular dystrophy.  On June 2, 1941, Lou died from this disease.     On this July 4th day in 1939, however, there was still time for fans and players alike to thank Lou for what he had given them over the years.  His teammates from the great Yankee team of 1927 were reunited for the occasion.  The 1927 pennant flag was raised, and a long list of dignitaries paid their respects to Lou.  Babe Ruth, New York's Mayor LaGuardia and Joe McCarthy were among those who thanked Gehrig.  When Lou finally stepped to the mike, a great silence fell over the ballpark.  His unforgettable words brought tears to the eyes of everyone as Lou said, "You've been reading about my bad break but today, I think I'm the luckiest man alive...I have an awful lot to live for."µ
     On June 6, 1943, Count Fleet, leading a field of three from end to end, breezed on to an easy 30-length victory in the 1 1/2 mile 75th running of New York's Belmont Stakes, in 2:28.1.  Fairy Manhurst was second.     Count Fleet became the first racehorse in history to win all five Spring Stakes, the Wood Memorial, Kentucky Derby, Preakness, Withers Mile, and Belmont.     With jockey Johnny Longden up, owner Mrs. John D. Hertz gained a purse of $35,340 out of a $50,090 gross.┤     On a bright sunny afternoon at New York's Yankee Stadium, Army ran up more points in four quarters of football than it had in 15 previous meetings with Notre Dame, humbling the South Benders by a score of 59-0 on November 11, 1944.     Led by the running of its flashing backs, Doc Blanchard, Max Minor, Glenn Davis, and Dale Hall, the Cadets unleashed a cyclonic attack.  Operating from the "T" formation, Army scored the first three times it had the ball, scoring 20 points in the initial period and 13 points in each period thereafter.     It was Army's first victory over Notre Dame in 13 years, and the first time the Cadets had scored on the South Benders in the last five games.P     Pete Gray and Bert Shepard were two men who overcame serious physical handicaps in order to play professional baseball.     Pete Gray had only one arm but he managed a batting technique which enabled him to play in 77 games for the St. Louis Browns in 1945 and compile a .218 batting average.  He also proved to be a better-than-average outfielder, as he mastered a technique in which he would catch the ball, remove the glove, and throw the ball back to the infield - all in one swift motion.     Bert Shepard appeared in only one major league game with the Washington Senators in 1945, but even this brief participation served to inspire many other handicapped war veterans of World War II.  Shepard had an artificial leg which slowed him down considerably, but he did manage to make the club and participate in one major league ball game.     After a lapse of 12 years, the Olympic Games resumed in London in 1948.  Some 84,000 spectators turned out to see the opening at Empire Stadium at Wembley on July 29.  Among those present was King George VI.  The crowd was treated to a fine display of British Pageantry and a not-so-fine display of British weather - fog, mist, and rain.  The games were run well, without any unpleasant incidents.     One of the most interesting victories in the games was that of Harrison Dillard, of the U.S., in the 100-meter race (10.3 sec.).  Dillard, a world's record hurdler, fell in the finals of the American Olympic tryouts in the hurdles and was therefore eliminated under the severe rules of the AAU.  He then entered the 100-meter flat race and qualified for a position on the team.  His victory in the 100-meter flat race at London was a fine example of great willpower and ability, since his normal event had always been the hurdles.  Barney Ewell of the U.S. placed second in the 100-meter event.     Another American, Willie Steele of San Diego, won the long jump in spite of a severe muscle bruise.  Two days later, in rain soaked Wembley Stadium, the great Ohio State star Mal Whitfield was victorious in the 800-meter race, clocking an Olympic record time of 1:49.2  Imre Nemeth, of Hungary, captured first place in the hammer-throw event.     The 5,000-meter race provided a stirring duel between Emil Zatopek (who had already captured the gold medal for Czechoslovakia in the 10,000-meter run) and Gaston Reiff of Belgium.  Despite a tremendous closing sprint by Zatopek, Reiff became the first Belgian to ever win an Olympic track title.     Mrs. Fanny Blankers-Koen of the Netherlands, was the most popular woman of the 1948 Olympics, winning the women's 100- and 200-meter dashes and the 80-meter hurdles, as well as anchoring the 400-meter relay team which finished first.  At the age of 30, and after having given birth to two children, Blankers-Koen, once considered over the hill, became the first woman to win four gold medals.R     At Wembley pool, the American swimming and diving stars put on a spectacular show in the 1948 Olympics.  Bruce Harlan, Miller Anderson, and Sammy Lee swept the first three places in the men's 3-meter diving.  Later, three California women - Vickie Draves, Zoe Ann Olsen and Patricia Elsener - scored another triple sweep in the springboard diving event.  Ann Curtis, America's fastest woman swimmer, was barely edged out by Denmark's Greta Anderson in the 100-meter free style, while Wally Ris of the University of Iowa surged ahead in the end to win the men's 100-meter free style race. Ä     Calument's Citation, with jockey Eddie Arcaro in the silks, defeated stablemate Coaltown and a field of four other horses in the 74th Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs in 1948.     Arcaro became the first jockey to win the Louisville racing classic four times.  It was also the fourth Derby win for trainer Ben Jones.     Coaltown broke first, gaining the lead by as many as eight lengths at one point in the backstretch, but Citation pulled even at the turn into the homestretch, and then moved in front, outside the three-sixteenths pole.     Time for the Derby was 2:05 2/5, with a total of $83,400 going to the winner out of a purse $111,450.â     (NL) 4 (AL) 3 Comiskey Park, Chicago, Illinois     Burt Shotten, manager of the NL team of stars, was booed by Comiskey Park fans before the start of this 17th annual All-Star classic on July 11, 1950.  Shotten had been openly criticized for his attempt to place Duke Snider in centerfield ahead of the popular vote choice, Hank Sauer.  Shotten was overruled by commissioner Happy Chandler.     The game itself was perhaps the most exciting of all the All-Star games and it was the first ever to go into extra innings.  The saddest note of the game was Ted William's collision with the wall while catching Ralph Kiner's drive in the first inning.  It was later learned that Williams' elbow was broken.     The defensive play of the day was a fine catch by Andy Pafko in the 12th inning of a tremendous shot off the bat of Yankee star Tommy Henrich.     On offense the NL had two key hits - a home run to tie the game in the ninth inning by Ralph Kiner off Tiger pitcher Art Houtemann - and the winning home run in the 14th inning by Red Schoendienst off Tiger pitcher Ted Gray.     Doby and Williams (despite his broken elbow) led the AL attack.     City College of New York became the first and only basketball team in history to win both the NIT and NCAA post-season tournaments, defeating Bradley University each time, for an unprecedented "Grand Slam," in 1950.     Being voted the NCAA-Eastern Team Representative at large, seemed to give City its impetus toward winning the first of the two championships, the NIT.  In the first win over Bradley, Beaver coach, Nat Holman, suffering from a cold and 103 temperature, sent in substitute Norman Mager who sparked City from an earlier deficit to a 30-27 advantage at halftime.     In the second half, the game was tied six times, and the lead changed hands on seven occasions.  City, led by the left-handed shooting of Irwin Dambrot, who netted 23 points, finally went out in front to stay, at the 15-minute mark, 57-56, and drove on to win 69-61.     The NCAA rematch appeared to be a City College rout, as the Beavers solved an early Bradley zone defense for a 39-32 lead at halftime.     City extended its lead to 11 points, 58-47, 10 minutes into the second half, when Bradley abandoned its zone defense in favor of a man-to-man, all-court press.  Picking off stray City passes, the Braves closed to 66-61 with two minutes left and to 69-68 with just 40 seconds remaining.     But then Dambrot blocked a scoring attempt by Gene Melchiorre.  He recovered the ball, spotted teammate Norm Mager down court and flipped him the ball for the game's deciding two pointer, and a 71-68 City College win for basketball's "Grand Slam."7     The 1951 season saw the end of the playing career of Joseph Paul DiMaggio, better known to Yankee fans and baseball fans the world over as "Joltin' Joe" or "The Yankee Clipper."     DiMaggio came to the Yankees from the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League in 1936.  He batted .398 for the Seals during the 1935 season with 34 home runs, 24 stolen bases and 154 runs batted in.  He broke into the Yankee lineup as a replacement for injured centerfielder Earle Combs.  It was only a short time before everyone forgot Combs and began comparing Joe to the great Babe Ruth.     DiMaggio played 1,736 games for the Yankees while compiling a lifetime batting average of .325, yet he is best remembered for his superb fielding.  It was said that he never made a difficult catch because he was always there before the ball came down.     Never a "rah-rah" type ballplayer, DiMaggio was at times criticized for his lack of dramatic flair, but never for his ability on the field.  Despite a series of injuries he always managed to come up with the big hit for the Yanks.  He was constantly bothered by an ankle injury which slowed him down in his last few seasons.     DiMaggio decided to retire after the 1951 season on December 11, which surprised the baseball fraternity.  Joe had batted .263 in 1951 and was not the type of ball player who would hang on after he thought he was slipping.  The Yankees retired Joe's Number Five alongside the Number Four of Lou Gherig and Number Three of Babe Ruth.  Today DiMaggio has a place next to Gehrig and Ruth in Baseball's Hall of Fame.m     Two New Jersey drivers were seriously injured and eight other drivers hurt in three separate accidents at Langhorne, Pa., on October 14, 1951.  One accident was a 10-car pile-up which halted the 100-mile National Sportsman stock-car race after 83 laps, at the Langhorne Speedway.  The first accident occurred when the car driven by Frank Holtzauer smashed into a pit wall and burst into flames.  The second car was a two-car collision, and the third started when one car flipped over rounding a turn, and the other cars were unable to avoid it.  The various drivers suffered severe body burns and compound fractures.
     Few moments in baseball history will be remembered as long as Bobby Thomson's miracle home run, which gave the 1951 pennant to the New York Giants.     The story of Thomson's hit actually began on August 11, 1951, with the New York Giants trailing the front-running Brooklyn Dodgers by 13 1/2 games in the National League standings.  From that point on, the Giants won 39 of 47 games, to overhaul Brooklyn and capture the National League flag.     Both teams won their games on the final day of the season to tie for first place; this called for a two-out-of-three game play-off series.  The Giants won the first game, but the Dodgers came back to take the second and set up the historic encounter at the Polo Grounds.     Don Newcombe was the Dodger choice to oppose Larry Jansen of the Giants in the deciding game.  The Dodgers quickly scored off Jansen and carried a 4-1 lead into the ninth inning.  Only three outs were between the Dodgers and the National League flag.  Alvin Dark opened the ninth with a single for the Giants, and then went to third on a single by Don Mueller.  Monte Irvin grounded out but Whitey Lockman doubled to make the score 4-2.  Lockman's hit also put runners on second and third and brought Bobby Thomson to the plate to make the winning run.  Then Ralph Branca replaced Don Newcombe on the mound for Brooklyn.     In the first game of the series, Thomson homered off Branca to send the Dodgers to defeat.  The crowd tensed as Branca threw a strike past Thomson.  Then Branca threw again and this time Thomson hit the ball against the left-field scoreboard for a home run to give the Giants a 5-4 victory.  In the world of baseball, Thomson's hit is often referred to as "The shot heard 'round the world."  It certainly was heard all through Brooklyn.°
     The Cleveland Browns' lanky right halfback, Dub Jones, caught passes from quarterback Otto Graham for two touchdowns, and ran for four others to match a long-standing mark set by Ernie Nevers.     In 1929, playing for the then Chicago Cardinals, Nevers scored six touchdowns against the Bears.     The last five times Jones got his hands on the ball, he went the distance.  In all, he gained 116 yards in nine carries, leading the Browns to a 42-21 win over the Chicago Bears on November 25, 1951.     On September 29, 1952, John Cobb in his jet-propelled boat Crusader, was clocked at 206.89 miles per hour on Loch Ness Scotland, but before he could complete the second run, the boat disintegrated and Cobb was killed.     The Crusader was a specially built jet-engined, 6,000 horse power hydroplane, which cost $42,000 and took more than three years to build.  Several time trials had shown that the Crusader was probably the fastest boat in the world.     Cobb took off at a terrific speed.  He soon passed 200 miles per hour, but slowed down at the end of his first measured mile, presumably because he saw ripples ahead.  At this point, he was clocked at 206.8 miles per hour, 28 above the record.  After crossing the one-mile line and before turning for the second mile, which would have made his record official, water rushed up into the cockpit, and in less than half a second the Crusader exploded in pieces, in a cloud of smoke and spray.  It was later concluded that the bottom of the hull had collapsed under the massive hammering it received while porpoising at such great speed.     John Cobb was thrown from the boat.  A life belt enabled him to float until he was picked up, but Cobb died almost instantly.  Although he had many injuries, the medical opinion was that he actually died of shock.     Even though Cobb was unable to complete the second run which was necessary to qualify for the record, the Marine Motoring Association officially recognized his performance as "the fastest speed ever obtained on water."∞     Opening on July 17, 1952, the Summer Olympics attracted about 1,000 individual entries from 71 countries to Helsinki, Finland.  The Finns did a spectacular job running this Olympiad - those in attendance said that the Olympic Flame had never burned so brightly.     The United States track and field team won 15 gold medals, two more than ever before, as well as numerous silver and bronze medals.  On a track in extraordinarily good shape, eight Olympic records were broken.     Perhaps the highlight of the Olympics came in one of the shortest events, the 100-meter dash.  Four men finished in a near dead heat and although Lindy Remigino of the U.S. was declared the winner, there is still some doubt whether Herb McKenley of Jamaica did not deserve a tie.     The 1,500-meter run, known as "the metric mile" proved a thrilling race as Joseph Barthel sprinted by leader Werner Lueg in the final stretch, and gave Luxembourg its first gold medal.     Emil Zatopek of Czechoslovakia strategically paced himself in the 5000-meter race - he overtook Alain Mimoun in the final straightaway and won the gold medal.     Some of the U.S. heroes were:  Harrison Dillard, who won the 110-meter high hurdles; Parry O'Brien, victorious in the shot put; and the Reverend Robert E. Richards, who won the pole vault with the greatest of ease.  The top American star, however, was Bob Mathias of Tulare, California.  Bob became the first man in history to win the decathlon for a second time and established himself as the greatest all-around track and field athlete in the world in 1952.     There were fewer American stars in the women's events.  However, Pat McCormick, of Long Beach, California, won two gold medals in diving - the platform and the springboard events.          Located in the Himalayas on the border of Nepal and Tibet, Mt. Everest, the world's highest mountain, was scaled for the first time by two members of a British expedition team led by Colonel H.C.J. Hunt., Edmund P. Hillary, a New Zealand bee keeper, and Tensing Norkey, a Nepalese Sherpa tribesman and guide of previous expeditions, reached the 29,000-foot peak on May 29, 1953.     Beginning from Nepal on March 10, the British team gradually worked its way up the mountain.  To acclimate to the higher altitudes and extremely frigid air, the climbers moved slowly and depended on oxygen kits to maintain their strength.  Unfortunately, two original members of the team were forced to turn back before reaching the top, due to a severe snowstorm.     On June 1, Buckingham Palace announced the feat, which was a coronation present to Queen Elizabeth II.     Twelve attempts to scale the peak of Mt. Everest were made in 31 years - this was the first to succeed.  Both Hunt and Hillary were knighted for their achievements. 5     The most exciting player of the 1954 baseball season was the young star of the New York Giants, Willie Mays.  Nicknamed "Say Hey" by the Giants and their manager, Leo Durocher, Mays was the main reason the Giants captured the National League flag and then turned back the favored Cleveland Indians in the World Series.     Mays' 1954 batting average of .345 only began to show his true value to the team.  He ran, threw and fielded with an abandon that had not been seen in the league since the days of "Pepper" Martin of the St. Louis Cardinal Gashouse Gang.º     Roger Gilbert Bannister, 25 years old, ran the mile in 3:59.4 seconds on May 6, 1954, to reach one of man's hitherto unattainable goals.  The four-minute time sought by every great miler in the previous 20 years was beaten in the dual meet at Oxford University.  The meet was between Oxford and the British Amateur Athletic Association team, of which Bannister was a member.  He praised Chris Brasher and Chris Chataway, his teammates, who set the pace for most of the race; Brasher completed the first quarter in just under :60 seconds.     Bannister had always believed that a mile in less than four minutes was possible.  With that in mind, he carefully studied the mechanics of running and trained intensively.     Running on the four-lap track, Bannister swept through the first quarter in :57.5 seconds, and the middle quarter were run in :60.7 and :62.3 seconds.  Then with a final explosive burst, he raced to the records with :58.9 for the last quarter.  He ran under exceedingly unfavorable conditions as there was a 15 mile per hour cross wind with gusts up to 25 miles per hour.  His mile smashed the world's record of Gunder Haegg of Sweden, who ran it in 4:01.4 in 1945.K     On August 7, 1954, Roger Bannister of England won over John Landy of Australia by five yards in their "mile-of-the-century" match at the British Empire Games at Vancouver, B.C.     Bannister's time was 3:58.8, six-tenths of a second under his recognized world record of 3:59.4, but eight-tenths of a second over Landy's 3:58 of June 21, 1954, which was still awaiting approval.  In defeat, this time, Landy was clocked at 3:59.6.     Landy set the pace into the homestretch.  Bannister, who had moved into striking position with one lap to go, overtook and passed Landy in the last 100 yards.  The race, witnessed by 40 million people on television and heard by another 20 million on radio, marked the third time in history and the first time in North America, that a mile had been run in less than four minutes.  Never before had two runners surpassed that long-resisting standard in one race.     There was a crowd of 35,000 people jammed into the Empire Stadium.  Guards had to fight the crowd to keep it from pouring onto the field and joining the dozens who hoisted Bannister high and danced with him around the infield of the arena.  Bannister, coughing heavily from a cold, could hardly talk, but Landy's first words were "Was it a good race?"     Prince Philip, consort to Queen Elizabeth II, was in the stands to watch the historic race.╟     On June 11, 1955, at Le Mans raceway, located 100 miles southwest of Paris, a tragic accident occurred during the annual 24-hour auto race.  Driven by Pierre Levegh of France, a Mercedes collided with an Austin-Healy driven by Lance Macklin of Britain.  Levegh was killed as his car exploded.  Pieces of the Mercedes flew past the dirt wall and fence into the mass of spectators; 82 people died and 78 were hospitalized, as a result of the crash.  The race continued, despite the accident; however, the Mercedes-Benz team withdrew from the competition to mourn for Pierre Levegh.  The race was won, on June 12, by a Jaguar driven by Britain's Mike Hawthorne and Ivor Beub, who reached a speed of 107 m.p.h.ï     County Stadium, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; NL-6; AL-5     In the first All-Star game ever played in Milwaukee's new County Stadium, the NL upended the AL 6-5, on a dramatic 12th inning home run by Stan Musial on July 12, 1955.     The game began as an AL runaway, as the junior circuit jumped to an early 5-0 lead from a tremendous 400-foot home run wallop by the New York Yankees great star Mickey Mantle.  Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox was robbed of a two-run homer in the seventh inning on a fine leaping catch by Willie Mays, the New York Giants star.     This was only the second All-Star game ever to go into extra innings, and both of them were won by the National League.  In each instance, the winning run came off the bat of a member of the St. Louis Cardinals.  Stan Musial hammered out this win just as Red Schoendienst ended the 1950 All-Star classic with a home run in the 14th inning.v     The 1924 Summer Olympic Games in Paris, attended by 44 nations, were dominated basically by two teams, the predicted United States and the unexpected Finland.  The Games, originally scheduled for Amsterdam, were switched to Paris at the request of Baron de Coubertin, the president of the International Olympic Committee.     Finland claimed its fame in the track and field events, with stars Paavo Nurmi, Villie Ritola, and Albin Stenroos.  Nurmi continued his success in Olympic competition with gold medals from four events:  the 1,500-meter run, the 5,000-meter run, 3,000-meter run, and 10,000-meter cross country race.  Stenroos acquired a gold in the marathon; Ritola also ran for his gold, winning the 10,000-meter run and the 3,000-meter steeplechase.     Johnny Weissmuller, William DeHart Hubbard, and Lee S. Barnes led the U.S. to its unofficial overall Olympic championship.  Barnes and Hubbard were the American track and field headliners.  Hubbard collected gold medals in the broad jump, 400-meter team relay and 1,600-meter relay, while Barnes defeated teammate Glennn Graham in a pole vault jump-off.  Weissmuller, a distance and sprint swimmer, won the 400-meter free style, 800-meter relay team, and the 100-meter free style in 59 seconds, an Olympic record then.     Ugo Frigerio of Italy won the 10,000-meter walk, matching his victory in the 1920 Olympics at Antwerp.°     When, on September 8, 1957, Althea Gibson soundly defeated Louis Brough 6-3, 6-2, she became the first black to win the U.S. national women's grass court title at Forest Hills, New York.     Gibson, born on August 25, 1927, in Silver, South Carolina, began her tennis lessons with the Police Athletic League in New York where her family had moved when she was still very young.  She became the Negro girls' singles champion of New York in 1943 and five years later captured the national Negro women's title which she held for 10 years.  She entered Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University but continued her tournament play, becoming the first black player, male or female, to play at the national grass court championships at Forest Hills, in 1950.  She became the first black player to be invited to play at Wimbledon in 1951.  After her graduation from Florida A&M in 1953, Gibson took the post of athletic instructor at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri.  But she continued her tournament play without any major successes until 1956, when she captured the French and Italian singles titles as well as the Wimbledon women's doubles title.     In 1957, Gibson became the first black player to win a singles title at Wimbledon.  New York City gave her a ticker tape parade on her return.  That same year, she won the singles title at Forest Hills, and in 1958, she repeated her triumphs at both Wimbledon and Forest Hills.     In 1959, Gibson turned professional, winning the professional singles title in 1960.  She also became a professional golfer.     In her autobiography, published in 1958, I Always Wanted To Be Somebody, Gibson told of her early impoverished childhood and her battle against racial prejudice.  Gibson was elected to the National Lawn Tennis Hall of Fame in 1971.  As New Jersey state athletic commissioner from 1975 to 1977, Gibson devoted her efforts to bringing tennis and other sports to inner city children.  In 1977, she ran for, but was not elected to, the New Jersey Legislature.╟     The 1958 World Series saw the New York Yankees make one of the greatest comebacks in baseball history.  Trailing three games to one, Casey Stengel's stalwarts came off the floor to sweep three straight from Milwaukee and add another world championship to their formidable collection.  Only one other club had ever overcome such a deficit.  The Pittsburgh Pirates achieved the feat in the 1925 Series against the Washington Senators.     In game one, at Milwaukee's County Stadium, the Braves' veteran left-hander, Warren Spahn, outpitched the Yanks' Whitey Ford and Ryne Duren in a 10-inning 4-3 victory.  In the fifth inning, Hank Bauer put the Yanks in front with a two-run homer, 3-2.  The lead lasted until the eighth when Hank Aaron doubled to right sending Mathews to third.  This hit chased Ford.  In relief, Duren gave up a sacrifice fly to Wes Covington and the score was tied, 3-3.  Manager Fred Haney's Braves won in the last of the 10th.  Crandall singled, sending Joe Adcock to third, and Bill Bruton's single drove in the winning run.     In game two, the Braves, behind Lou Burdette, routed the Yankees 13-5.  In game three, at Yankee Stadium, with Don Larsen and Ryne Duren throwing goose eggs, the Yanks blanked the Braves 4-0.  In game four, the Braves shut out the Yanks 3-0, with Warren Spahn doing the job to give Milwaukee an apparently insurmountable lead, three games to one.  In game five, Bob Turley kept the New Yorkers alive by shutting out Milwaukee 7-0.  The sixth game, back at Milwaukee, saw the Yanks even the series at three games apiece with a 4-3 win in 10 innings.     Now the stage was set for the seventh and deciding game.  With the game tied 2-2 in the eighth inning, Elston Howard singled Yogi Berra home to give the Yanks a 3-2 lead.  Then came the blow that climaxed the triumph of the magnificent Yankees.  Bill Skowron slammed a Lou Burdett pitch for a three-run homer.  The Yankees won 6-2 capturing the series in a remarkable comeback.U     On April 9, 1960, the Boston Celtics left their rabid admirers in the Boston Garden breathless with delight as they romped to a 122-103 victory over the St. Louis Hawks in the seventh and deciding game for the world's basketball championship.     Boston's Bill Russell, despite a blow to the head which left him momentarily dazed and delayed the game for about five minutes, dominated the action as he took down 35 rebounds and scored 22 points.  Flashy playmaker, Bob Cousy, had 19 points and 14 assists while Tom Heinsohn added 22 points.  For the outclassed Hawks, Frank Ramsay and Bob Pettit were the leading scorers with 24 and 22 points respectively.     The scorers were kept busy keeping track of the fast-breaking Celtics in white.  Sam Jones dribbled the length of the court and scored.  The Hawks had trouble controlling the ball as Jones again stole and scored.  St. Louis' Cliff Hagen made a basket, but the handwriting was on the scoreboard showing the Celtics with a 17-point lead.  Bob Pettit didn't give up as he netted two points for the Hawks.  Bob Cousy showed the crowd his gift for pinpoint passing as Boston poured it on.  Then Cousy made one of his impossible dream shots to add to the Boston lead.     The rebound statistics showed how completely Bill Russell dominated.  The final score there was Boston 83 rebounds - St. Louis 47.a     After being routed October 1 in the first game of the 1959 World Series, the Los Angeles Dodgers came back on October 2 to win a squeaker 4-3.  This second game, again played in Chicago's Comiskey Park, seemed destined to be a repeat of game number one, when the White Sox again jumped off to a 2-0 lead in the very first inning against left-hander Johnny Podres.  The Dodgers finally scored their first run in this Series in the fifth inning when Charley Neal homered off Bob Shaw.     However, in the seventh inning, the White Sox were still leading 2-1 when Manager Walt Alston called Chuck Essegian to bat for Podres.  Essegian came through with a game-tying home run, after Shaw walked Jim Gilliam.  This gave the Dodgers a 4-2 lead and Larry Sherry was called upon to protect it.  In the eighth inning, Ted Kluszewski and Sherm Lollar singled and Earl Torgeson ran for big Klu.  Al Smith then lashed a double to deep left center. Torgeson raced home, making the score 4-3, but a perfect relay Moon to Wills to Roseboro nipped the lumbering Lollar at the plate.     The Series then moved to Los Angeles and the mammoth Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that held more than 100,000 people (the football field converted to a baseball stadium until the Dodgers could move to their new home in Chavez Ravine).  The Dodgers won the third and fourth games by scores of 3-1 and 5-4.  On the verge of defeat, the White Sox fought back as Shaw and Dick Donovan combined to shut out the Dodgers, and the Sox won the fifth game 1-0.  Then it was back to Chicago for the sixth game, on October 8.     L.A. went ahead 2-0 in the third, when Early Wynn walked Wally Moon and Duke Snider scored him with a homer.  Then Norm Larker reached Wynn for a single in the fourth and Roseboro sacrificed pinch-runner Don Demeter to second.  Maury Wills drove Demeter home with a single and Podres helped his own cause with a double, scoring Wills.  Wynn was replaced by Donovan, who walked Gilliam.  Charley Neal doubled, scoring both Podres and Gilliam; Wally Moon then homered for the sixth run of the inning.  That made it 8-0 Los Angeles and they ultimately went on to win it 9-3.     The 1959 Series broke several records.  Net receipts of $5,628,000 surpassed all previous money marks.  The total gate records were also broken. And for the first time in the history of the Series, no complete game was pitched by the staff of either club.  Series heroes for L.A. were catcher Johnny Roseboro, who stopped the running of the swift Chicago White Sox, and reliever Larry Sherry, who pitched 12 and 2/3 innings and allowed only eight hits and one run.  Sherry relieved in all four games that the Dodgers won.  He picked up two wins and two saves.  Ted Kluszewski was the White Sox hero.  He drove in a total of 10 runs to set a record for RBI's in a 6-game Series and tied the record for most RBI's in a Series of any length.ù
     The 1960 World Series between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the New York Yankees must be regarded as one of the wildest, weirdest, and whackiest of all the October classics.  The Bucs won the first game, were slaughtered by Yankee bats in the next two, but refused to quit and came back to win two in a row.  The Bronx Bombers bombed the National League champs in the sixth game 12-0, thus setting up the seventh and deciding game on October 13, 1960, at Pittsburgh.  In this decisive game, the Pirates turned for the third time to Vernon Law, who had beaten the Yanks twice in this Series, while the Bombers went with their fireballing right-hander, Bob Turley.  At the end of five innings, Pittsburgh led 4-0.  In the sixth, the Yankees went ahead 5-4 by virtue of a three-run homer by Yogi Berra.  In the eighth, the Yankees opened what seemed to be an insurmountable lead when Clete Boyer doubled home two more runs.  But the Pirates fought back.  Gino Cimoli opened the home half of the eighth with a base hit.  Then came the play that made World Series history.     The Pirates' Bill Virdon hit a routine ground ball to Yankee shortstop Tony Kubek for what looked like the start of a double play.  But the ball took a wicked hop right into Kubek's Adam's apple leaving the infielder prostrate, sending Cimoli to second and leaving Virdon safe at first.  The concerned Yanks gathered around the fallen Kubek as he was treated by the trainer, but he was forced to leave the game.  Dick Groat singled, scoring Cimoli, and manager Casey Stengel replaced the left-handed Bobby Shantz with right-handed Jim Coates.  Roberto Clemente greeted Coates with a ground ball single and the Pirates came within one run, trailing by 7-6.  Hal Smith then walloped the ball over the fence as Clemente pranced home.  The score was now 9-7, Pittsburgh.  The situation looked desperate for the Yanks, but in the top of the ninth, Mickey Mantle singled off reliever Harvey Haddix to score one base runner and send another to third, as the Yankees now trailed by 9-8. Berra's sharp grounder tied the score at nine apiece and set the stage for the Pirates in the bottom of the ninth.  Batting against Bill Terry, Pirate second baseman Bill Mazeroski sent Terry's second pitch out of the park for an incredible 10-9 Pittsburgh victory.  In losing the Series, four games to three, the New York Yankees had set club batting marks of .388, scored 55 runs, and collected 91 hits (27 of them for extra bases) - all Series' records.  New York's Bobby Richardson set a record for most RBI's in a Series game - 6, and the most in a Series - 12.  Richardson also became the seventh player in Series history to hit a grand slam home run.╗     Two journeyman pitchers, both destined to join New York City's Amazin' Mets, were the victims of Roger Maris' 60th and 61st home runs of the 1961 baseball season.  Maris hit his 60th, tying Ruth's record (of 34 years), on September 26 in Yankee Stadium off Baltimore right-hander Jack Fisher.  The crowd went wild.  In the clubhouse afterwards, Mrs. Babe Ruth gave the happy, but embarrassed, Maris a peck on the cheek.     The suspense built as Maris, like the Babe, couldn't produce his record-breaking homer until the very last game of the season.  It was October 1, 1961, at Yankee Stadium, against the Boston Red Sox:  Maris came to bat in a scoreless ball game with one out and the bases empty.  The Red Sox pitcher was Tracy Stallard.  With the count two balls and no strikes, Stallard made the next pitch a good, fast ball "knee-high on the outside corner of the plate."  Maris hit it six rows up into the welcoming fans in the right field stands, some 360 feet from home plate, where it was caught on the fly by a 19-year-old Brooklynite, Sal Durante.     Immediately after the hit that had broken the record, the fans gave Maris a standing ovation.  Happy teammates pounded him on the back and pushed him out of the dugout back onto the field to take a bow.  Maris' record of 61 home runs went into the record books with an asterisk because Ruth had hit his 60 in a 1927 season of only 154 games, while in 1961 the elongated season ran for 162 games.¥     With the amazing pitcher Jack Fisher on the mound on September 28, 1960, 42-year-old Ted Williams, Boston Red Sox super-slugger hit a 420-foot home run in his last turn at bat in the major leagues.     A serious Ted Williams stood bareheaded at home plate in Fenway Park while the Boston fans gave him a standing ovation, as he was presented with a silver bowl.  The great Red Sox outfielder was playing his last game for the Boston Red Sox and the fans, with whom Williams had had his differences over the years, now stood to pay their respects to the man who many experts regarded as baseball's all-time greatest hitter.  At the end of the eighth inning, Williams came to bat with the bases empty.  The count was one ball and one strike when the Williams' swing connected and the ball sailed out of the park.  The fans were delirious as Ted jogged around the bases and ducked into the dugout.  The game was held up for several minutes as the standing crowd chanted "we want Ted," but Williams failed to make an appearance.  Afterwards, in the clubhouse, Williams was congratulated by Boston manager Mike Higgins and Ted kissed his number nine uniform as he hung it up for the last time.     Ted did not appear in the game again.  Carrol Hardy replaced him in left field in the ninth inning.  Williams was scheduled to play the last three games of the season at Yankee Stadium in New York, but gave no reason for his surprise decision to quit on the 28th.  Williams said, "Baseball has been the most wonderful thing that ever happened to me - and if I would do it all over again, I would want to play for the best owner in the business, Tom Yawkey, and the greatest fans in America."  2     "I thought 6's only happened to other people," Arnold Palmer said ruefully after he unaccountably lost the Masters tournament to Gary Player of South Africa on April 10, 1961.  Palmer held a 4-stroke lead going into the final 18 holes.  Despite a horrendous 7 at the 13th, Palmer only needed a par 4 on the 18th to win the tournament; a bogey 5 would have meant a tie.     On the final hole, Player exploded from a trap onto the green, then sank his putt for a final score of 280.  A confident "Arnie's army" watched Arnold hit his second shot to the green on the 18th.  However, since Palmer was off line, his ball landed in a trap to the side of the green.  There was still no panic in the crowd or in Palmer - all he needed was a good out and a putt to win.  Incredibly, Arnie hit the ball clear across the green to the edge of the trap on the other side.  It looked difficult, yet possible, that Palmer would get a bogey 5 and a tie, but his shot ran some 15 or 20 feet past the cup; he was left with a very long shot.  But he missed coming back, and it was all over.  Palmer had a 6 and finished with a 281.  Player captured the title, taking home the $20,000 prize.  Palmer found himself tied for second money ($15,000) with Charles Coe.  It was one of the most dramatic and hectic finishes to a Masters in 25 years. ╓     On the morning of September 9, 1962, the Masters and British Open Champion, Arnold Palmer, U.S. Open Champion, Jack Nicklaus, and PGA Champion, Gary Player, all found themselves at Akron, Ohio's Firestone Country Club playing for a winning stake of $50,000 in what a television network dubbed as the "World Series of Golf."  After 18 holes, Palmer (with a 65, 5 under par) led Nicklaus (with a 66) and Player (with a 69).     However, after completing the 36 holes, Jack Nicklaus was the winner, with a 135, 5 under par.  Palmer and Player tied at 139 and split the remaining $25,000 in prize money.     It was Palmer's putter that betrayed him.  He three-putted 3 greens and bogied the first 3 holes on the last 18.  Palmer's own explanation was "...somehow I just lost the feel in my hands.  It happens now and then, but you don't like it to happen at this kind of tournament."  Player responded "...it makes me very happy to get a nice $12,500 check like this," while Nicklaus said "...beating these two guys turned out to be so important and exciting to me, that I'm not thinking about the money yet."     The avid golf fans watched in awe as the three golfing giants hit their tee shots.  Even a champion like Gary Player felt like walking on air when he sunk a long putt.  Nicklaus was deadly with his irons and putting, and that was what ultimately made the difference.  A thirsty Jack Nicklaus took a few healthy swallows to quench his thirst and nodded happily to the camera. $     Baseball did not begin in Japan after World War II as many believe.  It began in the 19th century.  The first game was played in 1873 at Kaisei Gokko, now Tokyo University.  The players were taught the game by an American, Horace Wilson.  During the early years of its development, baseball was an amateur sport dominated by interscholastic play at all levels.  Collegiate competition attracted the most interest.  Amateur baseball is still quite popular in Japan and is under the direction of the Japan Amateur Baseball Federation.     Professional baseball began in Japan in 1934.  An American All-Star team visited Japan and a team of Japanese All-Stars was formed from the best amateur players.  A core of these players became the nucleus of the first professional team.  By 1936, there were seven professional teams.  Amateur baseball remained the most popular form of the sport before the war.     The first interaction between Japanese and Americans took place in 1905, when the team from Waseda University visited the United States.  The first Americans to visit Japan were a semiprofessional team from Hawaii in 1907.  The first American professional team to tour Japan were put together by Charles Cominsky and John McGraw.  This team was on a world tour at the time.  The Major League team Connie Mack brought to Japan in 1934, which included Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Lefty Grove, and Jimmie Foxx, was the impetus to the formation of professional baseball.  There was an increase of Japanese-American play after the Second World War.  This play began in 1949 with a tour of the San Francisco Seals.  Recently, some Japanese teams have held their spring training in the United States.  Over 200 Americans have played professional baseball in Japan.  Professional baseball is now the largest drawing game in Japan, with over 14 million in yearly attendance.  There are two leagues, the Central League and the Pacific League.  This setup was organized in 1950.  Each team plays 130 games, with the winners meeting in a best of seven Japan Series at the end of the season.≤     It was a happy day.  It was a sad day.  The Giants and Dodgers continued their traditional rivalry on April 15, 1958, but for many, it will never be the same.  For others, it was a beginning.  Dodger owner Walter O'Malley, and Horace Stoneman, owner of the Giants, packed their teams and made their way from the city with gold-paved streets to the state of the gold rush.  The subway train between the Dodgers' ancestral home on Flatbush Avenue, and that of the Giants, the Polo Grounds beneath Coogan's Bluff in Manhattan, was less crowded than it normally would have been on the day of the opening game between these two teams.  Boys, learning to be men, wept.     But there was joy at Seals' Stadium in San Francisco, California.  Dignitaries led by the widow of the legendary manager John McGraw, Commissioner Ford Frick and League President Warren Giles were on hand to lead in the pregame festivities.  Norris Paulson, the mayor of the Dodgers' new home, Los Angeles, batted against San Francisco Mayor George Christopher on the mound, representing his city's new resident major league team, the Giants.     The capacity crowd of 23,448 then saw the Giants, behind the 6-hit pitching of Ruben Gomez, defeat the Dodgers 8-0.  Dodger pitcher Don Drysdale lasted only 3 1/3 innings.  For the Giants, shortstop Daryl Spencer and rookie first baseman Orlando Cepeda, each homered.  Centerfielder Willie Mays had two hits and drove in two runs.     The following night the Dodgers got even, beating the Giants 13-1.     The late Bert Bell, commissioner of football at the time, was quoted in the press of the day, "The greatest game I've ever seen."  He was describing the championship game of 1958, which had the Baltimore Colts defeating the New York Giants 23-17 in overtime before 64,185 paying fans at Yankee Stadium in New York.  It is still argued that what Commissioner Bell saw may have truly been the greatest professional football game ever.  Weeb Ewbank coached the Colts to a 14-3 lead at the half, taking advantage of sloppy play on the part of the Giants.  Frank Gifford, for example, coughed up the ball during the period on fumbles.     Giant coach, Jim Lee Howell, turned his 38-year-old quarterback, Charley Conerly, loose in the third quarter, and he brought the team to the Baltimore one-yard line.  Mel Triplett dove over from there for the touchdown.     Gifford hauled in a Conerly 15-yard touchdown pass early in the fourth quarter to take the lead.  The Giants put up a classic goal-line stand, stopping the Colt's Alan Ameche on the five on fourth down.  The Colts found themselves on their own 20 with only 1:56 remaining in the game.  Baltimore quarterback, Johnny Unitas, drove down the field, hitting Lenny Moore with one pass and Raymond Berry three times.  Berry caught 12 passes in the game.  Steve Myhra kicked a field goal from the 20 with 7 seconds remaining on the clock to send the game into a sudden death overtime.  It was the first sudden death game in National Football League history.  At that time, regular season games which ended in a tie during regulation time were counted as ties in the standings.  There were no provisions for overtimes.     The Giants received the ball at the beginning of the overtime period, and were held by the Colts.  Baltimore got the ball at the 20.  Unitas took them down the field in 13 plays, capped by Ameche's 1-yard plunge for the winning touchdown.╕     Glenn Davis of Ohio State University won the gold medal in the 400-meter high hurdles in the 1960 Olympic Games held in Rome, Italy.  He set a new Olympic record with a time of 49.3 seconds.  Cliff Cushman won the silver medal, and Dick Howard the bronze for a sweep by American runners.     Lee Calhoun took the gold in the 110-meter high hurdles with a time of 13.8 seconds.  The United States swept the event with Willie May and Hayes Jones running second and third, respectively.     Ralph Boston set a new Olympic record, winning the long jump with an effort of 26 feet, 7 3/4 inches.  Irv Robinson, also from the United States, won the silver medal, jumping 26 feet, 7 3/8 inches.  Igor Ter-Ovenesyan from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics jumped 26 feet 4 5/8 inches for the bronze.     Wilma Rudolph won the hearts of many and broke the hearts of some by winning three gold medals in track.  She won the 100-meter dash in a time of 11 seconds.  This would have been a world record, but the record was denied because of a strong tail wind.  She won the 200-meter run with a time of 24 seconds, then anchored the United States women's team in the 400-meter relay for her third gold medal.▓
     For three straight years prior to 1962, the Navy football team from Annapolis beat the Cadets of West Point.  The Army brass had lured LSU head coach Paul Dietzel to West Point to snap the Army team out of its slump.  On December 1, 1962, in Philadelphia, with the temperature in the 60s, Paul Dietzel led his white-shod Army team with the special defensive unit, (labelled the "Chinese bandits") against a Wayne Hardin-coached, Roger Staubach-led Navy team.  This 1962 Army-Navy clash was surrounded with more than the usual hoopla.  President John F. Kennedy even tossed the coin to decide who should receive the opening kickoff.  Inscribed on Navy's gold helmets was "BEAT ARMY" in Chinese.     At the half it was Navy 15, Army 6, and at the end of the game, Navy had won a fourth straight victory over Army 34 to 14.  From the time Pat Donnelly of Navy quick-kicked 58 yards to Army's 18-yard line and the Army snap from center went over the punter's head and through the end zone for an automatic safety early in the first quarter, Army was never in contention.     Six-foot, two-inch sophomore Roger Staubach passed for two touchdowns and ran for two more.  His touchdown passes were 12 and 65 yards and overall he completed 10 of 12 passes for a total of 204 yards.  One of his touchdown runs was good for 21 yards.  Staubach's substitute, Ron Klemuck, threw a 5-yard pass for the last Navy TD.  During the game, Navy recovered three Army fumbles and intercepted two passes.     For Army, one touchdown was scored on a 52-yard pass play from quarterback Cammy Lewis to end Bob Wright.  The second score came at the end of a 59-yard passing series from Lewis to various receivers.  Army's running game, featuring a flanker slanting back into the line to block, was ineffective.     Roger Staubach was the Navy story as he repeatedly completed short and long passes against the "Chinese Bandits."  The Army rooting section, which had broken tradition throughout the season by donning Chinese "coolie" helmets whenever the "Bandits" took the field, abandoned the practice when the Navy cheering section broke out small American flags.  The ineffectiveness of the "Bandits" may also have had something to do with it.     Staubach threw two touchdown passes to Neil Henderson, a record 65-yard toss to Nick Markoff and a 48-yarder to Dick Sjuggerud.  When trapped behind the line, Staubach showed some fancy scrambling and some fancy running, scoring a touchdown himself on a 21-yard spring through the outclassed Cadet defenders.  Army Cammy Lewis hit big Bob Wright for a 52-yard gain and Don Parcells scooted off tackle for an Army touchdown.  The final Army touchdown came after a 64-yard march featured by Lewis' passing.É     There are more than 50 styles of wrestling in the world.  The two most popular forms, both of which are Olympic events, are Greco-Roman and freestyle.     Another form, Sumo wrestling, is indigenous to Japan.  In Sumo style, victory comes from forcing one's opponent out of a 15-foot (4.6 meters) ring or throwing him to the ground within the circle.  The wrestlers carry out elaborate purification rituals prior to their bouts, which often last only a few seconds.  In addition to rigorous exercise, the competitors eat enormous amounts of a special, protein-rich, fish stew in order to build up their weight.  Some weigh in at well over 350 pounds.τ
     World welterweight champion Sugar Ray Robinson met Charlie Fusari in a scheduled 15-round bout on August 9, 1950.  The fight had been announced as the last defense of Robinson's title and the swift, hard-punching Robinson, originally named Walker Smith, walked off with a decision over Fusari.     Robinson, considered one of the greatest boxers - pound for pound - of all time, donated all of his $46,000 earnings from the bout to the Damon Runyon and Walter Winchell Cancer Fund.9     The New York Knickerbockers and the Toronto Huskies played the first National Basketball Association (NBA) game before a crowd of 7,090 in Toronto, Canada, on November 1, 1946.     Player-coach Ed Sadowski, Number 20, was the high scorer for the Huskies with 18 points.  Leo Gottlieb led the Knicks with 14 as the Knicks won 68-66.     Pat Kennedy became a "celebrity referee" by illustrating the fouls with his whole body.  The Huskies were accurate in their shooting in that first game, but the Knicks were faster on the breaks.     Some of the teams pictured on early NBA posters have not been heard of recently and are remembered only by their fans.  They include the Providence Steamrollers and Pittsburgh Ironmen.  A few others - the Knicks, the Celtics, and the Warriors - can trace their lineage back to 1946.K     The ninety-ninth running of the Kentucky Derby on May 5, 1973, was won by Secretariat by two and a half lengths.  The three-year-old horse was a favorite and he didn't let anyone down from the first stretch of the race on.  Ridden by jockey Ron Turcotte, Secretariat set a record time of just over 1 minute 59 seconds for the 1 1/4-mile race.  The number two horse was Sham, ridden by Lafitt Pincay, Jr., and the horse in third place was Our Native, ridden by Don Brumfield.     The amazing Secretariat went on to win the Belmont and the Preakness to earn the coveted Triple Crown.⌐     Pele, born Edson Arantes do Nascimento on October 23, 1940, may have been the most dominant athlete of his generation in the world's most popular sport.  Born of a poor family in Tres Coracoes, Brazil, he quickly developed his talent as a soccer player.  At the age of 17, he was a member of the team from Brazil that won the World Cup in Stockholm in 1958.     In the next 16 years, he led his team to three championships in four World Cups and scored a record-breaking 1,086 goals.  In 1975, at the age of 34, he left retirement to join to New York Cosmos as a professional player, reportedly signing a $7 million contract for three years.     On October 1, 1977, 75,646 spectators viewed his final game as a professional soccer player.  It was an exhibition game between the Cosmos and Santos, the Brazilian team for which he had played during most of his career.  He played the first half for the Cosmos, and the second for Santos.  The Cosmos won 2-1, including a goal by Pele.     When the crowds cheered for him in his last game, Pele wept.  He remained the man who had said in 1966, "I have always believed that no matter how much fame a man has, he should live a simple life."║
     On October 1, 1977, more than 75,000 soccer fans gathered at Giant Stadium in New Jersey to watch 36-year-old superstar Pele play the final game in his 22-year career.  The exhibition game was a match between Pele's current team, the Cosmos, and his former team, Santos, of Brazil.  Pele played the first half of the game with the Cosmos, then changed shirts at halftime and played the remainder of the game with Santos, so that he could retire as a member of the team he began with in 1956.     Celebrities like Muhammad Ali, rock star Mick Jagger, and former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger were present at the pre-game ceremonies.  President Jimmy Carter sent his son, Jeff, to present Pele with a plaque.  An emotional Pele called the tribute "the greatest moment" of his life and asked the crowd to chant the word "love" with him three times.     Within two minutes to go in the first half of the game, Pele scored his 1,281st goal on a free kick and tied the game at 1-1.  The Cosmos won the game 2-1.     Pele was born Edson Arantes do Nascimento on October 23, 1940, in the small town of Tres Coracoes, Brazil.  His family moved to Bauru in the state of Sao Paulo when he was five and it has been his residence ever since.  Pele does not remember how or when he received his famous nickname.  The name itself is meaningless.     During his years as a player with the Santos Club of Brazil, Pele led them to three World Cup championships, in 1958, '62 and '70.  He retired from soccer in 1974, but was lured back one year later with a $4.75 million, three-year contract with the Cosmos of the North American Soccer League (NASL).  His arrival brought instant respectability and popularity to American soccer and helped bring other international stars (like Giorgio Chinaglia of the Cosmos and George Best of the Los Angeles Aztecs) to the United States.  Wherever Pele and the Cosmos played, attendance figures soared.  Said Pele, "Now I know I have accomplished what I came here for - to make soccer a reality in the U.S."  In the process, he also became one of the wealthiest and best-known athletes in the world.     During his 22-year career, Pele played in 88 countries, visited with two Popes, five emperors, 10 kings, and 108 other heads of state.  He played 1,363 games and had an eight-goal game once, a five-goal game six times, a four-goal game 31 times, and a three-goal game 93 times.  His 1,281 lifetime goals are twice the number of his nearest challenger.     When asked why he had decided to retire again, Pele said:  "I have always believed my family is the most important thing of all, but actually I am spending much of my time in soccer in sacrifice of my family.  I want to give more time to my family."ß     On September 26, 1983, the Australian challenger, Australia II, unexpectedly defeated the U.S. yacht, Liberty, in the renowned America's Cup yacht race final held in Rhode Island sound off the shores of Newport.  The Aussies broke the 3-3 tie in the series and ended the 132-year U.S. reign.  The triumph sparked a massive national celebration in Australia.     The Australia II, owned by Allan Bond, a wealthy Australian entrepreneur, represented the Royal Perth Yacht Club; the 12-meter yacht was skippered by John Bertrand.  In preparation for the 1983 competition, Bond had hired naval architect Ben Lexcen to redesign the boat to improve its performance.  Lexcen devised a revolutionary delta-winged keel which succeeded in making the yacht much more stable and maneuverable.  The new design increased the boat's leverage against wind, and enabled it to tack faster due to minimized sideways movement and greater lift.     In contrast, Liberty, 4,000 pounds heavier than the Australian yacht, could combat the strong seas well, but had less agility.  The Americans chose to rely on their sturdy, traditionally designed vessel, plus the crew's familiarity with the waters and weather conditions, to defend the America's Cup title.  Skippered by the experienced Dennis Conner, Liberty represented the N.Y. Yacht Club.     The 1983 America's Cup consisted of seven races, four of which were captured by the sailors from Down Under.  The opening race took place on September 14th, with 20-knot wind conditions.  In this race, problems arose for the Australians, when part of their steering gear suddenly broke loose as they tried to change course.  Slowed down from the damage, Australia II finished 1:10 seconds behind Liberty.  In the second race, held the next day in similar winds, the Aussies once again suffered with equipment failures.  Just prior to the start, a strong gust of wind knocked a mainsail pin loose, causing the sail to drop significantly.  The Americans won again, this time by a margin of 1:33.     The third race was described as "symbolically one of the most crucial in the series.  Australia II was winning by a five-minute margin, the largest ever until the wind suddenly died out.  When the race surpassed the official time limit it had to be replayed.  In light winds, Australia II proceeded to take the lead again, and won the rematch by 3:14 minutes - the largest margin by a challenger in over 100 years.  On September 20th, Conner masterfully maneuvered the Liberty, grasping the lead and holding it the entire way, to finish the fourth race 43 seconds ahead of the Aussies.     Bad luck struck the Americans when shortly before the start of the fifth race, Liberty's jumper strut broke.  Although the damage was repaired in time for the race, the American crew was weary.  Australia II won by a margin of 1:47, clinching its second victory of the series, on September 21st.     During the sixth race, held on September 22nd, clear skies and moderate winds prevailed.  Bertrand strategically sailed into a wind buildup that he located, gained a significant lead, and soared on to win the race by a record margin of 3:25.     This victory marked the first time in history that a challenger won more than two races in a Cup final.  The win also tied the Australians and Americans at three races a piece.     The deciding race of the series was postponed twice and finally held on September 26.  The exciting event received extensive media coverage, especially in Australia.  Throughout the race, the lead changed hands several times until Bertrand finally caught a powerful breeze and surged ahead of Liberty in the final stretch.  Australia II made history as it sailed on to finish ahead of Liberty by 44 seconds and to win the 1983 America's Cup.  Lexcen's innovative design of the victorious Australia II proved to set a precedent for further experimentation in yacht design for the future.     Shortly after, the Australian and American crews were honored by President Reagan in the Rose Garden of the White House.    aaaaa./&a$ ")ma -('.3/( ma).,$a5.a5)$a4$$/a 38ai a#(&a#. 5ha /%a5)$a134"$a..2$ai a#(&a1- /$ha6 2a5)$a#(35)a1- "$a.'a(") 3%aoa     "*# 35)ai╥a     "*
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