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ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1. gnuplot ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.1. Copyright ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Copyright (C) 1986 - 1993, 1998 Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley
Permission to use, copy, and distribute this software and its documentation for
any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and
this permission notice appear in supporting documentation.
Permission to modify the software is granted, but not the right to distribute
the complete modified source code. Modifications are to be distributed as
patches to the released version. Permission to distribute binaries produced by
compiling modified sources is granted, provided you
1. distribute the corresponding source modifications from the
released version in the form of a patch file along with the binaries,
2. add special version identification to distinguish your version
in addition to the base release version number,
3. provide your name and address as the primary contact for the
support of your modified version, and
4. retain our contact information in regard to use of the base
software.
Permission to distribute the released version of the source code along with
corresponding source modifications in the form of a patch file is granted with
same provisions 2 through 4 for binary distributions.
This software is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty to the
extent permitted by applicable law.
AUTHORS
Original Software:
Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley.
Gnuplot 2.0 additions:
Russell Lang, Dave Kotz, John Campbell.
Gnuplot 3.0 additions:
Gershon Elber and many others.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.2. Introduction ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
gnuplot is a command-driven interactive function and data plotting program. It
is case sensitive (commands and function names written in lowercase are not the
same as those written in CAPS). All command names may be abbreviated as long
as the abbreviation is not ambiguous. Any number of commands may appear on a
line (with the exception that load or call must be the final command),
separated by semicolons (;). Strings are indicated with quotes. They may be
either single or double quotation marks, e.g.,
load "filename"
cd 'dir'
although there are some subtle differences (see syntax for more details).
Any command-line arguments are assumed to be names of files containing gnuplot
commands, with the exception of standard X11 arguments, which are processed
first. Each file is loaded with the load command, in the order specified.
gnuplot exits after the last file is processed. When no load files are named,
gnuplot enters into an interactive mode. The special filename "-" is used to
denote standard input. See "help batch/interactive" for more details.
Many gnuplot commands have multiple options. These options must appear in the
proper order, although unwanted ones may be omitted in most cases. Thus if the
entire command is "command a b c", then "command a c" will probably work, but
"command c a" will fail.
Commands may extend over several input lines by ending each line but the last
with a backslash (\). The backslash must be the _last_ character on each line.
The effect is as if the backslash and newline were not there. That is, no
white space is implied, nor is a comment terminated. Therefore, commenting out
a continued line comments out the entire command (see comment). But note that
if an error occurs somewhere on a multi-line command, the parser may not be
able to locate precisely where the error is and in that case will not
necessarily point to the correct line.
In this document, curly braces ({}) denote optional arguments and a vertical
bar (|) separates mutually exclusive choices. gnuplot keywords or help topics
are indicated by backquotes or boldface (where available). Angle brackets (<>)
are used to mark replaceable tokens. In many cases, a default value of the
token will be taken for optional arguments if the token is omitted, but these
cases are not always denoted with braces around the angle brackets.
For on-line help on any topic, type help followed by the name of the topic or
just help or ? to get a menu of available topics.
The new gnuplot user should begin by reading about plotting (if on-line, type
help plotting).
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3. Seeking-assistance ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
There is a mailing list for gnuplot users. Note, however, that the newsgroup
comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot
is identical to the mailing list (they both carry the same set of messages). We
prefer that you read the messages through the newsgroup rather than subscribing
to the mailing list. Administrative requests should be sent to
majordomo@dartmouth.edu
Send a message with the body (not the subject) consisting of the single word
"help" (without the quotes) for more details.
The address for mailing to list members is:
info-gnuplot@dartmouth.edu
Bug reports and code contributions should be mailed to:
bug-gnuplot@dartmouth.edu
The list of those interested in beta-test versions is:
info-gnuplot-beta@dartmouth.edu
There is also a World Wide Web page with up-to-date information, including
known bugs:
http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/gnuplot_info.html
Before seeking help, please check the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) list. If
you do not have a copy of the FAQ, you may request a copy by email from the
Majordomo address above, ftp a copy from
ftp://ftp.ucc.ie/pub/gnuplot/faq,
ftp://ftp.gnuplot.vt.edu/pub/gnuplot/faq,
or see the WWW gnuplot page.
When posting a question, please include full details of the version of gnuplot,
the machine, and operating system you are using. A _small_ script
demonstrating the problem may be useful. Function plots are preferable to
datafile plots. If email-ing to info-gnuplot, please state whether or not you
are subscribed to the list, so that users who use news will know to email a
reply to you. There is a form for such postings on the WWW site.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4. What's New in version 3.7 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Gnuplot version 3.7 contains many new features. This section gives a partial
list and links to the new items in no particular order.
1. fit f(x) 'file' via uses the Marquardt-Levenberg method to fit data. (This
is only slightly different from the gnufit patch available for 3.5.)
2. Greatly expanded using command. See plot using.
3. set timefmt allows for the use of dates as input and output for time series
plots. See Time/Date data and timedat.dem.
4. Multiline labels and font selection in some drivers.
5. Minor (unlabeled) tics. See set mxtics.
6. key options for moving the key box in the page (and even outside of the
plot), putting a title on it and a box around it, and more. See set key.
7. Multiplots on a single logical page with set multiplot.
8. Enhanced postscript driver with super/subscripts and font changes. (This was
a separate driver (enhpost) that was available as a patch for 3.5.)
9. Second axes: use the top and right axes independently of the bottom and
left, both for plotting and labels. See plot.
10. Special datafile names '-' and "". See plot special-filenames.
11. Additional coordinate systems for labels and arrows. See coordinates.
12. set size can try to plot with a specified aspect ratio.
13. set missing now treats missing data correctly.
14. The call command: load with arguments.
15. More flexible range commands with reverse and writeback keywords.
16. set encoding for multi-lingual encoding.
17. New x11 driver with persistent and multiple windows.
18. New plotting styles: xerrorbars, histeps, financebars and more. See set
style.
19. New tic label formats, including "%l %L" which uses the mantissa and
exponents to a given base for labels. See set format.
20. New drivers, including cgm for inclusion into MS-Office applications and
gif for serving plots to the WEB.
21. Smoothing and spline-fitting options for plot. See plot smooth.
22. set margin and set origin give much better control over where a graph
appears on the page.
23. set border now controls each border individually.
24. The new commands if and reread allow command loops.
25. Point styles and sizes, line types and widths can be specified on the plot
command. Line types and widths can also be specified for grids, borders, tics
and arrows. See plot with. Furthermore these types may be combined and stored
for further use. See set linestyle.
26. Text (labels, tic labels, and the time stamp) can be written vertically by
those terminals capable of doing so.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5. Batch/Interactive Operation ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
gnuplot may be executed in either batch or interactive modes, and the two may
even be mixed together on many systems.
Any command-line arguments are assumed to be names of files containing gnuplot
commands (with the exception of standard X11 arguments, which are processed
first). Each file is loaded with the load command, in the order specified.
gnuplot exits after the last file is processed. When no load files are named,
gnuplot enters into an interactive mode. The special filename "-" is used to
denote standard input.
Both the exit and quit commands terminate the current command file and load the
next one, until all have been processed.
Examples:
To launch an interactive session:
gnuplot
To launch a batch session using two command files "input1" and "input2":
gnuplot input1 input2
To launch an interactive session after an initialization file "header" and
followed by another command file "trailer":
gnuplot header - trailer
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.6. Command-line-editing ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Command-line editing is supported by the Unix, Atari, VMS, MS-DOS and OS/2
versions of gnuplot. Also, a history mechanism allows previous commands to be
edited and re-executed. After the command line has been edited, a newline or
carriage return will enter the entire line without regard to where the cursor
is positioned.
(The readline function in gnuplot is not the same as the readline used in GNU
Bash and GNU Emacs. If the GNU version is desired, it may be selected instead
of the gnuplot version at compile time.)
The editing commands are as follows:
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéCharacter ΓöéFunction Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéLine EditingΓöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^B Γöémove back a single character. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^F Γöémove forward a single character. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^A Γöémove to the beginning of the line. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^E Γöémove to the end of the line. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^H, DEL Γöédelete the previous character. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^D Γöédelete the current character. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^K Γöédelete from current position to the end of line.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^L, ^R Γöéredraw line in case it gets trashed. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^U Γöédelete the entire line. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^W Γöédelete from the current word to the end of line.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéHistory Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^P Γöémove back through history. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^N Γöémove forward through history. Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
On the IBM PC, the use of a TSR program such as DOSEDIT or CED may be desired
for line editing. The default makefile assumes that this is the case; by
default gnuplot will be compiled with no line-editing capability. If you want
to use gnuplot's line editing, set READLINE in the makefile and add
readline.obj to the link file. The following arrow keys may be used on the IBM
PC and Atari versions if readline is used:
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéArrow key ΓöéFunction Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéLeft Arrow Γöésame as ^B.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéRight Arrow Γöésame as ^F.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéCtrl Left Arrow Γöésame as ^A.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéCtrl Right ArrowΓöésame as ^E.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéUp Arrow Γöésame as ^P.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéDown Arrow Γöésame as ^N.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
The Atari version of readline defines some additional key aliases:
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéArrow keyΓöéFunction Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéUndo Γöésame as ^L. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéHome Γöésame as ^A. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéCtrl HomeΓöésame as ^E. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéEsc Γöésame as ^U. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéHelp Γöéhelp plus return.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéCtrl HelpΓöéhelp . Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.7. Comments ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Comments are supported as follows: a # may appear in most places in a line and
gnuplot will ignore the rest of the line. It will not have this effect inside
quotes, inside numbers (including complex numbers), inside command
substitutions, etc. In short, it works anywhere it makes sense to work.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.8. Coordinates ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The commands set arrow, set key, and set label allow you to draw something at
an arbitrary position on the graph. This position is specified by the syntax:
{<system>} <x>, {<system>} <y> {,{<system>} <z>}
Each <system> can either be first, second, graph or screen.
first places the x, y, or z coordinate in the system defined by the left and
bottom axes; second places it in the system defined by the second axes (top and
right); graph specifies the area within the axes---0,0 is bottom left and 1,1
is top right (for splot, 0,0,0 is bottom left of plotting area; use negative z
to get to the base---see set ticslevel); and screen specifies the screen area
(the entire area---not just the portion selected by set size), with 0,0 at
bottom left and 1,1 at top right.
If the coordinate system for x is not specified, first is used. If the system
for y is not specified, the one used for x is adopted.
If one (or more) axis is timeseries, the appropriate coordinate should be given
as a quoted time string according to the timefmt format string. See set xdata
and set timefmt. gnuplot will also accept an integer expression, which will be
interpreted as seconds from 1 January 2000.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.9. Environment ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
A number of shell environment variables are understood by gnuplot. None of
these are required, but may be useful.
If GNUTERM is defined, it is used as the name of the terminal type to be used.
This overrides any terminal type sensed by gnuplot on start-up, but is itself
overridden by the .gnuplot (or equivalent) start-up file (see start-up) and, of
course, by later explicit changes.
On Unix, AmigaOS, AtariTOS, MS-DOS and OS/2, GNUHELP may be defined to be the
pathname of the HELP file (gnuplot.gih).
On VMS, the logical name GNUPLOT$HELP should be defined as the name of the help
library for gnuplot. The gnuplot help can be put inside any system help
library, allowing access to help from both within and outside gnuplot if
desired.
On Unix, HOME is used as the name of a directory to search for a .gnuplot file
if none is found in the current directory. On AmigaOS, AtariTOS, MS-DOS and
OS/2, gnuplot is used. On VMS, SYS$LOGIN: is used. See help start-up.
On Unix, PAGER is used as an output filter for help messages.
On Unix, AtariTOS and AmigaOS, SHELL is used for the shell command. On MS-DOS
and OS/2, COMSPEC is used for the shell command.
On MS-DOS, if the BGI or Watcom interface is used, PCTRM is used to tell the
maximum resolution supported by your monitor by setting it to S<max. horizontal
resolution>. E.g. if your monitor's maximum resolution is 800x600, then use:
set PCTRM=S800
If PCTRM is not set, standard VGA is used.
FIT_SCRIPT may be used to specify a gnuplot command to be executed when a fit
is interrupted---see fit. FIT_LOG specifies the filename of the logfile
maintained by fit.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10. Expressions ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
In general, any mathematical expression accepted by C, FORTRAN, Pascal, or
BASIC is valid. The precedence of these operators is determined by the
specifications of the C programming language. White space (spaces and tabs) is
ignored inside expressions.
Complex constants are expressed as {<real>,<imag>}, where <real> and <imag>
must be numerical constants. For example, {3,2} represents 3 + 2i; {0,1}
represents 'i' itself. The curly braces are explicitly required here.
Note that gnuplot uses both "real" and "integer" arithmetic, like FORTRAN and
C. Integers are entered as "1", "-10", etc; reals as "1.0", "-10.0", "1e1",
3.5e-1, etc. The most important difference between the two forms is in
division: division of integers truncates: 5/2 = 2; division of reals does not:
5.0/2.0 = 2.5. In mixed expressions, integers are "promoted" to reals before
evaluation: 5/2e0 = 2.5. The result of division of a negative integer by a
positive one may vary among compilers. Try a test like "print -5/2" to
determine if your system chooses -2 or -3 as the answer.
The integer expression "1/0" may be used to generate an "undefined" flag, which
causes a point to ignored; the ternary operator gives an example.
The real and imaginary parts of complex expressions are always real, whatever
the form in which they are entered: in {3,2} the "3" and "2" are reals, not
integers.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1. Functions ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The functions in gnuplot are the same as the corresponding functions in the
Unix math library, except that all functions accept integer, real, and complex
arguments, unless otherwise noted.
For those functions that accept or return angles that may be given in either
degrees or radians (sin(x), cos(x), tan(x), asin(x), acos(x), atan(x), atan2(x)
and arg(z)), the unit may be selected by set angles, which defaults to radians.
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc c l . Γöé Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéFunction ΓöéArguments ΓöéReturns Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé Γöé
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Γöéabs(x) Γöéany Γöéabsolute value of x, |x|; same type Γöé
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Γöéabs(x) Γöécomplex Γöélength of x, Γöé
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Γöéacos(x) Γöéany Γöé(inverse cosine) Γöé
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Γöéacosh(x) Γöéany Γöé(inverse hyperbolic cosine) in radians Γöé
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Γöéarg(x) Γöécomplex Γöéthe phase of x Γöé
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Γöéasin(x) Γöéany Γöé(inverse sin) Γöé
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Γöéasinh(x) Γöéany Γöé(inverse hyperbolic sin) in radians Γöé
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Γöéatan(x) Γöéany Γöé(inverse tangent) Γöé
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Γöéatan2(y,x) Γöéint or realΓöé(inverse tangent) Γöé
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Γöéatanh(x) Γöéany Γöé(inverse hyperbolic tangent) in radians Γöé
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Γöébesj0(x) Γöéint or realΓöéBessel function of x, in radians Γöé
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Γöébesj1(x) Γöéint or realΓöéBessel function of x, in radians Γöé
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Γöébesy0(x) Γöéint or realΓöéBessel function of x, in radians Γöé
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Γöébesy1(x) Γöéint or realΓöéBessel function of x, in radians Γöé
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Γöéceil(x) Γöéany Γöésmallest integer not less than x (real part) Γöé
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Γöécos(x) Γöéradians Γöécosine of x Γöé
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Γöécosh(x) Γöéany Γöéhyperbolic cosine of x in radians Γöé
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Γöéerf(x) Γöéany Γöéerror function of real (x) Γöé
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Γöéerfc(x) Γöéany Γöé1.0 - error function of real (x) Γöé
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Γöéexp(x) Γöéany Γöéexponential function of x Γöé
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Γöéfloor(x) Γöéany Γöélargest integer not greater than x (real part)Γöé
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Γöégamma(x) Γöéany Γöégamma function of real (x) Γöé
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Γöéibeta(p,q,x)Γöéany Γöéibeta function of real (p,q,x) Γöé
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Γöéinverf(x) Γöéany Γöéinverse error function real(x) Γöé
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Γöéigamma(a,x) Γöéany Γöéigamma function of real (a,x) Γöé
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Γöéimag(x) Γöécomplex Γöéimaginary part of x as a real number Γöé
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Γöéinvnorm(x) Γöéany Γöéinverse normal distribution function real(x) Γöé
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Γöéint(x) Γöéreal Γöéinteger part of x, truncated toward zero Γöé
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Γöélgamma(x) Γöéany Γöélgamma function of real (x) Γöé
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Γöélog(x) Γöéany Γöénatural logarithm (base e) of x Γöé
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Γöélog10(x) Γöéany Γöélogarithm (base ) of x Γöé
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Γöénorm(x) Γöéany Γöénormal distribution function of real(x) Γöé
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Γöérand(x) Γöéany Γöépseudo random number generator Γöé
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Γöéreal(x) Γöéany Γöéreal part of x Γöé
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Γöésgn(x) Γöéany Γöé1 if x > 0, -1 if x < 0, 0 if x = 0. ignored Γöé
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Γöésin(x) Γöéany Γöésine of x Γöé
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Γöésinh(x) Γöéany Γöéhyperbolic sine x in radians Γöé
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Γöésqrt(x) Γöéany Γöésquare root of x Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöétan(x) Γöéany Γöétangent of x Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöétanh(x) Γöéany Γöéhyperbolic tangent of x in radians Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.1. abs ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The abs(x) function returns the absolute value of its argument. The returned
value is of the same type as the argument.
For complex arguments, abs(x) is defined as the length of x in the complex
plane [i.e., sqrt(real(x)**2 + imag(x)**2) ].
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.2. acos ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The acos(x) function returns the arc cosine (inverse cosine) of its argument.
acos returns its argument in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.3. acosh ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The acosh(x) function returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of its argument in
radians.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.4. arg ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The arg(x) function returns the phase of a complex number in radians or
degrees, as selected by set angles.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.5. asin ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The asin(x) function returns the arc sin (inverse sin) of its argument. asin
returns its argument in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.6. asinh ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The asinh(x) function returns the inverse hyperbolic sin of its argument in
radians.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.7. atan ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The atan(x) function returns the arc tangent (inverse tangent) of its argument.
atan returns its argument in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.8. atan2 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The atan2(y,x) function returns the arc tangent (inverse tangent) of the ratio
of the real parts of its arguments. atan2 returns its argument in radians or
degrees, as selected by set angles, in the correct quadrant.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.9. atanh ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The atanh(x) function returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of its argument in
radians.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.10. besj0 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The besj0(x) function returns the j0th Bessel function of its argument. besj0
expects its argument to be in radians.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.11. besj1 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The besj1(x) function returns the j1st Bessel function of its argument. besj1
expects its argument to be in radians.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.12. besy0 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The besy0 function returns the y0th Bessel function of its argument. besy0
expects its argument to be in radians.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.13. besy1 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The besy1(x) function returns the y1st Bessel function of its argument. besy1
expects its argument to be in radians.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.14. ceil ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The ceil(x) function returns the smallest integer that is not less than its
argument. For complex numbers, ceil returns the smallest integer not less than
the real part of its argument.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.15. cos ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The cos(x) function returns the cosine of its argument. cos accepts its
argument in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.16. cosh ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The cosh(x) function returns the hyperbolic cosine of its argument. cosh
expects its argument to be in radians.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.17. erf ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The erf(x) function returns the error function of the real part of its
argument. If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary component is
ignored.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.18. erfc ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The erfc(x) function returns 1.0 - the error function of the real part of its
argument. If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary component is
ignored.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.19. exp ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The exp(x) function returns the exponential function of its argument (e raised
to the power of its argument). On some implementations (notably suns), exp(-x)
returns undefined for very large x. A user-defined function like safe(x) =
x<-100 ? 0 : exp(x) might prove useful in these cases.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.20. floor ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The floor(x) function returns the largest integer not greater than its
argument. For complex numbers, floor returns the largest integer not greater
than the real part of its argument.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.21. gamma ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The gamma(x) function returns the gamma function of the real part of its
argument. For integer n, gamma(n+1) = n!. If the argument is a complex value,
the imaginary component is ignored.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.22. ibeta ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The ibeta(p,q,x) function returns the incomplete beta function of the real
parts of its arguments. p, q > 0 and x in [0:1]. If the arguments are complex,
the imaginary components are ignored.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.23. inverf ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The inverf(x) function returns the inverse error function of the real part of
its argument.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.24. igamma ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The igamma(a,x) function returns the incomplete gamma function of the real
parts of its arguments. a > 0 and x >= 0. If the arguments are complex, the
imaginary components are ignored.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.25. imag ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The imag(x) function returns the imaginary part of its argument as a real
number.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.26. invnorm ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The invnorm(x) function returns the inverse normal distribution function of the
real part of its argument.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.27. int ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The int(x) function returns the integer part of its argument, truncated toward
zero.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.28. lgamma ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The lgamma(x) function returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function of
the real part of its argument. If the argument is a complex value, the
imaginary component is ignored.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.29. log ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The log(x) function returns the natural logarithm (base e) of its argument.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.30. log10 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The log10(x) function returns the logarithm (base 10) of its argument.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.31. norm ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The norm(x) function returns the normal distribution function (or Gaussian) of
the real part of its argument.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.32. rand ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The rand(x) function returns a pseudo random number in the interval [0:1] using
the real part of its argument as a seed. If seed < 0, the sequence is
(re)initialized. If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary component
is ignored.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.33. real ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The real(x) function returns the real part of its argument.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.34. sgn ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The sgn(x) function returns 1 if its argument is positive, -1 if its argument
is negative, and 0 if its argument is 0. If the argument is a complex value,
the imaginary component is ignored.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.35. sin ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The sin(x) function returns the sine of its argument. sin expects its argument
to be in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.36. sinh ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The sinh(x) function returns the hyperbolic sine of its argument. sinh expects
its argument to be in radians.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.37. sqrt ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The sqrt(x) function returns the square root of its argument.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.38. tan ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The tan(x) function returns the tangent of its argument. tan expects its
argument to be in radians or degrees, as selected by set angles.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.39. tanh ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The tanh(x) function returns the hyperbolic tangent of its argument. tanh
expects its argument to be in radians.
A few additional functions are also available.
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc c l . Γöé Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéFunction ΓöéArgumentsΓöéReturns Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöécolumn(x) Γöéint Γöé column x during datafile manipulation. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöétm_hour(x)Γöéint Γöéthe hour Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöétm_mday(x)Γöéint Γöéthe day of the month Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöétm_min(x) Γöéint Γöéthe minute Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöétm_mon(x) Γöéint Γöéthe month Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöétm_sec(x) Γöéint Γöéthe second Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöétm_wday(x)Γöéint Γöéthe day of the week Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöétm_yday(x)Γöéint Γöéthe day of the year Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöétm_year(x)Γöéint Γöéthe year Γöé
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Γöévalid(x) Γöéint Γöé test validity of column(x) during datafile manip.Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.40. column ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
column(x) may be used only in expressions as part of using manipulations to
fits or datafile plots. See plot datafile using.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.41. tm_hour ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The tm_hour function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan
2000. It returns the hour (an integer in the range 0--23) as a real.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.42. tm_mday ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The tm_mday function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan
2000. It returns the day of the month (an integer in the range 1--31) as a
real.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.43. tm_min ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The tm_min function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan
2000. It returns the minute (an integer in the range 0--59) as a real.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.44. tm_mon ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The tm_mon function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan
2000. It returns the month (an integer in the range 1--12) as a real.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.45. tm_sec ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The tm_sec function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan
2000. It returns the second (an integer in the range 0--59) as a real.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.46. tm_wday ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The tm_wday function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan
2000. It returns the day of the week (an integer in the range 1--7) as a real.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.47. tm_yday ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The tm_yday function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan
2000. It returns the day of the year (an integer in the range 1--366) as a
real.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.48. tm_year ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The tm_year function interprets its argument as a time, in seconds from 1 Jan
2000. It returns the year (an integer) as a real.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.1.49. valid ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
valid(x) may be used only in expressions as part of using manipulations to fits
or datafile plots. See plot datafile using.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.2. Operators ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The operators in gnuplot are the same as the corresponding operators in the C
programming language, except that all operators accept integer, real, and
complex arguments, unless otherwise noted. The ** operator (exponentiation) is
supported, as in FORTRAN.
Parentheses may be used to change order of evaluation.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.2.1. Unary ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The following is a list of all the unary operators and their usages:
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
ΓöéSymbolΓöéExample ΓöéExplanation Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé- Γöé-a Γöéunary minus Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé+ Γöé+a Γöéunary plus (no-operation)Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé~ Γöé~a Γöé* one's complement Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé! Γöé!a Γöé* logical negation Γöé
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Γöé! Γöéa! Γöé* factorial Γöé
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Γöé3 Γöé* call arg/column during using manipulation Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
(*) Starred explanations indicate that the operator requires an integer
argument.
Operator precedence is the same as in Fortran and C. As in those languages,
parentheses may be used to change the order of operation. Thus -2**2 = -4, but
(-2)**2 = 4.
The factorial operator returns a real number to allow a greater range.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.2.2. Binary ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The following is a list of all the binary operators and their usages:
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc c l . Γöé Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéSymbol ΓöéExample ΓöéExplanation Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé** Γöéa**b Γöéexponentiation Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé* Γöéa*b Γöémultiplication Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé/ Γöéa/b Γöédivision Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé% Γöéa%b Γöé* modulo Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé+ Γöéa+b Γöéaddition Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé- Γöéa-b Γöésubtraction Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé== Γöéa==b Γöéequality Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé!= Γöéa!=b Γöéinequality Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé< Γöéa<b Γöéless than Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé<= Γöéa<=b Γöéless than or equal to Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé> Γöéa>b Γöégreater than Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé>= Γöéa>=b Γöégreater than or equal toΓöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé& Γöéa&b Γöé* bitwise AND Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^ Γöéa^b Γöé* bitwise exclusive OR Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé| Γöéa|b Γöé* bitwise inclusive OR Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé&& Γöéa&&b Γöé* logical AND Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé|| Γöéa||b Γöé* logical OR Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
(*) Starred explanations indicate that the operator requires integer arguments.
Logical AND (&&) and OR (||) short-circuit the way they do in C. That is, the
second && operand is not evaluated if the first is false; the second || operand
is not evaluated if the first is true.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.2.3. Ternary ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
There is a single ternary operator:
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc c l . Γöé Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéSymbol ΓöéExample ΓöéExplanation Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé?: Γöéa?b:c Γöé* ternary operationΓöé
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The ternary operator behaves as it does in C. The first argument (a), which
must be an integer, is evaluated. If it is true (non-zero), the second
argument (b) is evaluated and returned; otherwise the third argument (c) is
evaluated and returned.
The ternary operator is very useful both in constructing piecewise functions
and in plotting points only when certain conditions are met.
Examples:
Plot a function that is to equal sin(x) for 0 <= x < 1, 1/x for 1 <= x < 2, and
undefined elsewhere:
f(x) = 0<=x && x<1 ? sin(x) : 1<=x && x<2 ? 1/x : 1/0
plot f(x)
Note that gnuplot quietly ignores undefined values, so the final branch of the
function (1/0) will produce no plottable points. Note also that f(x) will be
plotted as a continuous function across the discontinuity if a line style is
used. To plot it discontinuously, create separate functions for the two
pieces. (Parametric functions are also useful for this purpose.)
For data in a file, plot the average of the data in columns 2 and 3 against the
datum in column 1, but only if the datum in column 4 is non-negative:
plot 'file' using 1:( $4<0 ? 1/0 : ($2+$3)/2 )
Please see plot data-file using for an explanation of the using syntax.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.10.3. User-defined ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
New user-defined variables and functions of one through five variables may be
declared and used anywhere, including on the plot command itself.
User-defined function syntax:
<func-name>( <dummy1> {,<dummy2>} ... {,<dummy5>} ) = <expression>
where <expression> is defined in terms of <dummy1> through <dummy5>.
User-defined variable syntax:
<variable-name> = <constant-expression>
Examples:
w = 2
q = floor(tan(pi/2 - 0.1))
f(x) = sin(w*x)
sinc(x) = sin(pi*x)/(pi*x)
delta(t) = (t == 0)
ramp(t) = (t > 0) ? t : 0
min(a,b) = (a < b) ? a : b
comb(n,k) = n!/(k!*(n-k)!)
len3d(x,y,z) = sqrt(x*x+y*y+z*z)
plot f(x) = sin(x*a), a = 0.2, f(x), a = 0.4, f(x)
Note that the variable pi is already defined. But it is in no way magic; you
may redefine it to be whatever you like.
Valid names are the same as in most programming languages: they must begin with
a letter, but subsequent characters may be letters, digits, "$", or "_". Note,
however, that the fit mechanism uses several variables with names that begin
"FIT_". It is safest to avoid using such names. "FIT_LIMIT", however, is one
that you may wish to redefine. See the documentation on fit for details.
See show functions, show variables, and fit.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.11. Glossary ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Throughout this document an attempt has been made to maintain consistency of
nomenclature. This cannot be wholly successful because as gnuplot has evolved
over time, certain command and keyword names have been adopted that preclude
such perfection. This section contains explanations of the way some of these
terms are used.
A "page" or "screen" is the entire area addressable by gnuplot. On a monitor,
it is the full screen; on a plotter, it is a single sheet of paper.
A screen may contain one or more "plots". A plot is defined by an abscissa and
an ordinate, although these need not actually appear on it, as well as the
margins and any text written therein.
A plot contains one "graph". A graph is defined by an abscissa and an
ordinate, although these need not actually appear on it.
A graph may contain one or more "lines". A line is a single function or data
set. "Line" is also a plotting style. The word will also be used in sense "a
line of text". Presumably the context will remove any ambiguity.
The lines on a graph may have individual names. These may be listed together
with a sample of the plotting style used to represent them in the "key",
sometimes also called the "legend".
The word "title" occurs with multiple meanings in gnuplot. In this document,
it will always be preceded by the adjective "plot", "line", or "key" to
differentiate among them.
A graph may have up to four labelled axes. Various commands have the name of
an axis built into their names, such as set xlabel. Other commands have one or
more axis names as options, such as set logscale xy. The names of the four
axes for these usages are "x" for the axis along the bottom border of the plot,
"y" for the left border, "x2" for the top border, and "y2" for the right
border. "z" also occurs in commands used with 3-d plotting.
When discussing data files, the term "record" will be resurrected and used to
denote a single line of text in the file, that is, the characters between
newline or end-of-record characters. A "point" is the datum extracted from a
single record. A "datablock" is a set of points from consecutive records,
delimited by blank records. A line, when referred to in the context of a data
file, is a subset of a datablock.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.12. Plotting ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
There are three gnuplot commands which actually create a plot: plot, splot and
replot. plot generates 2-d plots, splot generates 3-d plots (actually 2-d
projections, of course), and replot appends its arguments to the previous plot
or splot and executes the modified command.
Much of the general information about plotting can be found in the discussion
of plot; information specific to 3-d can be found in the splot section.
plot operates in either rectangular or polar coordinates -- see set polar for
details of the latter. splot operates only in rectangular coordinates, but the
set mapping command allows for a few other coordinate systems to be treated.
In addition, the using option allows both plot and splot to treat almost any
coordinate system you'd care to define.
splot can plot surfaces and contours in addition to points and/or lines. In
addition to splot, see set isosamples for information about defining the grid
for a 3-d function; splot datafile for information about the requisite file
structure for 3-d data values; and set contour and set cntrparam for
information about contours.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.13. Start-up ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
When gnuplot is run, it looks for an initialization file to load. This file is
called .gnuplot on Unix and AmigaOS systems, and GNUPLOT.INI on other systems.
If this file is not found in the current directory, the program will look for
it in the home directory (under AmigaOS, Atari(single)TOS, MS-DOS and OS/2, the
environment variable gnuplot should contain the name of this directory). Note:
if NOCWDRC is defined during the installation, gnuplot will not read from the
current directory.
If the initialization file is found, gnuplot executes the commands in it. These
may be any legal gnuplot commands, but typically they are limited to setting
the terminal and defining frequently-used functions or variables.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.14. Substitution ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Command-line substitution is specified by a system command enclosed in
backquotes. This command is spawned and the output it produces replaces the
name of the command (and backquotes) on the command line. Some implementations
also support pipes; see plot data-file special-filenames.
Newlines in the output produced by the spawned command are replaced with
blanks.
Command-line substitution can be used anywhere on the gnuplot command line.
Example:
This will run the program leastsq and replace leastsq (including backquotes) on
the command line with its output:
f(x) = leastsq
or, in VMS
f(x) = run leastsq
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.15. Syntax ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The general rules of syntax and punctuation in gnuplot are that keywords and
options are order-dependent. Options and any accompanying parameters are
separated by spaces whereas lists and coordinates are separated by commas.
Ranges are separated by colons and enclosed in brackets [], text and file names
are enclosed in quotes, and a few miscellaneous things are enclosed in
parentheses. Braces {} are used for a few special purposes.
Commas are used to separate coordinates on the set commands arrow, key, and
label; the list of variables being fitted (the list after the via keyword on
the fit command); lists of discrete contours or the loop parameters which
specify them on the set cntrparam command; the arguments of the set commands
dgrid3d, dummy, isosamples, offsets, origin, samples, size, time, and view;
lists of tics or the loop parameters which specify them; the offsets for titles
and axis labels; parametric functions to be used to calculate the x, y, and z
coordinates on the plot, replot and splot commands; and the complete sets of
keywords specifying individual plots (data sets or functions) on the plot,
replot and splot commands.
Parentheses are used to delimit sets of explicit tics (as opposed to loop
parameters) and to indicate computations in the using filter of the fit, plot,
replot and splot commands.
(Parentheses and commas are also used as usual in function notation.)
Brackets are used to delimit ranges, whether they are given on set, plot or
splot commands.
Colons are used to separate extrema in range specifications (whether they are
given on set, plot or splot commands) and to separate entries in the using
filter of the plot, replot, splot and fit commands.
Semicolons are used to separate commands given on a single command line.
Braces are used in text to be specially processed by some terminals, like
postscript. They are also used to denote complex numbers: {3,2} = 3 + 2i.
Text may be enclosed in single- or double-quotes. Backslash processing of
sequences like \n (newline) and \345 (octal character code) is performed for
double-quoted strings, but not for single-quoted strings.
The justification is the same for each line of a multi-line string. Thus the
center-justified string
"This is the first line of text.\nThis is the second line."
will produce
This is the first line of text.
This is the second line.
but
'This is the first line of text.\nThis is the second line.'
will produce
This is the first line of text.\nThis is the second line.
Filenames may be entered with either single- or double-quotes. In this manual
the command examples generally single-quote filenames and double-quote other
string tokens for clarity.
At present you should not embed \n inside {} when using the enhanced option of
the postscript terminal.
The EEPIC, Imagen, Uniplex, LaTeX, and TPIC drivers allow a newline to be
specified by \\ in a single-quoted string or \\\\ in a double-quoted string.
Back-quotes are used to enclose system commands for substitution.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.16. Time/Date data ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
gnuplot supports the use of time and/or date information as input data. This
feature is activated by the commands set xdata time, set ydata time, etc.
Internally all times and dates are converted to the number of seconds from the
year 2000. The command set timefmt defines the format for all inputs: data
files, ranges, tics, label positions---in short, anything that accepts a data
value must receive it in this format. Since only one input format can be in
force at a given time, all time/date quantities being input at the same time
must be presented in the same format. Thus if both x and y data in a file are
time/date, they must be in the same format.
The conversion to and from seconds assumes Universal Time (which is the same as
Greenwich Standard Time). There is no provision for changing the time zone or
for daylight savings. If all your data refer to the same time zone (and are
all either daylight or standard) you don't need to worry about these things.
But if the absolute time is crucial for your application, you'll need to
convert to UT yourself.
Commands like show xrange will re-interpret the integer according to timefmt.
If you change timefmt, and then show the quantity again, it will be displayed
in the new timefmt. For that matter, if you give the deactivation command
(like set xdata), the quantity will be shown in its numerical form.
The command set format defines the format that will be used for tic labels,
whether or not the specified axis is time/date.
If time/date information is to be plotted from a file, the using option _must_
be used on the plot or splot command. These commands simply use white space to
separate columns, but white space may be embedded within the time/date string.
If you use tabs as a separator, some trial-and-error may be necessary to
discover how your system treats them.
The following example demonstrates time/date plotting.
Suppose the file "data" contains records like
03/21/95 10:00 6.02e23
This file can be plotted by
set xdata time
set timefmt "%m/%d/%y"
set xrange ["03/21/95":"03/22/95"]
set format x "%m/%d"
set timefmt "%m/%d/%y %H:%M"
plot "data" using 1:3
which will produce xtic labels that look like "03/21".
See the descriptions of each command for more details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2. Commands ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This section lists the commands acceptable to gnuplot in alphabetical order.
Printed versions of this document contain all commands; on-line versions may
not be complete. Indeed, on some systems there may be no commands at all
listed under this heading.
Note that in most cases unambiguous abbreviations for command names and their
options are permissible, i.e., "p f(x) w l" instead of "plot f(x) with lines".
In the syntax descriptions, braces ({}) denote optional arguments and a
vertical bar (|) separates mutually exclusive choices.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.1. cd ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The cd command changes the working directory.
Syntax:
cd '<directory-name>'
The directory name must be enclosed in quotes.
Examples:
cd 'subdir'
cd ".."
DOS users _must_ use single-quotes---backslash [\] has special significance
inside double-quotes. For example,
cd "c:\newdata"
fails, but
cd 'c:\newdata'
works as expected.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.2. call ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The call command is identical to the load command with one exception: you can
have up to ten additional parameters to the command (delimited according to the
standard parser rules) which can be substituted into the lines read from the
file. As each line is read from the called input file, it is scanned for the
sequence $ (dollar-sign) followed by a digit (0--9). If found, the sequence is
replaced by the corresponding parameter from the call command line. If the
parameter was specified as a string in the call line, it is substituted without
its enclosing quotes. $ followed by any character other than a digit will be
that character. E.g. use $$ to get a single $. Providing more than ten
parameters on the call command line will cause an error. A parameter that was
not provided substitutes as nothing. Files being called may themselves contain
call or load commands.
The call command _must_ be the last command on a multi-command line.
Syntax:
call "<input-file>" <parameter-0> <parm-1> ... <parm-9>
The name of the input file must be enclosed in quotes, and it is recommended
that parameters are similarly enclosed in quotes (future versions of gnuplot
may treat quoted and unquoted arguments differently).
Example:
If the file 'calltest.gp' contains the line:
print "p0=$0 p1=$1 p2=$2 p3=$3 p4=$4 p5=$5 p6=$6 p7=x$7x"
entering the command:
call 'calltest.gp' "abcd" 1.2 + "'quoted'" -- "$2"
will display:
p0=abcd p1=1.2 p2=+ p3='quoted' p4=- p5=- p6=$2 p7=xx
NOTE: there is a clash in syntax with the datafile using callback operator.
Use $$n or column(n) to access column n from a datafile inside a called
datafile plot.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.3. clear ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The clear command erases the current screen or output device as specified by
set output. This usually generates a formfeed on hardcopy devices. Use set
terminal to set the device type.
For some terminals clear erases only the portion of the plotting surface
defined by set size, so for these it can be used in conjunction with set
multiplot to create an inset.
Example:
set multiplot
plot sin(x)
set origin 0.5,0.5
set size 0.4,0.4
clear
plot cos(x)
set nomultiplot
Please see set multiplot, set size, and set origin for details of these
commands.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.4. exit ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The commands exit and quit and the END-OF-FILE character will exit the current
gnuplot command file and load the next one. See "help batch/interactive" for
more details.
Each of these commands will clear the output device (as does the clear command)
before exiting.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.5. fit ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The fit command can fit a user-defined function to a set of data points (x,y)
or (x,y,z), using an implementation of the nonlinear least-squares (NLLS)
Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm. Any user-defined variable occurring in the
function body may serve as a fit parameter, but the return type of the function
must be real.
Syntax:
fit {[xrange] {[yrange]}} <function> '<datafile>'
{datafile-modifiers}
via '<parameter file>' | <var1>{,<var2>,...}
Ranges may be specified to temporarily limit the data which is to be fitted;
any out-of-range data points are ignored. The syntax is
[{dummy_variable=}{<min>}{:<max>}],
analogous to plot; see plot ranges.
<function> is any valid gnuplot expression, although it is usual to use a
previously user-defined function of the form f(x) or f(x,y).
<datafile> is treated as in the plot command. All the plot datafile modifiers
(using, every,...) except smooth are applicable to fit. See plot datafile.
The default data formats for fitting functions with a single independent
variable, y=f(x), are {x:}y or x:y:s; those formats can be changed with the
datafile using qualifier. The third item, (a column number or an expression),
if present, is interpreted as the standard deviation of the corresponding y
value and is used to compute a weight for the datum, 1/s**2. Otherwise, all
data points are weighted equally, with a weight of one.
To fit a function with two independent variables, z=f(x,y), the required format
is using with four items, x:y:z:s. The complete format must be given---no
default columns are assumed for a missing token. Weights for each data point
are evaluated from 's' as above. If error estimates are not available, a
constant value can be specified as a constant expression (see plot datafile
using), e.g., using 1:2:3:(1).
Multiple datasets may be simultaneously fit with functions of one independent
variable by making y a 'pseudo-variable', e.g., the dataline number, and
fitting as two independent variables. See fit multibranch.
The via qualifier specifies which parameters are to be adjusted, either
directly, or by referencing a parameter file.
Examples:
f(x) = a*x**2 + b*x + c
g(x,y) = a*x**2 + b*y**2 + c*x*y
FIT_LIMIT = 1e-6
fit f(x) 'measured.dat' via 'start.par'
fit f(x) 'measured.dat' using 3:($7-5) via 'start.par'
fit f(x) './data/trash.dat' using 1:2:3 via a, b, c
fit g(x,y) 'surface.dat' using 1:2:3:(1) via a, b, c
After each iteration step, detailed information about the current state of the
fit is written to the display. The same information about the initial and
final states is written to a log file, "fit.log". This file is always appended
to, so as to not lose any previous fit history; it should be deleted or
renamed as desired.
The fit may be interrupted by pressing Ctrl-C (any key but Ctrl-C under MSDOS
and Atari Multitasking Systems). After the current iteration completes, you
have the option to (1) stop the fit and accept the current parameter values,
(2) continue the fit, (3) execute a gnuplot command as specified by the
environment variable FIT_SCRIPT. The default for FIT_SCRIPT is replot, so if
you had previously plotted both the data and the fitting function in one graph,
you can display the current state of the fit.
Once fit has finished, the update command may be used to store final values in
a file for subsequent use as a parameter file. See update for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.5.1. adjustable parameters ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
There are two ways that via can specify the parameters to be adjusted, either
directly on the command line or indirectly, by referencing a parameter file.
The two use different means to set initial values.
Adjustable parameters can be specified by a comma-separated list of variable
names after the via keyword. Any variable that is not already defined is is
created with an initial value of 1.0. However, the fit is more likely to
converge rapidly if the variables have been previously declared with more
appropriate starting values.
In a parameter file, each parameter to be varied and a corresponding initial
value are specified, one per line, in the form
varname = value
Comments, marked by '#', and blank lines are permissible. The special form
varname = value # FIXED
means that the variable is treated as a 'fixed parameter', initialized by the
parameter file, but not adjusted by fit. For clarity, it may be useful to
designate variables as fixed parameters so that their values are reported by
fit. The keyword # FIXED has to appear in exactly this form.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.5.2. beginner's guide ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
fit is used to find a set of parameters that 'best' fits your data to your
user-defined function. The fit is judged on the basis of the the sum of the
squared differences or 'residuals' (SSR) between the input data points and the
function values, evaluated at the same places. This quantity is often called
'chisquare' (i.e., the Greek letter chi, to the power of 2). The algorithm
attempts to minimize SSR, or more precisely, WSSR, as the residuals are
'weighted' by the input data errors (or 1.0) before being squared; see fit
error_estimates for details.
That's why it is called 'least-squares fitting'. Let's look at an example to
see what is meant by 'non-linear', but first we had better go over some terms.
Here it is convenient to use z as the dependent variable for user-defined
functions of either one independent variable, z=f(x), or two independent
variables, z=f(x,y). A parameter is a user-defined variable that fit will
adjust, i.e., an unknown quantity in the function declaration.
Linearity/non-linearity refers to the relationship of the dependent variable,
z, to the parameters which fit is adjusting, not of z to the independent
variables, x and/or y. (To be technical, the second {and higher} derivatives
of the fitting function with respect to the parameters are zero for a linear
least-squares problem).
For linear least-squares (LLS), the user-defined function will be a sum of
simple functions, not involving any parameters, each multiplied by one
parameter. NLLS handles more complicated functions in which parameters can be
used in a large number of ways. An example that illustrates the difference
between linear and nonlinear least-squares is the Fourier series. One member
may be written as
z=a*sin(c*x) + b*cos(c*x).
If a and b are the unknown parameters and c is constant, then estimating values
of the parameters is a linear least-squares problem. However, if c is an
unknown parameter, the problem is nonlinear.
In the linear case, parameter values can be determined by comparatively simple
linear algebra, in one direct step. However LLS is a special case which is
also solved along with more general NLLS problems by the iterative procedure
that gnuplot uses. fit attempts to find the minimum by doing a search. Each
step (iteration) calculates WSSR with a new set of parameter values. The
Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm selects the parameter values for the next
iteration. The process continues until a preset criterium is met, either (1)
the fit has "converged" (the relative change in WSSR is less than FIT_LIMIT),
or (2) it reaches a preset iteration count limit, FIT_MAXITER (see fit control
variables). The fit may also be interrupted and subsequently halted from the
keyboard (see fit).
Often the function to be fitted will be based on a model (or theory) that
attempts to describe or predict the behaviour of the data. Then fit can be
used to find values for the free parameters of the model, to determine how well
the data fits the model, and to estimate an error range for each parameter.
See fit error_estimates.
Alternatively, in curve-fitting, functions are selected independent of a model
(on the basis of experience as to which are likely to describe the trend of the
data with the desired resolution and a minimum number of parameters*functions.)
The fit solution then provides an analytic representation of the curve.
However, if all you really want is a smooth curve through your data points, the
smooth option to plot may be what you've been looking for rather than fit.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.5.3. error estimates ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
In fit, the term "error" is used in two different contexts, data error
estimates and parameter error estimates.
Data error estimates are used to calculate the relative weight of each data
point when determining the weighted sum of squared residuals, WSSR or
chisquare. They can affect the parameter estimates, since they determine how
much influence the deviation of each data point from the fitted function has on
the final values. Some of the fit output information, including the parameter
error estimates, is more meaningful if accurate data error estimates have been
provided.
The 'statistical overview' describes some of the fit output and gives some
background for the 'practical guidelines'.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.5.3.1. statistical overview ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The theory of non-linear least-squares (NLLS) is generally described in terms
of a normal distribution of errors, that is, the input data is assumed to be a
sample from a population having a given mean and a Gaussian (normal)
distribution about the mean with a given standard deviation. For a sample of
sufficiently large size, and knowing the population standard deviation, one can
use the statistics of the chisquare distribution to describe a "goodness of
fit" by looking at the variable often called "chisquare". Here, it is
sufficient to say that a reduced chisquare (chisquare/degrees of freedom, where
degrees of freedom is the number of datapoints less the number of parameters
being fitted) of 1.0 is an indication that the weighted sum of squared
deviations between the fitted function and the data points is the same as that
expected for a random sample from a population characterized by the function
with the current value of the parameters and the given standard deviations.
If the standard deviation for the population is not constant, as in counting
statistics where variance = counts, then each point should be individually
weighted when comparing the observed sum of deviations and the expected sum of
deviations.
At the conclusion fit reports 'stdfit', the standard deviation of the fit,
which is the rms of the residuals, and the variance of the residuals, also
called 'reduced chisquare' when the data points are weighted. The number of
degrees of freedom (the number of data points minus the number of fitted
parameters) is used in these estimates because the parameters used in
calculating the residuals of the datapoints were obtained from the same data.
To estimate confidence levels for the parameters, one can use the minimum
chisquare obtained from the fit and chisquare statistics to determine the value
of chisquare corresponding to the desired confidence level, but considerably
more calculation is required to determine the combinations of parameters which
produce such values.
Rather than determine confidence intervals, fit reports parameter error
estimates which are readily obtained from the variance-covariance matrix after
the final iteration. By convention, these estimates are called "standard
errors" or "asymptotic standard errors", since they are calculated in the same
way as the standard errors (standard deviation of each parameter) of a linear
least-squares problem, even though the statistical conditions for designating
the quantity calculated to be a standard deviation are not generally valid for
the NLLS problem. The asymptotic standard errors are generally over-optimistic
and should not be used for determining confidence levels, but are useful for
qualitative purposes.
The final solution also produces a correlation matrix, which gives an
indication of the correlation of parameters in the region of the solution; if
one parameter is changed, increasing chisquare, does changing another
compensate? The main diagonal elements, autocorrelation, are all 1; if all
parameters were independent, all other elements would be nearly 0. Two
variables which completely compensate each other would have an off-diagonal
element of unit magnitude, with a sign depending on whether the relation is
proportional or inversely proportional. The smaller the magnitudes of the
off-diagonal elements, the closer the estimates of the standard deviation of
each parameter would be to the asymptotic standard error.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.5.3.2. practical guidelines ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
If you have a basis for assigning weights to each data point, doing so lets you
make use of additional knowledge about your measurements, e.g., take into
account that some points may be more reliable than others. That may affect the
final values of the parameters.
Weighting the data provides a basis for interpreting the additional fit output
after the last iteration. Even if you weight each point equally, estimating an
average standard deviation rather than using a weight of 1 makes WSSR a
dimensionless variable, as chisquare is by definition.
Each fit iteration will display information which can be used to evaluate the
progress of the fit. (An '*' indicates that it did not find a smaller WSSR and
is trying again.) The 'sum of squares of residuals', also called 'chisquare',
is the WSSR between the data and your fitted function; fit has minimized that.
At this stage, with weighted data, chisquare is expected to approach the number
of degrees of freedom (data points minus parameters). The WSSR can be used to
calculate the reduced chisquare (WSSR/ndf) or stdfit, the standard deviation of
the fit, sqrt(WSSR/ndf). Both of these are reported for the final WSSR.
If the data are unweighted, stdfit is the rms value of the deviation of the
data from the fitted function, in user units.
If you supplied valid data errors, the number of data points is large enough,
and the model is correct, the reduced chisquare should be about unity. (For
details, look up the 'chi-squared distribution' in your favourite statistics
reference.) If so, there are additional tests, beyond the scope of this
overview, for determining how well the model fits the data.
A reduced chisquare much larger than 1.0 may be due to incorrect data error
estimates, data errors not normally distributed, systematic measurement errors,
'outliers', or an incorrect model function. A plot of the residuals, e.g.,
plot 'datafile' using 1:($2-f($1)), may help to show any systematic trends.
Plotting both the data points and the function may help to suggest another
model.
Similarly, a reduced chisquare less than 1.0 indicates WSSR is less than that
expected for a random sample from the function with normally distributed
errors. The data error estimates may be too large, the statistical assumptions
may not be justified, or the model function may be too general, fitting
fluctuations in a particular sample in addition to the underlying trends. In
the latter case, a simpler function may be more appropriate.
You'll have to get used to both fit and the kind of problems you apply it to
before you can relate the standard errors to some more practical estimates of
parameter uncertainties or evaluate the significance of the correlation matrix.
Note that fit, in common with most NLLS implementations, minimizes the weighted
sum of squared distances (y-f(x))**2. It does not provide any means to account
for "errors" in the values of x, only in y. Also, any "outliers" (data points
outside the normal distribution of the model) will have an exaggerated effect
on the solution.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.5.4. fit controlling ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
There are a number of gnuplot variables that can be defined to affect fit.
Those which can be defined once gnuplot is running are listed under
'control_variables' while those defined before starting gnuplot are listed
under 'environment_variables'.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.5.4.1. control variables ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The default epsilon limit (1e-5) may be changed by declaring a value for
FIT_LIMIT
When the sum of squared residuals changes between two iteration steps by a
factor less than this number (epsilon), the fit is considered to have
'converged'.
The maximum number of iterations may be limited by declaring a value for
FIT_MAXITER
A value of 0 (or not defining it at all) means that there is no limit.
If you need even more control about the algorithm, and know the
Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm well, there are some more variables to influence
it. The startup value of lambda is normally calculated automatically from the
ML-matrix, but if you want to, you may provide your own one with
FIT_START_LAMBDA
Specifying FIT_START_LAMBDA as zero or less will re-enable the automatic
selection. The variable
FIT_LAMBDA_FACTOR
gives the factor by which lambda is increased or decreased whenever the
chi-squared target function increased or decreased significantly. Setting
FIT_LAMBDA_FACTOR to zero re-enables the default factor of 10.0.
Oher variables with the FIT_ prefix may be added to fit, so it is safer not to
use that prefix for user-defined variables.
The variables FIT_SKIP and FIT_INDEX were used by earlier releases of gnuplot
with a 'fit' patch called gnufit and are no longer available. The datafile
every modifier provides the functionality of FIT_SKIP. FIT_INDEX was used for
multi-branch fitting, but multi-branch fitting of one independent variable is
now done as a pseudo-3D fit in which the second independent variable and using
are used to specify the branch. See fit multi-branch.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.5.4.2. environment variables ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The environment variables must be defined before gnuplot is executed; how to do
so depends on your operating system.
FIT_LOG
changes the name (and/or path) of the file to which the fit log will be written
from the default of "fit.log" in the working directory.
FIT_SCRIPT
specifies a command that may be executed after an user interrupt. The default
is replot, but a plot or load command may be useful to display a plot
customized to highlight the progress of the fit.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.5.5. multi-branch ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
In multi-branch fitting, multiple data sets can be simultaneously fit with
functions of one independent variable having common parameters by minimizing
the total WSSR. The function and parameters (branch) for each data set are
selected by using a 'pseudo-variable', e.g., either the dataline number (a
'column' index of -1) or the datafile index (-2), as the second independent
variable.
Example: Given two exponential decays of the form, z=f(x), each describing a
different data set but having a common decay time, estimate the values of the
parameters. If the datafile has the format x:z:s, then
f(x,y) = (y==0) ? a*exp(-x/tau) : b*exp(-x/tau)
fit f(x,y) 'datafile' using 1:-1:2:3 via a, b, tau
For a more complicated example, see the file "hexa.fnc" used by the "fit.dem"
demo.
Appropriate weighting may be required since unit weights may cause one branch
to predominate if there is a difference in the scale of the dependent variable.
Fitting each branch separately, using the multi-branch solution as initial
values, may give an indication as to the relative effect of each branch on the
joint solution.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.5.6. starting values ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Nonlinear fitting is not guaranteed to converge to the global optimum (the
solution with the smallest sum of squared residuals, SSR), and can get stuck at
a local minimum. The routine has no way to determine that; it is up to you to
judge whether this has happened.
fit may, and often will get "lost" if started far from a solution, where SSR is
large and changing slowly as the parameters are varied, or it may reach a
numerically unstable region (e.g., too large a number causing a floating point
overflow) which results in an "undefined value" message or gnuplot halting.
To improve the chances of finding the global optimum, you should set the
starting values at least roughly in the vicinity of the solution, e.g., within
an order of magnitude, if possible. The closer your starting values are to the
solution, the less chance of stopping at another minimum. One way to find
starting values is to plot data and the fitting function on the same graph and
change parameter values and replot until reasonable similarity is reached. The
same plot is also useful to check whether the fit stopped at a minimum with a
poor fit.
Of course, a reasonably good fit is not proof there is not a "better" fit (in
either a statistical sense, characterized by an improved goodness-of-fit
criterion, or a physical sense, with a solution more consistent with the
model.) Depending on the problem, it may be desirable to fit with various sets
of starting values, covering a reasonable range for each parameter.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.5.7. tips ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Here are some tips to keep in mind to get the most out of fit. They're not
very organized, so you'll have to read them several times until their essence
has sunk in.
The two forms of the via argument to fit serve two largely distinct purposes.
The via "file" form is best used for (possibly unattended) batch operation,
where you just supply the startup values in a file and can later use update to
copy the results back into another (or the same) parameter file.
The via var1, var2, ... form is best used interactively, where the command
history mechanism may be used to edit the list of parameters to be fitted or to
supply new startup values for the next try. This is particularly useful for
hard problems, where a direct fit to all parameters at once won't work without
good starting values. To find such, you can iterate several times, fitting
only some of the parameters, until the values are close enough to the goal that
the final fit to all parameters at once will work.
Make sure that there is no mutual dependency among parameters of the function
you are fitting. For example, don't try to fit a*exp(x+b), because
a*exp(x+b)=a*exp(b)*exp(x). Instead, fit either a*exp(x) or exp(x+b).
A technical issue: the parameters must not be too different in magnitude. The
larger the ratio of the largest and the smallest absolute parameter values, the
slower the fit will converge. If the ratio is close to or above the inverse of
the machine floating point precision, it may take next to forever to converge,
or refuse to converge at all. You will have to adapt your function to avoid
this, e.g., replace 'parameter' by '1e9*parameter' in the function definition,
and divide the starting value by 1e9.
If you can write your function as a linear combination of simple functions
weighted by the parameters to be fitted, by all means do so. That helps a lot,
because the problem is no longer nonlinear and should converge with only a
small number of iterations, perhaps just one.
Some prescriptions for analysing data, given in practical experimentation
courses, may have you first fit some functions to your data, perhaps in a
multi-step process of accounting for several aspects of the underlying theory
one by one, and then extract the information you really wanted from the fitting
parameters of those functions. With fit, this may often be done in one step by
writing the model function directly in terms of the desired parameters.
Transforming data can also quite often be avoided, though sometimes at the cost
of a more difficult fit problem. If you think this contradicts the previous
paragraph about simplifying the fit function, you are correct.
A "singular matrix" message indicates that this implementation of the
Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm can't calculate parameter values for the next
iteration. Try different starting values, writing the function in another
form, or a simpler function.
Finally, a nice quote from the manual of another fitting package (fudgit), that
kind of summarizes all these issues: "Nonlinear fitting is an art!"
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.6. help ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The help command displays on-line help. To specify information on a particular
topic use the syntax:
help {<topic>}
If <topic> is not specified, a short message is printed about gnuplot. After
help for the requested topic is given, a menu of subtopics is given; help for a
subtopic may be requested by typing its name, extending the help request.
After that subtopic has been printed, the request may be extended again or you
may go back one level to the previous topic. Eventually, the gnuplot command
line will return.
If a question mark (?) is given as the topic, the list of topics currently
available is printed on the screen.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.7. if ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The if command allows commands to be executed conditionally.
Syntax:
if (<condition>) <command-line>
<condition> will be evaluated. If it is true (non-zero), then the command(s)
of the <command-line> will be executed. If <condition> is false (zero), then
the entire <command-line> is ignored. Note that use of ; to allow multiple
commands on the same line will _not_ end the conditionalized commands.
Examples:
pi=3
if (pi!=acos(-1)) print "?Fixing pi!"; pi=acos(-1); print pi
will display:
?Fixing pi!
3.14159265358979
but
if (1==2) print "Never see this"; print "Or this either"
will not display anything.
See reread for an example of how if and reread can be used together to perform
a loop.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.8. load ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The load command executes each line of the specified input file as if it had
been typed in interactively. Files created by the save command can later be
loaded. Any text file containing valid commands can be created and then
executed by the load command. Files being loaded may themselves contain load
or call commands. See comment for information about comments in commands. To
load with arguments, see call.
The load command _must_ be the last command on a multi-command line.
Syntax:
load "<input-file>"
The name of the input file must be enclosed in quotes.
The special filename "-" may be used to load commands from standard input. This
allows a gnuplot command file to accept some commands from standard input.
Please see "help batch/interactive" for more details.
Examples:
load 'work.gnu'
load "func.dat"
The load command is performed implicitly on any file names given as arguments
to gnuplot. These are loaded in the order specified, and then gnuplot exits.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.9. pause ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The pause command displays any text associated with the command and then waits
a specified amount of time or until the carriage return is pressed. pause is
especially useful in conjunction with load files.
Syntax:
pause <time> {"<string>"}
<time> may be any integer constant or expression. Choosing -1 will wait until
a carriage return is hit, zero (0) won't pause at all, and a positive integer
will wait the specified number of seconds. pause 0 is synonymous with print.
Note: Since pause communicates with the operating system rather than the
graphics, it may behave differently with different device drivers (depending
upon how text and graphics are mixed).
Examples:
pause -1 # Wait until a carriage return is hit
pause 3 # Wait three seconds
pause -1 "Hit return to continue"
pause 10 "Isn't this pretty? It's a cubic spline."
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10. plot ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
plot is the primary command for drawing plots with gnuplot. It creates plots
of functions and data in many, many ways. plot is used to draw 2-d functions
and data; splot draws 2-d projections of 3-d surfaces and data. plot and splot
contain many common features; see splot for differences. Note specifically that
splot's binary and matrix options do not exist for plot.
Syntax:
plot {<ranges>}
{<function> | {"<datafile>" {datafile-modifiers}}}
{axes <axes>} {<title-spec>} {with <style>}
{, {definitions,} <function> ...}
where either a <function> or the name of a data file enclosed in quotes is
supplied. A function is a mathematical expression or a pair of mathematical
expressions in parametric mode. The expressions may be defined completely or
in part earlier in the stream of gnuplot commands (see user-defined).
It is also possible to define functions and parameters on the plot command
itself. This is done merely by isolating them from other items with commas.
There are four possible sets of axes available; the keyword <axes> is used to
select the axes for which a particular line should be scaled. x1y1 refers to
the axes on the bottom and left; x2y2 to those on the top and right; x1y2 to
those on the bottom and right; and x2y1 to those on the top and left. Ranges
specified on the plot command apply only to the first set of axes (bottom
left).
Examples:
plot sin(x)
plot f(x) = sin(x*a), a = .2, f(x), a = .4, f(x)
plot [t=1:10] [-pi:pi*2] tan(t), \
"data.1" using (tan($2)):($3/$4) smooth csplines \
axes x1y2 notitle with lines 5
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1. data-file ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Discrete data contained in a file can be displayed by specifying the name of
the data file (enclosed in single or double quotes) on the plot command line.
Syntax:
plot '<file_name>' {index <index list>}
{every <every list>}
{thru <thru expression>}
{using <using list>}
{smooth <option>}
The modifiers index, every, thru, using, and smooth are discussed separately.
In brief, index selects which data sets in a multi-data-set file are to be
plotted, every specifies which points within a single data set are to be
plotted, using determines how the columns within a single record are to be
interpreted (thru is a special case of using), and smooth allows for simple
interpolation and approximation. ('splot' has a similar syntax, but does not
support the smooth and thru options.)
Data files should contain at least one data point per record (using can select
one data point from the record). Records beginning with # (and also with ! on
VMS) will be treated as comments and ignored. Each data point represents an
(x,y) pair. For plots with error bars (see set style errorbars), each data
point is (x,y,ydelta), (x,y,ylow,yhigh), (x,y,xdelta), (x,y,xlow,xhigh), or
(x,y,xlow,xhigh,ylow,yhigh). In all cases, the numbers on each record of a
data file must be separated by white space (one or more blanks or tabs), unless
a format specifier is provided by the using option. This white space divides
each record into columns.
Data may be written in exponential format with the exponent preceded by the
letter e, E, d, D, q, or Q.
Only one column (the y value) need be provided. If x is omitted, gnuplot
provides integer values starting at 0.
In datafiles, blank records (records with no characters other than blanks and a
newline and/or carriage return) are significant---pairs of blank records
separate indexes (see plot datafile index). Data separated by double blank
records are treated as if they were in separate data files.
Single blank records designate discontinuities in a plot; no line will join
points separated by a blank records (if they are plotted with a line style).
If autoscaling has been enabled (set autoscale), the axes are automatically
extended to include all datapoints, with a whole number of tic marks if tics
are being drawn. This has two consequences: i) For splot, the corner of the
surface may not coincide with the corner of the base. In this case, no
vertical line is drawn. ii) When plotting data with the same x range on a
dual-axis graph, the x coordinates may not coincide if the x2tics are not being
drawn. This is because the x axis has been autoextended to a whole number of
tics, but the x2 axis has not. The following example illustrates the problem:
reset; plot '-', '-'
1 1
19 19
e
1 1
19 19
e
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1.1. every ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The every keyword allows a periodic sampling of a data set to be plotted.
In the discussion a "point" is a datum defined by a single record in the file;
"block" here will mean the same thing as "datablock" (see glossary).
Syntax:
plot 'file' every {<point_incr>}
{:{<block_incr>}
{:{<start_point>}
{:{<start_block>}
{:{<end_point>}
{:<end_block>}}}}}
The data points to be plotted are selected according to a loop from
<start_point> to <end_point> with increment <point_incr> and the blocks
according to a loop from <start_block> to <end_block> with increment
<block_incr>.
The first datum in each block is numbered '0', as is the first block in the
file.
Note that records containing unplottable information are counted.
Any of the numbers can be omitted; the increments default to unity, the start
values to the first point or block, and the end values to the last point or
block. If every is not specified, all points in all lines are plotted.
Examples:
every :::3::3 # selects just the fourth block ('0' is first)
every :::::9 # selects the first 10 blocks
every 2:2 # selects every other point in every other block
every ::5::15 # selects points 5 through 15 in each block
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1.2. example datafile ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This example plots the data in the file "population.dat" and a theoretical
curve:
pop(x) = 103*exp((1965-x)/10)
plot [1960:1990] 'population.dat', pop(x)
The file "population.dat" might contain:
# Gnu population in Antarctica since 1965
1965 103
1970 55
1975 34
1980 24
1985 10
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1.3. index ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The index keyword allows only some of the data sets in a multi-data-set file to
be plotted.
Syntax:
plot 'file' index <m>{{:<n>}:<p>}
Data sets are separated by pairs of blank records. index <m> selects only set
<m>; index <m>:<n> selects sets in the range <m> to <n>; and index <m>:<n>:<p>
selects indices <m>, <m>+<p>, <m>+2<p>, etc., but stopping at <n>. Following C
indexing, the index 0 is assigned to the first data set in the file.
Specifying too large an index results in an error message. If index is not
specified, all sets are plotted as a single data set.
Example:
plot 'file' index 4:5
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1.4. smooth ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
gnuplot includes a few general-purpose routines for interpolation and
approximation of data; these are grouped under the smooth option. More
sophisticated data processing may be performed by preprocessing the data
externally or by using fit with an appropriate model.
Syntax:
smooth {unique | csplines | acsplines | bezier | sbezier}
unique plots the data after making them monotonic. Each of the other routines
uses the data to determine the coefficients of a continuous curve between the
endpoints of the data. This curve is then plotted in the same manner as a
function, that is, by finding its value at uniform intervals along the abscissa
(see set samples) and connecting these points with straight line segments (if a
line style is chosen).
If autoscale is in effect, the ranges will be computed such that the plotted
curve lies within the borders of the graph.
If too few points are available to allow the selected option to be applied, an
error message is produced. The minimum number is one for unique, four for
acsplines, and three for the others.
The smooth options have no effect on function plots.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1.4.1. acsplines ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The acsplines option approximates the data with a "natural smoothing spline".
After the data are made monotonic in x (see smooth unique), a curve is
piecewise constructed from segments of cubic polynomials whose coefficients are
found by the weighting the data points; the weights are taken from the third
column in the data file. That default can be modified by the third entry in
the using list, e.g.,
plot 'data-file' using 1:2:(1.0) smooth acsplines
Qualitatively, the absolute magnitude of the weights determines the number of
segments used to construct the curve. If the weights are large, the effect of
each datum is large and the curve approaches that produced by connecting
consecutive points with natural cubic splines. If the weights are small, the
curve is composed of fewer segments and thus is smoother; the limiting case is
the single segment produced by a weighted linear least squares fit to all the
data. The smoothing weight can be expressed in terms of errors as a
statistical weight for a point divided by a "smoothing factor" for the curve so
that (standard) errors in the file can be used as smoothing weights.
Example:
sw(x,S)=1/(x*x*S)
plot 'data_file' using 1:2:(sw($3,100)) smooth acsplines
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1.4.2. bezier ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The bezier option approximates the data with a Bezier curve of degree n (the
number of data points) that connects the endpoints.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1.4.3. csplines ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The csplines option connects consecutive points by natural cubic splines after
rendering the data monotonic (see smooth unique).
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1.4.4. sbezier ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The sbezier option first renders the data monotonic (unique) and then applies
the bezier algorithm.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1.4.5. unique ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The unique option makes the data monotonic in x; points with the same x-value
are replaced by a single point having the average y-value. The resulting
points are then connected by straight line segments.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1.5. special-filenames ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
A special filename of '-' specifies that the data are inline; i.e., they follow
the command. Only the data follow the command; plot options like filters,
titles, and line styles remain on the 'plot' command line. This is similar to
<< in unix shell script, and $DECK in VMS DCL. The data are entered as though
they are being read from a file, one data point per record. The letter "e" at
the start of the first column terminates data entry. The using option can be
applied to these data---using it to filter them through a function might make
sense, but selecting columns probably doesn't!
'-' is intended for situations where it is useful to have data and commands
together, e.g., when gnuplot is run as a sub-process of some front-end
application. Some of the demos, for example, might use this feature. While
plot options such as index and every are recognized, their use forces you to
enter data that won't be used. For example, while
plot '-' index 0, '-' index 1
2
4
6
10
12
14
e
2
4
6
10
12
14
e
does indeed work,
plot '-', '-'
2
4
6
e
10
12
14
e
is a lot easier to type.
If you use '-' with replot, you may need to enter the data more than once (see
replot).
A blank filename ('') specifies that the previous filename should be reused.
This can be useful with things like
plot 'a/very/long/filename' using 1:2, '' using 1:3, '' using 1:4
(If you use both '-' and '' on the same plot command, you'll need to have two
sets of inline data, as in the example above.)
On some computer systems with a popen function (Unix), the datafile can be
piped through a shell command by starting the file name with a '<'. For
example,
pop(x) = 103*exp(-x/10)
plot "< awk '{print $1-1965, $2}' population.dat", pop(x)
would plot the same information as the first population example but with years
since 1965 as the x axis. If you want to execute this example, you have to
delete all comments from the data file above or substitute the following
command for the first part of the command above (the part up to the comma):
plot "< awk '$0 !~ /^#/ {print $1-1965, $2}' population.dat"
While this approach is most flexible, it is possible to achieve simple
filtering with the using or thru keywords.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1.6. thru ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The thru function is provided for backward compatibility.
Syntax:
plot 'file' thru f(x)
It is equivalent to:
plot 'file' using 1:(f($2))
While the latter appears more complex, it is much more flexible. The more
natural
plot 'file' thru f(y)
also works (i.e. you can use y as the dummy variable).
thru is parsed for splot and fit but has no effect.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.1.7. using ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The most common datafile modifier is using.
Syntax:
plot 'file' using {<entry> {:<entry> {:<entry> ...}}} {'format'}
If a format is specified, each datafile record is read using the C library's
'scanf' function, with the specified format string. Otherwise the record is
read and broken into columns at spaces or tabs. A format cannot be specified
if time-format data is being used (this must be done by set data time).
The resulting array of data is then sorted into columns according to the
entries. Each <entry> may be a simple column number, which selects the datum,
an expression enclosed in parentheses, or empty. The expression can use $1 to
access the first item read, $2 for the second item, and so on. It can also use
column(x) and valid(x) where x is an arbitrary expression resulting in an
integer. column(x) returns the x'th datum; valid(x) tests that the datum in
the x'th column is a valid number. A column number of 0 generates a number
increasing (from zero) with each point, and is reset upon encountering two
blank records. A column number of -1 gives the dataline number, which starts
at 0, increments at single blank records, and is reset at double blank records.
A column number of -2 gives the index number, which is incremented only when
two blank records are found. An empty <entry> will default to its order in the
list of entries. For example, using ::4 is interpreted as using 1:2:4.
N.B.---the call command also uses $'s as a special character. See call for
details about how to include a column number in a call argument list.
If the using list has but a single entry, that <entry> will be used for y and
the data point number is used for x; for example, "plot 'file' using 1" is
identical to "plot 'file' using 0:1". If the using list has two entries, these
will be used for x and y. Additional entries are usually errors in x and/or y.
See set style for details about plotting styles that make use of error
information, and fit for use of error information in curve fitting.
'scanf' accepts several numerical specifications but gnuplot requires all
inputs to be double-precision floating-point variables, so lf is the only
permissible specifier. 'scanf' expects to see white space---a blank, tab
("\t"), newline ("\n"), or formfeed ("\f")---between numbers; anything else in
the input stream must be explicitly skipped.
Note that the use of "\t", "\n", or "\f" or requires use of double-quotes
rather than single-quotes.
Examples:
This creates a plot of the sum of the 2nd and 3rd data against the first: (The
format string specifies comma- rather than space-separated columns.)
plot 'file' using 1:($2+$3) '%lf,%lf,%lf'
In this example the data are read from the file "MyData" using a more
complicated format:
plot 'MyData' using "%*lf%lf%*20[^\n]%lf"
The meaning of this format is:
%*lf ignore a number
%lf read a double-precision number (x by default)
%*20[^\n] ignore 20 non-newline characters
%lf read a double-precision number (y by default)
One trick is to use the ternary ?: operator to filter data:
plot 'file' using 1:($3>10 ? $2 : 1/0)
which plots the datum in column two against that in column one provided the
datum in column three exceeds ten. 1/0 is undefined; gnuplot quietly ignores
undefined points, so unsuitable points are suppressed.
In fact, you can use a constant expression for the column number, provided it
doesn't start with an opening parenthesis; constructs like using 0+(complicated
expression) can be used. The crucial point is that the expression is evaluated
once if it doesn't start with a left parenthesis, or once for each data point
read if it does.
If timeseries data are being used, the time can span multiple columns. The
starting column should be specified. Note that the spaces within the time must
be included when calculating starting columns for other data. E.g., if the
first element on a line is a time with an embedded space, the y value should be
specified as column three.
It should be noted that plot 'file', plot 'file' using 1:2, and plot 'file'
using ($1):($2) can be subtly different: 1) if file has some lines with one
column and some with two, the first will invent x values when they are missing,
the second will quietly ignore the lines with one column, and the third will
store an undefined value for lines with one point (so that in a plot with
lines, no line joins points across the bad point); 2) if a line contains text
at the first column, the first will abort the plot on an error, but the second
and third should quietly skip the garbage.
In fact, it is often possible to plot a file with lots of lines of garbage at
the top simply by specifying
plot 'file' using 1:2
However, if you want to leave text in your data files, it is safer to put the
comment character (#) in the first column of the text lines.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.2. errorbars ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Error bars are supported for 2-d data file plots by reading one to four
additional columns (or using entries); these additional values are used in
different ways by the various errorbar styles.
In the default situation, gnuplot expects to see three, four, or six numbers on
each line of the data file---either
(x, y, ydelta),
(x, y, ylow, yhigh),
(x, y, xdelta),
(x, y, xlow, xhigh),
(x, y, xdelta, ydelta), or
(x, y, xlow, xhigh, ylow, yhigh).
The x coordinate must be specified. The order of the numbers must be exactly
as given above, though the using qualifier can manipulate the order and provide
values for missing columns. For example,
plot 'file' with errorbars
plot 'file' using 1:2:(sqrt($1)) with xerrorbars
plot 'file' using 1:2:($1-$3):($1+$3):4:5 with xyerrorbars
The last example is for a file containing an unsupported combination of
relative x and absolute y errors. The using entry generates absolute x min and
max from the relative error.
The y error bar is a vertical line plotted from (x, ylow) to (x, yhigh). If
ydelta is specified instead of ylow and yhigh, ylow = y - ydelta and yhigh = y
+ ydelta are derived. If there are only two numbers on the record, yhigh and
ylow are both set to y. The x error bar is a horizontal line computed in the
same fashion. To get lines plotted between the data points, plot the data file
twice, once with errorbars and once with lines (but remember to use the notitle
option on one to avoid two entries in the key).
The error bars have crossbars at each end unless set bar is used (see set bar
for details).
If autoscaling is on, the ranges will be adjusted to include the error bars.
See plot using, plot with, and set style for more information.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.3. parametric ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
When in parametric mode (set parametric) mathematical expressions must be given
in pairs for plot and in triplets for splot.
Examples:
plot sin(t),t**2
splot cos(u)*cos(v),cos(u)*sin(v),sin(u)
Data files are plotted as before, except any preceding parametric function must
be fully specified before a data file is given as a plot. In other words, the
x parametric function (sin(t) above) and the y parametric function (t**2 above)
must not be interrupted with any modifiers or data functions; doing so will
generate a syntax error stating that the parametric function is not fully
specified.
Other modifiers, such as with and title, may be specified only after the
parametric function has been completed:
plot sin(t),t**2 title 'Parametric example' with linespoints
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.4. ranges ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The optional ranges specify the region of the graph that will be displayed.
Syntax:
[{<dummy-var>=}{{<min>}:{<max>}}]
[{{<min>}:{<max>}}]
The first form applies to the independent variable (xrange or trange, if in
parametric mode). The second form applies to the dependent variable yrange
(and xrange, too, if in parametric mode). <dummy-var> is a new name for the
independent variable. (The defaults may be changed with set dummy.) The
optional <min> and <max> terms can be constant expressions or *.
In non-parametric mode, the order in which ranges must be given is xrange and
yrange.
In parametric mode, the order for the plot command is trange, xrange, and
yrange. The following plot command shows setting the trange to [-pi:pi], the
xrange to [-1.3:1.3] and the yrange to [-1:1] for the duration of the graph:
plot [-pi:pi] [-1.3:1.3] [-1:1] sin(t),t**2
Note that the x2range and y2range cannot be specified here---set x2range and
set y2range must be used.
Ranges are interpreted in the order listed above for the appropriate mode. Once
all those needed are specified, no further ones must be listed, but unneeded
ones cannot be skipped---use an empty range [] as a placeholder.
* can be used to allow autoscaling of either of min and max. See also set
autoscale.
Ranges specified on the plot or splot command line affect only that graph; use
the set xrange, set yrange, etc., commands to change the default ranges for
future graphs.
With time data, you must provide the range (in the same manner as the time
appears in the datafile) within quotes. gnuplot uses the timefmt string to
read the value---see set timefmt.
Examples:
This uses the current ranges:
plot cos(x)
This sets the x range only:
plot [-10:30] sin(pi*x)/(pi*x)
This is the same, but uses t as the dummy-variable:
plot [t = -10 :30] sin(pi*t)/(pi*t)
This sets both the x and y ranges:
plot [-pi:pi] [-3:3] tan(x), 1/x
This sets only the y range, and turns off autoscaling on both axes:
plot [ ] [-2:sin(5)*-8] sin(x)**besj0(x)
This sets xmax and ymin only:
plot [:200] [-pi:] exp(sin(x))
This sets the x range for a timeseries:
set timefmt "%d/%m/%y %H:%M"
plot ["1/6/93 12:00":"5/6/93 12:00"] 'timedata.dat'
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.5. title ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
A line title for each function and data set appears in the key, accompanied by
a sample of the line and/or symbol used to represent it. It can be changed by
using the title option.
Syntax:
title "<title>" | notitle
where <title> is the new title of the line and must be enclosed in quotes. The
quotes will not be shown in the key. A special character may be given as a
backslash followed by its octal value ("\345"). The tab character "\t" is
understood. Note that backslash processing occurs only for strings enclosed in
double quotes---use single quotes to prevent such processing. The newline
character "\n" is not processed in key entries in either type of string.
The line title and sample can be omitted from the key by using the keyword
notitle. A null title (title '') is equivalent to notitle. If only the sample
is wanted, use one or more blanks (title ' ').
By default the line title is the function or file name as it appears on the
plot command. If it is a file name, any datafile modifiers specified will be
included in the default title.
The layout of the key itself (position, title justification, etc.) can be
controlled by set key. Please see set key for details.
Examples:
This plots y=x with the title 'x':
plot x
This plots x squared with title "x^2" and file "data.1" with title "measured
data":
plot x**2 title "x^2", 'data.1' t "measured data"
This puts an untitled circular border around a polar graph:
set polar; plot my_function(t), 1 notitle
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.10.6. with ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Functions and data may be displayed in one of a large number of styles. The
with keyword provides the means of selection.
Syntax:
with <style> { {linestyle | ls <line_style>}
| {{linetype | lt <line_type>}
{linewidth | lw <line_width>}
{pointtype | pt <point_type>}
{pointsize | ps <point_size>}} }
where <style> is either lines, points, linespoints, impulses, dots, steps,
fsteps, histeps, errorbars, xerrorbars, yerrorbars, xyerrorbars, boxes,
boxerrorbars, boxxyerrorbars, financebars, candlesticks or vector. Some of
these styles require additional information. See set style <style> for details
of each style.
Default styles are chosen with the set function style and set data style
commands.
By default, each function and data file will use a different line type and
point type, up to the maximum number of available types. All terminal drivers
support at least six different point types, and re-use them, in order, if more
are required. The LaTeX driver supplies an additional six point types (all
variants of a circle), and thus will only repeat after 12 curves are plotted
with points. The PostScript drivers (postscript) supplies a total of 64.
If you wish to choose the line or point type for a single plot, <line_type> and
<point_type> may be specified. These are positive integer constants (or
expressions) that specify the line type and point type to be used for the plot.
Use test to display the types available for your terminal.
You may also scale the line width and point size for a plot by using
<line_width> and <point_size>, which are specified relative to the default
values for each terminal. The pointsize may also be altered globally---see set
pointsize for details. But note that both <point_size> as set here and as set
by set pointsize multiply the default point size---their effects are not
cumulative. That is, set pointsize 2; plot x w p ps 3 will use points three
times default size, not six.
If you have defined specific line type/width and point type/size combinations
with set linestyle, one of these may be selected by setting <line_style> to the
index of the desired style.
The keywords may be abbreviated as indicated.
Note that the linewidth and pointsize options are not supported by all
terminals.
Examples:
This plots sin(x) with impulses:
plot sin(x) with impulses
This plots x with points, x**2 with the default:
plot x*y w points, x**2 + y**2
This plots tan(x) with the default function style, file "data.1" with lines:
plot [ ] [-2:5] tan(x), 'data.1' with l
This plots "leastsq.dat" with impulses:
plot 'leastsq.dat' w i
This plots the data file "population" with boxes:
plot 'population' with boxes
This plots "exper.dat" with errorbars and lines connecting the points
(errorbars require three or four columns):
plot 'exper.dat' w lines, 'exper.dat' notitle w errorbars
This plots sin(x) and cos(x) with linespoints, using the same line type but
different point types:
plot sin(x) with linesp lt 1 pt 3, cos(x) with linesp lt 1 pt 4
This plots file "data" with points of type 3 and twice usual size:
plot 'data' with points pointtype 3 pointsize 2
This plots two data sets with lines differing only by weight:
plot 'd1' t "good" w l lt 2 lw 3, 'd2' t "bad" w l lt 2 lw 1
See set style to change the default styles.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.11. print ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The print command prints the value of <expression> to the screen. It is
synonymous with pause 0. <expression> may be anything that gnuplot can
evaluate that produces a number, or it can be a string.
Syntax:
print <expression> {, <expression>, ...}
See expressions.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.12. pwd ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The pwd command prints the name of the working directory to the screen.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.13. quit ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The exit and quit commands and END-OF-FILE character will exit gnuplot. Each of
these commands will clear the output device (as does the clear command) before
exiting.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.14. replot ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The replot command without arguments repeats the last plot or splot command.
This can be useful for viewing a plot with different set options, or when
generating the same plot for several devices.
Arguments specified after a replot command will be added onto the last plot or
splot command (with an implied ',' separator) before it is repeated. replot
accepts the same arguments as the plot and splot commands except that ranges
cannot be specified. Thus you can use replot to plot a function against the
second axes if the previous command was plot but not if it was splot, and
similarly you can use replot to add a plot from a binary file only if the
previous command was splot.
N.B.---use of
plot '-' ; ... ; replot
is not recommended. gnuplot does not store the inline data internally, so
since replot appends new information to the previous plot and then executes the
modified command, the '-' from the initial plot will expect to read inline data
again.
Note that replot does not work in multiplot mode, since it reproduces only the
last plot rather than the entire screen.
See also command-line-editing for ways to edit the last plot (splot) command.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.15. reread ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The reread command causes the current gnuplot command file, as specified by a
load command or on the command line, to be reset to its starting point before
further commands are read from it. This essentially implements an endless loop
of the commands from the beginning of the command file to the reread command.
(But this is not necessarily a disaster---reread can be very useful when used
in conjunction with if. See if for details.) The reread command has no effect
if input from standard input.
Examples:
Suppose the file "looper" contains the commands
a=a+1
plot sin(x*a)
pause -1
if(a<5) reread
and from within gnuplot you submit the commands
a=0
load 'looper'
The result will be four plots (separated by the pause message).
Suppose the file "data" contains six columns of numbers with a total yrange
from 0 to 10; the first is x and the next are five different functions of x.
Suppose also that the file "plotter" contains the commands
c_p = c_p+1
plot "$0" using 1:c_p with lines linetype c_p
if(c_p < n_p) reread
and from within gnuplot you submit the commands
n_p=6
c_p=1
set nokey
set yrange [0:10]
set multiplot
call 'plotter' 'data'
set nomultiplot
The result is a single graph consisting of five plots. The yrange must be set
explicitly to guarantee that the five separate graphs (drawn on top of each
other in multiplot mode) will have exactly the same axes. The linetype must be
specified; otherwise all the plots would be drawn with the same type.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.16. reset ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The reset command causes all options that can be set with the set command to
take on their default values. The only exceptions are that the terminal set
with set term and the output file set with set output are left unchanged. This
command is useful, e.g., to restore the default settings at the end of a
command file, or to return to a defined state after lots of settings have been
changed within a command file. Please refer to the set command to see the
default values that the various options take.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.17. save ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The save command saves user-defined functions, variables, set options, or all
three, plus the last plot (splot) command to the specified file.
Syntax:
save {<option>} '<filename>'
where <option> is functions, variables or set. If no option is used, gnuplot
saves functions, variables, set options and the last plot (splot) command.
saved files are written in text format and may be read by the load command.
The filename must be enclosed in quotes.
Examples:
save 'work.gnu'
save functions 'func.dat'
save var 'var.dat'
save set 'options.dat'
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18. set-show ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set command can be used to sets _lots_ of options. No screen is drawn,
however, until a plot, splot, or replot command is given.
The show command shows their settings; show all shows all the settings.
If a variable contains time/date data, show will display it according to the
format currently defined by set timefmt, even if that was not in effect when
the variable was initially defined.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.1. angles ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
By default, gnuplot assumes the independent variable in polar graphs is in
units of radians. If set angles degrees is specified before set polar, then
the default range is [0:360] and the independent variable has units of degrees.
This is particularly useful for plots of data files. The angle setting also
applies to 3-d mapping as set via the set mapping command.
Syntax:
set angles {degrees | radians}
show angles
The angle specified in set grid polar is also read and displayed in the units
specified by set angles.
set angles also affects the arguments of the machine-defined functions sin(x),
cos(x) and tan(x), and the outputs of asin(x), acos(x), atan(x), atan2(x), and
arg(x). It has no effect on the arguments of hyperbolic functions or Bessel
functions. However, the output arguments of inverse hyperbolic functions of
complex arguments are affected; if these functions are used, set angles radians
must be in effect to maintain consistency between input and output arguments.
x={1.0,0.1}
set angles radians
y=sinh(x)
print y #prints {1.16933, 0.154051}
print asinh(y) #prints {1.0, 0.1}
but
set angles degrees
y=sinh(x)
print y #prints {1.16933, 0.154051}
print asinh(y) #prints {57.29578, 5.729578}
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.2. arrow ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Arbitrary arrows can be placed on a plot using the set arrow command.
Syntax:
set arrow {<tag>} {from <position>} {to <position>} {{no}head}
{ {linestyle | ls <line_style>}
| {linetype | lt <line_type>}
{linewidth | lw <line_width} }
set noarrow {<tag>}
show arrow
<tag> is an integer that identifies the arrow. If no tag is given, the lowest
unused tag value is assigned automatically. The tag can be used to delete or
change a specific arrow. To change any attribute of an existing arrow, use the
set arrow command with the appropriate tag and specify the parts of the arrow
to be changed.
The <position>s are specified by either x,y or x,y,z, and may be preceded by
first, second, graph, or screen to select the coordinate system. Unspecified
coordinates default to 0. The endpoints can be specified in one of four
coordinate systems---first or second axes, graph or screen. See coordinates
for details. A coordinate system specifier does not carry over from the "from"
position to the "to" position. Arrows outside the screen boundaries are
permitted but may cause device errors.
Specifying nohead produces an arrow drawn without a head---a line segment. This
gives you yet another way to draw a line segment on the plot. By default,
arrows have heads.
The line style may be selected from a user-defined list of line styles (see set
linestyle) or may be defined here by providing values for <line_type> (an index
from the default list of styles) and/or <line_width> (which is a multiplier for
the default width).
Note, however, that if a user-defined line style has been selected, its
properties (type and width) cannot be altered merely by issuing another set
arrow command with the appropriate index and lt or lw.
Examples:
To set an arrow pointing from the origin to (1,2) with user-defined style 5,
use:
set arrow to 1,2 ls 5
To set an arrow from bottom left of plotting area to (-5,5,3), and tag the
arrow number 3, use:
set arrow 3 from graph 0,0 to -5,5,3
To change the preceding arrow to end at 1,1,1, without an arrow head and double
its width, use:
set arrow 3 to 1,1,1 nohead lw 2
To draw a vertical line from the bottom to the top of the graph at x=3, use:
set arrow from 3, graph 0 to 3, graph 1 nohead
To delete arrow number 2, use:
set noarrow 2
To delete all arrows, use:
set noarrow
To show all arrows (in tag order), use:
show arrow
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.3. autoscale ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Autoscaling may be set individually on the x, y or z axis or globally on all
axes. The default is to autoscale all axes.
Syntax:
set autoscale {<axes>{min|max}}
set noautoscale {<axes>{min|max}}
show autoscale
where <axes> is either x, y, z, x2, y2 or xy. A keyword with min or max
appended (this cannot be done with xy) tells gnuplot to autoscale just the
minimum or maximum of that axis. If no keyword is given, all axes are
autoscaled.
When autoscaling, the axis range is automatically computed and the dependent
axis (y for a plot and z for splot) is scaled to include the range of the
function or data being plotted.
If autoscaling of the dependent axis (y or z) is not set, the current y or z
range is used.
Autoscaling the independent variables (x for plot and x,y for splot) is a
request to set the domain to match any data file being plotted. If there are
no data files, autoscaling an independent variable has no effect. In other
words, in the absence of a data file, functions alone do not affect the x range
(or the y range if plotting z = f(x,y)).
Please see set xrange for additional information about ranges.
The behavior of autoscaling remains consistent in parametric mode, (see set
parametric). However, there are more dependent variables and hence more
control over x, y, and z axis scales. In parametric mode, the independent or
dummy variable is t for plots and u,v for splots. autoscale in parametric
mode, then, controls all ranges (t, u, v, x, y, and z) and allows x, y, and z
to be fully autoscaled.
Autoscaling works the same way for polar mode as it does for parametric mode
for plot, with the extension that in polar mode set dummy can be used to change
the independent variable from t (see set dummy).
When tics are displayed on second axes but no plot has been specified for those
axes, x2range and y2range are inherited from xrange and yrange. This is done
_before_ xrange and yrange are autoextended to a whole number of tics, which
can cause unexpected results.
Examples:
This sets autoscaling of the y axis (other axes are not affected):
set autoscale y
This sets autoscaling only for the minimum of the y axis (the maximum of the y
axis and the other axes are not affected):
set autoscale ymin
This sets autoscaling of the x and y axes:
set autoscale xy
This sets autoscaling of the x, y, z, x2 and y2 axes:
set autoscale
This disables autoscaling of the x, y, z, x2 and y2 axes:
set noautoscale
This disables autoscaling of the z axis only:
set noautoscale z
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.3.1. parametric mode ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
When in parametric mode (set parametric), the xrange is as fully scalable as
the y range. In other words, in parametric mode the x axis can be
automatically scaled to fit the range of the parametric function that is being
plotted. Of course, the y axis can also be automatically scaled just as in the
non-parametric case. If autoscaling on the x axis is not set, the current x
range is used.
Data files are plotted the same in parametric and non-parametric mode. However,
there is a difference in mixed function and data plots: in non-parametric mode
with autoscaled x, the x range of the datafile controls the x range of the
functions; in parametric mode it has no influence.
For completeness a last command set autoscale t is accepted. However, the
effect of this "scaling" is very minor. When gnuplot determines that the t
range would be empty, it makes a small adjustment if autoscaling is true.
Otherwise, gnuplot gives an error. Such behavior may, in fact, not be very
useful and the command set autoscale t is certainly questionable.
splot extends the above ideas as you would expect. If autoscaling is set, then
x, y, and z ranges are computed and each axis scaled to fit the resulting data.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.3.2. polar mode ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
When in polar mode (set polar), the xrange and the yrange are both found from
the polar coordinates, and thus they can both be automatically scaled. In other
words, in polar mode both the x and y axes can be automatically scaled to fit
the ranges of the polar function that is being plotted.
When plotting functions in polar mode, the rrange may be autoscaled. When
plotting data files in polar mode, the trange may also be autoscaled. Note
that if the trange is contained within one quadrant, autoscaling will produce a
polar plot of only that single quadrant.
Explicitly setting one or two ranges but not others may lead to unexpected
results.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.4. bar ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set bar command controls the tics at the ends of errorbars.
Syntax:
set bar {small | large | <size>}
show bar
small is a synonym for 0.0, and large for 1.0. The default is 1.0 if no size is
given.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.5. bmargin ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The command set bmargin sets the size of the bottom margin. Please see set
margin for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.6. border ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set border and set noborder commands control the display of the graph
borders for the plot and splot commands.
Syntax:
set border {<integer> { {linestyle | ls <line_style>}
| {linetype | lt <line_type> }
{linewidth | lw <line_width>} } }
set noborder
show border
The borders are encoded in a 12-bit integer: the bottom four bits control the
border for plot and the sides of the base for splot; The next four bits control
the verticals in splot; the top four bits control the edges on top of the
splot. In detail, the <integer> should be the sum of the appropriate entries
from the following table:
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc c c c c . Γöé Γöé Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéplot border Γöésplot ΓöésplotΓöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöésplot base ΓöéverticalsΓöétop Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöébottom (south)Γöé1 Γöé16 Γöé256 Γöé
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Γöéleft (west) Γöé2 Γöé32 Γöé512 Γöé
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Γöétop (north)Γöé4 Γöé64 Γöé1024Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéright (east) Γöé8 Γöé128 Γöé2048Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
The default is 31, which is all four sides for plot, and base and z axis for
splot.
Using the optional <line_style>, <line_type> and <line_width> specifiers, the
way the border lines are drawn can be influenced (limited by what the current
terminal driver supports). By default, the border is drawn with twice the
usual linewidth. The <line_width> specifier scales this default value; for
example, set border 15 lw 2 will produce a border with four times the usual
linewidth.
Various axes or combinations of axes may be added together in the command.
To have tics on edges other than bottom and left, disable the usual tics and
enable the second axes.
Examples:
Draw all borders:
set border
Draw only the SOUTHWEST borders:
set border 3
Draw a complete box around a splot:
set border 4095
Draw a partial box, omitting the front vertical:
set border 127+256+512
Draw only the NORTHEAST borders:
set noxtics; set noytics; set x2tics; set y2tics; set border 12
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.7. boxwidth ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set boxwidth command is used to set the default width of boxes in the boxes
and boxerrorbars styles.
Syntax:
set boxwidth {<width>}
show boxwidth
If a data file is plotted without the width being specified in the third,
fourth, or fifth column (or using entry), or if a function is plotted, the
width of each box is set by the set boxwidth command. (If a width is given
both in the file and by the set boxwidth command, the one in the file is used.)
If the width is not specified in one of these ways, the width of each box will
be calculated automatically so that it touches the adjacent boxes. In a
four-column data set, the fourth column will be interpreted as the box width
unless the width is set to -2.0, in which case the width will be calculated
automatically. See set style boxerrorbars for more details.
To set the box width to automatic use the command
set boxwidth
or, for four-column data,
set boxwidth -2
The same effect can be achieved with the using keyword in plot:
plot 'file' using 1:2:3:4:(-2)
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.8. clabel ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
gnuplot will vary the linetype used for each contour level when clabel is set.
When this option on (the default), a legend labels each linestyle with the z
level it represents. It is not possible at present to separate the contour
labels from the surface key.
Syntax:
set clabel {'<format>'}
set noclabel
show clabel
The default for the format string is %8.3g, which gives three decimal places.
This may produce poor label alignment if the key is altered from its default
configuration.
The first contour linetype, or only contour linetype when clabel is off, is the
surface linetype +1; contour points are the same style as surface points.
See also set contour.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.9. clip ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
gnuplot can clip data points and lines that are near the boundaries of a graph.
Syntax:
set clip <clip-type>
set noclip <clip-type>
show clip
Three clip types are supported by gnuplot: points, one, and two. One, two, or
all three clip types may be active for a single graph.
The points clip type forces gnuplot to clip (actually, not plot at all) data
points that fall within but too close to the boundaries. This is done so that
large symbols used for points will not extend outside the boundary lines.
Without clipping points near the boundaries, the plot may look bad. Adjusting
the x and y ranges may give similar results.
Setting the one clip type causes gnuplot to draw a line segment which has only
one of its two endpoints within the graph. Only the in-range portion of the
line is drawn. The alternative is to not draw any portion of the line segment.
Some lines may have both endpoints out of range, but pass through the graph.
Setting the two clip-type allows the visible portion of these lines to be
drawn.
In no case is a line drawn outside the graph.
The defaults are noclip points, clip one, and noclip two.
To check the state of all forms of clipping, use
show clip
For backward compatibility with older versions, the following forms are also
permitted:
set clip
set noclip
set clip is synonymous with set clip points; set noclip turns off all three
types of clipping.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.10. cntrparam ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
set cntrparam controls the generation of contours and their smoothness for a
contour plot. show contour displays current settings of cntrparam as well as
contour.
Syntax:
set cntrparam { {linear | cubicspline | bspline}
{ points <n>} { order <n> }
{ levels auto {<n>} | <n>
| discrete <z1> {,<z2>{,<z3>...}}
| incremental <start>, <incr> {,<end>}
}
}
show contour
This command has two functions. First, it sets the values of z for which
contour points are to be determined (by linear interpolation between data
points or function isosamples.) Second, it controls the way contours are drawn
between the points determined to be of equal z. <n> should be an integral
constant expression and <z1>, <z2> ... any constant expressions. The parameters
are:
linear, cubicspline, bspline---Controls type of approximation or interpolation.
If linear, then straight line segments connect points of equal z magnitude. If
cubicspline, then piecewise-linear contours are interpolated between the same
equal z points to form somewhat smoother contours, but which may undulate. If
bspline, a guaranteed-smoother curve is drawn, which only approximates the
position of the points of equal-z.
points---Eventually all drawings are done with piecewise-linear strokes. This
number controls the number of line segments used to approximate the bspline or
cubicspline curve. Number of cubicspline or bspline segments (strokes) =
points * number of linear segments.
order---Order of the bspline approximation to be used. The bigger this order
is, the smoother the resulting contour. (Of course, higher order bspline
curves will move further away from the original piecewise linear data.) This
option is relevant for bspline mode only. Allowed values are integers in the
range from 2 (linear) to 10.
levels--- Selection of contour levels, controlled by auto (default), discrete,
incremental, and <n>, number of contour levels, limited to
MAX_DISCRETE_LEVELS as defined in plot.h (30 is standard.)
For auto, <n> specifies a nominal number of levels; the actual number will be
adjusted to give simple labels. If the surface is bounded by zmin and zmax,
contours will be generated at integer multiples of dz between zmin and zmax,
where dz is 1, 2, or 5 times some power of ten (like the step between two tic
marks).
For levels discrete, contours will be generated at z = <z1>, <z2> ... as
specified; the number of discrete levels sets the number of contour levels. In
discrete mode, any set cntrparms levels <n> are ignored.
For incremental, contours are generated at values of z beginning at <start> and
increasing by <increment>, until the number of contours is reached. <end> is
used to determine the number of contour levels, which will be changed by any
subsequent set cntrparam levels <n>.
If the command set cntrparam is given without any arguments specified, the
defaults are used: linear, 5 points, order 4, 5 auto levels.
Examples:
set cntrparam bspline
set cntrparam points 7
set cntrparam order 10
To select levels automatically, 5 if the level increment criteria are met:
set cntrparam levels auto 5
To specify discrete levels at .1, .37, and .9:
set cntrparam levels discrete .1,1/exp(1),.9
To specify levels from 0 to 4 with increment 1:
set cntrparam levels incremental 0,1,4
To set the number of levels to 10 (changing an incremental end or possibly the
number of auto levels):
set cntrparam levels 10
To set the start and increment while retaining the number of levels:
set cntrparam levels incremental 100,50
See also set contour for control of where the contours are drawn, and set
clabel for control of the format of the contour labels and linetypes.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.11. contour ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
set contour enables contour drawing for surfaces. This option is available for
splot only.
Syntax:
set contour {base | surface | both}
set nocontour
show contour
The three options specify where to draw the contours: base draws the contours
on the grid base where the x/ytics are placed, surface draws the contours on
the surfaces themselves, and both draws the contours on both the base and the
surface. If no option is provided, the default is base.
See also set cntrparam for the parameters that affect the drawing of contours,
and set clabel for control of labelling of the contours.
The surface can be switched off (see set surface), giving a contour-only graph.
Though it is possible to use set size to enlarge the plot to fill the screen,
more control over the output format can be obtained by writing the contour
information to a file, and rereading it as a 2-d datafile plot:
set nosurface
set contour
set cntrparam ...
set term table
set out 'filename'
splot ...
set out
# contour info now in filename
set term <whatever>
plot 'filename'
In order to draw contours, the data should be organized as "grid data". In
such a file all the points for a single y-isoline are listed, then all the
points for the next y-isoline, and so on. A single blank line (a line
containing no characters other than blank spaces and a carriage return and/or a
line feed) separates one y-isoline from the next. See also splot datafile.
If contours are desired from non-grid data, set dgrid3d can be used to create
an appropriate grid. See set dgrid3d for more information.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.12. data style ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set data style command changes the default plotting style for data plots.
Syntax:
set data style <style-choice>
show data style
See set style for the choices. If no choice is given, the choices are listed.
show data style shows the current default data plotting style.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.13. dgrid3d ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set dgrid3d command enables, and can set parameters for, non-grid to grid
data mapping.
Syntax:
set dgrid3d {<row_size>} {,{<col_size>} {,<norm>}}
set nodgrid3d
show dgrid3d
By default dgrid3d is disabled. When enabled, 3-d data read from a file are
always treated as a scattered data set. A grid with dimensions derived from a
bounding box of the scattered data and size as specified by the row/col_size
parameters is created for plotting and contouring. The grid is equally spaced
in x (rows) and in y (columns); the z values are computed as weighted averages
of the scattered points' z values.
The third parameter, norm, controls the weighting: Each data point is weighted
inversely by its distance from the grid point raised to the norm power.
(Actually, the weights are given by the inverse of dx^norm + dy^norm, where dx
and dy are the components of the separation of the grid point from each data
point. For some norms that are powers of two, specifically 4, 8, and 16, the
computation is optimized by using the Euclidean distance in the weight
calculation, (dx^2+dx^2)^norm/2. However, any non-negative integer can be
used.)
The closer the data point is to a grid point, the more effect it has on that
grid point and the larger the value of norm the less effect more distant data
points have on that grid point.
The dgrid3d option is a simple low pass filter that converts scattered data to
a grid data set. More sophisticated approaches to this problem exist and
should be used to preprocess the data outside gnuplot if this simple solution
is found inadequate.
(The z values are found by weighting all data points, not by interpolating
between nearby data points; also edge effects may produce unexpected and/or
undesired results. In some cases, small norm values produce a grid point
reflecting the average of distant data points rather than a local average,
while large values of norm may produce "steps" with several grid points having
the same value as the closest data point, rather than making a smooth
transition between adjacent data points. Some areas of a grid may be filled by
extrapolation, to an arbitrary boundary condition. The variables are not
normalized; consequently the units used for x and y will affect the relative
weights of points in the x and y directions.)
Examples:
set dgrid3d 10,10,1 # defaults
set dgrid3d ,,4
The first specifies that a grid of size 10 by 10 is to be constructed using a
norm value of 1 in the weight computation. The second only modifies the norm,
changing it to 4.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.14. dummy ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set dummy command changes the default dummy variable names.
Syntax:
set dummy {<dummy-var>} {,<dummy-var>}
show dummy
By default, gnuplot assumes that the independent, or "dummy", variable for the
plot command is "t" if in parametric or polar mode, or "x" otherwise. Similarly
the independent variables for the splot command are "u" and "v" in parametric
mode (splot cannot be used in polar mode), or "x" and "y" otherwise.
It may be more convenient to call a dummy variable by a more physically
meaningful or conventional name. For example, when plotting time functions:
set dummy t
plot sin(t), cos(t)
At least one dummy variable must be set on the command; set dummy by itself
will generate an error message.
Examples:
set dummy u,v
set dummy ,s
The second example sets the second variable to s.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.15. encoding ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set encoding command selects a character encoding. Valid values are
default, which tells a terminal to use its default; iso_8859_1 (known in the
PostScript world as ISO-Latin1), which is used on many Unix workstations and
with MS-Windows; cp850, for OS/2; and cp437, for MS-DOS.
Syntax:
set encoding {<value>}
show encoding
Note that encoding is not supported by all terminal drivers and that the device
must be able to produce the desired non-standard characters.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.16. format ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The format of the tic-mark labels can be set with the set format command.
Syntax:
set format {<axes>} {"<format-string>"}
set format {<axes>} {'<format-string>'}
show format
where <axes> is either x, y, z, xy, x2, y2 or nothing (which is the same as
xy). The length of the string representing a tic mark (after formatting with
'printf') is restricted to 100 characters. If the format string is omitted,
the format will be returned to the default "%g". For LaTeX users, the format
"$%g$" is often desirable. If the empty string "" is used, no label will be
plotted with each tic, though the tic mark will still be plotted. To eliminate
all tic marks, use set noxtics or set noytics.
Newline (\n) is accepted in the format string. Use double-quotes rather than
single-quotes to enable such interpretation. See also syntax.
The default format for both axes is "%g", but other formats such as "%.2f" or
"%3.0em" are often desirable. Anything accepted by 'printf' when given a
double precision number, and accepted by the terminal, will work. Some other
options have been added. If the format string looks like a floating point
format, then gnuplot tries to construct a reasonable format.
Characters not preceded by "%" are printed verbatim. Thus you can include
spaces and labels in your format string, such as "%g m", which will put " m"
after each number. If you want "%" itself, double it: "%g %%".
See also set xtics for more information about tic labels.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.16.1. format specifiers ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The acceptable formats (if not in time/date mode) are:
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Γöéc l . Γöé Γöé
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ΓöéFormat ΓöéExplanation Γöé
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Γöé_ Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%f Γöéfloating point notation Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%e or %EΓöéexponential notation; an "e" or "E" before the power Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%g or %GΓöéthe shorter of %e (or %E) and %f Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%x or %XΓöéhex Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%o or %OΓöéoctal Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%t Γöémantissa to base 10 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%l Γöémantissa to base of current logscale Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%s Γöémantissa to base of current logscale; scientific powerΓöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%T Γöépower to base 10 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%L Γöépower to base of current logscale Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%S Γöéscientific power Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%c Γöécharacter replacement for scientific power Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%P Γöémultiple of pi Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
A 'scientific' power is one such that the exponent is a multiple of three.
Character replacement of scientific powers ("%c") has been implemented for
powers in the range -18 to +18. For numbers outside of this range the format
reverts to exponential.
Other acceptable modifiers (which come after the "%" but before the format
specifier) are "-", which left-justifies the number; "+", which forces all
numbers to be explicitly signed; "#", which places a decimal point after floats
that have only zeroes following the decimal point; a positive integer, which
defines the field width; "0" (the digit, not the letter) immediately preceding
the field width, which indicates that leading zeroes are to be used instead of
leading blanks; and a decimal point followed by a non-negative integer, which
defines the precision (the minimum number of digits of an integer, or the
number of digits following the decimal point of a float).
Some releases of 'printf' may not support all of these modifiers but may also
support others; in case of doubt, check the appropriate documentation and then
experiment.
Examples:
set format y "%t"; set ytics (5,10) # "5.0" and "1.0"
set format y "%s"; set ytics (500,1000) # "500" and "1.0"
set format y "+-12.3f"; set ytics(12345) # "+12345.000 "
set format y "%.2t*10^%+03T"; set ytic(12345)# "1.23*10^+04"
set format y "%s*10^{%S}"; set ytic(12345) # "12.345*10^{3}"
set format y "%s %cg"; set ytic(12345) # "12.345 kg"
set format y "%.0P pi"; set ytic(6.283185) # "2 pi"
set format y "%.0P%%"; set ytic(50) # "50%"
set log y 2; set format y '%l'; set ytics (1,2,3)
#displays "1.0", "1.0" and "1.5" (since 3 is 1.5 * 2^1)
There are some problem cases that arise when numbers like 9.999 are printed
with a format that requires both rounding and a power.
If the data type for the axis is time/date, the format string must contain
valid codes for the 'strftime' function (outside of gnuplot, type "man
strftime"). See set timefmt for a list of the allowed input format codes.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.16.2. time/date specifiers ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
In time/date mode, the acceptable formats are:
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéFormat ΓöéExplanation Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%a Γöéabbreviated name of day of the week Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%A Γöéfull name of day of the week Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%b or %hΓöéabbreviated name of the month Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%B Γöéfull name of the month Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%d Γöéday of the month, 1--31 Γöé
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Γöé%D Γöéshorthand for "%m/%d/%y" Γöé
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Γöé%H or %kΓöéhour, 0--24 Γöé
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Γöé%I or %lΓöéhour, 0--12 Γöé
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Γöé%j Γöéday of the year, 1--366 Γöé
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Γöé%m Γöémonth, 1--12 Γöé
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Γöé%M Γöéminute, 0--60 Γöé
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Γöé%p Γöé"am" or "pm" Γöé
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Γöé%r Γöéshorthand for "%I:%M:%S %p" Γöé
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Γöé%R Γöéshorthand for %H:%M" Γöé
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Γöé%S Γöésecond, 0--60 Γöé
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Γöé%T Γöéshorthand for "%H:%M:%S" Γöé
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Γöé%U Γöéweek of the year (week starts on Sunday)Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé%w Γöéday of the week, 0--6 (Sunday = 0) Γöé
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Γöé%W Γöéweek of the year (week starts on Monday)Γöé
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Γöé%y Γöéyear, 0-99 Γöé
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Γöé%Y Γöéyear, 4-digit Γöé
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Γöé_ Γöé Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
Except for the non-numerical formats, these may be preceded by a "0" ("zero",
not "oh") to pad the field length with leading zeroes, and a positive digit, to
define the minimum field width (which will be overridden if the specified width
is not large enough to contain the number). There is a 24-character limit to
the length of the printed text; longer strings will be truncated.
Examples:
Suppose the text is "76/12/25 23:11:11". Then
set format x # defaults to "12/25/76" \n "23:11"
set format x "%A, %d %b %Y" # "Saturday, 25 Dec 1976"
set format x "%r %d" # "11:11:11 pm 12/25/76"
Suppose the text is "98/07/06 05:04:03". Then
set format x "%1y/%2m/%3d %01H:%02M:%03S" # "98/ 7/ 6 5:04:003"
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.17. function style ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set function style command changes the default plotting style for function
plots.
Syntax:
set function style <style-choice>
show function style
See set style for the choices. If no choice is given, the choices are listed.
show function style shows the current default function plotting style.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.18. functions ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The show functions command lists all user-defined functions and their
definitions.
Syntax:
show functions
For information about the definition and usage of functions in gnuplot, please
see expressions.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.19. grid ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set grid command allows grid lines to be drawn on the plot.
Syntax:
set grid {{no}{m}xtics} {{no}{m}ytics} {{no}{m}ztics}
{{no}{m}x2tics} {{no}{m}y2tics}
{polar {<angle>}}
{ {linestyle <major_linestyle>}
| {linetype | lt <major_linetype>}
{linewidth | lw <major_linewidth>}
{ , {linestyle | ls <minor_linestyle>}
| {linetype | lt <minor_linetype>}
{linewidth | lw <minor_linewidth>} } }
set nogrid
show grid
The grid can be enabled and disabled for the major and/or minor tic marks on
any axis, and the linetype and linewidth can be specified for major and minor
grid lines, also via a predefined linestyle, as far as the active terminal
driver supports this.
Additionally, a polar grid can be selected for 2-d plots---circles are drawn to
intersect the selected tics, and radial lines are drawn at definable intervals.
(The interval is given in degrees or radians ,depending on the set angles
setting.) Note that a polar grid is no longer automatically generated in polar
mode.
The pertinent tics must be enabled before set grid can draw them; gnuplot will
quietly ignore instructions to draw grid lines at non-existent tics, but they
will appear if the tics are subsequently enabled.
If no linetype is specified for the minor gridlines, the same linetype as the
major gridlines is used. The default polar angle is 30 degrees.
By default, grid lines are drawn with half the usual linewidth. The major and
minor linewidth specifiers scale this default value; for example, set grid lw
.5 will draw grid lines with one quarter the usual linewidth.
Z grid lines are drawn on the back of the plot. This looks better if a partial
box is drawn around the plot---see set border.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.20. hidden3d ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set hidden3d command enables hidden line removal for surface plotting (see
splot). Some optional features of the underlying algorithm can also be
controlled using this command.
Syntax:
set hidden3d {defaults} |
{ {{offset <offset>} | {nooffset}}
{trianglepattern <bitpattern>}
{{undefined <level>} | {noundefined}}
{{no}altdiagonal}
{{no}bentover} }
set nohidden3d
show hidden3d
In contrast to the usual display in gnuplot, hidden line removal actually
treats the given function or data grids as real surfaces that can't be seen
through, so parts behind the surface will be hidden by it. For this to be
possible, the surface needs to have 'grid structure' (see splot datafile about
this), and it has to be drawn with lines or with linespoints.
When hidden3d is set, both the hidden portion of the surface and possibly its
contours drawn on the base (see set contour) as well as the grid will be
hidden. Each surface has its hidden parts removed with respect to itself and
to other surfaces, if more than one surface is plotted. Contours drawn on the
surface (set contour surface) don't work. Labels and arrows are always visible
and are unaffected. The key is also never hidden by the surface.
Functions are evaluated at isoline intersections. The algorithm interpolates
linearly between function points or data points when determining the visible
line segments. This means that the appearance of a function may be different
when plotted with hidden3d than when plotted with nohidden3d because in the
latter case functions are evaluated at each sample. Please see set samples and
set isosamples for discussion of the difference.
The algorithm used to remove the hidden parts of the surfaces has some
additional features controllable by this command. Specifying defaults will set
them all to their default settings, as detailed below. If defaults is not
given, only explicitly specified options will be influenced: all others will
keep their previous values, so you can turn on/off hidden line removal via set
{no}hidden3d, without modifying the set of options you chose.
The first option, offset, influences the linestyle used for lines on the 'back'
side. Normally, they are drawn in a linestyle one index number higher than the
one used for the front, to make the two sides of the surface distinguishable.
You can specify a different line style offset to add instead of the default 1,
by offset <offset>. Option nooffset stands for offset 0, making the two sides
of the surface use the same linestyle.
Next comes the option trianglepattern <bitpattern>. <bitpattern> must be a
number between 0 and 7, interpreted as a bit pattern. Each bit determines the
visibility of one edge of the triangles each surface is split up into. Bit 0 is
for the 'horizontal' edges of the grid, Bit 1 for the 'vertical' ones, and Bit
2 for the diagonals that split each cell of the original grid into two
triangles. The default pattern is 3, making all horizontal and vertical lines
visible, but not the diagonals. You may want to choose 7 to see those
diagonals as well.
The undefined <level> option lets you decide what the algorithm is to do with
data points that are undefined ( missing data, or undefined function values),
or exceed the given x-, y- or z-ranges. Such points can either be plotted
nevertheless, or taken out of the input data set. All surface elements
touching a point that is taken out will be taken out as well, thus creating a
hole in the surface. If <level> = 3, equivalent to option noundefined, no
points will be thrown away at all. This may produce all kinds of problems
elsewhere, so you should avoid this. <level> = 2 will throw away undefined
points, but keep the out-of-range ones. <level> = 1, the default, will get rid
of out-of-range points as well.
By specifying noaltdiagonal, you can override the default handling of a special
case can occur if undefined is active (i.e. <level> is not 3). Each cell of the
grid-structured input surface will be divided in two triangles along one of its
diagonals. Normally, all these diagonals have the same orientation relative to
the grid. If exactly one of the four cell corners is excluded by the undefined
handler, and this is on the usual diagonal, both triangles will be excluded.
However if the default setting of altdiagonal is active, the other diagonal
will be chosen for this cell instead, minimizing the size of the hole in the
surface.
The bentover option controls what happens to another special case, this time in
conjunction with the trianglepattern. For rather crumply surfaces, it can
happen that the two triangles a surface cell is divided into are seen from
opposite sides (i.e. the original quadrangle is 'bent over'), as illustrated in
the following ASCII art:
C----B
original quadrangle: A--B displayed quadrangle: |\ |
("set view 0,0") | /| ("set view 75,75" perhaps) | \ |
|/ | | \ |
C--D | \|
A D
If the diagonal edges of the surface cells aren't generally made visible by bit
2 of the <bitpattern> there, the edge CB above wouldn't be drawn at all,
normally, making the resulting display hard to understand. Therefore, the
default option of bentover will turn it visible in this case. If you don't
want that, you may choose nobentover instead.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.21. isosamples ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The isoline density (grid) for plotting functions as surfaces may be changed by
the set isosamples command.
Syntax:
set isosamples <iso_1> {,<iso_2>}
show isosamples
Each function surface plot will have <iso_1> iso-u lines and <iso_2> iso-v
lines. If you only specify <iso_1>, <iso_2> will be set to the same value as
<iso_1>. By default, sampling is set to 10 isolines per u or v axis. A higher
sampling rate will produce more accurate plots, but will take longer. These
parameters have no effect on data file plotting.
An isoline is a curve parameterized by one of the surface parameters while the
other surface parameter is fixed. Isolines provide a simple means to display a
surface. By fixing the u parameter of surface s(u,v), the iso-u lines of the
form c(v) = s(u0,v) are produced, and by fixing the v parameter, the iso-v
lines of the form c(u) = s(u,v0) are produced.
When a function surface plot is being done without the removal of hidden lines,
set samples controls the number of points sampled along each isoline; see set
samples and set hidden3d. The contour algorithm assumes that a function sample
occurs at each isoline intersection, so change in samples as well as isosamples
may be desired when changing the resolution of a function surface/contour.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.22. key ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set key enables a key (or legend) describing plots on a plot.
The contents of the key, i.e., the names given to each plotted data set and
function and samples of the lines and/or symbols used to represent them, are
determined by the title and with options of the {s}plot command. Please see
plot title and plot with for more information.
Syntax:
set key { left | right | top | bottom | outside | below
| <position>}
{Left | Right} {{no}reverse}
{samplen <sample_length>} {spacing <vertical_spacing>}
{width <width_increment>}
{title "<text>"}
{{no}box { {linestyle | ls <line_style>}
| {linetype | lt <line_type>}
{linewidth | lw <line_width>}}}
set nokey
show key
By default the key is placed in the upper right corner of the graph. The
keywords left, right, top, bottom, outside and below may be used to place the
key in the other corners inside the graph or to the right (outside) or below
the graph. They may be given alone or combined.
Justification of the labels within the key is controlled by Left or Right
(default is Right). The text and sample can be reversed (reverse) and a box
can be drawn around the key (box {...}) in a specified linetype and linewidth,
or a user-defined linestyle. Note that not all terminal drivers support
linewidth selection, though.
The length of the sample line can be controlled by samplen. The sample length
is computed as the sum of the tic length and <sample_length> times the
character width. samplen also affects the positions of point samples in the
key since these are drawn at the midpoint of the sample line, even if it is not
drawn. <sample_length> must be an integer.
The vertical spacing between lines is controlled by spacing. The spacing is
set equal to the product of the pointsize, the vertical tic size, and
<vertical_spacing>. The program will guarantee that the vertical spacing is no
smaller than the character height.
The <width_increment> is a number of character widths to be added to or
subtracted from the length of the string. This is useful only when you are
putting a box around the key and you are using control characters in the text.
gnuplot simply counts the number of characters in the string when computing the
box width; this allows you to correct it.
A title can be put on the key (title "<text>")---see also syntax for the
distinction between text in single- or double-quotes. The key title uses the
same justification as do the plot titles.
The defaults for set key are right, top, Right, noreverse, samplen 4, spacing
1.25, title "", and nobox. The default <linetype> is the same as that used for
the plot borders. Entering set key with no options returns the key to its
default configuration.
The <position> can be a simple x,y,z as in previous versions, but these can be
preceded by one of four keywords (first, second, graph, screen) which selects
the coordinate system in which the position is specified. See coordinates for
more details.
The key is drawn as a sequence of lines, with one plot described on each line.
On the right-hand side (or the left-hand side, if reverse is selected) of each
line is a representation that attempts to mimic the way the curve is plotted.
On the other side of each line is the text description (the line title),
obtained from the plot command. The lines are vertically arranged so that an
imaginary straight line divides the left- and right-hand sides of the key. It
is the coordinates of the top of this line that are specified with the set key
command. In a plot, only the x and y coordinates are used to specify the line
position. For a splot, x, y and z are all used as a 3-d location mapped using
the same mapping as the graph itself to form the required 2-d screen position
of the imaginary line.
Some or all of the key may be outside of the graph boundary, although this may
interfere with other labels and may cause an error on some devices. If you use
the keywords outside or below, gnuplot makes space for the keys and the graph
becomes smaller. Putting keys outside to the right, they occupy as few columns
as possible, and putting them below, as many columns as possible (depending of
the length of the labels), thus stealing as little space from the graph as
possible.
When using the TeX or PostScript drivers, or similar drivers where formatting
information is embedded in the string, gnuplot is unable to calculate correctly
the width of the string for key positioning. If the key is to be positioned at
the left, it may be convenient to use the combination set key left Left
reverse. The box and gap in the grid will be the width of the literal string.
If splot is being used to draw contours, the contour labels will be listed in
the key. If the alignment of these labels is poor or a different number of
decimal places is desired, the label format can be specified. See set clabel
for details.
Examples:
This places the key at the default location:
set key
This disables the key:
set nokey
This places a key at coordinates 2,3.5,2 in the default (first) coordinate
system:
set key 2,3.5,2
This places the key below the graph:
set key below
This places the key in the bottom left corner, left-justifies the text, gives
it a title, and draws a box around it in linetype 3:
set key left bottom Left title 'Legend' box 3
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.23. label ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Arbitrary labels can be placed on the plot using the set label command.
Syntax:
set label {<tag>} {"<label_text>"} {at <position>}
{<justification>} {{no}rotate} {font "<name><,size>"}
set nolabel {<tag>}
show label
The <position> is specified by either x,y or x,y,z, and may be preceded by
first, second, graph, or screen to select the coordinate system. See
coordinates for details.
The tag is an integer that is used to identify the label. If no <tag> is given,
the lowest unused tag value is assigned automatically. The tag can be used to
delete or modify a specific label. To change any attribute of an existing
label, use the set label command with the appropriate tag, and specify the
parts of the label to be changed.
By default, the text is placed flush left against the point x,y,z. To adjust
the way the label is positioned with respect to the point x,y,z, add the
parameter <justification>, which may be left, right or center, indicating that
the point is to be at the left, right or center of the text. Labels outside the
plotted boundaries are permitted but may interfere with axis labels or other
text.
If rotate is given, the label is written vertically (if the terminal can do so,
of course).
If one (or more) axis is timeseries, the appropriate coordinate should be given
as a quoted time string according to the timefmt format string. See set xdata
and set timefmt.
The EEPIC, Imagen, LaTeX, and TPIC drivers allow \\ in a string to specify a
newline.
Examples:
To set a label at (1,2) to "y=x", use:
set label "y=x" at 1,2
To set a Sigma of size 24, from the Symbol font set, at the center of the
graph, use:
set label "S" at graph 0.5,0.5 center font "Symbol,24"
To set a label "y=x^2" with the right of the text at (2,3,4), and tag the label
as number 3, use:
set label 3 "y=x^2" at 2,3,4 right
To change the preceding label to center justification, use:
set label 3 center
To delete label number 2, use:
set nolabel 2
To delete all labels, use:
set nolabel
To show all labels (in tag order), use:
show label
To set a label on a graph with a timeseries on the x axis, use, for example:
set timefmt "%d/%m/%y,%H:%M"
set label "Harvest" at "25/8/93",1
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.24. linestyle ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Each terminal has a default set of line and point types, which can be seen by
using the command test. set linestyle defines a set of line types and widths
and point types and sizes so that you can refer to them later by an index
instead of repeating all the information at each invocation.
Syntax:
set linestyle <index> {linetype | lt <line_type>}
{linewidth | lw <line_width>}
{pointtype | pt <point_type>}
{pointsize | ps <point_size>}
set nolinestyle
show linestyle
The line and point types are taken from the default types for the terminal
currently in use. The line width and point size are multipliers for the
default width and size (but note that <point_size> here is unaffected by the
multiplier given on 'set pointsize').
The defaults for the line and point types is the index. The defaults for the
width and size are both unity.
Linestyles created by this mechanism do not replace the default styles; both
may be used.
Not all terminals support the linewidth and pointsize features; if not
supported, the option will be ignored.
Note that this feature is not completely implemented; linestyles defined by
this mechanism may be used with 'plot', 'splot', 'replot', and 'set arrow', but
not by other commands that allow the default index to be used, such as 'set
grid'.
Example: Suppose that the default lines for indices 1, 2, and 3 are red, green,
and blue, respectively, and the default point shapes for the same indices are a
square, a cross, and a triangle, respectively. Then
set linestyle 1 lt 2 lw 2 pt 3 ps 0.5
defines a new linestyle that is green and twice the default width and a new
pointstyle that is a half-sized triangle. The commands
set function style lines
plot f(x) lt 3, g(x) ls 1
will create a plot of f(x) using the default blue line and a plot of g(x) using
the user-defined wide green line. Similarly the commands
set function style linespoints
plot p(x) lt 1 pt 3, q(x) ls 1
will create a plot of f(x) using the default triangles connected by a red line
and q(x) using small triangles connected by a green line.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.25. lmargin ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The command set lmargin sets the size of the left margin. Please see set
margin for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.26. locale ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The locale setting determines the language with which {x,y,z}{d,m}tics will
write the days and months.
Syntax:
set locale {"<locale>"}
<locale> may be any language designation acceptable to your installation. See
your system documentation for the available options. The default value is
determined from the LANG environment variable.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.27. logscale ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Log scaling may be set on the x, y, z, x2 and/or y2 axes.
Syntax:
set logscale <axes> <base>
set nologscale <axes>
show logscale
where <axes> may be any combinations of x, y, and z, in any order, or x2 or y2
and where <base> is the base of the log scaling. If <base> is not given, then
10 is assumed. If <axes> is not given, then all axes are assumed. set
nologscale turns off log scaling for the specified axes.
Examples:
To enable log scaling in both x and z axes:
set logscale xz
To enable scaling log base 2 of the y axis:
set logscale y 2
To disable z axis log scaling:
set nologscale z
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.28. mapping ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
If data are provided to splot in spherical or cylindrical coordinates, the set
mapping command should be used to instruct gnuplot how to interpret them.
Syntax:
set mapping {cartesian | spherical | cylindrical}
A cartesian coordinate system is used by default.
For a spherical coordinate system, the data occupy two or three columns (or
using entries). The first two are interpreted as the polar and azimuthal
angles theta and phi (in the units specified by set angles). The radius r is
taken from the third column if there is one, or is set to unity if there is no
third column. The mapping is:
x = r * cos(theta) * cos(phi)
y = r * sin(theta) * cos(phi)
z = r * sin(phi)
Note that this is a "geographic" spherical system, rather than a "polar" one.
For a cylindrical coordinate system, the data again occupy two or three
columns. The first two are interpreted as theta (in the units specified by set
angles) and z. The radius is either taken from the third column or set to
unity, as in the spherical case. The mapping is:
x = r * cos(theta)
y = r * sin(theta)
z = z
The effects of mapping can be duplicated with the using filter on the splot
command, but mapping may be more convenient if many data files are to be
processed. However even if mapping is used, using may still be necessary if
the data in the file are not in the required order.
mapping has no effect on plot.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.29. margin ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The computed margins can be overridden by the set margin commands. show margin
shows the current settings.
Syntax:
set bmargin {<margin>}
set lmargin {<margin>}
set rmargin {<margin>}
set tmargin {<margin>}
show margin
The units of <margin> are character heights or widths, as appropriate. A
positive value defines the absolute size of the margin. A negative value (or
none) causes gnuplot to revert to the computed value.
Normally the margins of a plot are automatically calculated based on tics, tic
labels, axis labels, the plot title, the timestamp and the size of the key if
it is outside the borders. If, however, tics are attached to the axes (set
xtics axis, for example), neither the tics themselves nor their labels will be
included in either the margin calculation or the calculation of the positions
of other text to be written in the margin. This can lead to tic labels
overwriting other text if the axis is very close to the border.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.30. missing ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set missing command allows you to tell gnuplot what character is used in a
data file to denote missing data.
Syntax:
set missing {"<character>"}
show missing
Example:
set missing "?"
would mean that, when plotting a file containing
1 1
2 ?
3 2
the middle line would be ignored.
There is no default character for missing.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.31. multiplot ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The command set multiplot places gnuplot in the multiplot mode, in which
several plots are placed on the same page, window, or screen.
Syntax:
set multiplot
set nomultiplot
For some terminals, no plot is displayed until the command set nomultiplot is
given, which causes the entire page to be drawn and then returns gnuplot to its
normal single-plot mode. For other terminals, each separate plot command
produces a plot, but the screen may not be cleared between plots.
Any labels or arrows that have been defined will be drawn for each plot
according to the current size and origin (unless their coordinates are defined
in the screen system). Just about everything else that can be set is applied
to each plot, too. If you want something to appear only once on the page, for
instance a single time stamp, you'll need to put a set time/set notime pair
around one of the plot, splot or replot commands within the set multiplot/set
nomultiplot block.
The commands set origin and set size must be used to correctly position each
plot; see set origin and set size for details of their usage.
Example:
set size 0.7,0.7
set origin 0.1,0.1
set multiplot
set size 0.4,0.4
set origin 0.1,0.1
plot sin(x)
set size 0.2,0.2
set origin 0.5,0.5
plot cos(x)
set nomultiplot
displays a plot of cos(x) stacked above a plot of sin(x). Note the initial set
size and set origin. While these are not always required, their inclusion is
recommended. Some terminal drivers require that bounding box information be
available before any plots can be made, and the form given above guarantees
that the bounding box will include the entire plot array rather than just the
bounding box of the first plot.
set size and set origin refer to the entire plotting area used for each plot.
If you want to have the axes themselves line up, you can guarantee that the
margins are the same size with the set margin commands. See set margin for
their use. Note that the margin settings are absolute, in character units, so
the appearance of the graph in the remaining space will depend on the screen
size of the display device, e.g., perhaps quite different on a video display
and a printer.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.32. mx2tics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Minor tic marks along the x2 (top) axis are controlled by set mx2tics. Please
see set mxtics.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.33. mxtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Minor tic marks along the x axis are controlled by set mxtics. They can be
turned off with set nomxtics. Similar commands control minor tics along the
other axes.
Syntax:
set mxtics {<freq> | default}
set nomxtics
show mxtics
The same syntax applies to mytics, mztics, mx2tics and my2tics.
<freq> is the number of sub-intervals (NOT the number of minor tics) between
major tics (ten is the default for a linear axis, so there are nine minor tics
between major tics). Selecting default will return the number of minor ticks to
its default value.
If the axis is logarithmic, the number of sub-intervals will be set to a
reasonable number by default (based upon the length of a decade). This will be
overridden if <freq> is given. However the usual minor tics (2, 3, ..., 8, 9
between 1 and 10, for example) are obtained by setting <freq> to 10, even
though there are but nine sub-intervals.
Minor tics can be used only with uniformly spaced major tics. Since major tics
can be placed arbitrarily by set {x|x2|y|y2|z}tics, minor tics cannot be used
if major tics are explicitly set.
By default, minor tics are off for linear axes and on for logarithmic axes.
They inherit the settings for axis|border and {no}mirror specified for the
major tics. Please see set xtics for information about these.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.34. my2tics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Minor tic marks along the y2 (right-hand) axis are controlled by set my2tics.
Please see set mxtics.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.35. mytics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Minor tic marks along the y axis are controlled by set mytics. Please see set
mxtics.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.36. mztics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Minor tic marks along the z axis are controlled by set mztics. Please see set
mxtics.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.37. offsets ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Offsets provide a mechanism to put a boundary around the data inside of an
autoscaled graph.
Syntax:
set offsets <left>, <right>, <top>, <bottom>
set nooffsets
show offsets
Each offset may be a constant or an expression. Each defaults to 0. Left and
right offsets are given in units of the x axis, top and bottom offsets in units
of the y axis. A positive offset expands the graph in the specified direction,
e.g., a positive bottom offset makes ymin more negative. Negative offsets,
while permitted, can have unexpected interactions with autoscaling and
clipping.
Offsets are ignored in splots.
Example:
set offsets 0, 0, 2, 2
plot sin(x)
This graph of sin(x) will have a y range [-3:3] because the function will be
autoscaled to [-1:1] and the vertical offsets are each two.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.38. origin ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set origin command is used to specify the origin of a plotting surface
(i.e., the graph and its margins) on the screen. The coordinates are given in
the screen coordinate system (see coordinates for information about this
system).
Syntax:
set origin <x-origin>,<y-origin>
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.39. output ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
By default, screens are displayed to the standard output. The set output
command redirects the display to the specified file or device.
Syntax:
set output {"<filename>"}
show output
The filename must be enclosed in quotes. If the filename is omitted, any
output file opened by a previous invocation of set output will be closed and
new output will be sent to STDOUT. (If you give the command set output
"STDOUT", your output may be sent to a file named "STDOUT"! ["May be", not
"will be", because some terminals, like x11, ignore set output.])
MSDOS users should note that the \ character has special significance in
double-quoted strings, so single-quotes should be used for filenames in
different directories.
When both set terminal and set output are used together, it is safest to give
set terminal first, because some terminals set a flag which is needed in some
operating systems. This would be the case, for example, if the operating
system needs to know whether or not a file is to be formatted in order to open
it properly.
On machines with popen functions (Unix), output can be piped through a shell
command if the first non-whitespace character of the filename is '|'. For
instance,
set output "|lpr -Plaser filename"
set output "|lp -dlaser filename"
On MSDOS machines, set output "PRN" will direct the output to the default
printer. On VMS, output can be sent directly to any spooled device. It is
also possible to send the output to DECnet transparent tasks, which allows some
flexibility.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.40. parametric ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set parametric command changes the meaning of plot (splot) from normal
functions to parametric functions. The command set noparametric restores the
plotting style to normal, single-valued expression plotting.
Syntax:
set parametric
set noparametric
show parametric
For 2-d plotting, a parametric function is determined by a pair of parametric
functions operating on a parameter. An example of a 2-d parametric function
would be plot sin(t),cos(t), which draws a circle (if the aspect ratio is set
correctly---see set size). gnuplot will display an error message if both
functions are not provided for a parametric plot.
For 3-d plotting, the surface is described as x=f(u,v), y=g(u,v), z=h(u,v).
Therefore a triplet of functions is required. An example of a 3-d parametric
function would be cos(u)*cos(v),cos(u)*sin(v),sin(u), which draws a sphere.
gnuplot will display an error message if all three functions are not provided
for a parametric splot.
The total set of possible plots is a superset of the simple f(x) style plots,
since the two functions can describe the x and y values to be computed
separately. In fact, plots of the type t,f(t) are equivalent to those produced
with f(x) because the x values are computed using the identity function.
Similarly, 3-d plots of the type u,v,f(u,v) are equivalent to f(x,y).
Note that the order the parametric functions are specified is xfunction,
yfunction (and zfunction) and that each operates over the common parametric
domain.
Also, the set parametric function implies a new range of values. Whereas the
normal f(x) and f(x,y) style plotting assume an xrange and yrange (and zrange),
the parametric mode additionally specifies a trange, urange, and vrange. These
ranges may be set directly with set trange, set urange, and set vrange, or by
specifying the range on the plot or splot commands. Currently the default
range for these parametric variables is [-5:5]. Setting the ranges to
something more meaningful is expected.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.41. pointsize ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set pointsize command scales the size of the points used in plots.
Syntax:
set pointsize <multiplier>
show pointsize
The default is a multiplier of 1.0. Larger pointsizes may be useful to make
points more visible in bitmapped graphics.
The pointsize of a single plot may be changed on the plot command. See plot
with for details.
Please note that the pointsize setting is not supported by all terminal types.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.42. polar ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set polar command changes the meaning of the plot from rectangular
coordinates to polar coordinates.
Syntax:
set polar
set nopolar
show polar
There have been changes made to polar mode in version 3.7, so that scripts for
gnuplot versions 3.5 and earlier will require modification. The main change is
that the dummy variable t is used for the angle so that the x and y ranges can
be controlled independently. Other changes are: 1) tics are no longer put
along the zero axes automatically ---use set xtics axis nomirror; set ytics
axis nomirror; 2) the grid, if selected, is not automatically polar ---use set
grid polar; 3) the grid is not labelled with angles ---use set label as
necessary.
In polar coordinates, the dummy variable (t) is an angle. The default range of
t is [0:2*pi], or, if degree units have been selected, to [0:360] (see set
angles).
The command set nopolar changes the meaning of the plot back to the default
rectangular coordinate system.
The set polar command is not supported for splots. See the set mapping command
for similar functionality for splots.
While in polar coordinates the meaning of an expression in t is really r =
f(t), where t is an angle of rotation. The trange controls the domain (the
angle) of the function, and the x and y ranges control the range of the graph
in the x and y directions. Each of these ranges, as well as the rrange, may be
autoscaled or set explicitly. See set xrange for details of all the set range
commands.
Example:
set polar
plot t*sin(t)
plot [-2*pi:2*pi] [-3:3] [-3:3] t*sin(t)
The first plot uses the default polar angular domain of 0 to 2*pi. The radius
and the size of the graph are scaled automatically. The second plot expands
the domain, and restricts the size of the graph to [-3:3] in both directions.
You may want to set size square to have gnuplot try to make the aspect ratio
equal to unity, so that circles look circular.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.43. rmargin ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The command set rmargin sets the size of the right margin. Please see set
margin for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.44. rrange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set rrange command sets the range of the radial coordinate for a graph in
polar mode. Please see set xrange for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.45. samples ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The sampling rate of functions, or for interpolating data, may be changed by
the set samples command.
Syntax:
set samples <samples_1> {,<samples_2>}
show samples
By default, sampling is set to 100 points. A higher sampling rate will produce
more accurate plots, but will take longer. This parameter has no effect on
data file plotting unless one of the interpolation/approximation options is
used. See plot smooth re 2-d data and set cntrparam and set dgrid3d re 3-d
data.
When a 2-d graph is being done, only the value of <samples_1> is relevant.
When a surface plot is being done without the removal of hidden lines, the
value of samples specifies the number of samples that are to be evaluated for
the isolines. Each iso-v line will have <sample_1> samples and each iso-u line
will have <sample_2> samples. If you only specify <samples_1>, <samples_2>
will be set to the same value as <samples_1>. See also set isosamples.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.46. size ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set size command scales the displayed size of the plot.
Syntax:
set size {{no}square | ratio <r> | noratio} {<xscale>,<yscale>}
show size
The <xscale> and <yscale> values are the scaling factors for the size of the
plot, which includes the graph and the margins.
ratio causes gnuplot to try to create a graph with an aspect ratio of <r> (the
ratio of the y-axis length to the x-axis length) within the portion of the plot
specified by <xscale> and <yscale>.
The meaning of a negative value for <r> is different. If <r>=-1, gnuplot tries
to set the scales so that the unit has the same length on both the x and y axes
(suitable for geographical data, for instance). If <r>=-2, the unit on y has
twice the length of the unit on x, and so on.
The success of gnuplot in producing the requested aspect ratio depends on the
terminal selected. The graph area will be the largest rectangle of aspect
ratio <r> that will fit into the specified portion of the output (leaving
adequate margins, of course).
square is a synonym for ratio 1.
Both noratio and nosquare return the graph to the default aspect ratio of the
terminal, but do not return <xscale> or <yscale> to their default values (1.0).
ratio and square have no effect on 3-d plots.
set size is relative to the default size, which differs from terminal to
terminal. Since gnuplot fills as much of the available plotting area as
possible by default, it is safer to use set size to decrease the size of a plot
than to increase it. See set terminal for the default sizes.
On some terminals, changing the size of the plot will result in text being
misplaced.
Examples:
To set the size to normal size use:
set size 1,1
To make the graph half size and square use:
set size square 0.5,0.5
To make the graph twice as high as wide use:
set size ratio 2
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47. style ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Default styles are chosen with the set function style and set data style
commands. See plot with for information about how to override the default
plotting style for individual functions and data sets.
Syntax:
set function style <style>
set data style <style>
show function style
show data style
The types used for all line and point styles (i.e., solid, dash-dot, color,
etc. for lines; circles, squares, crosses, etc. for points) will be either
those specified on the plot or splot command or will be chosen sequentially
from the types available to the terminal in use. Use the command test to see
what is available.
None of the styles requiring more than two columns of information (e.g.,
errorbars) can be used with splots or function plots. Neither boxes nor any of
the steps styles can be used with splots. If an inappropriate style is
specified, it will be changed to points.
For 2-d data with more than two columns, gnuplot is picky about the allowed
errorbar styles. The using option on the plot command can be used to set up
the correct columns for the style you want. (In this discussion, "column" will
be used to refer both to a column in the data file and an entry in the using
list.)
For three columns, only xerrorbars, yerrorbars (or errorbars), boxes, and
boxerrorbars are allowed. If another plot style is used, the style will be
changed to yerrorbars. The boxerrorbars style will calculate the boxwidth
automatically.
For four columns, only xerrorbars, yerrorbars (or errorbars), xyerrorbars,
boxxyerrorbars, and boxerrorbars are allowed. An illegal style will be changed
to yerrorbars.
Five-column data allow only the boxerrorbars, financebars, and candlesticks
styles. (The last two of these are primarily used for plots of financial
prices.) An illegal style will be changed to boxerrorbars before plotting.
Six- and seven-column data only allow the xyerrorbars and boxxyerrorbars
styles. Illegal styles will be changed to xyerrorbars before plotting.
For more information about error bars, please see plot errorbars.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.1. boxerrorbars ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The boxerrorbars style is only relevant to 2-d data plotting. It is a
combination of the boxes and yerrorbars styles. The boxwidth will come from
the fourth column if the y errors are in the form of "ydelta" and the boxwidth
was not previously set equal to -2.0 (set boxwidth -2.0) or from the fifth
column if the y errors are in the form of "ylow yhigh". The special case
boxwidth = -2.0 is for four-column data with y errors in the form "ylow yhigh".
In this case the boxwidth will be calculated so that each box touches the
adjacent boxes. The width will also be calculated in cases where three-column
data are used.
The box height is determined from the y error in the same way as it is for the
yerrorbars style---either from y-ydelta to y+ydelta or from ylow to yhigh,
depending on how many data columns are provided.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.2. boxes ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The boxes style is only relevant to 2-d plotting. It draws a box centered
about the given x coordinate from the x axis (not the graph border) to the
given y coordinate. The width of the box is obtained in one of three ways. If
it is a data plot and the data file has a third column, this will be used to
set the width of the box. If not, if a width has been set using the set
boxwidth command, this will be used. If neither of these is available, the
width of each box will be calculated automatically so that it touches the
adjacent boxes.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.3. boxxyerrorbars ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The boxxyerrorbars style is only relevant to 2-d data plotting. It is a
combination of the boxes and xyerrorbars styles.
The box width and height are determined from the x and y errors in the same way
as they are for the xyerrorbars style---either from xlow to xhigh and from ylow
to yhigh, or from x-xdelta to x+xdelta and from y-ydelta to y+ydelta ,
depending on how many data columns are provided.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.4. candlesticks ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The candlesticks style is only relevant for 2-d data plotting of financial
data. Five columns of data are required; in order, these should be the x
coordinate (most likely a date) and the opening, low, high, and closing prices.
The symbol is an open rectangle, centered horizontally at the x coordinate and
limited vertically by the opening and closing prices. A vertical line segment
at the x coordinate extends up from the top of the rectangle to the high price
and another down to the low. The width of the rectangle may be changed by set
bar. The symbol will be unchanged if the low and high prices are interchanged
or if the opening and closing prices are interchanged. See set bar and
financebars.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.5. dots ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The dots style plots a tiny dot at each point; this is useful for scatter plots
with many points.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.6. financebars ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The financebars style is only relevant for 2-d data plotting of financial data.
Five columns of data are required; in order, these should be the x coordinate
(most likely a date) and the opening, low, high, and closing prices. The
symbol is a vertical line segment, located horizontally at the x coordinate and
limited vertically by the high and low prices. A horizontal tic on the left
marks the opening price and one on the right marks the closing price. The
length of these tics may be changed by set bar. The symbol will be unchanged
if the high and low prices are interchanged. See set bar and candlesticks.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.7. fsteps ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The fsteps style is only relevant to 2-d plotting. It connects consecutive
points with two line segments: the first from (x1,y1) to (x1,y2) and the second
from (x1,y2) to (x2,y2).
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.8. histeps ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The histeps style is only relevant to 2-d plotting. It is intended for
plotting histograms. Y-values are assumed to be centered at the x-values; the
point at x1 is represented as a horizontal line from ((x0+x1)/2,y1) to
((x1+x2)/2,y1). The lines representing the end points are extended so that the
step is centered on at x. Adjacent points are connected by a vertical line at
their average x, that is, from ((x1+x2)/2,y1) to ((x1+x2)/2,y2).
If autoscale is in effect, it selects the xrange from the data rather than the
steps, so the end points will appear only half as wide as the others.
histeps is only a plotting style; gnuplot does not have the ability to create
bins and determine their population from some data set.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.9. impulses ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The impulses style displays a vertical line from the x axis (not the graph
border), or from the grid base for splot, to each point.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.10. lines ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The lines style connects adjacent points with straight line segments.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.11. linespoints ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The linespoints style does both lines and points, that is, it draws a small
symbol at each point and then connects adjacent points with straight line
segments. The command set pointsize may be used to change the size of the
points. See set pointsize for its usage.
linespoints may be abbreviated lp.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.12. points ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The points style displays a small symbol at each point. The command set
pointsize may be used to change the size of the points. See set pointsize for
its usage.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.13. steps ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The steps style is only relevant to 2-d plotting. It connects consecutive
points with two line segments: the first from (x1,y1) to (x2,y1) and the second
from (x2,y1) to (x2,y2).
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.14. vector ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The vector style draws a vector from (x,y) to (x+xdelta,y+ydelta). Thus it
requires four columns of data. It also draws a small arrowhead at the end of
the vector.
The vector style is still experimental: it doesn't get clipped properly and
other things may also be wrong with it. Use it at your own risk.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.15. xerrorbars ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The xerrorbars style is only relevant to 2-d data plots. xerrorbars is like
dots, except that a horizontal error bar is also drawn. At each point (x,y), a
line is drawn from (xlow,y) to (xhigh,y) or from (x-xdelta,y) to (x+xdelta,y),
depending on how many data columns are provided. A tic mark is placed at the
ends of the error bar (unless set bar is used---see set bar for details).
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.16. xyerrorbars ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The xyerrorbars style is only relevant to 2-d data plots. xyerrorbars is like
dots, except that horizontal and vertical error bars are also drawn. At each
point (x,y), lines are drawn from (x,y-ydelta) to (x,y+ydelta) and from
(x-xdelta,y) to (x+xdelta,y) or from (x,ylow) to (x,yhigh) and from (xlow,y) to
(xhigh,y), depending upon the number of data columns provided. A tic mark is
placed at the ends of the error bar (unless set bar is used---see set bar for
details).
If data are provided in an unsupported mixed form, the using filter on the plot
command should be used to set up the appropriate form. For example, if the
data are of the form (x,y,xdelta,ylow,yhigh), then you can use
plot 'data' using 1:2:($1-$3),($1+$3),4,5 with xyerrorbars
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.47.17. yerrorbars ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The yerrorbars (or errorbars) style is only relevant to 2-d data plots.
yerrorbars is like dots, except that a vertical error bar is also drawn. At
each point (x,y), a line is drawn from (x,y-ydelta) to (x,y+ydelta) or from
(x,ylow) to (x,yhigh), depending on how many data columns are provided. A tic
mark is placed at the ends of the error bar (unless set bar is used---see set
bar for details).
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.48. surface ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The command set surface controls the display of surfaces by splot.
Syntax:
set surface
set nosurface
show surface
The surface is drawn with the style specifed by with, or else the appropriate
style, data or function.
Whenever set nosurface is issued, splot will not draw points or lines
corresponding to the function or data file points. Contours may be still be
drawn on the surface, depending on the set contour option. set nosurface; set
contour base is useful for displaying contours on the grid base. See also set
contour.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49. terminal ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
gnuplot supports many different graphics devices. Use set terminal to tell
gnuplot what kind of output to generate. Use set output to redirect that output
to a file or device.
Syntax:
set terminal {<terminal-type>}
show terminal
If <terminal-type> is omitted, gnuplot will list the available terminal types.
<terminal-type> may be abbreviated.
If both set terminal and set output are used together, it is safest to give set
terminal first, because some terminals set a flag which is needed in some
operating systems.
Several terminals have additional options. For example, see dumb, iris4d,
hpljii or postscript.
This document may describe drivers that are not available to you because they
were not installed, or it may not describe all the drivers that are available
to you, depending on its output format.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.1. aed767 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The aed512 and aed767 terminal drivers support AED graphics terminals. The two
drivers differ only in their horizontal ranges, which are 512 and 768 pixels,
respectively. Their vertical range is 575 pixels. There are no options for
these drivers.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.2. aifm ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Several options may be set in aifm---the Adobe Illustrator 3.0+ driver.
Syntax:
set terminal aifm {<color>} {"<fontname>"} {<fontsize>}
<color> is either color or monochrome; "<fontname>" is the name of a valid
PostScript font; <fontsize> is the size of the font in PostScript points,
before scaling by the set size command. Selecting default sets all options to
their default values: monochrome, "Helvetica", and 14pt.
Since AI does not really support multiple pages, multiple graphs will be drawn
directly on top of one another. However, each graph will be grouped
individually, making it easy to separate them inside AI (just pick them up and
move them).
Examples:
set term aifm
set term aifm 22
set size 0.7,1.4; set term aifm color "Times-Roman" 14
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.3. amiga ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The amiga terminal, for Commodore Amiga computers, allows the user to plot
either to a screen (default), or, if Kickstart 3.0 or higher is installed, to a
window on the current public screen. The font and its size can also be
selected.
Syntax:
set terminal amiga {screen | window} {"<fontname>"} {<fontsize>}
The default font is 8-point "topaz".
The screen option uses a virtual screen, so it is possible that the graph will
be larger than the screen.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.4. apollo ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The apollo terminal driver supports the Apollo Graphics Primitive Resource with
rescaling after window resizing. It has no options.
If a fixed-size window is desired, the gpr terminal may be used instead.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.5. atari ST (via AES) ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The atari terminal has options to set the character size and the screen colors.
Syntax:
set terminal atari {<fontsize>} {<col0> <col1> ... <col15.}
The character size must appear if any colors are to be specified. Each of the
(up to 16) colors is given as a three-digit hex number, where the digits
represent RED, GREEN and BLUE (in that order). The range of 0--15 is scaled to
whatever color range the screen actually has. On a normal ST screen, odd and
even intensities are the same.
Examples:
set terminal atari 4 # use small (6x6) font
set terminal atari 6 0 # set monochrome screen to white on black
set terminal atari 13 0 fff f00 f0 f ff f0f
# set first seven colors to black, white, green, blue,
# cyan, purple, and yellow and use large font (8x16).
Additionally, if an environment variable GNUCOLORS exists, its contents are
interpreted as an options string, but an explicit terminal option takes
precedence.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.6. atari ST (via VDI) ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The vdi terminal is the same as the atari terminal, except that it sends output
to the screen via the VDI and not into AES-Windows.
The vdi terminal has options to set the character size and the screen colors.
Syntax:
set terminal vdi {<fontsize>} {<col0> <col1> ... <col15.}
The character size must appear if any colors are to be specified. Each of the
(up to 16) colors is given as a three-digit hex number, where the digits
represent RED, GREEN and BLUE (in that order). The range of 0--15 is scaled to
whatever color range the screen actually has. On a normal ST screen, odd and
even intensities are the same.
Examples:
set terminal vdi 4 # use small (6x6) font
set terminal vdi 6 0 # set monochrome screen to white on black
set terminal vdi 13 0 fff f00 f0 f ff f0f
# set first seven colors to black, white, green, blue,
# cyan, purple, and yellow and use large font (8x16).
Additionally, if an environment variable GNUCOLORS exists, its contents are
interpreted as an options string, but an explicit terminal option takes
precedence.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.7. be ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
gnuplot provides the be terminal type for use with X servers. This terminal
type is set automatically at startup if the DISPLAY environment variable is
set, if the TERM environment variable is set to xterm, or if the -display
command line option is used.
Syntax:
set terminal be {reset} {<n>}
Multiple plot windows are supported: set terminal be <n> directs the output to
plot window number n. If n>0, the terminal number will be appended to the
window title and the icon will be labeled gplt <n>. The active window may
distinguished by a change in cursor (from default to crosshair.)
Plot windows remain open even when the gnuplot driver is changed to a different
device. A plot window can be closed by pressing the letter q while that window
has input focus, or by choosing close from a window manager menu. All plot
windows can be closed by specifying reset, which actually terminates the
subprocess which maintains the windows (unless -persist was specified).
Plot windows will automatically be closed at the end of the session unless the
-persist option was given.
The size or aspect ratio of a plot may be changed by resizing the gnuplot
window.
Linewidths and pointsizes may be changed from within gnuplot with set
linestyle.
For terminal type be, gnuplot accepts (when initialized) the standard X Toolkit
options and resources such as geometry, font, and name from the command line
arguments or a configuration file. See the X(1) man page (or its equivalent)
for a description of such options.
A number of other gnuplot options are available for the be terminal. These may
be specified either as command-line options when gnuplot is invoked or as
resources in the configuration file "/.Xdefaults". They are set upon
initialization and cannot be altered during a gnuplot session.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.7.1. command-line_options ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
In addition to the X Toolkit options, the following options may be specified on
the command line when starting gnuplot or as resources in your ".Xdefaults"
file:
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Γöéc l . Γöé Γöé
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Γöé-mono Γöéforces monochrome rendering on color displays. Γöé
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Γöé-gray Γöérequests grayscale rendering on grayscale or color displays. Γöé
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Γöé Γöé(Grayscale displays receive monochrome rendering by default.)Γöé
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Γöé-clear Γöérequests that the window be cleared momentarily before a Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé Γöénew plot is displayed. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé-tvtwm Γöérequests that geometry specifications for position of the Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé Γöéwindow be made relative to the currently displayed portion Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé Γöéof the virtual root. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé-raise Γöéraise plot window after each plot Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé-noraise Γöédo not raise plot window after each plot Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé-persist Γöéplot windows survive after main gnuplot program exits Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
The options are shown above in their command-line syntax. When entered as
resources in ".Xdefaults", they require a different syntax.
Example:
gnuplot*gray: on
gnuplot also provides a command line option (-pointsize <v>) and a resource,
gnuplot*pointsize: <v>, to control the size of points plotted with the points
plotting style. The value v is a real number (greater than 0 and less than or
equal to ten) used as a scaling factor for point sizes. For example,
-pointsize 2 uses points twice the default size, and -pointsize 0.5 uses points
half the normal size.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.7.2. monochome_options ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
For monochrome displays, gnuplot does not honor foreground or background
colors. The default is black-on-white. -rv or gnuplot*reverseVideo: on
requests white-on-black.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.7.3. color_resources ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
For color displays, gnuplot honors the following resources (shown here with
their default values) or the greyscale resources. The values may be color
names as listed in the BE rgb.txt file on your system, hexadecimal RGB color
specifications (see BE documentation), or a color name followed by a comma and
an intensity value from 0 to 1. For example, blue, 0.5 means a half intensity
blue.
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*background: white Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*textColor: black Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*borderColor: black Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*axisColor: black Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line1Color: red Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line2Color: green Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line3Color: blue Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line4Color: magenta Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line5Color: cyan Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line6Color: sienna Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line7Color: orange Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line8Color: coral Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
The command-line syntax for these is, for example,
Example:
gnuplot -background coral
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.7.4. grayscale_resources ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
When -gray is selected, gnuplot honors the following resources for grayscale or
color displays (shown here with their default values). Note that the default
background is black.
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*background: black Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*textGray: white Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*borderGray: gray50 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*axisGray: gray50 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line1Gray: gray100 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line2Gray: gray60 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line3Gray: gray80 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line4Gray: gray40 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line5Gray: gray90 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line6Gray: gray50 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line7Gray: gray70 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line8Gray: gray30 Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.7.5. line_resources ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
gnuplot honors the following resources for setting the width (in pixels) of
plot lines (shown here with their default values.) 0 or 1 means a minimal
width line of 1 pixel width. A value of 2 or 3 may improve the appearance of
some plots.
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*borderWidth: 2 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*axisWidth: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line1Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line2Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line3Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line4Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line5Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line6Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line7Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line8Width: 0 Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
gnuplot honors the following resources for setting the dash style used for
plotting lines. 0 means a solid line. A two-digit number jk (j and k are >= 1
and <= 9) means a dashed line with a repeated pattern of j pixels on followed
by k pixels off. For example, '16' is a "dotted" line with one pixel on
followed by six pixels off. More elaborate on/off patterns can be specified
with a four-digit value. For example, '4441' is four on, four off, four on,
one off. The default values shown below are for monochrome displays or
monochrome rendering on color or grayscale displays. For color displays, the
default for each is 0 (solid line) except for axisDashes which defaults to a
'16' dotted line.
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*borderDashes: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*axisDashes: 16 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line1Dashes: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line2Dashes: 42 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line3Dashes: 13 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line4Dashes: 44 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line5Dashes: 15 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line6Dashes: 4441 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line7Dashes: 42 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line8Dashes: 13 Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.8. cgi ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The cgi and hcgi terminal drivers support SCO CGI drivers. hcgi is for
printers; the environment variable CGIPRNT must be set. cgi may be used for
either a display or hardcopy; if the environment variable CGIDISP is set, then
that display is used. Otherwise CGIPRNT is used.
These terminals have no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.9. cgm ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The cgm terminal generates a Computer Graphics Metafile. This file format is a
subset of the ANSI X3.122-1986 standard entitled "Computer Graphics - Metafile
for the Storage and Transfer of Picture Description Information". Several
options may be set in cgm.
Syntax:
set terminal cgm {<mode>} {<color>} {<rotation>} {solid | dashed}
{width <plot_width>} {linewidth <line_width>}
{"<font>"} {<fontsize>}
where <mode> is landscape, portrait, or default; <color> is either color or
monochrome; <rotation> is either rotate or norotate; solid draws all curves
with solid lines, overriding any dashed patterns; <plot_width> is the width of
the page in points; <line_width> is the line width in points; <font> is the
name of a font; and <fontsize> is the size of the font in points.
By default, cgm uses rotated text for the Y axis label.
The first six options can be in any order. Selecting default sets all options
to their default values.
Examples:
set terminal cgm landscape color rotate dashed width 432 \
linewidth 1 'Arial Bold' 12 # defaults
set terminal cgm 14 linewidth 2 14 # wider lines & larger font
set terminal cgm portrait 'Times Roman Italic' 12
set terminal cgm color solid # no pesky dashes!
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.9.1. font ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The first part of a Computer Graphics Metafile, the metafile description,
includes a font table. In the picture body, a font is designated by an index
into this table. By default, this terminal generates a table with the
following fonts:
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc c l . Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéCGM fonts Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé_ Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéArial Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéArial Italic Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéArial Bold Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéArial Bold Italic Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéTimes Roman Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéTimes Roman Italic Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéTimes Roman Bold Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéTimes Roman Bold ItalicΓöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéHelvetica Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéRoman Γöé
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Case is not distinct, but the modifiers must appear in the above order (that
is, not 'Arial Italic Bold'). 'Arial Bold' is the default font.
You may also specify a font name which does not appear in the default font
table. In that case, a new font table is constructed with the specified font
as its only entry. You must ensure that the spelling, capitalization, and
spacing of the name are appropriate for the application that will read the CGM
file.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.9.2. fontsize ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Fonts are scaled assuming the page is 6 inches wide. If the size command is
used to change the aspect ratio of the page or the CGM file is converted to a
different width (e.g. it is imported into a document in which the margins are
not 6 inches apart), the resulting font sizes will be different. To change the
assumed width, use the width option.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.9.3. linewidth ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The linewidth option sets the width of lines in pt. The default width is 1 pt.
Scaling is affected by the actual width of the page, as discussed under the
fontsize and width options
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.9.4. rotate ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The norotate option may be used to disable text rotation. For example, the CGM
input filter for Word for Windows 6.0c can accept rotated text, but the DRAW
editor within Word cannot. If you edit a graph (for example, to label a
curve), all rotated text is restored to horizontal. The Y axis label will then
extend beyond the clip boundary. With norotate, the Y axis label starts in a
less attractive location, but the page can be edited without damage. The
rotate option confirms the default behavior.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.9.5. solid ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The solid option may be used to disable dashed line styles in the plots. This
is useful when color is enabled and the dashing of the lines detracts from the
appearance of the plot. The dashed option confirms the default behavior, which
gives a different dash pattern to each curve.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.9.6. size ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Default size of a CGM page is 32599 units wide and 23457 units high for
landscape, or 23457 units wide by 32599 units high for portrait.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.9.7. width ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
All distances in the CGM file are in abstract units. The application that
reads the file determines the size of the final page. By default, the width of
the final page is assumed to be 6 inches (15.24 cm). This distance is used to
calculate the correct font size, and may be changed with the width option. The
keyword should be followed by the width in points. (Here, a point is 1/72
inch, as in PostScript. This unit is known as a "big point" in TeX.) gnuplot
arithmetic can be used to convert from other units, as follows:
set terminal cgm width 432 # default
set terminal cgm width 6*72 # same as above
set terminal cgm width 10/2.54*72 # 10 cm wide
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.9.8. winword6 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The default font table was chosen to match, where possible, the default font
assignments made by the Computer Graphics Metafile input filter for Microsoft
Word 6.0c, although the filter makes available only 'Arial' and 'Times Roman'
fonts and their bold and/or italic variants. Other fonts such as 'Helvetica'
and 'Roman' are not available. If the CGM file includes a font table, the
filter mostly ignores it. However, it changes certain font assignments so that
they disagree with the table. As a workaround, the winword6 option deletes the
font table from the CGM file. In this case, the filter makes predictable font
assignments. 'Arial Bold' is correctly assigned even with the font table
present, which is one reason it was chosen as the default.
winword6 disables the color tables for a similar reason---with the color table
included, Microsoft Word displays black for color 7.
Linewidths and pointsizes may be changed with set linestyle.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.10. corel ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The corel terminal driver supports CorelDraw.
Syntax:
set terminal corel { default
| {monochrome | color
{<fontname> {"<fontsize>"
{<xsize> <ysize> {<linewidth> }}}}}
where the fontsize and linewidth are specified in points and the sizes in
inches. The defaults are monochrome, "SwitzerlandLight", 22, 8.2, 10 and 1.2.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.11. debug ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This terminal is provided to allow for the debugging of gnuplot. It is likely
to be of use only for users who are modifying the source code.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.12. svga ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The svga terminal driver supports PCs with SVGA graphics. It can only be be
used if it is compiled with DJGPP. Its only option is the font.
Syntax:
set terminal svga {"<fontname>"}
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.13. dumb ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The dumb terminal driver has an optional size specification and trailing
linefeed control.
Syntax:
set terminal dumb {[no]feed} {<xsize> <ysize>}
where <xsize> and <ysize> set the size of the dumb terminals. Default is 79 by
24. The last newline is printed only if feed is enabled.
Examples:
set term dumb nofeed
set term dumb 79 49 # VGA screen---why would anyone do that?
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.14. dxf ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The dxf terminal driver creates pictures that can be imported into AutoCad
(Release 10.x). It has no options of its own, but some features of its plots
may be modified by other means. The default size is 120x80 AutoCad units,
which can be changed by set size. dxf uses seven colors (white, red, yellow,
green, cyan, blue and magenta), which can be changed only by modifying the
source file. If a black-and-white plotting device is used, the colors are
mapped to differing line thicknesses. See the description of the AutoCad
print/plot command.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.15. dxy800a ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This terminal driver supports the Roland DXY800A plotter. It has no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.16. eepic ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The eepic terminal driver supports the extended LaTeX picture environment. It
is an alternative to the latex driver.
The output of this terminal is intended for use with the "eepic.sty" macro
package for LaTeX. To use it, you need "eepic.sty", "epic.sty" and a printer
driver that supports the "tpic" \specials. If your printer driver doesn't
support those \specials, "eepicemu.sty" will enable you to use some of them.
Although dotted and dashed lines are possible with eepic and are tempting, they
do not work well for high-sample-rate curves, fusing the dashes all together
into a solid line. For now, the eepic driver creates only solid lines. There
is another gnuplot driver (tpic) that supports dashed lines, but it cannot be
used if your DVI driver doesn't support "tpic" \specials.
All drivers for LaTeX offer a special way of controlling text positioning: If
any text string begins with '{', you also need to include a '}' at the end of
the text, and the whole text will be centered both horizontally and vertically
by LaTeX. --- If the text string begins with '[', you need to continue it with:
a position specification (up to two out of t,b,l,r), ']{', the text itself, and
finally, '}'. The text itself may be anything LaTeX can typeset as an LR-box.
\rule{}{}'s may help for best positioning.
The eepic terminal has no options.
Examples: About label positioning: Use gnuplot defaults (mostly sensible, but
sometimes not really best):
set title '\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $'
Force centering both horizontally and vertically:
set label '{\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $}' at 0,0
Specify own positioning (top here):
set xlabel '[t]{\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $}'
The other label -- account for long ticlabels:
set ylabel '[r]{\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $\rule{7mm}{0pt}'
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.17. emxvga ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The emxvga, emxvesa and vgal terminal drivers support PCs with SVGA, vesa SVGA
and VGA graphics boards, respectively. They are intended to be compiled with
"emx-gcc" under either DOS or OS/2. They also need VESA and SVGAKIT maintained
by Johannes Martin (JMARTIN@GOOFY.ZDV.UNI-MAINZ.DE) with additions by David J.
Liu (liu@phri.nyu.edu).
Syntax:
set terminal emxvga
set terminal emxvesa {vesa-mode}
set terminal vgal
The only option is the vesa mode for emxvesa, which defaults to G640x480x256.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.18. epson-180dpi ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This driver supports a family of Epson printers and derivatives.
epson-180dpi and epson-60dpi are drivers for Epson LQ-style 24-pin printers
with resolutions of 180 and 60 dots per inch, respectively.
epson-lx800 is a generic 9-pin driver appropriate for printers like the Epson
LX-800, the Star NL-10 and NX-1000, the PROPRINTER, and so forth.
nec-cp6 is generix 24-pin driver that can be used for printers like the NEC CP6
and the Epson LQ-800.
The okidata driver supports the 9-pin OKIDATA 320/321 Standard printers.
The starc driver is for the Star Color Printer.
The tandy-60dpi driver is for the Tandy DMP-130 series of 9-pin, 60-dpi
printers.
Only nec-cp6 has any options.
Syntax:
set terminal nec-cp6 {monochrome | colour | draft}
which defaults to monochrome.
With each of these drivers, a binary copy is required on a PC to print. Do not
use print---use instead copy file /b lpt1:.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.19. excl ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The excl terminal driver supports Talaris printers such as the EXCL Laser
printer and the 1590. It has no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.20. hercules ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
These drivers supports PC monitors with autodetected graphics boards. They can
be used only when compiled with Zortech C/C++. None have options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.21. fig ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The fig terminal device generates output in the Fig graphics language.
Syntax:
set terminal fig {monochrome | color} {small | big}
{pointsmax <max_points>}
{landscape | portrait}
{metric | inches}
{fontsize <fsize>}
{size <xsize> <ysize>}
{thickness <units>}
{depth <layer>}
monochrome and color determine whether the picture is black-and-white or color.
small and big produce a 5x3 or 8x5 inch graph in the default landscape mode and
3x5 or 5x8 inches in portrait mode. <max_points> sets the maximum number of
points per polyline. Default units for editing with "xfig" may be metric or
inches. fontsize sets the size of the text font to <fsize> points. size sets
(overrides) the size of the drawing area to <xsize>*<ysize> in units of inches
or centimeters depending on the inches or metric setting in effect. depth sets
the default depth layer for all lines and text. The default depth is 10 to
leave room for adding material with "xfig" on top of the plot.
thickness sets the default line thickness, which is 1 if not specified.
Overriding the thickness can be achieved by adding a multiple of 100 to the to
the linetype value for a plot command. In a similar way the depth of plot
elements (with respect to the default depth) can be controlled by adding a
multiple of 1000 to <linetype>. The depth is then <layer> + <linetype>/1000
and the thickness is (<linetype>%1000)/100 or, if that is zero, the default
line thickness.
Additional point-plot symbols are also available with the fig driver. The
symbols can be used through pointtype values % 100 above 50, with different
fill intensities controlled by <pointtype> % 5 and outlines in black (for
<pointtype> % 10 < 5) or in the current color. Available symbols are
50 - 59: circles
60 - 69: squares
70 - 79: diamonds
80 - 89: upwards triangles
90 - 99: downwards triangles
The size of these symbols is linked to the font size. The depth of symbols is
by default one less than the depth for lines to achieve nice error bars. If
<pointtype> is above 1000, the depth is <layer> + <pointtype>/1000-1. If
<pointtype>%1000 is above 100, the fill color is (<pointtype>%1000)/100-1.
Available fill colors are (from 1 to 9): black, blue, green, cyan, red,
magenta, yellow, white and dark blue (in monochrome mode: black for 1 to 6 and
white for 7 to 9).
See plot with for details of <linetype> and <pointtype>.
The big option is a substitute for the bfig terminal in earlier versions, which
is no longer supported.
Examples:
set terminal fig monochrome small pointsmax 1000 # defaults
plot 'file.dat' with points linetype 102 pointtype 759
would produce circles with a blue outline of width 1 and yellow fill color.
plot 'file.dat' using 1:2:3 with err linetype 1 pointtype 554
would produce errorbars with black lines and circles filled red. These circles
are one layer above the lines (at depth 9 by default).
To plot the error bars on top of the circles use
plot 'file.dat' using 1:2:3 with err linetype 1 pointtype 2554
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.22. gif ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The gif terminal driver generates output in GIF format. It uses Thomas
Boutell's gd library, which is available from http://www.boutell.com/gd/
By default, the gif terminal driver uses a shared Web-friendy palette. Syntax:
set terminal gif {transparent} {interlace}
{tiny | small | medium | large | giant}
{size <x>,<y>}
{<color0> <color1> <color2> ...}
transparent instructs the driver to generate transparent GIFs. The first color
will be the transparent one.
interlace instructs the driver to generate interlaced GIFs.
The choice of fonts is tiny (5x8 pixels), small (6x12 pixels), medium (7x13
Bold), large (8x16) or giant (9x15 pixels)
The size <x,y> is given in pixels---it defaults to 640x480. The number of
pixels can be also modified by scaling with the set size command.
Each color must be of the form 'xrrggbb', where x is the literal character 'x'
and 'rrggbb' are the red, green and blue components in hex. For example,
'x00ff00' is green. The background color is set first, then the border colors,
then the X & Y axis colors, then the plotting colors. The maximum number of
colors that can be set is 256.
Examples:
set terminal gif small size 640,480 \
xffffff x000000 x404040 \
xff0000 xffa500 x66cdaa xcdb5cd \
xadd8e6 x0000ff xdda0dd x9500d3 # defaults
which uses white for the non-transparent background, black for borders, gray
for the axes, and red, orange, medium aquamarine, thistle 3, light blue, blue,
plum and dark violet for eight plotting colors.
set terminal gif transparent xffffff \
x000000 x202020 x404040 x606060 \
x808080 xA0A0A0 xC0C0C0 xE0E0E0 \
which uses white for the transparent background, black for borders, dark gray
for axes, and a gray-scale for the six plotting colors.
The page size is 640x480 pixels. The gif driver can create either color or
monochromatic output, but you have no control over which is produced.
The current version of the gif driver does not support animated GIFs.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.23. unixplot ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The unixplot driver produces device-independent output in the GNU plot graphics
language. The default size of the PostScript results generated by "plot2ps" is
5 x 3 inches; this can be increased up to about 8.25 x 8.25 by set size.
Syntax:
set terminal unixplot {"<fontname>"} {<fontsize>}
which defaults to 10-point "Courier".
There is a non-GNU version of the unixplot driver which cannot be compiled
unless this version is left out.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.24. gpic ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The gpic terminal driver generates GPIC graphs in the Free Software
Foundations's "groff" package. The default size is 5 x 3 inches. The only
option is the origin, which defaults to (0,0).
Syntax:
set terminal gpic {<x> <y>}
where x and y are in inches.
A simple graph can be formatted using
groff -p -mpic -Tps file.pic > file.ps.
The output from pic can be pipe-lined into eqn, so it is possible to put
complex functions in a graph with the set label and set {x/y}label commands.
For instance,
set ylab '@space 0 int from 0 to x alpha ( t ) roman d t@'
will label the y axis with a nice integral if formatted with the command:
gpic filename.pic | geqn -d@@ -Tps | groff -m[macro-package] -Tps
> filename.ps
Figures made this way can be scaled to fit into a document. The pic language
is easy to understand, so the graphs can be edited by hand if need be. All
co-ordinates in the pic-file produced by gnuplot are given as x+gnuplotx and
y+gnuploty. By default x and y are given the value 0. If this line is removed
with an editor in a number of files, one can put several graphs in one figure
like this (default size is 5.0x3.0 inches):
.PS 8.0
x=0;y=3
copy "figa.pic"
x=5;y=3
copy "figb.pic"
x=0;y=0
copy "figc.pic"
x=5;y=0
copy "figd.pic"
.PE
This will produce an 8-inch-wide figure with four graphs in two rows on top of
each other.
One can also achieve the same thing by the command
set terminal gpic x y
for example, using
.PS 6.0
copy "trig.pic"
.PE
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.25. gpr ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The gpr terminal driver supports the Apollo Graphics Primitive Resource for a
fixed-size window. It has no options.
If a variable window size is desired, use the apollo terminal instead.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.26. grass ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The grass terminal driver gives gnuplot capabilities to users of the GRASS
geographic information system. Contact grassp-list@moon.cecer.army.mil for
more information. Pages are written to the current frame of the GRASS Graphics
Window. There are no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.27. hp2623a ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The hp2623a terminal driver supports the Hewlett Packard HP2623A. It has no
options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.28. hp2648 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The hp2648 terminal driver supports the Hewlett Packard HP2647 and HP2648. It
has no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.29. hp500c ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The hp500c terminal driver supports the Hewlett Packard HP DeskJet 500c. It has
options for resolution and compression.
Syntax:
set terminal hp500c {<res>} {<comp>}
where res can be 75, 100, 150 or 300 dots per inch and comp can be "rle", or
"tiff". Any other inputs are replaced by the defaults, which are 75 dpi and no
compression. Rasterization at the higher resolutions may require a large
amount of memory.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.30. hpgl ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The hpgl driver produces HPGL output for devices like the HP7475A plotter.
There are two options which can be set---the number of pens and "eject", which
tells the plotter to eject a page when done. The default is to use 6 pens and
not to eject the page when done.
The international character sets ISO-8859-1 and CP850 are recognized via set
encoding iso_8859_1 or set encoding cp850 (see set encoding for details).
Syntax:
set terminal hpgl {<number_of_pens>} {eject}
The selection
set terminal hpgl 8 eject
is equivalent to the previous hp7550 terminal, and the selection
set terminal hpgl 4
is equivalent to the previous hp7580b terminal.
The pcl5 driver supports the Hewlett-Packard Laserjet III. It actually uses
HPGL-2, but there is a name conflict among the terminal devices. It has
several options
Syntax:
set terminal pcl5 {<mode>} {<font>} {<fontsize>}
where <mode> is landscape, or portrait, <font> is stick, univers, or cg_times,
and <fontsize> is the size in points.
With pcl5 international characters are handled by the printer; you just put the
appropriate 8-bit character codes into the text strings. You don't need to
bother with set encoding.
HPGL graphics can be imported by many software packages.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.31. hpljii ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The hpljii terminal driver supports the HP Laserjet Series II printer. The
hpdj driver supports the HP DeskJet 500 printer. These drivers allow a choice
of resolutions.
Syntax:
set terminal hpljii | hpdj {<res>}
where res may be 75, 100, 150 or 300 dots per inch; the default is 75.
Rasterization at the higher resolutions may require a large amount of memory.
The hp500c terminal is similar to hpdj; hp500c additionally supports color and
compression.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.32. hppj ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The hppj terminal driver supports the HP PaintJet and HP3630 printers. The
only option is the choice of font.
Syntax:
set terminal hppj {FNT5X9 | FNT9X17 | FNT13X25}
with the middle-sized font (FNT9X17) being the default.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.33. imagen ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The imagen terminal driver supports Imagen laser printers. It is capable of
placing multiple graphs on a single page.
Syntax:
set terminal imagen {<fontsize>} {portrait | landscape}
{[<horiz>,<vert>]}
where fontsize defaults to 12 points and the layout defaults to landscape.
<horiz> and <vert> are the number of graphs in the horizontal and vertical
directions; these default to unity.
Example:
set terminal imagen portrait [2,3]
puts six graphs on the page in three rows of two in portrait orientation.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.34. iris4d ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The iris4d terminal driver supports Silicon Graphics IRIS 4D computers. Its
only option is 8- or 24-bit color depth. The default is 8.
Syntax:
set terminal iris4d {8 | 24}
The color depth is not really a choice -- the value appropriate for the
hardware should be selected.
When using 24-bit mode, the colors can be directly specified via the file home
directory specified by the HOME environment variable. This file holds RGB
values for the background, border, labels and nine plotting colors, in that
order. For example, here is a file containing the default colors:
85 85 85 Background (dark gray)
0 0 0 Boundary (black)
170 0 170 Labeling (magenta)
85 255 255 Plot Color 1 (light cyan)
170 0 0 Plot Color 2 (red)
0 170 0 Plot Color 3 (green)
255 85 255 Plot Color 4 (light magenta)
255 255 85 Plot Color 5 (yellow)
255 85 85 Plot Color 6 (light red)
85 255 85 Plot Color 7 (light green)
0 170 170 Plot Color 8 (cyan)
170 170 0 Plot Color 9 (brown)
This file must have exactly 12 lines of RGB triples. No empty lines are
allowed, and anything after the third number on a line is ignored.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.35. kyo ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The kyo and prescribe terminal drivers support the Kyocera laser printer. The
only difference between the two is that kyo uses "Helvetica" whereas prescribe
uses "Courier". There are no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.36. latex ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The latex and emtex drivers allow two options.
Syntax:
set terminal latex | emtex {courier | roman | default} {<fontsize>}
fontsize may be any size you specify. The default is for the plot to inherit
its font setting from the embedding document.
Unless your driver is capable of building fonts at any size (e.g. dvips), stick
to the standard 10, 11 and 12 point sizes.
METAFONT users beware: METAFONT does not like odd sizes.
All drivers for LaTeX offer a special way of controlling text positioning: If
any text string begins with '{', you also need to include a '}' at the end of
the text, and the whole text will be centered both horizontally and vertically.
If the text string begins with '[', you need to follow this with a position
specification (up to two out of t,b,l,r), ']{', the text itself, and finally
'}'. The text itself may be anything LaTeX can typeset as an LR-box.
'\rule{}{}'s may help for best positioning.
Points, among other things, are drawn using the LaTeX commands "\Diamond" and
"\Box". These commands no longer belong to the LaTeX2e core; they are included
in the latexsym package, which is part of the base distribution and thus part
of any LaTeX implementation. Please do not forget to use this package.
Points are drawn with the LaTex commands \Diamond and \Box. These commands do
no longer belong to the LaTeX2e core, but are included in the latexsym-package
in the base distribution, and are hence part of all LaTeX implementations.
Please do not forget to use this package.
Examples: About label positioning: Use gnuplot defaults (mostly sensible, but
sometimes not really best):
set title '\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $'
Force centering both horizontally and vertically:
set label '{\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $}' at 0,0
Specify own positioning (top here):
set xlabel '[t]{\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $}'
The other label -- account for long ticlabels:
set ylabel '[r]{\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $\rule{7mm}{0pt}'
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.37. linux ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The linux driver has no additional options to specify. It looks at the
environment variable GSVGAMODE for the default mode; if not set, it uses
1024x768x256 as default mode or, if that is not possible, 640x480x16 (standard
VGA).
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.38. macintosh ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Several options may be set in the 'macintosh' driver.
Syntax:
set terminal macintosh {singlewin | multiwin} {vertical | novertical}
{size <width>, <height> | default}
'singlewin' limits the output to a single window and is useful for animations.
'multiwin' allows multiple windows. 'vertical' is only valid under the gx
option. With this option, rotated text
be drawn vertically. novertical turns this option off.
size <width>, <height> overrides the graph size set in the preferences
dialog until it is cleared with either 'set term mac size default'
or 'set term mac default'.
'set term mac size default' sets the window size settings to those set in
the preferences dialog.
'set term mac default' sets all options to their default values.
Default values: nogx, multiwin, novertical.
If you generate graphs under the multiwin option and then switch to singlewin,
the next plot command will cause one more window to be created. This new
window will be reused as long as singlewin is in effect. If you switch back
to multiwin, generate some graphs, and then switch to singlewin again, the
orginal 'singlewin' window will be resused if it is still open. Otherwise
a new 'singlewin' window will be created. The 'singlewin' window is not
numbered.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.39. mf ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The mf terminal driver creates a input file to the METAFONT program. Thus a
figure may be used in the TeX document in the same way as is a character.
To use a picture in a document, the METAFONT program must be run with the
output file from gnuplot as input. Thus, the user needs a basic knowledge of
the font creating process and the procedure for including a new font in a
document. However, if the METAFONT program is set up properly at the local
site, an unexperienced user could perform the operation without much trouble.
The text support is based on a METAFONT character set. Currently the Computer
Modern Roman font set is input, but the user is in principal free to chose
whatever fonts he or she needs. The METAFONT source files for the chosen font
must be available. Each character is stored in a separate picture variable in
METAFONT. These variables may be manipulated (rotated, scaled etc.) when
characters are needed. The drawback is the interpretation time in the METAFONT
program. On some machines (i.e. PC) the limited amount of memory available may
also cause problems if too many pictures are stored.
The mf terminal has no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.39.1. METAFONT Instructions ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
- Set your terminal to METAFONT:
set terminal mf
- Select an output-file, e.g.:
set output "myfigures.mf"
- Create your pictures. Each picture will generate a separate character. Its
default size will be 5*3 inches. You can change the size by saying set size
0.5,0.5 or whatever fraction of the default size you want to have.
- Quit gnuplot.
- Generate a TFM and GF file by running METAFONT on the output of gnuplot.
Since the picture is quite large (5*3 in), you will have to use a version of
METAFONT that has a value of at least 150000 for memmax. On Unix systems these
are conventionally installed under the name bigmf. For the following assume
that the command virmf stands for a big version of METAFONT. For example:
- Invoke METAFONT:
virmf '&plain'
- Select the output device: At the METAFONT prompt ('*') type:
\mode:=CanonCX; % or whatever printer you use
- Optionally select a magnification:
mag:=1; % or whatever you wish
- Input the gnuplot-file:
input myfigures.mf
On a typical Unix machine there will usually be a script called "mf" that
executes virmf '&plain', so you probably can substitute mf for virmf &plain.
This will generate two files: mfput.tfm and mfput.$$$gf (where $$$ indicates
the resolution of your device). The above can be conveniently achieved by
typing everything on the command line, e.g.: virmf '&plain' '\mode:=CanonCX;
mag:=1; input myfigures.mf' In this case the output files will be named
myfigures.tfm and myfigures.300gf.
- Generate a PK file from the GF file using gftopk:
gftopk myfigures.300gf myfigures.300pk
The name of the output file for gftopk depends on the DVI driver you use. Ask
your local TeX administrator about the naming conventions. Next, either
install the TFM and PK files in the appropriate directories, or set your
environment variables properly. Usually this involves setting TEXFONTS to
include the current directory and doing the same thing for the environment
variable that your DVI driver uses (no standard name here...). This step is
necessary so that TeX will find the font metric file and your DVI driver will
find the PK file.
- To include your pictures in your document you have to tell TeX the font:
\font\gnufigs=myfigures
Each picture you made is stored in a single character. The first picture is
character 0, the second is character 1, and so on... After doing the above
step, you can use the pictures just like any other characters. Therefore, to
place pictures 1 and 2 centered in your document, all you have to do is:
\centerline{\gnufigs\char0}
\centerline{\gnufigs\char1}
in plain TeX. For LaTeX you can, of course, use the picture environment and
place the picture wherever you wish by using the \makebox and \put macros.
This conversion saves you a lot of time once you have generated the font; TeX
handles the pictures as characters and uses minimal time to place them, and the
documents you make change more often than the pictures do. It also saves a lot
of TeX memory. One last advantage of using the METAFONT driver is that the DVI
file really remains device independent, because no \special commands are used
as in the eepic and tpic drivers.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.40. mp ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The mp driver produces output intended to be input to the Metapost program.
Running Metapost on the file creates EPS files containing the plots. By
default, Metapost passes all text through TeX. This has the advantage of
allowing essentially any TeX symbols in titles and labels.
The mp terminal is selected with a command of the form
set term mp {color} {solid} {notex} {mag <magsize>} {"<name>"} {<size>}
The option color causes lines to be drawn in color (on a printer or display
that supports it), monochrome (or nothing) selects black lines. The option
solid draws solid lines, while dashed (or nothing) selects lines with different
patterns of dashes. If solid is selected but color is not, nearly all lines
will be identical. This may occasionally be useful, so it is allowed.
The option notex bypasses TeX entirely, therefore no TeX code can be used in
labels under this option. This is intended for use on old plot files or files
that make frequent use of common characters like $ and % that require special
handling in TeX.
Changing font sizes in TeX has no effect on the size of mathematics, and there
is no foolproof way to make such a change, except by globally setting a
magnification factor. This is the purpose of the magnification option. It must
be followed by a scaling factor. All text (NOT the graphs) will be scaled by
this factor. Use this if you have math that you want at some size other than
the default 10pt. Unfortunately, all math will be the same size, but see the
discussion below on editing the MP output. mag will also work under notex but
there seems no point in using it as the font size option (below) works as well.
A name in quotes selects the font that will be used when no explicit font is
given in a set label or set title. A name recognized by TeX (a TFM file
exists) must be used. The default is "cmr10" unless notex is selected, then it
is "pcrr8r" (Courier). Even under notex, a TFM file is needed by Metapost. The
file pcrr8r.tfm is the name given to Courier in LaTeX's psnfss package. If you
change the font from the notex default, choose a font that matches the ASCII
encoding at least in the range 32-126. cmtt10 almost works, but it has a
nonblank character in position 32 (space).
The size can be any number between 5.0 and 99.99. If it is omitted, 10.0 is
used. It is advisable to use magstep sizes: 10 times an integer or
half-integer power of 1.2, rounded to two decimals, because those are the most
available sizes of fonts in TeX systems.
All the options are optional. If font information is given, it must be at the
end, with size (if present) last. The size is needed to select a size for the
font, even if the font name includes size information. For example, set term
mp "cmtt12" selects cmtt12 shrunk to the default size 10. This is probably not
what you want or you would have used cmtt10.
The following common ascii characters need special treatment in TeX:
$, &, #, %, _; |, <, >; ^, ~, \, {, and }
The five characters $, #, &, _, and % can simply be escaped, e.g., \$. The
three characters <, >, and | can be wrapped in math mode, e.g., $<$. The
remainder require some TeX work-arounds. Any good book on TeX will give some
guidance.
If you type your labels inside double quotes, backslashes in TeX code need to
be escaped (doubled). Using single quotes will avoid having to do this, but
then you cannot use \n for line breaks. As of this writing, version 3.7 of
gnuplot processess titles given in a plot command differently than in other
places, and backslashes in TeX commands need to be doubled regardless of the
style of quotes.
Metapost pictures are typically used in TeX documents. Metapost deals with
fonts pretty much the same way TeX does, which is different from most other
document preparation programs. If the picture is included in a LaTeX document
using the graphics package, or in a plainTeX document via epsf.tex, and then
converted to PostScript with dvips (or other dvi-to-ps converter), the text in
the plot will usually be handled correctly. However, the text may not appear
if you send the Metapost output as-is to a PostScript interpreter.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.40.1. Metapost Instructions ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
- Set your terminal to Metapost, e.g.:
set terminal mp mono "cmtt12" 12
- Select an output-file, e.g.:
set output "figure.mp"
- Create your pictures. Each plot (or multiplot group) will generate a
separate Metapost beginfig...endfig group. Its default size will be 5 by 3
inches. You can change the size by saying set size 0.5,0.5 or whatever
fraction of the default size you want to have.
- Quit gnuplot.
- Generate EPS files by running Metapost on the output of gnuplot:
mpost figure.mp OR mp figure.mp
The name of the Metapost program depends on the system, typically mpost for a
Unix machine and mp on many others. Metapost will generate one EPS file for
each picture.
- To include your pictures in your document you can use the graphics package in
LaTeX or epsf.tex in plainTeX:
\usepackage{graphics} % LaTeX
\input epsf.tex % plainTeX
If you use a driver other than dvips for converting TeX DVI output to PS, you
may need to add the following line in your LaTeX document:
\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{eps}{*}{}
Each picture you made is in a separate file. The first picture is in, e.g.,
figure.0, the second in figure.1, and so on.... To place the third picture in
your document, for example, all you have to do is:
\includegraphics{figure.2} % LaTeX
\epsfbox{figure.2} % plainTeX
The advantage, if any, of the mp terminal over a postscript terminal is
editable output. Considerable effort went into making this output as clean as
possible. For those knowledgeable in the Metapost language, the default line
types and colors can be changed by editing the arrays lt[] and col[]. The
choice of solid vs dashed lines, and color vs black lines can be change by
changing the values assigned to the booleans dashedlines and colorlines. If the
default tex option was in effect, global changes to the text of labels can be
achieved by editing the vebatimtex...etex block. In particular, a LaTeX
preamble can be added if desired, and then LaTeX's built-in size changing
commands can be used for maximum flexibility. Be sure to set the appropriate MP
configuration variable to force Metapost to run LaTeX instead of plainTeX.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.41. mgr ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The mgr terminal driver supports the Mgr Window system. It has no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.42. mif ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The mif terminal driver produces Frame Maker MIF format version 3.00. It plots
in MIF Frames with the size 15*10 cm, and plot primitives with the same pen
will be grouped in the same MIF group. Plot primitives in a gnuplot page will
be plotted in a MIF Frame, and several MIF Frames are collected in one large
MIF Frame. The MIF font used for text is "Times".
Several options may be set in the MIF 3.00 driver.
Syntax:
set terminal mif {colour | monochrome} {polyline | vectors}
{help | ?}
colour plots lines with line types >= 0 in colour (MIF sep. 2--7) and
monochrome plots all line types in black (MIF sep. 0). polyline plots curves as
continuous curves and vectors plots curves as collections of vectors. help and
? print online help on standard error output---both print a short description
of the usage; help also lists the options;
Examples:
set term mif colour polylines # defaults
set term mif # defaults
set term mif vectors
set term mif help
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.43. mtos ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The mtos terminal has no options. It sends data via a pipe to an external
program called GPCLIENT. It runs under MULTITOS, Magic 3.x, MagicMAC. and
MiNT. If you cannot find GPCLIENT, than mail to dirk@lstm.uni-erlangen.de.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.44. next ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Several options may be set in the next driver.
Syntax:
set terminal next {<mode>} {<type> } {<color>} {<dashed>}
{"<fontname>"} {<fontsize>} title {"<newtitle>"}
where <mode> is default, which sets all options to their defaults; <type> is
either new or old, where old invokes the old single window; <color> is either
color or monochrome; <dashed> is either solid or dashed; "<fontname>" is the
name of a valid PostScript font; <fontsize> is the size of the font in
PostScript points; and <title> is the title for the GnuTerm window. Defaults
are new, monochrome, dashed, "Helvetica", 14pt.
Examples:
set term next default
set term next 22
set term next color "Times-Roman" 14
set term next color "Helvetica" 12 title "MyPlot"
set term next old
Pointsizes may be changed with set linestyle.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.45. next ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Several options may be set in the next driver.
Syntax:
set terminal next {<mode>} {<type> } {<color>} {<dashed>}
{"<fontname>"} {<fontsize>} title {"<newtitle>"}
where <mode> is default, which sets all options to their defaults; <type> is
either new or old, where old invokes the old single window; <color> is either
color or monochrome; <dashed> is either solid or dashed; "<fontname>" is the
name of a valid PostScript font; <fontsize> is the size of the font in
PostScript points; and <title> is the title for the GnuTerm window. Defaults
are new, monochrome, dashed, "Helvetica", 14pt.
Examples:
set term next default
set term next 22
set term next color "Times-Roman" 14
set term next color "Helvetica" 12 title "MyPlot"
set term next old
Pointsizes may be changed with set linestyle.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.46. pbm ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Several options may be set in the pbm terminal---the driver for PBMplus.
Syntax:
set terminal pbm {<fontsize>} {<mode>}
where <fontsize> is small, medium, or large and <mode> is monochrome, gray or
color. The default plot size is 640 pixels wide and 480 pixels high; this may
be changed by set size.
The output of the pbm driver depends upon <mode>: monochrome produces a
portable bitmap (one bit per pixel), gray a portable graymap (three bits per
pixel) and color a portable pixmap (color, four bits per pixel).
The output of this driver can be used with Jef Poskanzer's excellent PBMPLUS
package, which provides programs to convert the above PBMPLUS formats to GIF,
TIFF, MacPaint, Macintosh PICT, PCX, X11 bitmap and many others. PBMPLUS may
be obtained from ftp.x.org. The relevant files have names that begin with
"netpbm-1mar1994.p1"; they reside in /contrib/utilities. The package can
probably also be obtained from one of the many sites that mirrors ftp.x.org.
Examples:
set terminal pbm small monochrome # defaults
set size 2,2; set terminal pbm color medium
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.47. dospc ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The dospc terminal driver supports PCs with arbitrary graphics boards, which
will be automatically detected. It should be used only if you are not using
the gcc or Zortec C/C++ compilers.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.48. pm ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The pm terminal driver provides an OS/2 Presentation Manager window in which
the graph is plotted. The window is opened when the first graph is plotted.
This window has its own online help as well as facilities for printing, copying
to the clipboard and some line type and color adjustments. The multiplot option
is supported.
Syntax:
set terminal pm {server {n}} {persist} {widelines} {enhanced} {"title"}
If persist is specified, each graph appears in its own window and all windows
remain open after gnuplot exits. If server is specified, all graphs appear in
the same window, which remains open when gnuplot exits. This option takes an
optional numerical argument which specifies an instance of the server process.
Thus multiple server windows can be in use at the same time.
If widelines is specified, all plots will be drawn with wide lines. If
enhanced is specified, sub- and superscripts and multiple fonts are enabled
using the same syntax as the enhanced postscript option (see set terminal
postscript enhanced for details). Font names for the basic PostScript fonts
may be abbreviated to single letters.
If title is specified, it will be used as the title of the plot window. It will
also be used as the name of the server instance, and will override the optional
numerical argument.
Linewidths may be changed with set linestyle.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.49. png ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The png terminal driver supports Portable Network Graphics. To compile it, you
will need the third-party libraries "libpng" and "zlib"; both are available at
ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/png. png has two options.
Syntax:
set terminal png {small | medium | large}
{monochrome | gray | color}
The defaults are small (fontsize) and monochrome. Default size of the output
is 640*480 pixel.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.50. postscript ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Several options may be set in the postscript driver.
Syntax:
set terminal postscript {<mode>} {enhanced | noenhanced}
{color | monochrome} {solid | dashed}
{<duplexing>}
{"<fontname>"} {<fontsize>}
where <mode> is landscape, portrait, eps or default; solid draws all plots with
solid lines, overriding any dashed patterns; <duplexing> is defaultplex,
simplex or duplex ("duplexing" in PostScript is the ability of the printer to
print on both sides of the same page---don't set this if your printer can't do
it); enhanced activates the "enhanced PostScript" features (subscripts,
superscripts and mixed fonts); "<fontname>" is the name of a valid PostScript
font; and <fontsize> is the size of the font in PostScript points.
default mode sets all options to their defaults: landscape, monochrome, dashed,
defaultplex, noenhanced, "Helvetica" and 14pt.
Default size of a PostScript plot is 10 inches wide and 7 inches high.
eps mode generates EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) output, which is just regular
PostScript with some additional lines that allow the file to be imported into a
variety of other applications. (The added lines are PostScript comment lines,
so the file may still be printed by itself.) To get EPS output, use the eps
mode and make only one plot per file. In eps mode the whole plot, including
the fonts, is reduced to half of the default size.
Examples:
set terminal postscript default # old postscript
set terminal postscript enhanced # old enhpost
set terminal postscript landscape 22 # old psbig
set terminal postscript eps 14 # old epsf1
set terminal postscript eps 22 # old epsf2
set size 0.7,1.4; set term post portrait color "Times-Roman" 14
Linewidths and pointsizes may be changed with set linestyle.
The postscript driver supports about 70 distinct pointtypes, selectable through
the pointtype option on plot and set linestyle.
Several possibly useful files about gnuplot's PostScript are included in the
/docs/ps subdirectory of the gnuplot distribution and at the distribution
sites. These are "ps_symbols.gpi" (a gnuplot command file that, when executed,
creates the file "ps_symbols.ps" which shows all the symbols available through
the postscript terminal), "ps_guide.ps" (a PostScript file that contains a
summary of the enhanced syntax and a page showing what the octal codes produce
with text and symbol fonts) and "ps_file.doc" (a text file that contains a
discussion of the organization of a PostScript file written by gnuplot).
A PostScript file is editable, so once gnuplot has created one, you are free to
modify it to your heart's desire. See the "editing postscript" section for
some hints.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.50.1. enhanced postscript ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
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Γöé @ Γöé @x or a@^b_cΓöéphantom box (occupies no width) Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé & Γöé &{space} Γöéinserts space of specified lengthΓöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
Braces can be used to place multiple-character text where a single character is
expected (e.g., 2^{10}). To change the font and/or size, use the full form:
{/[fontname][=fontsize | *fontscale] text}. Thus {/Symbol=20 G} is a 20-point
GAMMA) and {/*0.75 K} is a K at three-quarters of whatever fontsize is
currently in effect. (The '/' character MUST be the first character after the
'{'.)
If the encoding vector has been changed by set encoding, the default encoding
vector can be used instead by following the slash with a dash. This is
unnecessary if you use the Symbol font, however---since /Symbol uses its own
encoding vector, gnuplot will not apply any other encoding vector to it.
The phantom box is useful for a@^b_c to align superscripts and subscripts but
does not work well for overwriting an accent on a letter. (To do the latter,
it is much better to use set encoding iso_8859_1 to change to the ISO Latin-1
encoding vector, which contains a large variety of letters with accents or
other diacritical marks.) Since the box is non-spacing, it is sensible to put
the shorter of the subscript or superscript in the box (that is, after the @).
Space equal in length to a string can be inserted using the '&' character. Thus
'abc&{def}ghi'
would produce
'abc ghi'.
You can access special symbols numerically by specifying \character-code (in
octal), e.g., {/Symbol \245} is the symbol for infinity.
You can escape control characters using \, e.g., \\, \{, and so on.
But be aware that strings in double-quotes are parsed differently than those
enclosed in single-quotes. The major difference is that backslashes may need
to be doubled when in double-quoted strings.
Examples (these are hard to describe in words---try them!):
set xlabel 'Time (10^6 {/Symbol m}s)'
set title '{/Symbol=18 \362@_{/=9.6 0}^{/=12 x}} \
{/Helvetica e^{-{/Symbol m}^2/2} d}{/Symbol m}'
The file "ps_guide.ps" in the / docs/ps subdirectory of the gnuplot source
distribution contains more examples of the enhanced syntax.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.50.2. editing postscript ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The PostScript language is a very complex language---far too complex to
describe in any detail in this document. Nevertheless there are some things in
a PostScript file written by gnuplot that can be changed without risk of
introducing fatal errors into the file.
For example, the PostScript statement "/Color true def" (written into the file
in response to the command set terminal postscript color), may be altered in an
obvious way to generate a black-and-white version of a plot. Similarly line
colors, text colors, line weights and symbol sizes can also be altered in
straight-forward ways. Text (titles and labels) can be edited to correct
misspellings or to change fonts. Anything can be repositioned, and of course
anything can be added or deleted, but modifications such as these may require
deeper knowledge of the PostScript language.
The organization of a PostScript file written by gnuplot is discussed in the
text file "ps_file.doc" in the /docs/ps subdirectory.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.51. pslatex and pstex ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The pslatex and pstex drivers generate output for further processing by LaTeX
and TeX, respectively. Figures generated by pstex can be included in any
plain-based format (including LaTeX).
Syntax:
set terminal pslatex | |pstex {<color>} {<dashed>} {<rotate>}
{auxfile} {<font_size>}
<color> is either color or monochrome. <rotate> is either rotate or norotate
and determines if the y-axis label is rotated. <font_size> is used to scale
the font from its usual size.
If auxfile is specified, it directs the driver to put the PostScript commands
into an auxiliary file instead of directly into the LaTeX file. This is useful
if your pictures are large enough that dvips cannot handle them. The name of
the auxiliary PostScript file is derived from the name of the TeX file given on
the set output command; it is determined by replacing the trailing .tex
(actually just the final extent in the file name) with .ps in the output file
name, or, if the TeX file has no extension, .ps is appended. Remember to close
the file before leaving gnuplot.
All drivers for LaTeX offer a special way of controlling text positioning: If
any text string begins with '{', you also need to include a '}' at the end of
the text, and the whole text will be centered both horizontally and vertically
by LaTeX. --- If the text string begins with '[', you need to continue it with:
a position specification (up to two out of t,b,l,r), ']{', the text itself, and
finally, '}'. The text itself may be anything LaTeX can typeset as an LR-box.
\rule{}{}'s may help for best positioning.
Examples:
set term pslatex monochrome dashed rotate # set to defaults
To write the PostScript commands into the file "foo.ps":
set term pslatex auxfile
set output "foo.tex"; plot ...: set output
About label positioning: Use gnuplot defaults (mostly sensible, but sometimes
not really best):
set title '\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $'
Force centering both horizontally and vertically:
set label '{\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $}' at 0,0
Specify own positioning (top here):
set xlabel '[t]{\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $}'
The other label -- account for long ticlabels:
set ylabel '[r]{\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $\rule{7mm}{0pt}'
Linewidths and pointsizes may be changed with set linestyle.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.52. pstricks ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The pstricks driver is intended for use with the "pstricks.sty" macro package
for LaTeX. It is an alternative to the eepic and latex drivers. You need
"pstricks.sty", and, of course, a printer that understands PostScript, or a
converter such as Ghostscript.
PSTricks is available via anonymous ftp from the /pub directory at
Princeton.EDU. This driver definitely does not come close to using the full
capability of the PSTricks package.
Syntax:
set terminal pstricks {hacktext | nohacktext} {unit | nounit}
The first option invokes an ugly hack that gives nicer numbers; the second has
to do with plot scaling. The defaults are hacktext and nounit.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.53. qms ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The qms terminal driver supports the QMS/QUIC Laser printer, the Talaris 1200
and others. It has no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.54. regis ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The regis terminal device generates output in the REGIS graphics language. It
has the option of using 4 (the default) or 16 colors.
Syntax:
set terminal regis {4 | 16}
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.55. rgip ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The rgip and uniplex terminal drivers support RGIP metafiles. They can combine
several graphs on a single page, but only one page is allowed in a given output
file.
Syntax:
set terminal rgip | uniplex {portrait | landscape}
{[<horiz>,<vert>]} {<fontsize>}
permissible values for the font size are in the range 1--8, with the default
being 1. The default layout is landscape. Graphs are placed on the page in a
horizxvert grid, which defaults to [1,1].
Example:
set terminal uniplex portrait [2,3]
puts six graphs on a page in three rows of two in portrait orientation.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.56. sun ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The sun terminal driver supports the SunView window system. It has no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.57. tek410x ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The tek410x terminal driver supports the 410x and 420x family of Tektronix
terminals. It has no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.58. table ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Instead of producing a graph, the table terminal prints out the points on which
a graph would be based, i.e., the results of processing the plot or splot
command, in a multicolumn ASCII table of X Y {Z} R values. The character R
takes on one of three values: "i" if the point is in the active range, "o" if
it is out-of-range, or "u" if it is undefined. The data format is determined
by the format of the axis labels (see set format).
For those times when you want the numbers, you can display them on the screen
or save them to a file. This can be useful if you want to generate contours
and then save them for further use, perhaps for plotting with plot; see set
contour for an example. The same method can be used to save interpolated data
(see set samples and set dgrid3d).
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.59. tek40 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This family of terminal drivers supports a variety of VT-like terminals.
tek40xx supports Tektronix 4010 and others as well as most TEK emulators; vttek
supports VT-like tek40xx terminal emulators; kc-tek40xx supports MS-DOS Kermit
Tek4010 terminal emulators in color: km-tek40xx supports them in monochrome;
selanar supports Selanar graphics; and bitgraph supports BBN Bitgraph
terminals. None have any options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.60. texdraw ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The texdraw terminal driver supports the LaTeX texdraw environment. It is
intended for use with "texdraw.sty" and "texdraw.tex" in the texdraw package.
It has no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.61. tgif ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Tgif is an X11-based drawing tool---it has nothing to do with GIF.
The tgif driver supports different pointsizes (with set pointsize), different
label fonts and font sizes (e.g. set label "Hallo" at x,y font "Helvetica,34")
and multiple graphs on the page. The proportions of the axes are not changed.
Syntax:
set terminal tgif {portrait | landscape} {<[x,y]>}
{solid | dashed}
{"<fontname>"} {<fontsize>}
where <[x,y]> specifies the number of graphs in the x and y directions on the
page, "<fontname>" is the name of a valid PostScript font, and <fontsize>
specifies the size of the PostScript font. Defaults are portrait, [1,1],
dashed, "Helvetica", and 18.
The solid option is usually prefered if lines are colored, as they often are in
the editor. Hardcopy will be black-and-white, so dashed should be chosen for
that.
Multiplot is implemented in two different ways.
The first multiplot implementation is the standard gnuplot multiplot feature:
set terminal tgif
set output "file.obj"
set multiplot
set origin x01,y01
set size xs,ys
plot ...
...
set origin x02,y02
plot ...
set nomultiplot
See set multiplot for further information.
The second version is the [x,y] option for the driver itself. The advantage of
this implementation is that everything is scaled and placed automatically
without the need for setting origins and sizes; the graphs keep their natural
x/y proportions of 3/2 (or whatever is fixed by set size).
If both multiplot methods are selected, the standard method is chosen and a
warning message is given.
Examples of single plots (or standard multiplot):
set terminal tgif # defaults
set terminal tgif "Times-Roman" 24
set terminal tgif landscape
set terminal tgif landscape solid
Examples using the built-in multiplot mechanism:
set terminal tgif portrait [2,4] # portrait; 2 plots in the x-
# and 4 in the y-direction
set terminal tgif [1,2] # portrait; 1 plot in the x-
# and 2 in the y-direction
set terminal tgif landscape [3,3] # landscape; 3 plots in both
# directions
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.62. tkcanvas ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This terminal driver generates Tk canvas widget commands based on Tcl/Tk
(default) or Perl. To use it, rebuild gnuplot (after uncommenting or inserting
the appropriate line in "term.h"), then
gnuplot> set term tkcanvas {perltk} {interactive}
gnuplot> set output 'plot.file'
After invoking "wish", execute the following sequence of Tcl/Tk commands:
% source plot.file
% canvas .c
% pack .c
% gnuplot .c
Or, for Perl/Tk use a program like this:
use Tk;
my $top = MainWindow->new;
my $c = $top->Canvas;
$c->pack();
do "plot.pl";
gnuplot->($c);
MainLoop;
The code generated by gnuplot creates a procedure called "gnuplot" that takes
the name of a canvas as its argument. When the procedure is called, it clears
the canvas, finds the size of the canvas and draws the plot in it, scaled to
fit.
For 2-dimensional plotting (plot) two additional procedures are defined:
"gnuplot_plotarea" will return a list containing the borders of the plotting
area "xleft, xright, ytop, ybot" in canvas screen coordinates, while the ranges
of the two axes "x1min, x1max, y1min, y1max, x2min, x2max, y2min, y2max" in
plot coordinates can be obtained calling "gnuplot_axisranges". If the
"interactive" option is specified, mouse clicking on a line segment will print
the coordinates of its midpoint to stdout. Advanced actions can happen instead
if the user supplies a procedure named "user_gnuplot_coordinates", which takes
the following arguments: "win id x1s y1s x2s y2s x1e y1e x2e y2e x1m y1m x2m
y2m", the name of the canvas and the id of the line segment followed by the
coordinates of its start and end point in the two possible axis ranges; the
coordinates of the midpoint are only filled for logarithmic axes.
The current version of tkcanvas supports neither multiplot nor replot.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.63. tpic ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The tpic terminal driver supports the LaTeX picture environment with tpic
\specials. It is an alternative to the latex and eepic terminal drivers.
Options are the point size, line width, and dot-dash interval.
Syntax:
set terminal tpic <pointsize> <linewidth> <interval>
where pointsize and linewidth are integers in milli-inches and interval is a
float in inches. If a non-positive value is specified, the default is chosen:
pointsize = 40, linewidth = 6, interval = 0.1.
All drivers for LaTeX offer a special way of controlling text positioning: If
any text string begins with '{', you also need to include a '}' at the end of
the text, and the whole text will be centered both horizontally and vertically
by LaTeX. --- If the text string begins with '[', you need to continue it with:
a position specification (up to two out of t,b,l,r), ']{', the text itself, and
finally, '}'. The text itself may be anything LaTeX can typeset as an LR-box.
\rule{}{}'s may help for best positioning.
Examples: About label positioning: Use gnuplot defaults (mostly sensible, but
sometimes not really best):
set title '\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $'
Force centering both horizontally and vertically:
set label '{\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $}' at 0,0
Specify own positioning (top here):
set xlabel '[t]{\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $}'
The other label -- account for long ticlabels:
set ylabel '[r]{\LaTeX\ -- $ \gamma $\rule{7mm}{0pt}'
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.64. unixpc ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The unixpc terminal driver supports AT&T 3b1 and AT&T 7300 Unix PC. It has no
options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.65. unixplot ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The unixplot terminal driver generates output in the Unix "plot" graphics
language. It has no options.
This terminal cannot be compiled if the GNU version of plot is to be used; in
that case, use the gnugraph terminal instead.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.66. vx384 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The vx384 terminal driver supports the Vectrix 384 and Tandy color printers.
It has no options.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.67. VWS ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The VWS terminal driver supports the VAX Windowing System. It has no options.
It will sense the display type (monochrome, gray scale, or color.) All line
styles are plotted as solid lines.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.68. windows ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Three options may be set in the windows terminal driver.
Syntax:
set terminal windows {<color>} {"<fontname>"} {<fontsize>}
where <color> is either color or monochrome, "<fontname>" is the name of a
valid Windows font, and <fontsize> is the size of the font in points.
Other options may be set with the graph-menu, the initialization file, and set
linestyle.
The Windows version normally terminates immediately as soon as the end of any
files given as command line arguments is reached (i.e. in non-interactive
mode). It will also not show the text-window at all, in this mode, only the
plot. By giving the optional argument /noend or -noend, you can disable this
behaviour.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.68.1. graph-menu ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The gnuplot graph window has the following options on a pop-up menu accessed by
pressing the right mouse button or selecting Options from the system menu:
Bring to Top when checked brings the graph window to the top after every plot.
Color when checked enables color linestyles. When unchecked it forces
monochrome linestyles.
Copy to Clipboard copies a bitmap and a Metafile picture.
Background... sets the window background color.
Choose Font... selects the font used in the graphics window.
Line Styles... allows customization of the line colors and styles.
Print... prints the graphics windows using a Windows printer driver and allows
selection of the printer and scaling of the output. The output produced by
Print is not as good as that from gnuplot's own printer drivers.
Update wgnuplot.ini saves the current window locations, window sizes, text
window font, text window font size, graph window font, graph window font size,
background color and linestyles to the initialization file WGNUPLOT.INI.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.68.2. printing ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
In order of preference, graphs may be be printed in the following ways.
1. Use the gnuplot command set terminal to select a printer and set output to
redirect output to a file.
2. Select the Print... command from the gnuplot graph window. An extra command
screendump does this from the text window.
3. If set output "PRN" is used, output will go to a temporary file. When you
exit from gnuplot or when you change the output with another set output
command, a dialog box will appear for you to select a printer port. If you
choose OK, the output will be printed on the selected port, passing unmodified
through the print manager. It is possible to accidentally (or deliberately)
send printer output meant for one printer to an incompatible printer.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.68.3. text-menu ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The gnuplot text window has the following options on a pop-up menu accessed by
pressing the right mouse button or selecting Options from the system menu:
Copy to Clipboard copies marked text to the clipboard.
Paste copies text from the clipboard as if typed by the user.
Choose Font... selects the font used in the text window.
System Colors when selected makes the text window honor the System Colors set
using the Control Panel. When unselected, text is black or blue on a white
background.
Update wgnuplot.ini saves the current text window location, text window size,
text window font and text window font size to the initialisation file
WGNUPLOT.INI.
MENU BAR
If the menu file WGNUPLOT.MNU is found in the same directory as WGNUPLOT.EXE,
then the menu specified in WGNUPLOT.MNU will be loaded. Menu commands:
[Menu] starts a new menu with the name on the following line.
[EndMenu] ends the current menu.
[--] inserts a horizontal menu separator.
[|] inserts a vertical menu separator.
[Button] puts the next macro on a push button instead of a menu.
Macros take two lines with the macro name (menu entry) on the first line and
the macro on the second line. Leading spaces are ignored. Macro commands:
[INPUT] --- Input string with prompt terminated by [EOS] or {ENTER}
[EOS] --- End Of String terminator. Generates no output.
[OPEN] --- Get name of file to open from list box, with title of list box
terminated by [EOS], followed by default filename terminated by [EOS] or
{ENTER}. This uses COMMDLG.DLL from Windows 3.1.
[SAVE] --- Get name of file to save. Similar to [OPEN]
Macro character substitutions:
{ENTER} --- Carriage Return '\r'
{TAB} --- Tab '\011'
{ESC} --- Escape '\033'
{^A} --- '\001'
...
{^_} --- '\031'
Macros are limited to 256 characters after expansion.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.68.4. wgnuplot.ini ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Windows gnuplot will read some of its options from the [WGNUPLOT] section of
WGNUPLOT.INI in the Windows directory. A sample WGNUPLOT.INI file:
[WGNUPLOT]
TextOrigin=0 0
TextSize=640 150
TextFont=Terminal,9
GraphOrigin=0 150
GraphSize=640 330
GraphFont=Arial,10
GraphColor=1
GraphToTop=1
GraphBackground=255 255 255
Border=0 0 0 0 0
Axis=192 192 192 2 2
Line1=0 0 255 0 0
Line2=0 255 0 0 1
Line3=255 0 0 0 2
Line4=255 0 255 0 3
Line5=0 0 128 0 4
The GraphFont entry specifies the font name and size in points. The five
numbers given in the Border, Axis and Line entries are the Red intensity
(0--255), Green intensity, Blue intensity, Color Linestyle and Mono Linestyle.
Linestyles are 0=SOLID, 1=DASH, 2=DOT, 3=DASHDOT, 4=DASHDOTDOT. In the sample
WGNUPLOT.INI file above, Line 2 is a green solid line in color mode, or a
dashed line in monochrome mode. The default line width is 1 pixel. If
Linestyle is negative, it specifies the width of a SOLID line in pixels. Line1
and any linestyle used with the points style must be SOLID with unit width.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.68.5. windows3.0 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Windows 3.1 is preferred, but WGNUPLOT will run under Windows 3.0 with the
following restrictions: 1. COMMDLG.DLL and SHELL.DLL (available with Windows
3.1 or Borland C++ 3.1) must be in the windows directory.
2. WGNUPLOT.HLP produced by Borland C++ 3.1 is in Windows 3.1 format. You need
to use the WINHELP.EXE supplied with Borland C++ 3.1.
3. It will not run in real mode due to lack of memory.
4. TrueType fonts are not available in the graph window.
5. Drag-drop does not work.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.69. x11 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
gnuplot provides the x11 terminal type for use with X servers. This terminal
type is set automatically at startup if the DISPLAY environment variable is
set, if the TERM environment variable is set to xterm, or if the -display
command line option is used.
Syntax:
set terminal x11 {reset} {<n>}
Multiple plot windows are supported: set terminal x11 <n> directs the output to
plot window number n. If n>0, the terminal number will be appended to the
window title and the icon will be labeled gplt <n>. The active window may
distinguished by a change in cursor (from default to crosshair.)
Plot windows remain open even when the gnuplot driver is changed to a different
device. A plot window can be closed by pressing the letter q while that window
has input focus, or by choosing close from a window manager menu. All plot
windows can be closed by specifying reset, which actually terminates the
subprocess which maintains the windows (unless -persist was specified).
Plot windows will automatically be closed at the end of the session unless the
-persist option was given.
The size or aspect ratio of a plot may be changed by resizing the gnuplot
window.
Linewidths and pointsizes may be changed from within gnuplot with set
linestyle.
For terminal type x11, gnuplot accepts (when initialized) the standard X
Toolkit options and resources such as geometry, font, and name from the command
line arguments or a configuration file. See the X(1) man page (or its
equivalent) for a description of such options.
A number of other gnuplot options are available for the x11 terminal. These may
be specified either as command-line options when gnuplot is invoked or as
resources in the configuration file "/.Xdefaults". They are set upon
initialization and cannot be altered during a gnuplot session.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.69.1. command-line_options ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
In addition to the X Toolkit options, the following options may be specified on
the command line when starting gnuplot or as resources in your ".Xdefaults"
file:
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé-mono Γöéforces monochrome rendering on color displays. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé-gray Γöérequests grayscale rendering on grayscale or color displays. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé Γöé(Grayscale displays receive monochrome rendering by default.)Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé-clear Γöérequests that the window be cleared momentarily before a Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé Γöénew plot is displayed. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé-tvtwm Γöérequests that geometry specifications for position of the Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé Γöéwindow be made relative to the currently displayed portion Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé Γöéof the virtual root. Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé-raise Γöéraise plot window after each plot Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé-noraise Γöédo not raise plot window after each plot Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé-persist Γöéplot windows survive after main gnuplot program exits Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
The options are shown above in their command-line syntax. When entered as
resources in ".Xdefaults", they require a different syntax.
Example:
gnuplot*gray: on
gnuplot also provides a command line option (-pointsize <v>) and a resource,
gnuplot*pointsize: <v>, to control the size of points plotted with the points
plotting style. The value v is a real number (greater than 0 and less than or
equal to ten) used as a scaling factor for point sizes. For example,
-pointsize 2 uses points twice the default size, and -pointsize 0.5 uses points
half the normal size.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.69.2. monochome_options ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
For monochrome displays, gnuplot does not honor foreground or background
colors. The default is black-on-white. -rv or gnuplot*reverseVideo: on
requests white-on-black.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.69.3. color_resources ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
For color displays, gnuplot honors the following resources (shown here with
their default values) or the greyscale resources. The values may be color
names as listed in the X11 rgb.txt file on your system, hexadecimal RGB color
specifications (see X11 documentation), or a color name followed by a comma and
an intensity value from 0 to 1. For example, blue, 0.5 means a half intensity
blue.
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*background: white Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*textColor: black Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*borderColor: black Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*axisColor: black Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line1Color: red Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line2Color: green Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line3Color: blue Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line4Color: magenta Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line5Color: cyan Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line6Color: sienna Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line7Color: orange Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line8Color: coral Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
The command-line syntax for these is, for example,
Example:
gnuplot -background coral
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.69.4. grayscale_resources ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
When -gray is selected, gnuplot honors the following resources for grayscale or
color displays (shown here with their default values). Note that the default
background is black.
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*background: black Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*textGray: white Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*borderGray: gray50 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*axisGray: gray50 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line1Gray: gray100 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line2Gray: gray60 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line3Gray: gray80 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line4Gray: gray40 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line5Gray: gray90 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line6Gray: gray50 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line7Gray: gray70 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line8Gray: gray30 Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.69.5. line_resources ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
gnuplot honors the following resources for setting the width (in pixels) of
plot lines (shown here with their default values.) 0 or 1 means a minimal
width line of 1 pixel width. A value of 2 or 3 may improve the appearance of
some plots.
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*borderWidth: 2 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*axisWidth: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line1Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line2Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line3Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line4Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line5Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line6Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line7Width: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line8Width: 0 Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
gnuplot honors the following resources for setting the dash style used for
plotting lines. 0 means a solid line. A two-digit number jk (j and k are >= 1
and <= 9) means a dashed line with a repeated pattern of j pixels on followed
by k pixels off. For example, '16' is a "dotted" line with one pixel on
followed by six pixels off. More elaborate on/off patterns can be specified
with a four-digit value. For example, '4441' is four on, four off, four on,
one off. The default values shown below are for monochrome displays or
monochrome rendering on color or grayscale displays. For color displays, the
default for each is 0 (solid line) except for axisDashes which defaults to a
'16' dotted line.
ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéc l . Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*borderDashes: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*axisDashes: 16 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line1Dashes: 0 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line2Dashes: 42 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line3Dashes: 13 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line4Dashes: 44 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line5Dashes: 15 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line6Dashes: 4441 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line7Dashes: 42 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégnuplot*line8Dashes: 13 Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.49.70. xlib ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The xlib terminal driver supports the X11 Windows System. It generates
gnulib_x11 commands. set term x11 behaves similarly to set terminal xlib; set
output "|gnuplot_x11". xlib has no options, but see x11.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.50. tics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set tics command can be used to change the tics to be drawn outwards.
Syntax:
set tics {<direction>}
show tics
where <direction> may be in (the default) or out.
See also set xtics for more control of major (labelled) tic marks and set
mxtics for control of minor tic marks.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.51. ticslevel ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Using splot, one can adjust the relative height of the vertical (Z) axis using
set ticslevel. The numeric argument provided specifies the location of the
bottom of the scale (as a fraction of the z-range) above the xy-plane. The
default value is 0.5. Negative values are permitted, but tic labels on the
three axes may overlap.
To place the xy-plane at a position 'pos' on the z-axis, ticslevel should be
set equal to (pos - zmin) / (zmin - zmax).
Syntax:
set ticslevel {<level>}
show tics
See also set view.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.52. ticscale ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The size of the tic marks can be adjusted with set ticscale.
Syntax:
set ticscale {<major> {<minor>}}
show tics
If <minor> is not specified, it is 0.5*<major>. The default size is 1.0 for
major tics and 0.5 for minor tics. Note that it is possible to have the tic
marks pointing outward by specifying a negative size.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.53. timestamp ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The command set timestamp places the time and date of the plot in the left
margin.
Syntax:
set timestamp {"<format>"} {top|bottom} {{no}rotate}
{<xoff>}{,<yoff>} {"<font>"}
set notimestamp
show timestamp
The format string allows you to choose the format used to write the date and
time. Its default value is what asctime() uses: "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"
(weekday, month name, day of the month, hours, minutes, seconds, four-digit
year). With top or bottom you can place the timestamp at the top or bottom of
the left margin (default: bottom). rotate lets you write the timestamp
vertically, if your terminal supports vertical text. The constants <xoff> and
<off> are offsets from the default position given in character screen
coordinates. <font> is used to specify the font with which the time is to be
written.
The abbreviation time may be used in place of timestamp.
Example:
set timestamp "%d/%m/%y %H:%M" 80,-2 "Helvetica"
See set timefmt for more information about time format strings.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.54. timefmt ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This command applies to timeseries where data are composed of dates/times. It
has no meaning unless the command set xdata time is given also.
Syntax:
set timefmt "<format string>"
show timefmt
The string argument tells gnuplot how to read timedata from the datafile. The
valid formats are:
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Γöé%d Γöéday of the month, 1--31 Γöé
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Γöé%m Γöémonth of the year, 1--12 Γöé
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Γöé%y Γöéyear, 0--99 Γöé
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Γöé%Y Γöéyear, 4-digit Γöé
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Γöé%j Γöéday of the year, 1--365 Γöé
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Γöé%B Γöéname of the month Γöé
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Any character is allowed in the string, but must match exactly. \t (tab) is
recognized. Backslash-octals (\nnn) are converted to char. If there is no
separating character between the time/date elements, then %d, %m, %y, %H, %M
and %S read two digits each, %Y reads four digits and %j reads three digits. %b
requires three characters, and %B requires as many as it needs.
Spaces are treated slightly differently. A space in the string stands for zero
or more whitespace characters in the file. That is, "%H %M" can be used to
read "1220" and "12 20" as well as "12 20".
Each set of non-blank characters in the timedata counts as one column in the
using n:n specification. Thus 11:11 25/12/76 21.0 consists of three columns.
To avoid confusion, gnuplot requires that you provide a complete using
specification if your file contains timedata.
Since gnuplot cannot read non-numerical text, if the date format includes the
day or month in words, the format string must exclude this text. But it can
still be printed with the "%a", "%A", "%b", or "%B" specifier: see set format
for more details about these and other options for printing timedata. (gnuplot
will determine the proper month and weekday from the numerical values.)
See also set xdata and Time/date for more information.
Example:
set timefmt "%d/%m/%Y\t%H:%M"
tells gnuplot to read date and time separated by tab. (But look closely at
your data---what began as a tab may have been converted to spaces somewhere
along the line; the format string must match what is actually in the file.)
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.55. title ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set title command produces a plot title that is centered at the top of the
plot. set title is a special case of set label.
Syntax:
set title {"<title-text>"} {<xoff>}{,<yoff>} {"<font>,{<size>}"}
show title
Specifying constants <xoff> or <yoff> as optional offsets for the title will
move the title <xoff> or <yoff> character screen coordinates (not graph
coordinates). For example, "set title ,-1" will change only the y offset of
the title, moving the title down by roughly the height of one character.
<font> is used to specify the font with which the title is to be written; the
units of the font <size> depend upon which terminal is used.
set title with no parameters clears the title.
See syntax for details about the processing of backslash sequences and the
distinction between single- and double-quotes.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.56. tmargin ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The command set tmargin sets the size of the top margin. Please see set margin
for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.57. trange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set trange command sets the parametric range used to compute x and y values
when in parametric or polar modes. Please see set xrange for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.58. urange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set urange and set vrange commands set the parametric ranges used to
compute x, y, and z values when in splot parametric mode. Please see set
xrange for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.59. variables ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The show variables command lists all user-defined variables and their values.
Syntax:
show variables
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.60. version ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The show version command lists the version of gnuplot being run, its last
modification date, the copyright holders, and email addresses for the FAQ, the
info-gnuplot mailing list, and reporting bugs--in short, the information listed
on the screen when the program is invoked interactively.
Syntax:
show version {long}
When the long option is given, it also lists the operating system, the
compilation options used when gnuplot was installed, the location of the help
file, and (again) the useful email addresses.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.61. view ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set view command sets the viewing angle for splots. It controls how the
3-d coordinates of the plot are mapped into the 2-d screen space. It provides
controls for both rotation and scaling of the plotted data, but supports
orthographic projections only.
Syntax:
set view <rot_x> {,{<rot_z>}{,{<scale>}{,<scale_z>}}}
show view
where <rot_x> and <rot_z> control the rotation angles (in degrees) in a virtual
3-d coordinate system aligned with the screen such that initially (that is,
before the rotations are performed) the screen horizontal axis is x, screen
vertical axis is y, and the axis perpendicular to the screen is z. The first
rotation applied is <rot_x> around the x axis. The second rotation applied is
<rot_z> around the new z axis.
<rot_x> is bounded to the [0:180] range with a default of 60 degrees, while
<rot_z> is bounded to the [0:360] range with a default of 30 degrees. <scale>
controls the scaling of the entire splot, while <scale_z> scales the z axis
only. Both scales default to 1.0.
Examples:
set view 60, 30, 1, 1
set view ,,0.5
The first sets all the four default values. The second changes only scale, to
0.5.
See also set ticslevel.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.62. vrange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set urange and set vrange commands set the parametric ranges used to
compute x, y, and z values when in splot parametric mode. Please see set
xrange for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.63. x2data ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set x2data command sets data on the x2 (top) axis to timeseries
(dates/times). Please see set xdata.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.64. x2dtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set x2dtics command changes tics on the x2 (top) axis to days of the week.
Please see set xdtics for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.65. x2label ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set x2label command sets the label for the x2 (top) axis. Please see set
xlabel.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.66. x2mtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set x2mtics command changes tics on the x2 (top) axis to months of the
year. Please see set xmtics for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.67. x2range ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set x2range command sets the horizontal range that will be displayed on the
x2 (top) axis. Please see set xrange for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.68. x2tics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set x2tics command controls major (labelled) tics on the x2 (top) axis.
Please see set xtics for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.69. x2zeroaxis ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set x2zeroaxis command draws a line at the origin of the x2 (top) axis (y2
= 0). For details, please see set zeroaxis.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.70. xdata ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This command sets the datatype on the x axis to time/date. A similar command
does the same thing for each of the other axes.
Syntax:
set xdata {time}
show xdata
The same syntax applies to ydata, zdata, x2data and y2data.
The time option signals that the datatype is indeed time/date. If the option
is not specified, the datatype reverts to normal.
See set timefmt to tell gnuplot how to read date or time data. The time/date
is converted to seconds from start of the century. There is currently only one
timefmt, which implies that all the time/date columns must confirm to this
format. Specification of ranges should be supplied as quoted strings according
to this format to avoid interpretation of the time/date as an expression.
The function 'strftime' (type "man strftime" on unix to look it up) is used to
print tic-mark labels. gnuplot tries to figure out a reasonable format for
this unless the set format x "string" has supplied something that does not
look like a decimal format (more than one '%' or neither %f nor %g).
See also Time/date for more information.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.71. xdtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set xdtics commands converts the x-axis tic marks to days of the week where
0=Sun and 6=Sat. Overflows are converted modulo 7 to dates. set noxdtics
returns the labels to their default values. Similar commands do the same
things for the other axes.
Syntax:
set xdtics
set noxdtics
show xdtics
The same syntax applies to ydtics, zdtics, x2dtics and y2dtics.
See also the set format command.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.72. xlabel ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set xlabel command sets the x axis label. Similar commands set labels on
the other axes.
Syntax:
set xlabel {"<label>"} {<xoff>}{,<yoff>} {"<font>{,<size>}"}
show xlabel
The same syntax applies to x2label, ylabel, y2label and zlabel.
Specifying the constants <xoff> or <yoff> as optional offsets for a label will
move it <xoff> or <yoff> character widths or heights. For example, " set
xlabel -1" will change only the x offset of the xlabel, moving the label
roughly one character width to the left. The size of a character depends on
both the font and the terminal.
<font> is used to specify the font in which the label is written; the units of
the font <size> depend upon which terminal is used.
To clear a label, put no options on the command line, e.g., "set y2label".
The default positions of the axis labels are as follows:
xlabel: The x-axis label is centered below the bottom axis.
ylabel: The position of the y-axis label depends on the terminal, and can be
one of the following three positions:
1. Horizontal text flushed left at the top left of the plot. Terminals that
cannot rotate text will probably use this method. If set x2tics is also in
use, the ylabel may overwrite the left-most x2tic label. This may be remedied
by adjusting the ylabel position or the left margin.
2. Vertical text centered vertically at the left of the plot. Terminals that
can rotate text will probably use this method.
3. Horizontal text centered vertically at the left of the plot. The EEPIC,
LaTeX and TPIC drivers use this method. The user must insert line breaks using
\\ to prevent the ylabel from overwriting the plot. To produce a vertical row
of characters, add \\ between every printing character (but this is ugly).
zlabel: The z-axis label is centered along the z axis and placed in the space
above the grid level.
y2label: The y2-axis label is placed to the right of the y2 axis. The position
is terminal-dependent in the same manner as is the y-axis label.
x2label: The x2-axis label is placed above the top axis but below the plot
title. It is also possible to create an x2-axis label by using new-line
characters to make a multi-line plot title, e.g.,
set title "This is the title\n\nThis is the x2label"
Note that double quotes must be used. The same font will be used for both
lines, of course.
If you are not satisfied with the default position of an axis label, use set
label instead--that command gives you much more control over where text is
placed.
Please see set syntax for further information about backslash processing and
the difference between single- and double-quoted strings.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.73. xmtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set xmtics commands converts the x-axis tic marks to months of the year
where 1=Jan and 12=Dec. Overflows are converted modulo 12 to months. The tics
are returned to their default labels by set noxmtics. Similar commands perform
the same duties for the other axes.
Syntax:
set xmtics
set noxmtics
show xmtics
The same syntax applies to x2mtics, ymtics, y2mtics, and zmtics.
See also the set format command.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.74. xrange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set xrange command sets the horizontal range that will be displayed. A
similar command exists for each of the other axes, as well as for the polar
radius r and the parametric variables t, u, and v.
Syntax:
set xrange [{{<min>}:{<max>}}] {{no}reverse} {{no}writeback}
show xrange
where <min> and <max> terms are constants, expressions or an asterisk to set
autoscaling. If the data are time/date, you must give the range as a quoted
string according to the set timefmt format. Any value omitted will not be
changed.
The same syntax applies to yrange, zrange, x2range, y2range, rrange, trange,
urange and vrange.
The reverse option reverses the direction of the axis, e.g., set xrange [0:1]
reverse will produce an axis with 1 on the left and 0 on the right. This is
identical to the axis produced by set xrange [1:0], of course. reverse is
intended primarily for use with autoscale.
The writeback option essentially saves the range found by autoscale in the
buffers that would be filled by set xrange. This is useful if you wish to plot
several functions together but have the range determined by only some of them.
The writeback operation is performed during the plot execution, so it must be
specified before that command. For example,
set xrange [-10:10]
set yrange [] writeback
plot sin(x)
set noautoscale y
replot x/2
results in a yrange of [-1:1] as found only from the range of sin(x); the
[-5:5] range of x/2 is ignored. Executing show yrange after each command in
the above example should help you understand what is going on.
In 2-d, xrange and yrange determine the extent of the axes, trange determines
the range of the parametric variable in parametric mode or the range of the
angle in polar mode. Similarly in parametric 3-d, xrange, yrange, and zrange
govern the axes and urange and vrange govern the parametric variables.
In polar mode, rrange determines the radial range plotted. <rmin> acts as an
additive constant to the radius, whereas <rmax> acts as a clip to the
radius---no point with radius greater than <rmax> will be plotted. xrange and
yrange are affected---the ranges can be set as if the graph was of r(t)-rmin,
with rmin added to all the labels.
Any range may be partially or totally autoscaled, although it may not make
sense to autoscale a parametric variable unless it is plotted with data.
Ranges may also be specified on the plot command line. A range given on the
plot line will be used for that single plot command; a range given by a set
command will be used for all subsequent plots that do not specify their own
ranges. The same holds true for splot.
Examples:
To set the xrange to the default:
set xrange [-10:10]
To set the yrange to increase downwards:
set yrange [10:-10]
To change zmax to 10 without affecting zmin (which may still be autoscaled):
set zrange [:10]
To autoscale xmin while leaving xmax unchanged:
set xrange [*:]
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.75. xtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Fine control of the major (labelled) tics on the x axis is possible with the
set xtics command. The tics may be turned off with the set noxtics command,
and may be turned on (the default state) with set xtics. Similar commands
control the major tics on the y, z, x2 and y2 axes.
Syntax:
set xtics {axis | border} {{no}mirror} {{no}rotate}
{ autofreq
| <incr>
| <start>, <incr> {,<end>}
| ({"<label>"} <pos> {,{"<label>"} <pos>}...) }
set noxtics
show xtics
The same syntax applies to ytics, ztics, x2tics and y2tics.
axis or border tells gnuplot to put the tics (both the tics themselves and the
accompanying labels) along the axis or the border, respectively. If the axis
is very close to the border, the axis option can result in tic labels
overwriting other text written in the margin.
mirror tells gnuplot to put unlabelled tics at the same positions on the
opposite border. nomirror does what you think it does.
rotate asks gnuplot to rotate the text through 90 degrees, which will be done
if the terminal driver in use supports text rotation. norotate cancels this.
The defaults are border mirror norotate for tics on the x and y axes, and
border nomirror norotate for tics on the x2 and y2 axes. For the z axis, the
the {axis | border} option is not available and the default is nomirror. If
you do want to mirror the z-axis tics, you might want to create a bit more room
for them with set border.
set xtics with no options restores the default border or axis if xtics are
being displayed; otherwise it has no effect. Any previously specified tic
frequency or position {and labels} are retained.
Positions of the tics are calculated automatically by default or if the
autofreq option is given; otherwise they may be specified in either of two
forms:
The implicit <start>, <incr>, <end> form specifies that a series of tics will
be plotted on the axis between the values <start> and <end> with an increment
of <incr>. If <end> is not given, it is assumed to be infinity. The increment
may be negative. If neither <start> nor <end> is given, <start> is assumed to
be negative infinity, <end> is assumed to be positive infinity, and the tics
will be drawn at integral multiples of <step>. If the axis is logarithmic, the
increment will be used as a multiplicative factor.
Examples:
Make tics at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, ..., 9.5, 10.
set xtics 0,.5,10
Make tics at ..., -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, ...
set xtics 5
Make tics at 1, 100, 1e4, 1e6, 1e8.
set logscale x; set xtics 1,100,10e8
The explicit ("<label>" <pos>, ...) form allows arbitrary tic positions or
non-numeric tic labels. A set of tics is a set of positions, each with its own
optional label. Note that the label is a string enclosed by quotes. It may be
a constant string, such as "hello", may contain formatting information for
converting the position into its label, such as "%3f clients", or may be empty,
"". See set format for more information. If no string is given, the default
label (numerical) is used. In this form, the tics do not need to be listed in
numerical order.
Examples:
set xtics ("low" 0, "medium" 50, "high" 100)
set xtics (1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024)
set ytics ("bottom" 0, "" 10, "top" 20)
In the second example, all tics are labelled. In the third, only the end tics
are labelled.
However they are specified, tics will only be plotted when in range.
Format (or omission) of the tic labels is controlled by set format, unless the
explicit text of a labels is included in the set xtic (<label>) form.
Minor (unlabelled) tics can be added by the set mxtics command.
In case of timeseries data, position values must be given as quoted dates or
times according to the format timefmt. If the <start>, <incr>, <end> form is
used, <start> and <end> must be given according to timefmt, but <incr> must be
in seconds. Times will be written out according to the format given on set
format, however.
Examples:
set xdata time
set timefmt "%d/%m"
set format x "%b %d"
set xrange ["01/12":"06/12"]
set xtics "01/12", 172800, "05/12"
set xdata time
set timefmt "%d/%m"
set format x "%b %d"
set xrange ["01/12":"06/12"]
set xtics ("01/12", "" "03/12", "05/12")
Both of these will produce tics "Dec 1", "Dec 3", and "Dec 5", but in the
second example the tic at "Dec 3" will be unlabelled.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.76. xzeroaxis ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set xzeroaxis command draws a line at y = 0. For details, please see set
zeroaxis.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.77. y2data ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set y2data command sets y2 (right-hand) axis data to timeseries
(dates/times). Please see set xdata.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.78. y2dtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set y2dtics command changes tics on the y2 (right-hand) axis to days of the
week. Please see set xdtics for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.79. y2label ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set y2dtics command sets the label for the y2 (right-hand) axis. Please see
set xlabel.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.80. y2mtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set y2mtics command changes tics on the y2 (right-hand) axis to months of
the year. Please see set xmtics for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.81. y2range ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set y2range command sets the vertical range that will be displayed on the
y2 (right-hand) axis. Please see set xrange for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.82. y2tics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set y2tics command controls major (labelled) tics on the y2 (right-hand)
axis. Please see set xtics for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.83. y2zeroaxis ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set y2zeroaxis command draws a line at the origin of the y2 (right-hand)
axis (x2 = 0). For details, please see set zeroaxis.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.84. ydata ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Sets y-axis data to timeseries (dates/times). Please see set xdata.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.85. ydtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set ydtics command changes tics on the y axis to days of the week. Please
see set xdtics for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.86. ylabel ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This command sets the label for the y axis. Please see set xlabel.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.87. ymtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set ymtics command changes tics on the y axis to months of the year. Please
see set xmtics for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.88. yrange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set yrange command sets the vertical range that will be displayed on the y
axis. Please see set xrange for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.89. ytics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set ytics command controls major (labelled) tics on the y axis. Please see
set xtics for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.90. yzeroaxis ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set yzeroaxis command draws a line at x = 0. For details, please see set
zeroaxis.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.91. zdata ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Set zaxis date to timeseries (dates/times). Please see set xdata.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.92. zdtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set zdtics command changes tics on the z axis to days of the week. Please
see set xdtics for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.93. zero ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The zero value is the default threshold for values approaching 0.0.
Syntax:
set zero <expression>
show zero
gnuplot will not plot a point if its imaginary part is greater in magnitude
than the zero threshold. This threshold is also used in various other parts of
gnuplot as a (crude) numerical-error threshold. The default zero value is
1e-8. zero values larger than 1e-3 (the reciprocal of the number of pixels in
a typical bitmap display) should probably be avoided, but it is not
unreasonable to set zero to 0.0.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.94. zeroaxis ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The x axis may be drawn by set xzeroaxis and removed by set noxzeroaxis.
Similar commands behave similarly for the y, x2, and y2 axes.
Syntax:
set {x|x2|y|y2|}zeroaxis { {linestyle | ls <line_style>}
| { linetype | lt <line_type>}
{ linewidth | lw <line_width>}}
set no{x|x2|y|y2|}zeroaxis
show {x|y|}zeroaxis
By default, these options are off. The selected zero axis is drawn with a line
of type <line_type> and width <line_width> (if supported by the terminal driver
currently in use), or a user-defined style <line_style>.
If no linetype is specified, any zero axes selected will be drawn using the
axis linetype (linetype 0).
set zeroaxis l is equivalent to set xzeroaxis l; set yzeroaxis l. set
nozeroaxis is equivalent to set noxzeroaxis; set noyzeroaxis.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.95. zlabel ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This command sets the label for the z axis. Please see set xlabel.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.96. zmtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set zmtics command changes tics on the z axis to months of the year. Please
see set xmtics for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.97. zrange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set zrange command sets the range that will be displayed on the z axis. The
zrange is used only by splot and is ignored by plot. Please see set xrange for
details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.18.98. ztics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The set ztics command controls major (labelled) tics on the z axis. Please see
set xtics for details.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.19. shell ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The shell command spawns an interactive shell. To return to gnuplot, type
logout if using VMS, exit or the END-OF-FILE character if using Unix, endcli if
using AmigaOS, or exit if using MS-DOS or OS/2.
A single shell command may be spawned by preceding it with the ! character ($
if using VMS) at the beginning of a command line. Control will return
immediately to gnuplot after this command is executed. For example, in Unix,
AmigaOS, MS-DOS or OS/2,
! dir
prints a directory listing and then returns to gnuplot.
On an Atari, the ! command first checks whether a shell is already loaded and
uses it, if available. This is practical if gnuplot is run from gulam, for
example.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.20. splot ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
splot is the command for drawing 3-d plots (well, actually projections on a 2-d
surface, but you knew that). It can create a plot from functions or a data
file in a manner very similar to the plot command.
See plot for features common to the plot command; only differences are
discussed in detail here. Note specifically that the binary and matrix options
(discussed under "datafile-modifiers") are not available for plot.
Syntax:
splot {<ranges>}
<function> | "<datafile>" {datafile-modifiers}}
{<title-spec>} {with <style>}
{, {definitions,} <function> ...}
where either a <function> or the name of a data file enclosed in quotes is
supplied. The function can be a mathematical expression, or a triple of
mathematical expressions in parametric mode.
By default splot draws the xy plane completely below the plotted data. The
offset between the lowest ztic and the xy plane can be changed by set
ticslevel. The orientation of a splot projection is controlled by set view.
See set view and set ticslevel for more information.
The syntax for setting ranges on the splot command is the same as for plot. In
non-parametric mode, the order in which ranges must be given is xrange, yrange,
and zrange. In parametric mode, the order is urange, vrange, xrange, yrange,
and zrange.
The title option is the same as in plot. The operation of with is also the
same as in plot, except that the plotting styles available to splot are limited
to lines, points, linespoints, dots, and impulses; the error-bar capabilities
of plot are not available for splot.
The datafile options have more differences.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.20.1. data-file ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
As for plot, discrete data contained in a file can be displayed by specifying
the name of the data file, enclosed in quotes, on the splot command line.
Syntax:
splot '<file_name>' {binary | matrix}
{index <index list>}
{every <every list>}
{using <using list>}
The special filenames "" and "-" are permitted, as in plot.
In brief, binary and matrix indicate that the the data are in a special form,
index selects which data sets in a multi-data-set file are to be plotted, every
specifies which datalines (subsets) within a single data set are to be plotted,
and using determines how the columns within a single record are to be
interpreted.
The options index and every behave the same way as with plot; using does so
also, except that the using list must provide three entries instead of two.
The plot options thru and smooth are not available for splot, but cntrparams
and dgrid3d provide limited smoothing cabilities.
Data file organization is essentially the same as for plot, except that each
point is an (x,y,z) triple. If only a single value is provided, it will be
used for z, the datablock number will be used for y, and the index of the data
point in the datablock will be used for x. If two values are provided, gnuplot
gives you an error message. Three values are interpreted as an (x,y,z) triple.
Additional values are generally used as errors, which can be used by fit.
Single blank records separate datablocks in a splot datafile; splot treats
datablocks as the equivalent of function y-isolines. No line will join points
separated by a blank record. If all datablocks contain the same number of
points, gnuplot will draw cross-isolines between datablocks, connecting
corresponding points. This is termed "grid data", and is required for drawing
a surface, for contouring (set contour) and hidden-line removal (set hidden3d).
See also splot grid data
It is no longer necessary to specify parametric mode for three-column splots.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.20.1.1. binary ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
splot can read binary files written with a specific format (and on a system
with a compatible binary file representation.)
In previous versions, gnuplot dynamically detected binary data files. It is
now necessary to specify the keyword binary directly after the filename.
Single precision floats are stored in a binary file as follows:
<N+1> <y0> <y1> <y2> ... <yN>
<x0> <z0,0> <z0,1> <z0,2> ... <z0,N>
<x1> <z1,0> <z1,1> <z1,2> ... <z1,N>
: : : : ... :
which are converted into triplets:
<x0> <y0> <z0,0>
<x0> <y1> <z0,1>
<x0> <y2> <z0,2>
: : :
<x0> <yN> <z0,N>
<x1> <y0> <z1,0>
<x1> <y1> <z1,1>
: : :
These triplets are then converted into gnuplot iso-curves and then gnuplot
proceeds in the usual manner to do the rest of the plotting.
A collection of matrix and vector manipulation routines (in C) is provided in
binary.c. The routine to write binary data is
int fwrite_matrix(file,m,nrl,nrl,ncl,nch,row_title,column_title)
An example of using these routines is provided in the file bf_test.c, which
generates binary files for the demo file demo/binary.dem.
The index keyword is not supported, since the file format allows only one
surface per file. The every and using filters are supported. using operates
as if the data were read in the above triplet form.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.20.1.2. example datafile ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
A simple example of plotting a 3-d data file is
splot 'datafile.dat'
where the file "datafile.dat" might contain:
# The valley of the Gnu.
0 0 10
0 1 10
0 2 10
1 0 10
1 1 5
1 2 10
2 0 10
2 1 1
2 2 10
3 0 10
3 1 0
3 2 10
Note that "datafile.dat" defines a 4 by 3 grid ( 4 rows of 3 points each ).
Rows (datablocks) are separated by blank records.
Note also that the x value is held constant within each dataline. If you
instead keep y constant, and plot with hidden-line removal enabled, you will
find that the surface is drawn 'inside-out'.
Actually for grid data it is not necessary to keep the x values constant within
a datablock, nor is it necessary to keep the same sequence of y values.
gnuplot requires only that the number of points be the same for each datablock.
However since the surface mesh, from which contours are derived, connects
sequentially corresponding points, the effect of an irregular grid on a surface
plot is unpredictable and should be examined on a case-by-case basis.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.20.1.3. matrix ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The matrix flag indicates that the ASCII data are stored in matrix format. The
z-values are read in a row at a time, i. e.,
z11 z12 z13 z14 ...
z21 z22 z23 z24 ...
z31 z32 z33 z34 ...
and so forth. The row and column indices are used for the x- and y-values.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.20.2. grid_data ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The 3D routines are designed for points in a grid format, with one sample,
datapoint, at each mesh intersection; the datapoints may originate from either
evaluating a function, see set isosamples, or reading a datafile, see splot
datafile. The term "isoline" is applied to the mesh lines for both functions
and data. Note that the mesh need not be rectangular in x and y, as it may be
parameterized in u and v, see set isosamples.
However, gnuplot does not require that format. In the case of functions,
'samples' need not be equal to 'isosamples', i.e., not every x-isoline sample
need intersect a y-isoline. In the case of data files, if there are an equal
number of scattered data points in each datablock, then "isolines" will connect
the points in a datablock, and "cross-isolines" will connect the corresponding
points in each datablock to generate a "surface". In either case, contour and
hidden3d modes may give different plots than if the points were in the intended
format. Scattered data can be converted to a {different} grid format with set
dgrid3d.
The contour code tests for z intensity along a line between a point on a
y-isoline and the corresponding point in the next y-isoline. Thus a splot
contour of a surface with samples on the x-isolines that do not coincide with a
y-isoline intersection will ignore such samples. Try:
set xrange [-pi/2:pi/2]; set yrange [-pi/2:pi/2]
set function style lp
set contour
set isosamples 10,10; set samples 10,10;
splot cos(x)*cos(y)
set samples 4,10; replot
set samples 10,4; replot
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.20.3. splot_overview ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
splot can display a surface as a collection of points, or by connecting those
points. As with plot, the points may be read from a data file or result from
evaluation of a function at specified intervals, see set isosamples. The
surface may be approximated by connecting the points with straight line
segments, see set surface, in which case the surface can be made opaque with
set hidden3d. The orientation from which the 3d surface is viewed can be
changed with set view.
Additionally, for points in a grid format, splot can interpolate points having
a common amplitude (see set contour) and can then connect those new points to
display contour lines, either directly with straight-line segments or smoothed
lines (see set cntrparams). Functions are already evaluated in a grid format,
determined by set isosamples and set samples, while file data must either be in
a grid format, as described in data-file, or be used to generate a grid (see
set dgrid3d).
Contour lines may be displayed either on the surface or projected onto the
base. The base projections of the contour lines may be written to a file, and
then read with plot, to take advantage of plot's additional formatting
capabilities.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.21. test ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
test creates a display of line and point styles and other useful things
appropriate for the terminal you are using.
Syntax:
test
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2.22. update ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This command writes the current values of the fit parameters into the given
file, formatted as an initial-value file (as described in the fitsection). This
is useful for saving the current values for later use or for restarting a
converged or stopped fit.
Syntax:
update <filename> {<filename>}
If a second filename is supplied, the updated values are written to this file,
and the original parameter file is left unmodified.
Otherwise, if the file already exists, gnuplot first renames it by appending
.old and then opens a new file. That is, "update 'fred'" behaves the same as
"!rename fred fred.old; update 'fred.old' 'fred'". [On DOS and other systems
that use the twelve-character "filename.ext" naming convention, "ext" will be
"old" and "filename" will be related (hopefully recognizably) to the initial
name. Renaming is not done at all on VMS systems, since they use
file-versioning.]
Please see fit for more information.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 3. Graphical User Interfaces ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Several graphical user interfaces have been written for gnuplot and one for
win32 is included in this distribution. In addition, there is a Macintosh
interface at
ftp://ftp.ee.gatech.edu/pub/mac/gnuplot
and several X11 interfaces include three Tcl/Tk located at the usual Tcl/Tk
repositories.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4. Bugs ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Floating point exceptions (floating point number too large/small, divide by
zero, etc.) may occasionally be generated by user defined functions. Some of
the demos in particular may cause numbers to exceed the floating point range.
Whether the system ignores such exceptions (in which case gnuplot labels the
corresponding point as undefined) or aborts gnuplot depends on the
compiler/runtime environment.
The bessel functions do not work for complex arguments.
The gamma function does not work for complex arguments.
As of gnuplot version 3.7, all development has been done using ANSI C. With
current operating system, compiler, and library releases, the OS specific bugs
documented in release 3.5, now relegated to old_bugs, may no longer be
relevant.
Bugs reported since the current release may be located via the official
distribution site:
ftp://ftp.dartmouth.edu/pub/gnuplot
http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/gnuplot_info.html
Please e-mail any bugs to bug-gnuplot@dartmouth.edu.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.1. Old_bugs ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
There is a bug in the stdio library for old Sun operating systems (SunOS
Sys4-3.2). The "%g" format for 'printf' sometimes incorrectly prints numbers
(e.g., 200000.0 as "2"). Thus, tic mark labels may be incorrect on a Sun4
version of gnuplot. A work-around is to rescale the data or use the set format
command to change the tic mark format to "%7.0f" or some other appropriate
format. This appears to have been fixed in SunOS 4.0.
Another bug: On a Sun3 under SunOS 4.0, and on Sun4's under Sys4-3.2 and SunOS
4.0, the 'sscanf' routine incorrectly parses "00 12" with the format "%f %f"
and reads 0 and 0 instead of 0 and 12. This affects data input. If the data
file contains x coordinates that are zero but are specified like '00', '000',
etc, then you will read the wrong y values. Check any data files or upgrade
the SunOS. It appears to have been fixed in SunOS 4.1.1.
Suns appear to overflow when calculating exp(-x) for large x, so gnuplot gets
an undefined result. One work-around is to make a user-defined function like
e(x) = x<-500 ? 0 : exp(x). This affects plots of Gaussians (exp(-x*x)) in
particular, since x*x grows quite rapidly.
Microsoft C 5.1 has a nasty bug associated with the %g format for 'printf'.
When any of the formats "%.2g", "%.1g", "%.0g", "%.g" are used, 'printf' will
incorrectly print numbers in the range 1e-4 to 1e-1. Numbers that should be
printed in the %e format are incorrectly printed in the %f format, with the
wrong number of zeros after the decimal point. To work around this problem,
use the %e or %f formats explicitly.
gnuplot, when compiled with Microsoft C, did not work correctly on two VGA
displays that were tested. The CGA, EGA and VGA drivers should probably be
rewritten to use the Microsoft C graphics library. gnuplot compiled with
Borland C++ uses the Turbo C graphics drivers and does work correctly with VGA
displays.
VAX/VMS 4.7 C compiler release 2.4 also has a poorly implemented %g format for
'printf'. The numbers are printed numerically correct, but may not be in the
requested format. The K&R second edition says that for the %g format, %e is
used if the exponent is less than -4 or greater than or equal to the precision.
The VAX uses %e format if the exponent is less than -1. The VAX appears to
take no notice of the precision when deciding whether to use %e or %f for
numbers less than 1. To work around this problem, use the %e or %f formats
explicitly. From the VAX C 2.4 release notes: e,E,f,F,g,G Result will always
contain a decimal point. For g and G, trailing zeros will not be removed from
the result.
VAX/VMS 5.2 C compiler release 3.0 has a slightly better implemented %g format
than release 2.4, but not much. Trailing decimal points are now removed, but
trailing zeros are still not removed from %g numbers in exponential format.
The two preceding problems are actually in the libraries rather than in the
compilers. Thus the problems will occur whether gnuplot is built using either
the DEC compiler or some other one (e.g. the latest gcc).
ULTRIX X11R3 has a bug that causes the X11 driver to display "every other"
graph. The bug seems to be fixed in DEC's release of X11R4 so newer releases
of ULTRIX don't seem to have the problem. Solutions for older sites include
upgrading the X11 libraries (from DEC or direct from MIT) or defining
ULTRIX_KLUDGE when compiling the x11.trm file. Note that the kludge is not an
ideal fix, however.
The constant HUGE was incorrectly defined in the NeXT OS 2.0 operating system.
HUGE should be set to 1e38 in plot.h. This error has been corrected in the 2.1
version of NeXT OS.
Some older models of HP plotters do not have a page eject command 'PG'. The
current HPGL driver uses this command in HPGL_reset. This may need to be
removed for these plotters. The current PCL5 driver uses HPGL/2 for text as
well as graphics. This should be modified to use scalable PCL fonts.
On the Atari version, it is not possible to send output directly to the printer
(using /dev/lp as output file), since CRs are added to LFs in binary output.
As a work-around, write the output to a file and copy it to the printer
afterwards using a shell command.
On AIX 4, the literal 'NaNq' in a datafile causes the special internal value
'not-a-number' to be stored, rather than setting an internal 'undefined' flag.
A workaround is to use set missing 'NaNq'.
There may be an up-to-date list of bugs since the release on the WWW page:
http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/gnuplot_info.html
Please report any bugs to bug-gnuplot@dartmouth.edu.