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                            THE NOVEL IN ENGLAND

           Dates of Publication of Some Important Fictional Works
                                      and
          Dates of Importance in History, Invention and Literature

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                               1700-1799



1702    THE DAILY COURANT, the first daily newspaper appears in
        England.

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1702-1714  Queen Anne rules in England.

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1714-1727  George I rules England.  He is the first in the
           Hanoverian line which extends through Queen Victoria.
______________________________________________________________________

1710    First complete performance of an Italian opera in
        England.  The work performed was ALMAHIDE.

1712    Invention of the steam piston engine by Thomas Newcomen
        and John Calley.

1719    ROBINSON CRUSOE by Daniel Defoe.  Like several of Defoe's
        works, an important precursor to the English novel

1722    JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR and MOLL FLANDERS by Daniel
Defoe.
______________________________________________________________________

1727-1760  George II on the throne of England.
______________________________________________________________________

1730    John and Charles Wesley create Methodism.

1732    Michael Menzies invents the threshing machine.

1740    The War of Austrian Succession.  Prussia annexes Silesia.

        Samuel Richardson publishes PAMELA, OR VIRTUE REWARDED,
        generally considered the first English novel.  It was an
        epistolary novel.

1742    Henry Fielding issues JOSEPH ANDREWS.  Sometimes called
        an anti-novel, this work is a reaction to the sentimentality
        of Richardson's PAMELA.  Joseph is the brother of Pamela,
        but he is not of such a sterling character as Richardson
        depicted his heroine.  He is a picaro.

1748    CLARISSA HARLOWE by Samuel Richardson

        RODERICK RANDOM from Tobias Smollet

        Invention of the sea quadrant.

1749    Henry Fielding's masterpiece TOM JONES appears.  It is
        both a picaresque tale and a tale embodying convincing realism.

1752    The Gregorian calendar adopted.

1756    The Seven Years War begins.

1757    John Campbell produces the sextant.

1758    Invention of the refracting telescope and of achromatic lenses for
        eyeglasses by John Dolland.
______________________________________________________________________

1760 -1820  King George III presides over England.
______________________________________________________________________

1760    The British conquer New France.  Quebec was taken in 1759 and
        Montreal in 1760.

1760-1767  Laurence Sterne produces one of the most remarkable of early
        novels TRISTRAM SHANDY.

1762    Reputed invention of the sandwich by the fourth Earl of Sandwich.

1764    Hugh Walpole publishes THE CASTLE OF OTRANTO, the first
        gothic novel, introducing the most important conventions of the
        type.

        James Hargreaves constructs the spinning jenny.

1766    Oliver Goldsmith produces a sentimental masterpiece THE
        VICAR OF WAKEFIELD.

1775-1783  War with the American colonies.

1777    First use of the boat made of iron in Yorkshire, England.

1778    Frances Burney's EVELINA published, an important early novel of
        manners.

        James Watt invents a copying machine.

1783    Two Frenchmen, Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Etienne Montfolfier
        produce the first hot-air balloon.

1784    Benjamin Franklin makes bifocal lenses for eye glasses.

        Laumoy in France produces a model of a helicopter.

1787    Cartwright produces a power loom.

1788    American Constitution ratified by eleven states.

1789    The French Revolution begins.

1790    The first U. S. patent of a cotton spinning and weaving machine.

        Thomas Saint produces the first sewing machine.

1793    Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin.

        England at war with France.

1796    Edward Jenner discovers a smallpox vaccine.

1797    Andre Jacques Garnerin makes the parachute.

1799    Napoleon becomes the first Consul General of France.


                               ═══════════

                               1800 - 1899

                               ═══════════
______________________________________________________________________

1760 -1820  King George III presides over England.
______________________________________________________________________

1804    Napoleon is made Emperor of France.

        Richard Trevithick makes the steam locomotive.

1807    The slave trade abolished within the British Empire. Abolition of
        serfdom in Prussia.

        Isaac de Rivez secures a patent for a gas-driven automobile.

        Robert Fulton introduces the long-distance steamboat.

1808    Sir Walter Scott's MARMION, an early romantic novel.

1810    Porter's SCOTTISH CHIEFS.

1812    The cylinder printing press invented.  The TIMES of London begins
        publication using it.

        Canned food introduced by Bryan Doukin.

1812-1815  The United States and Britain at war.

1813    Jane Austen's PRIDE AND PREJUDICE, a masterpiece praised variously
        as a domestic novel, a realistic work and a novel of manners.

1814    Sir Walter Scott writes WAVERLY and begins the vogue of the
        historical novel.

1815    Napoleon defeated at Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena.

        The Congress of Vienna.

1816    Invention of the stethoscope by Rene Theophile Hyancinthe Laennee.

1817    Mary Shelley's FRANKENSTEIN appears.  According to the author, the
        book shows some American influence based on her reading of Charles
        Brockden Brown's WIELAND (1798).

        Anthony A. Plankston introduces the dental plate.

1819    Dental amalgam for fillings introduced by Charles Bell.

        The United States purchases Florida from Spain.

______________________________________________________________________

1820-1830  George IV rules.
______________________________________________________________________


1820    Scott's most enduring tale IVANHOE appears.  It is a romantic tale
        which takes place against an historical backdrop.

        The Missouri Compromise brings a temporary solution to the problem
        of slavery in new territories of the United States.

1821    Michael Faraday invents the electric motor and generator, keeping
        Britain in the forefront of technology.

        Greek war of independence.

1822    J-N. Niepce of France produces the first photographic image.

1823    The Monroe Doctrine proclaimed by the U. S.

1824    Conquest of Burma and Assam begun by Britain.

1825    The first passenger steam railway begins service at Stockton and
        Darlington in England.

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1830-1837  William IV reigns.
_____________________________________________________________________

1832    The Reform Bill.

1833    Charles Babbage invents the differential calculating machine.

1834    Bulwer-Lytton's LAST DAYS OF POMPEII paints a picture of life in
        the ancient city destroyed by an erupting volcano.

        In the United States, the first mechanical reaper is patented.

1835    Samuel Colt makes the revolver.

1836    Charles Dickens bursts on the scene with the PICKWICK PAPERS.

        In Prussia, the invention of the needle-gun makes breech loading
        possible.

_____________________________________________________________________

1837-1901  Queen Victoria occupies the throne.
_____________________________________________________________________


1837    Dickens publishes OLIVER TWIST.

        William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone create the electric
        telegraph.

        The electric motor is invented by Thomas Davenport.

1838    Samuel F. B. Morse introduces Morse Code and demonstrates his
        telegraph for President Van Buren.

        Steam ships first run between the United States and England.

1840    Dickens' OLD CURIOSITY SHOP appears.

        The first postage stamp is used in Britain.

        Britain annexes New Zealand.

1841    James Wilmot Griswold publishes the first edition of the
        influential anthology POETS AND POETRY OF AMERICA.

1842    Britain annexes Hong Kong.

        Morse introduces underwater telegraph cable.

1843    Publication of Dickens' CHRISTMAS CAROL.

        Wordsworth made Poet Laureate of England.

1844    William M. Thackeray's BARRY LYNDON and Benjamin Disraeli's
        CONINGSBY published.

1845    Repeal of the Corn Laws and move toward free trade in Britain.

        Irish potato famine.  Hostility to Britain grows.  Emigration to
        the U. S. increases.

        The U. S. annexes Texas.

1845-1849  The British conquest of Punjab and Kashmir

1846    Elias Howe's sewing machine introduced.

1847-1848  Thackeray's VANITY FAIR.

1847    Emily Bronte's WUTHERING HEIGHTS and sister Charlotte Bronte's JANE
        EYRE are published.

1849-1850  Dickens' DAVID COPPERFIELD.

1852    HENRY ESMOND by Thackeray.

1855    Anthony Trollope's THE WARDEN and Charles Kingsley's WESTWARD HO.

        Robert Wilhelm Eberhard von Bunsen invents the burner bearing his
        name.

1856    The Bessemer process permits the mass production of steel.

1857    Trollope's BARCHESTER TOWERS continues the story begun in THE
        WARDEN.

1859    A TALE OF TWO CITIES by Dickens, Thackeray's THE VIRGINIANS, George
        Eliot's ADAM BEDE and George Meredith's ORDEAL OF RICHARD FEVERAL
        make this a banner year for the English novel.  Other famous works,
        though they were not novels, were published in this year too.  They
        included Darwin's ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES, Fitzgerald's translation
        of the RUBAIYAT OF OMAR KHAYYAM and John Stuart Mill's ON LIBERTY.

1860    George Eliot's MILL ON THE FLOSS and Wilkie Collins' mystery WOMAN
        IN WHITE both see publication.

        Pasteur propounds the germ theory of disease.

1861-1865  The American Civil War.

1863    Charles Kingsley's most famous work WATER BABIES appears.

        First underground railway opens in London.

1865    Lewis Carroll's ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND is published
        as is Dickens' OUR MUTUAL FRIEND.

1866    Cyrus West Field, Samuel Canning and Daniel Gooch lay the
        transatlantic cable.

1867    Russia sells Alaska to the U. S.

        Dominion of Canada established.

        Alfred Nobel creates dynamite.

1868    Wilkie Collins publishes another gripping mystery, THE
        MOONSTONE.

1869    The Suez Canal opens.

        The first transcontinental railway completed in the U. S.

        Blackmore's LORNA DOONE.

1870    Declaration of papal infallibility.

        Franco-Prussian War.

1872    Samuel Butler's EREWHON appears.  The utopian novel takes its
        title from the word "nowhere" spelled backward.

        George Eliot's classic MIDDLEMARCH is published.

1873    Christopher Latham Sholes introduces the typewriter.

1876    Henry James publishes RODERICK HUDSON.

        Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.

1877    Henry James' THE AMERICAN.

1878    Thomas Hardy publishes RETURN OF THE NATIVE.

        Thomas Alva Edison invents the phonograph and William Crookes makes
        the cathode ray tube.

1879    George Meredith's THE EGOIST.

        Henry James publishes DAISY MILLER.

        With Joseph Wilson Swan, Edison makes the carbon filament
        light bulb.

        James Ritty makes the cash register.

1881    Two James novels, THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY and WASHINGTON SQUARE
        appear.

        Albert A. Michelson makes the interferometer.

1882    First hydro-electric plant became operational in Wisconsin.

1883    Robert Louis Stevenson gives the public his children's classic
        TREASURE ISLAND.

1884    Lewis Edson Waterman introduces the fountain pen.

1885    W. H. Hudson's THE PURPLE LAND, an influential romance which Ernest
        Hemingway later lampooned in THE SUN ALSO RISES.

        Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach make the gas engine
        motorcycle.

1886    THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE by Thomas Hardy.

        James' THE BOSTONIANS is published.

        Robert Louis Stevenson publishes DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE as well as
        the novel KIDNAPPED.

        Dunlop invents the pneumatic tire, something that would prove of
        great importance for the nascent automobile industry.

        Coca-Cola, the invention of John Pemberton, appears.

        George Westinghouse makes the railway air brake.

        Ottmar Mergenthaler makes the linotype machine.

1888    Henry James puts ASPERN PAPERS into print.

1891    Thomas Hardy produces TESS OF THE D'UBERVILLES.

        In the United States, the International Copyright Law protects
        foreign authors and publishers.

1893    Crompton & Co., an English company, introduces the electric
        toaster.

1894    Guglielmo Marconi invents wireless telegraphy.

1895    H. G. Wells' influential science fiction novel THE TIME MACHINE is
        published during the same year that Joseph Conrad's first novel
        ALMAYER'S FOLLY appears.

        Rontgen discovers X-rays, and the first public showing of a motion
        picture takes place in France.

1896    Thomas Hardy's JUDE THE OBSCURE.

1897    Conrad's THE NIGGER OF THE NARCISSUS and Rudyard Kipling's CAPTAINS
        COURAGEOUS are the year's most memorable novels.

        James' THE SPOILS OF POYNTON and WHAT MAISIE KNEW.

1898    H. G. Wells' WAR OF THE WORLDS appears.

        Pierre and Marie Curie find radioactivity and isolate radium.

        The Spanish-American War; the US annexes Guam, Puerto Rico and the
        Philippines.

1899    The Boer War begins.


                                ═════════

                                1900-1970

                                ═════════


1900    One of Joseph Conrad's most complex books, LORD JIM, is published.

        In Germany, Max Planck's quantum theory comes into being,
        revolutionizing physics while in Austria Freud's book
        INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS marks the beginning of psychoanalysis.

1901    Rudyard Kipling's KIM and Philip Barrie's QUALITY STREET appear.

______________________________________________________________

1901-1910  Reign of Edward VII

______________________________________________________________

1902    Henry James publishes THE WINGS OF THE DOVE.

1903    Samuel Butler's THE WAY OF ALL FLESH published posthumously.

        Henry James' THE AMBASSADORS.

        Wilbur and Orville Wright register the first successful flight of a
        gasoline powered aircraft at Kitty Hawk, N. C.

        The Panama Canal Zone ceded to the U. S.

1904    Conrad's NOSTROMO, Barrie's PETER PAN and Hudson's GREEN MANSIONS
        are among the most important publications of the year.

1905    Einstein's theory of relativity.

1908    Arnold Bennett's THE OLD WIVES' TALE.
_______________________________________________________________

1910-1936  Reign of George V
_______________________________________________________________

1915    Conrad's VICTORY and Somerset Maugham's OF HUMAN BONDAGE are
        published.

1916    James Joyce's PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN appears.

1919    Maugham's THE MOON AND SIXPENCE

1920    Station KDKA in Pittsburgh, PA introduces commercial radio
        broadcasts.

1921    Aldous Huxley publishes CROME YELLOW, and D. H. Lawrence prints
        WOMEN IN LOVE.

1922    John Galsworthy completes THE FORSYTE SAGA (1906-1922).

        James Joyce publishes ULYSSES with the help of Sylvia Beach.

        Virginia Woolf completes JACOB'S ROOM.

1923    Clarence Birdseye introduces frozen food.

1925    Woolf's MRS. DALLOWAY.

1926    John Logie Baird, C. F. Jenkins and D. Mihaly invent television.

1927    Woolf's TO THE LIGHTHOUSE.

1928    Invention of color television by John Logie Baird.

1929    Woolf publishes A ROOM OF ONE'S OWN.

1930    Evelyn Waugh's VILE BODIES.

1931    Jacob Schick makes the electric razor.

1932    John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for Literature.


1934    Robert Graves' I, CLAUDIUS and Waugh's A HANDFUL OF DUST appear.

______________________________________________________________

1936  Edward VIII, who abdicates to marry Mrs. Simpson.
______________________________________________________________

1936-1952  George VI reigns.
______________________________________________________________

1937    The Dupont Company of the U.S. introduces nylon.

1939    James Joyce's most puzzling book FINNEGAN'S WAKE.


1940    Although Tucker coined the word "radar," Robert M. Page was the
        inventor.

        Automatic transmissions for cars introduced by General Motors.

1941

1942    Enrico Fermi and his team on the Manhattan project produce a
        manmade atomic reaction.

1944    Joyce Cary's THE HORSE'S MOUTH.

1945    Evelyn Waugh's masterpiece BRIDESHEAD REVISITED.

        The atomic bomb: J. R. Oppenheimer, Arthur H. Compton, Enrico Fermi
        and Leo Szilard

1946    George Orwell's satirical ANIMAL FARM appears.

        ENIAC (Electronic vacuum tube computer) is built by John Mauchly
        and J. Presper.

1947    The Bell XS-1, the world's first supersonic aircraft is introduced
        in the U. S.

1948    Evelyn Waugh makes fun of Hollywood's burial practices in THE LOVED
        ONE.

        Graham Greene's THE HEART OF THE MATTER.

        The transistor is introduced.  It will replace vacuum tubes,
        permitting smaller more portable electronics. William Shockley,
        John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain get credit for the product.

        Peter Goldmark introduces the microgrove or long-playing record.

1949    George Orwell's NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR spells out a disutopia.  For
        years people wonder whether his vision might not be totally
        accurate both in the severity of life in the future and the date by
        which the monitoring of the life of ordinary citizens might occur.

1950    First appearance of the xerographic copying machine by the Haloid
        Company.

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1952  Elizabeth II's coronation takes place in Westminster Abbey.
      The event is the first coronation of a British monarch to
      be carried by television around the world.
_____________________________________________________________

1952    The hydrogen bomb courtesy of Edward Teller and Igor Kurchatov.

1953    Waugh's LOVE AMONG THE RUINS.

1954    Kingsley Amis' satirical look at the life of a young teacher, LUCKY
        JIM, appears.

1958    T. H. White retells the Arthurian legend in THE ONCE AND FUTURE
        KING.

        Charles Townes discovers the laser.

1959    William Golding's FREE FALL.

1960    Lawrence Durrell completes his ALEXANDRIA QUARTET.

        The USS ENTERPRISE becomes the first nuclear-powered ship.

1963    John Fowles' THE COLLECTOR.

        The Philips Company of the Netherlands introduces the cassette
        tape.

1964    The home use transistor videotape recorder appears.  Sony of Japan
        introduces it.

1966    Fowles' THE MAGUS and Graham Greene's THE COMEDIANS both appear.

1968    Anthony Burgess' ENDERBY

1969    John Fowles' THE FRENCH LIEUTENANT'S WOMAN.

        Doris Lessing completes her CHILDREN OF VIOLENCE series.