home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
OS/2 Shareware BBS: 22 gnu
/
22-gnu.zip
/
gnumans.zip
/
binutils.inf
(
.txt
)
< prev
next >
Wrap
OS/2 Help File
|
1997-07-02
|
48KB
|
1,444 lines
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1. Title page ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
The gnu Binary Utilities
Version 2.6
May 1993
Roland H. Pesch
Jeffrey M. Osier
Cygnus Support
Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual
provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all
copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual
under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice
identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into
another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2. Top node: "Introduction" ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
This brief manual contains preliminary documentation for the gnu binary
utilities (collectively version 2.6):
ar Create, modify, and extract from
archives
nm List symbols from object files
objcopy Copy and translate object files
objdump Display information from object files
ranlib Generate index to archive contents
size List section sizes and total size
strings List printable strings from files
strip Discard symbols
c++filt Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
nlmconv Converts object code into an NLM
Selecting The Target System How these utilities determine the
target.
Index
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 3. ar ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
ar [-]p[mod [relpos]] archive [member...]
ar -M [ <mri-script ]
The gnu ar program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. An archive
is a single file holding a collection of other files in a structure that makes
it possible to retrieve the original individual files (called members of the
archive).
The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and group
are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on extraction.
gnu ar can maintain archives whose members have names of any length; however,
depending on how ar is configured on your system, a limit on member-name length
may be imposed for compatibility with archive formats maintained with other
tools. If it exists, the limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats
related to a.out) or 16 characters (typical of formats related to coff).
ar is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort are most often
used as libraries holding commonly needed subroutines.
ar creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable object modules in the
archive when you specify the modifier `s'. Once created, this index is updated
in the archive whenever ar makes a change to its contents (save for the `q'
update operation). An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the
library, and allows routines in the library to call each other without regard
to their placement in the archive.
You may use `nm -s' or `nm --print-armap' to list this index table. If an
archive lacks the table, another form of ar called ranlib can be used to add
just the table.
gnu ar is designed to be compatible with two different facilities. You can
control its activity using command-line options, like the different varieties
of ar on Unix systems; or, if you specify the single command-line option `-M',
you can control it with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI
``librarian'' program.
ar cmdline Controlling ar on the command line
ar scripts Controlling ar with a script
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 3.1. Controlling ar on the command line ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
ar [-]p[mod [relpos]] archive [member...]
When you use ar in the Unix style, ar insists on at least two arguments to
execute: one keyletter specifying the operation (optionally accompanied by
other keyletters specifying modifiers), and the archive name to act on.
Most operations can also accept further member arguments, specifying particular
files to operate on.
gnu ar allows you to mix the operation code p and modifier flags mod in any
order, within the first command-line argument.
If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a dash.
The p keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be any of the
following, but you must specify only one of them:
d
Delete modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to be
deleted as member...; the archive is untouched if you specify no
files to delete.
If you specify the `v' modifier, ar lists each module as it is
deleted.
m
Use this operation to move members in an archive.
The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how
programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in
more than one member.
If no modifiers are used with m, any members you name in the member
arguments are moved to the end of the archive; you can use the `a',
`b', or `i' modifiers to move them to a specified place instead.
p
Print the specified members of the archive, to the standard output
file. If the `v' modifier is specified, show the member name before
copying its contents to standard output.
If you specify no member arguments, all the files in the archive are
printed.
q
Quick append; add the files member... to the end of archive, without
checking for replacement.
The modifiers `a', `b', and `i' do not affect this operation; new
members are always placed at the end of the archive.
The modifier `v' makes ar list each file as it is appended.
Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol
table index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use
`ar s' or ranlib explicitly to update the symbol table index.
r
Insert the files member... into archive (with replacement). This
operation differs from `q' in that any previously existing members
are deleted if their names match those being added.
If one of the files named in member... does not exist, ar displays
an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members of the
archive matching that name.
By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you
may use one of the modifiers `a', `b', or `i' to request placement
relative to some existing member.
The modifier `v' used with this operation elicits a line of output
for each file inserted, along with one of the letters `a' or `r' to
indicate whether the file was appended (no old member deleted) or
replaced.
t
Display a table listing the contents of archive, or those of the
files listed in member... that are present in the archive. Normally
only the member name is shown; if you also want to see the modes
(permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can request
that by also specifying the `v' modifier.
If you do not specify a member, all files in the archive are listed.
If there is more than one file with the same name (say, `fie') in an
archive (say `b.a'), `ar t b.a fie' lists only the first instance;
to see them all, you must ask for a complete listing---in our
example, `ar t b.a'.
x
Extract members (named member) from the archive. You can use the
`v' modifier with this operation, to request that ar list each name
as it extracts it.
If you do not specify a member, all files in the archive are
extracted.
A number of modifiers (mod) may immediately follow the p keyletter, to specify
variations on an operation's behavior:
a
Add new files after an existing member of the archive. If you use
the modifier `a', the name of an existing archive member must be
present as the relpos argument, before the archive specification.
b
Add new files before an existing member of the archive. If you use
the modifier `b', the name of an existing archive member must be
present as the relpos argument, before the archive specification.
(same as `i').
c
Create the archive. The specified archive is always created if it
did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is issued
unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by using
this modifier.
f
Truncate names in the archive. gnu ar will normally permit file
names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which
are not compatible with the native ar program on some systems. If
this is a concern, the `f' modifier may be used to truncate file
names when putting them in the archive.
i
Insert new files before an existing member of the archive. If you
use the modifier `i', the name of an existing archive member must be
present as the relpos argument, before the archive specification.
(same as `b').
l
This modifier is accepted but not used.
o
Preserve the original dates of members when extracting them. If you
do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive are
stamped with the time of extraction.
s
Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing
one, even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use
this modifier flag either with any operation, or alone. Running `ar
s' on an archive is equivalent to running `ranlib' on it.
u
Normally, `ar r'... inserts all files listed into the archive. If
you would like to insert only those of the files you list that are
newer than existing members of the same names, use this modifier.
The `u' modifier is allowed only for the operation `r' (replace).
In particular, the combination `qu' is not allowed, since checking
the timestamps would lose any speed advantage from the operation
`q'.
v
This modifier requests the verbose version of an operation. Many
operations display additional information, such as filenames
processed, when the modifier `v' is appended.
V
This modifier shows the version number of ar.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 3.2. Controlling ar with a script ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
ar -M [ <script ]
If you use the single command-line option `-M' with ar, you can control its
operation with a rudimentary command language. This form of ar operates
interactively if standard input is coming directly from a terminal. During
interactive use, ar prompts for input (the prompt is `AR >'), and continues
executing even after errors. If you redirect standard input to a script file,
no prompts are issued, and ar abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code) on
any error.
The ar command language is not designed to be equivalent to the command-line
options; in fact, it provides somewhat less control over archives. The only
purpose of the command language is to ease the transition to gnu ar for
developers who already have scripts written for the MRI ``librarian'' program.
The syntax for the ar command language is straightforward:
commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, LIST is the
same as list. In the following descriptions, commands are shown in upper
case for clarity.
a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the
line.
empty lines are allowed, and have no effect.
comments are allowed; text after either of the characters `*' or `;' is
ignored.
Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an ar
command, you can separate the individual names with either commas or
blanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity.
`+' is used as a line continuation character; if `+' appears at the end
of a line, the text on the following line is considered part of the
current command.
Here are the commands you can use in ar scripts, or when using ar
interactively. Three of them have special significance:
OPEN or CREATE specify a current archive, which is a temporary file required
for most of the other commands.
SAVE commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior to SAVE,
commands affect only the temporary copy of the current archive.
ADDLIB archive
ADDLIB archive (module, module, ... module)
Add all the contents of archive (or, if specified, each named module
from archive) to the current archive.
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
ADDMOD member, member, ... member
Add each named member as a module in the current archive.
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
CLEAR
Discard the contents of the current archive, cancelling the effect
of any operations since the last SAVE. May be executed (with no
effect) even if no current archive is specified.
CREATE archive
Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for
many other commands). The new archive is created with a temporary
name; it is not actually saved as archive until you use SAVE. You
can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any
existing file named archive will not be destroyed until SAVE.
DELETE module, module, ... module
Delete each listed module from the current archive; equivalent to
`ar -d archive module ... module'.
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
DIRECTORY archive (module, ... module)
DIRECTORY archive (module, ... module) outputfile
List each named module present in archive. The separate command
VERBOSE specifies the form of the output: when verbose output is
off, output is like that of `ar -t archive module...'. When verbose
output is on, the listing is like `ar -tv archive module...'.
Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you
specify outputfile as a final argument, ar directs the output to
that file.
END
Exit from ar, with a 0 exit code to indicate successful completion.
This command does not save the output file; if you have changed the
current archive since the last SAVE command, those changes are lost.
EXTRACT module, module, ... module
Extract each named module from the current archive, writing them
into the current directory as separate files. Equivalent to `ar -x
archive module...'.
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
LIST
Display full contents of the current archive, in ``verbose'' style
regardless of the state of VERBOSE. The effect is like `ar tv
archive'). (This single command is a gnu ld enhancement, rather
than present for MRI compatibility.)
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
OPEN archive
Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required
for many other commands). Any changes as the result of subsequent
commands will not actually affect archive until you next use SAVE.
REPLACE module, module, ... module
In the current archive, replace each existing module (named in the
REPLACE arguments) from files in the current working directory. To
execute this command without errors, both the file, and the module
in the current archive, must exist.
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
VERBOSE
Toggle an internal flag governing the output from DIRECTORY. When
the flag is on, DIRECTORY output matches output from `ar -tv '....
SAVE
Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as
a file with the name specified in the last CREATE or OPEN command.
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4. nm ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
nm [ -a | --debug-syms ] [ -g | --extern-only ]
[ -B ] [ -C | --demangle ] [ -D | --dynamic ]
[ -s | --print-armap ] [ -A | -o | --print-file-name ]
[ -n | -v | --numeric-sort ] [ -p | --no-sort ]
[ -r | --reverse-sort ] [ --size-sort ] [ -u | --undefined-only ]
[ -t radix | --radix=radix ] [ -P | --portability ]
[ --target=bfdname ] [ -f format | --format=format ]
[ --no-demangle ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ] [ objfile... ]
gnu nm lists the symbols from object files objfile.... If no object files are
listed as arguments, nm assumes `a.out'.
For each symbol, nm shows:
The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or
hexadecimal by default.
The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as
well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is
local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external).
A
Absolute.
B
BSS (uninitialized data).
C
Common.
D
Initialized data.
I
Indirect reference.
T
Text (program code).
U
Undefined.
The symbol name.
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
equivalent.
-A
-o
--print-file-name
Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive
element) in which it was found, rather than identifying the input
file once only, before all of its symbols.
-a
--debug-syms
Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are
not listed.
-B
The same as `--format=bsd' (for compatibility with the MIPS nm).
-C
--demangle
Decode (demangle) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system,
this makes C++ function names readable. See c++filt, for more
information on demangling.
--no-demangle
Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
-D
--dynamic
Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is
only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
libraries.
-f format
--format=format
Use the output format format, which can be bsd, sysv, or posix. The
default is bsd. Only the first character of format is significant;
it can be either upper or lower case.
-g
--extern-only
Display only external symbols.
-n
-v
--numeric-sort
Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than
alphabetically by their names.
-p
--no-sort
Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the
order encountered.
-P
--portability
Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default
format. Equivalent to `-f posix'.
-s
--print-armap
When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a
mapping (stored in the archive by ar or ranlib) of which modules
contain definitions for which names.
-r
--reverse-sort
Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let
the last come first.
--size-sort
Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference
between the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the
next higher value. The size of the symbol is printed, rather than
the value.
-t radix
--radix=radix
Use radix as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be
`d' for decimal, `o' for octal, or `x' for hexadecimal.
--target=bfdname
Specify an object code format other than your system's default
format. See Target Selection, for more information.
-u
--undefined-only
Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).
-V
--version
Show the version number of nm and exit.
--help
Show a summary of the options to nm and exit.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 5. objcopy ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
objcopy [ -F bfdname | --target=bfdname ]
[ -I bfdname | --input-target=bfdname ]
[ -O bfdname | --output-target=bfdname ]
[ -S | --strip-all ] [ -g | --strip-debug ]
[ -K symbolname | --keep-symbol=symbolname ]
[ -N symbolname | --strip-symbol=symbolname ]
[ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
[ -b byte | --byte=byte ]
[ -i interleave | --interleave=interleave ]
[ -R sectionname | --remove-section=sectionname ]
[ --gap-fill=val ] [ --pad-to=address ]
[ --set-start=val ] [ --adjust-start=incr ]
[ --adjust-vma=incr ]
[ --adjust-section-vma=section{=,+,-}val ]
[ --adjust-warnings ] [ --no-adjust-warnings ]
[ --set-section-flags=section=flags ]
[ --add-section=sectionname=filename ]
[ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
infile [outfile]
The gnu objcopy utility copies the contents of an object file to another.
objcopy uses the gnu bfd Library to read and write the object files. It can
write the destination object file in a format different from that of the source
object file. The exact behavior of objcopy is controlled by command-line
options.
objcopy creates temporary files to do its translations and deletes them
afterward. objcopy uses bfd to do all its translation work; it has access to
all the formats described in bfd and thus is able to recognize most formats
without being told explicitly. See BFD.
objcopy can be used to generate S-records by using an output target of `srec'
(e.g., use `-O srec').
objcopy can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an output target of
`binary' (e.g., use `-O binary'). When objcopy generates a raw binary file, it
will essentially produce a memory dump of the contents of the input object
file. All symbols and relocation information will be discarded. The memory
dump will start at the virtual address of the lowest section copied into the
output file.
When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to use `-S'
to remove sections containing debugging information. In some cases `-R' will
be useful to remove sections which contain information which is not needed by
the binary file.
infile
outfile
The source and output files, respectively. If you do not specify
outfile, objcopy creates a temporary file and destructively renames
the result with the name of infile.
-I bfdname
--input-target=bfdname
Consider the source file's object format to be bfdname, rather than
attempting to deduce it. See Target Selection, for more
information.
-O bfdname
--output-target=bfdname
Write the output file using the object format bfdname. See Target
Selection, for more information.
-F bfdname
--target=bfdname
Use bfdname as the object format for both the input and the output
file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no
translation. See Target Selection, for more information.
-R sectionname
--remove-section=sectionname
Remove any section named sectionname from the output file. This
option may be given more than once. Note that using this option
inappropriately may make the output file unusable.
-S
--strip-all
Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file.
-g
--strip-debug
Do not copy debugging symbols from the source file.
--strip-unneeded
Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing.
-K symbolname
--keep-symbol=symbolname
Copy only symbol symbolname from the source file. This option may
be given more than once.
-N symbolname
--strip-symbol=symbolname
Do not copy symbol symbolname from the source file. This option may
be given more than once, and may be combined with strip options
other than -K.
-x
--discard-all
Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file.
-X
--discard-locals
Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols. (These usually start
with `L' or `.'.)
-b byte
--byte=byte
Keep only every byteth byte of the input file (header data is not
affected). byte can be in the range from 0 to interleave-1, where
interleave is given by the `-i' or `--interleave' option, or the
default of 4. This option is useful for creating files to program
rom. It is typically used with an srec output target.
-i interleave
--interleave=interleave
Only copy one out of every interleave bytes. Select which byte to
copy with the -b or `--byte' option. The default is 4. objcopy
ignores this option if you do not specify either `-b' or `--byte'.
--gap-fill val
Fill gaps between sections with val. This is done by increasing the
size of the section with the lower address, and filling in the extra
space created with val.
--pad-to address
Pad the output file up to the virtual address address. This is done
by increasing the size of the last section. The extra space is
filled in with the value specified by `--gap-fill' (default zero).
--set-start val
Set the address of the new file to val. Not all object file formats
support setting the start address.
--adjust-start incr
Adjust the start address by adding incr. Not all object file
formats support setting the start address.
--adjust-vma incr
Adjust the address of all sections, as well as the start address, by
adding incr. Some object file formats do not permit section
addresses to be changed arbitrarily. Note that this does not
relocate the sections; if the program expects sections to be loaded
at a certain address, and this option is used to change the sections
such that they are loaded at a different address, the program may
fail.
--adjust-section-vma section{=,+,-}val
Set or adjust the address of the named section. If `=' is used, the
section address is set to val. Otherwise, val is added to or
subtracted from the section address. See the comments under
`--adjust-vma', above. If section does not exist in the input file,
a warning will be issued, unless `--no-adjust-warnings' is used.
--adjust-warnings
If `--adjust-section-vma' is used, and the named section does not
exist, issue a warning. This is the default.
--no-adjust-warnings
Do not issue a warning if `--adjust-section-vma' is used, even if
the named section does not exist.
--set-section-flags section=flags
Set the flags for the named section. The flags argument is a comma
separated string of flag names. The recognized names are `alloc',
`load', `readonly', `code', `data', and `rom'. Not all flags are
meaningful for all object file formats.
--add-section sectionname=filename
Add a new section named sectionname while copying the file. The
contents of the new section are taken from the file filename. The
size of the section will be the size of the file. This option only
works on file formats which can support sections with arbitrary
names.
-V
--version
Show the version number of objcopy.
-v
--verbose
Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
archives, `objcopy -V' lists all members of the archive.
--help
Show a summary of the options to objcopy.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 6. objdump ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
objdump [ -a | --archive-headers ]
[ -b bfdname | --target=bfdname ]
[ -d | --disassemble ] [ -D | --disassemble-all ]
[ -f | --file-headers ]
[ -h | --section-headers | --headers ] [ -i | --info ]
[ -j section | --section=section ]
[ -l | --line-numbers ] [ -S | --source ]
[ -m machine | --architecture=machine ]
[ -r | --reloc ] [ -R | --dynamic-reloc ]
[ -s | --full-contents ] [ --stabs ]
[ -t | --syms ] [ -T | --dynamic-syms ] [ -x | --all-headers ]
[ -w | --wide ] [ --start-address=address ]
[ --stop-address=address ] [ --version ] [ --help ]
objfile...
objdump displays information about one or more object files. The options
control what particular information to display. This information is mostly
useful to programmers who are working on the compilation tools, as opposed to
programmers who just want their program to compile and work.
objfile... are the object files to be examined. When you specify archives,
objdump shows information on each of the member object files.
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
equivalent. At least one option besides `-l' must be given.
-a
--archive-header
If any of the objfile files are archives, display the archive header
information (in a format similar to `ls -l'). Besides the
information you could list with `ar tv', `objdump -a' shows the
object file format of each archive member.
-b bfdname
--target=bfdname
Specify that the object-code format for the object files is bfdname.
This option may not be necessary; objdump can automatically
recognize many formats.
For example,
objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o
displays summary information from the section headers (`-h') of
`fu.o', which is explicitly identified (`-m') as a VAX object file
in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the formats
available with the `-i' option. See Target Selection, for more
information.
-d
--disassemble
Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine instructions from
objfile. This option only disassembles those sections which are
expected to contain instructions.
-D
--disassemble-all
Like `-d', but disassemble the contents of all sections, not just
those expected to contain instructions.
-f
--file-header
Display summary information from the overall header of each of the
objfile files.
-h
--section-header
--header
Display summary information from the section headers of the object
file.
File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example
by using the `-Ttext', `-Tdata', or `-Tbss' options to ld. However,
some object file formats, such as a.out, do not store the starting
address of the file segments. In those situations, although ld
relocates the sections correctly, using `objdump -h' to list the
file section headers cannot show the correct addresses. Instead, it
shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the target.
--help
Print a summary of the options to objdump and exit.
-i
--info
Display a list showing all architectures and object formats
available for specification with `-b' or `-m'.
-j name
--section=name
Display information only for section name.
-l
--line-numbers
Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename
and source line numbers corresponding to the object code shown. Only
useful with `-d' or `-D'.
-m machine
--architecture=machine
Specify that the object files objfile are for architecture machine.
You can list available architectures using the `-i' option.
-r
--reloc
Print the relocation entries of the file. If used with `-d' or
`-D', the relocations are printed interspersed with the disassembly.
-R
--dynamic-reloc
Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file. This is only
meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
libraries.
-s
--full-contents
Display the full contents of any sections requested.
-S
--source
Display source code intermixed with disassembly, if possible.
Implies `-d'.
--stabs
Display the full contents of any sections requested. Display the
contents of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from
an ELF file. This is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0)
in which .stab debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an ELF
section. In most other file formats, debugging symbol-table entries
are interleaved with linkage symbols, and are visible in the
`--syms' output.
--start-address=address
Start displaying data at the specified address. This affects the
output of the -d, -r and -s options.
--stop-address=address
Stop displaying data at the specified address. This affects the
output of the -d, -r and -s options.
-t
--syms
Print the symbol table entries of the file. This is similar to the
information provided by the `nm' program.
-T
--dynamic-syms
Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file. This is only
meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
libraries. This is similar to the information provided by the `nm'
program when given the `-D' (`--dynamic') option.
--version
Print the version number of objdump and exit.
-x
--all-header
Display all available header information, including the symbol table
and relocation entries. Using `-x' is equivalent to specifying all
of `-a -f -h -r -t'.
-w
--wide
Format some lines for output devices that have more than 80 columns.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 7. ranlib ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
ranlib [-vV] archive
ranlib generates an index to the contents of an archive and stores it in the
archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a member of an archive that is
a relocatable object file.
You may use `nm -s' or `nm --print-armap' to list this index.
An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and allows
routines in the library to call each other without regard to their placement in
the archive.
The gnu ranlib program is another form of gnu ar; running ranlib is completely
equivalent to executing `ar -s'. See ar.
-v
-V
Show the version number of ranlib.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 8. size ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
size [ -A | -B | --format=compatibility ]
[ --help ] [ -d | -o | -x | --radix=number ]
[ --target=bfdname ] [ -V | --version ]
objfile...
The gnu size utility lists the section sizes---and the total size---for each of
the object or archive files objfile in its argument list. By default, one line
of output is generated for each object file or each module in an archive.
objfile... are the object files to be examined.
The command line options have the following meanings:
-A
-B
--format=compatibility
Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from
gnu size resembles output from System V size (using `-A', or
`--format=sysv'), or Berkeley size (using `-B', or
`--format=berkeley'). The default is the one-line format similar to
Berkeley's.
Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from
size:
size --format=Berkeley ranlib size
text data bss dec hex filename
294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib
294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size
This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions:
size --format=SysV ranlib size
ranlib :
section size addr
.text 294880 8192
.data 81920 303104
.bss 11592 385024
Total 388392
size :
section size addr
.text 294880 8192
.data 81920 303104
.bss 11888 385024
Total 388688
--help
Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options.
-d
-o
-x
--radix=number
Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each
section is given in decimal (`-d', or `--radix=10'); octal (`-o', or
`--radix=8'); or hexadecimal (`-x', or `--radix=16'). In
`--radix=number', only the three values (8, 10, 16) are supported.
The total size is always given in two radices; decimal and
hexadecimal for `-d' or `-x' output, or octal and hexadecimal if
you're using `-o'.
--target=bfdname
Specify that the object-code format for objfile is bfdname. This
option may not be necessary; size can automatically recognize many
formats. See Target Selection, for more information.
-V
--version
Display the version number of size.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 9. strings ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
strings [-afov] [-min-len] [-n min-len] [-t radix] [-]
[--all] [--print-file-name] [--bytes=min-len]
[--radix=radix] [--target=bfdname]
[--help] [--version] file...
For each file given, gnu strings prints the printable character sequences that
are at least 4 characters long (or the number given with the options below) and
are followed by an unprintable character. By default, it only prints the
strings from the initialized and loaded sections of object files; for other
types of files, it prints the strings from the whole file.
strings is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text files.
-a
--all
-
Do not scan only the initialized and loaded sections of object
files; scan the whole files.
-f
--print-file-name
Print the name of the file before each string.
--help
Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and
exit.
-min-len
-n min-len
--bytes=min-len
Print sequences of characters that are at least min-len characters
long, instead of the default 4.
-o
Like `-t o'. Some other versions of strings have `-o' act like `-t
d' instead. Since we can not be compatible with both ways, we
simply chose one.
-t radix
--radix=radix
Print the offset within the file before each string. The single
character argument specifies the radix of the offset---`o' for
octal, `x' for hexadecimal, or `d' for decimal.
--target=bfdname
Specify an object code format other than your system's default
format. See Target Selection, for more information.
-v
--version
Print the program version number on the standard output and exit.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10. strip ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
strip [ -F bfdname | --target=bfdname | --target=bfdname ]
[ -I bfdname | --input-target=bfdname ]
[ -O bfdname | --output-target=bfdname ]
[ -s | --strip-all ] [ -S | -g | --strip-debug ]
[ -K symbolname | --keep-symbol=symbolname ]
[ -N symbolname | --strip-symbol=symbolname ]
[ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
[ -R sectionname | --remove-section=sectionname ]
[ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
objfile...
gnu strip discards all symbols from object files objfile. The list of object
files may include archives. At least one object file must be given.
strip modifies the files named in its argument, rather than writing modified
copies under different names.
-F bfdname
--target=bfdname
Treat the original objfile as a file with the object code format
bfdname, and rewrite it in the same format. See Target Selection,
for more information.
--help
Show a summary of the options to strip and exit.
-I bfdname
--input-target=bfdname
Treat the original objfile as a file with the object code format
bfdname. See Target Selection, for more information.
-O bfdname
--output-target=bfdname
Replace objfile with a file in the output format bfdname. See Target
Selection, for more information.
-R sectionname
--remove-section=sectionname
Remove any section named sectionname from the output file. This
option may be given more than once. Note that using this option
inappropriately may make the output file unusable.
-s
--strip-all
Remove all symbols.
-g
-S
--strip-debug
Remove debugging symbols only.
--strip-unneeded
Remove all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing.
-K symbolname
--keep-symbol=symbolname
Keep only symbol symbolname from the source file. This option may
be given more than once.
-N symbolname
--strip-symbol=symbolname
Remove symbol symbolname from the source file. This option may be
given more than once, and may be combined with strip options other
than -K.
-x
--discard-all
Remove non-global symbols.
-X
--discard-locals
Remove compiler-generated local symbols. (These usually start with
`L' or `.'.)
-V
--version
Show the version number for strip.
-v
--verbose
Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
archives, `strip -v' lists all members of the archive.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 11. c++filt ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
c++filt [ -_ | --strip-underscores ]
u[ -n | --no-strip-underscores ]
[ -s format | --format=format ]
[ --help ] [ --version ] [ symbol... ]
The C++ language provides function overloading, which means that you can write
many functions with the same name (providing each takes parameters of different
types). All C++ function names are encoded into a low-level assembly label
(this process is known as mangling). The c++filt program does the inverse
mapping: it decodes (demangles) low-level names into user-level names so that
the linker can keep these overloaded functions from clashing.
Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores, dollars,
or periods) seen in the input is a potential label. If the label decodes into
a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the low-level name in the output.
You can use c++filt to decipher individual symbols:
c++filt symbol
If no symbol arguments are given, c++filt reads symbol names from the standard
input and writes the demangled names to the standard output. All results are
printed on the standard output.
-_
--strip-underscores
On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in
front of every name. For example, the C name foo gets the low-level
name _foo. This option removes the initial underscore. Whether
c++filt removes the underscore by default is target dependent.
-n
--no-strip-underscores
Do not remove the initial underscore.
-s format
--format=format
gnu nm can decode three different methods of mangling, used by
different C++ compilers. The argument to this option selects which
method it uses:
gnu
the one used by the gnu compiler (the default method)
lucid
the one used by the Lucid compiler
arm
the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference
Manual
--help
Print a summary of the options to c++filt and exit.
--version
Print the version number of c++filt and exit.
Warning: c++filt is a new utility, and the details of its user interface are
subject to change in future releases. In particular, a command-line option
may be required in the the future to decode a name passed as an argument on
the command line; in other words,
c++filt symbol
may in a future release become
c++filt option symbol
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 12. nlmconv ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
nlmconv converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare Loadable Module.
Warning: nlmconv is not always built as part of the binary utilities, since it
is only useful for NLM targets.
nlmconv [ -I bfdname | --input-target=bfdname ]
[ -O bfdname | --output-target=bfdname ]
[ -T headerfile | --header-file=headerfile ]
[ -d | --debug] [ -l linker | --linker=linker ]
[ -h | --help ] [ -V | --version ]
infile outfile
nlmconv converts the relocatable `i386' object file infile into the NetWare
Loadable Module outfile, optionally reading headerfile for NLM header
information. For instructions on writing the NLM command file language used in
header files, see the `linkers' section, `NLMLINK' in particular, of the NLM
Development and Tools Overview, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's
Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc. nlmconv uses the gnu Binary File
Descriptor library to read infile; see BFD, for more information.
nlmconv can perform a link step. In other words, you can list more than one
object file for input if you list them in the definitions file (rather than
simply specifying one input file on the command line). In this case, nlmconv
calls the linker for you.
-I bfdname
--input-target=bfdname
Object format of the input file. nlmconv can usually determine the
format of a given file (so no default is necessary). See Target
Selection, for more information.
-O bfdname
--output-target=bfdname
Object format of the output file. nlmconv infers the output format
based on the input format, e.g. for a `i386' input file the output
format is `nlm32-i386'. See Target Selection, for more information.
-T headerfile
--header-file=headerfile
Reads headerfile for NLM header information. For instructions on
writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see
the `linkers' section, of the NLM Development and Tools Overview,
which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available from
Novell, Inc.
-d
--debug
Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by
nlmconv.
-l linker
--linker=linker
Use linker for any linking. linker can be an abosolute or a
relative pathname.
-h
--help
Prints a usage summary.
-V
--version
Prints the version number for nlmconv.
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 13. Selecting the target system ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
You can specify three aspects of the target system to the gnu binary file
utilities, each in several ways:
the target
the architecture
the linker emulation (which applies to the linker only)
In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in order
of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those listed later.
The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the programs
you are running were configured. If they were configured with
`--enable-targets=all', the commands list most of the available values, but a
few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at once because some of
them can only be configured native (on hosts with the same type as the target
system).
Target Selection
Architecture Selection
Linker Emulation Selection
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 13.1. Target Selection ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
A target is an object file format. A given target may be supported for
multiple architectures (see Architecture Selection). A target selection may
also have variations for different operating systems or architectures.
The command to list valid target values is `objdump -i' (the first column of
output contains the relevant information).
Some sample values are: `a.out-hp300bsd', `ecoff-littlemips',
`a.out-sunos-big'.
objdump Target
Ways to specify:
1. command line option: `-b' or `--target'
2. environment variable GNUTARGET
3. deduced from the input file
objcopy and strip Input Target
Ways to specify:
1. command line options: `-I' or `--input-target', or `-F' or `--target'
2. environment variable GNUTARGET
3. deduced from the input file
objcopy and strip Output Target
Ways to specify:
1. command line options: `-O' or `--output-target', or `-F' or `--target'
2. the input target (see ``objcopy and strip Input Target'' above)
3. environment variable GNUTARGET
4. deduced from the input file
nm, size, and strings Target
Ways to specify:
1. command line option: `--target'
2. environment variable GNUTARGET
3. deduced from the input file
Linker Input Target
Ways to specify:
1. command line option: `-b' or `--format' (see Options)
2. script command TARGET (see Option Commands)
3. environment variable GNUTARGET (see Environment)
4. the default target of the selected linker emulation (see Linker Emulation
Selection)
Linker Output Target
Ways to specify:
1. command line option: `-oformat' (see Options)
2. script command OUTPUT_FORMAT (see Option Commands)
3. the linker input target (see ``Linker Input Target'' above)
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 13.2. Architecture selection ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
An architecture is a type of cpu on which an object file is to run. Its name
may contain a colon, separating the name of the processor family from the name
of the particular cpu.
The command to list valid architecture values is `objdump -i' (the second
column contains the relevant information).
Sample values: `m68k:68020', `mips:3000', `sparc'.
objdump Architecture
Ways to specify:
1. command line option: `-m' or `--architecture'
2. deduced from the input file
objcopy, nm, size, strings Architecture
Ways to specify:
1. deduced from the input file
Linker Input Architecture
Ways to specify:
1. deduced from the input file
Linker Output Architecture
Ways to specify:
1. script command OUTPUT_ARCH (see Option Commands)
2. the default architecture from the linker output target (see Target
Selection)
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 13.3. Linker emulation selection ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
A linker emulation is a ``personality'' of the linker, which gives the linker
default values for the other aspects of the target system. In particular, it
consists of
the linker script
the target
several ``hook'' functions that are run at certain stages of the linking
process to do special things that some targets require
The command to list valid linker emulation values is `ld -V'.
Sample values: `hp300bsd', `mipslit', `sun4'.
Ways to specify:
1. command line option: `-m' (see Options)
2. environment variable LDEMULATION
3. compiled-in DEFAULT_EMULATION from `Makefile', which comes from EMUL in
`config/target.mt'
ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 14. Index ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ
Sorry, no cp index
(.txt)
(.txt)