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LS(1L) Unix Programmer's Manual LS(1L)
NNNAAAMMMEEE
ls, dir, vdir - list contents of directories
SSSYYYNNNOOOPPPSSSIIISSS
lllsss [-abcdefgiklmnopqrstuxABCFGLNQRSUX178] [-w cols] [-T cols] [-I
pattern] [--all] [--escape] [--directory] [--inode] [--kilobytes]
[--numeric-uid-gid] [--no-group] [--hide-control-chars] [--reverse]
[--size] [--width=cols] [--tabsize=cols] [--almost-all] [--ignore-
backups] [--classify] [--file-type] [--full-time] [--ignore=pattern]
[--dereference] [--literal] [--quote-name] [--recursive]
[--sort={none,time,size,extension}]
[--format={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single-column}]
[--time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}] [--color[={yes,no,tty}]]
[--colour[={yes,no,tty}]] [--unix] [--help] [--version] [name...]
DDDEEESSSCCCRRRIIIPPPTTTIIIOOONNN
This manual page documents the GNU version of lllsss, with color extensions.
dddiiirrr and vvvdddiiirrr are versions of lllsss with different default output formats.
These programs list each given file or directory name. Directory
contents are sorted alphabetically. For lllsss, files are by default listed
in columns, sorted vertically, if the standard output is a terminal;
otherwise they are listed one per line. For dddiiirrr, files are by default
listed in columns, sorted vertically. For vvvdddiiirrr, files are by default
listed in long format.
OOOPPPTTTIIIOOONNNSSS
-_a, --_a_l_l
List all files in directories, including all files that start with
`.'.
-_b, --_e_s_c_a_p_e
Quote nongraphic characters in file names using alphabetic and octal
backslash sequences like those used in C.
-_c, --_t_i_m_e=_c_t_i_m_e, --_t_i_m_e=_s_t_a_t_u_s
Sort directory contents according to the files' status change time
instead of the modification time. If the long listing format is
being used, print the status change time instead of the modification
time.
-_d, --_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y
List directories like other files, rather than listing their
contents.
-_e, --_f_u_l_l-_t_i_m_e
List times in full, rather than using the standard abbreviation
heuristics.
-_f Do not sort directory contents; list them in whatever order they are
stored on the disk. The same as enabling -_a and -_U and disabling
-_l, -_o, -_s, and -_t.
-_g Ignored; for Unix compatibility.
GNU File Utilities 1
LS(1L) Unix Programmer's Manual LS(1L)
-_i, --_i_n_o_d_e
Print the index number of each file to the left of the file name.
-_k, --_k_i_l_o_b_y_t_e_s
If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilobytes. This
overrides the environment variable PPPOOOSSSIIIXXXLLLYYY___CCCOOORRRRRREEECCCTTT.
-_l, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_l_o_n_g, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_v_e_r_b_o_s_e
In addition to the name of each file, print the file type,
permissions, number of hard links, owner name, group name, size in
bytes, and timestamp (the modification time unless other times are
selected). For files with a time that is more than 6 months old or
more than 1 hour into the future, the timestamp contains the year
instead of the time of day.
-_m, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_c_o_m_m_a_s
List files horizontally, with as many as will fit on each line,
separated by commas.
-_n, --_n_u_m_e_r_i_c-_u_i_d-_g_i_d
List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names.
-_o, --_c_o_l_o_r, --_c_o_l_o_u_r, --_c_o_l_o_r=_y_e_s, --_c_o_l_o_u_r=_y_e_s
Colorize the names of files depending on the type of file. See
`DISPLAY COLORIZATION' below. Note that -_o unlike --_c_o_l_o_r is a
toggle.
-_p Append a character to each file name indicating the file type.
-_q, --_h_i_d_e-_c_o_n_t_r_o_l-_c_h_a_r_s
Print question marks instead of nongraphic characters in file names.
-_r, --_r_e_v_e_r_s_e
Sort directory contents in reverse order.
-_s, --_s_i_z_e
Print the size of each file in 1K blocks to the left of the file
name. If the environment variable PPPOOOSSSIIIXXXLLLYYY___CCCOOORRRRRREEECCCTTT is set, 512-byte
blocks are used instead.
-_t, --_s_o_r_t=_t_i_m_e
Sort directory contents by timestamp instead of alphabetically, with
the newest files listed first.
-_u, --_t_i_m_e=_a_t_i_m_e, --_t_i_m_e=_a_c_c_e_s_s, --_t_i_m_e=_u_s_e
Sort directory contents according to the files' last access time
instead of the modification time. If the long listing format is
being used, print the last access time instead of the modification
time.
-_x, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_a_c_r_o_s_s, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_h_o_r_i_z_o_n_t_a_l
List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.
-_A, --_a_l_m_o_s_t-_a_l_l
List all files in directories, except for `.' and `..'.
GNU File Utilities 2
LS(1L) Unix Programmer's Manual LS(1L)
-_B, --_i_g_n_o_r_e-_b_a_c_k_u_p_s
Do not list files that end with `~', unless they are given on the
command line.
-_C, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_v_e_r_t_i_c_a_l
List files in columns, sorted vertically.
-_F, --_c_l_a_s_s_i_f_y
Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. For
regular files that are executable, append a `*'. The file type
indicators are `/' for directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for
FIFOs, `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files.
-_G, --_n_o-_g_r_o_u_p
Inhibit display of group information in a long format directory
listing.
-_L, --_d_e_r_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e
List the files linked to by symbolic links instead of listing the
contents of the links.
-_N, --_l_i_t_e_r_a_l
Do not quote file names.
-_Q, --_q_u_o_t_e-_n_a_m_e
Enclose file names in double quotes and quote nongraphic characters
as in C.
-_R, --_r_e_c_u_r_s_i_v_e
List the contents of all directories recursively.
-_S, --_s_o_r_t=_s_i_z_e
Sort directory contents by file size instead of alphabetically, with
the largest files listed first.
-_U, --_s_o_r_t=_n_o_n_e
Do not sort directory contents; list them in whatever order they are
stored on the disk. This option is not called -_f because the Unix
lllsss -_f option also enables -_a and disables -_l, -_s, and -_t. It seems
useless and ugly to group those unrelated things together in one
option. Since this option doesn't do that, it has a different name.
-_X, --_s_o_r_t=_e_x_t_e_n_s_i_o_n
Sort directory contents alphabetically by file extension (characters
after the last `.'); files with no extension are sorted first.
-_1, --_f_o_r_m_a_t=_s_i_n_g_l_e-_c_o_l_u_m_n
List one file per line.
-_w, --_w_i_d_t_h _c_o_l_s
Assume the screen is _c_o_l_s columns wide. The default is taken from
the terminal driver if possible; otherwise the environment variable
CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMNNNSSS is used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.
GNU File Utilities 3
LS(1L) Unix Programmer's Manual LS(1L)
-_T, --_t_a_b_s_i_z_e _c_o_l_s
Assume that each tabstop is _c_o_l_s columns wide. The default is 8, or
whatever the TTTAAABBBSSSIIIZZZEEE environment variable says. Setting the tabsize
to 0 disables the use of tab characters completely.
-_I, --_i_g_n_o_r_e _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
Do not list files whose names match the shell pattern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n unless
they are given on the command line. As in the shell, an initial `.'
in a filename does not match a wildcard at the start of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.
--_c_o_l_o_r=_t_t_y, --_c_o_l_o_u_r=_t_t_y
Same as -_o but only if standard output is a terminal. This is very
useful for shell scripts and command aliases, especially if your
favorite pager does not support color control codes.
--_c_o_l_o_r=_n_o, --_c_o_l_o_u_r=_n_o
Disables colorization. This is the default. Provided to override a
previous color option.
--_h_e_l_p
Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
--_v_e_r_s_i_o_n
Print version information on standard output then exit successfully.
--_u_n_i_x
Print plain UNIX long format instead of OS/2 format.
DDDIIISSSPPPLLLAAAYYY CCCOOOLLLOOORRRIIIZZZAAATTTIIIOOONNN
When using the -_o or --_c_o_l_o_r options, this version of lllsss will colorize
the file names printed according to the name and type of file. By
default, this colorization is by type only, and the codes used are ISO
6429 (ANSI) compliant.
You can override the default colors by defining the environment variable
LLLSSS___CCCOOOLLLOOORRRSSS (or LLLSSS___CCCOOOLLLOOOUUURRRSSS). The format of this variable is reminicent of
the termcap(5) file format; a colon-separated list of expressions of the
form "xx=string", where "xx" is a two-character variable name. The
variables with their associated defaults are:
nnnooo 0 Normal (non-filename) text
fffiii 1 Regular file
dddiii 32;1 Directory
eeexxx 35;1 Executable file
sssyyy 31;1 System file
rrrooo 33;1 Read-only file
hhhiii 44;37;1 Hidden file
lllccc \e[ Left code
rrrccc m Right code
eeeccc (none) End code (replaces lc+no+rc)
You only need to include the variables you want to change from the
default.
GNU File Utilities 4
LS(1L) Unix Programmer's Manual LS(1L)
File names can also be colorized based on filename extension. This is
specified in the LS_COLORS variable using the syntax "*ext=string". For
example, using ISO 6429 codes, to color all C-language source files blue
you would specify "*.c=34". This would color all files ending in .c in
blue (34) color.
Control characters can be written either in C-style \-escaped notation,
or in sssttttttyyy-like ^-notation. The C-style notation adds \e for Escape, \_
for a normal space characer, and \? for Delete. In addition, the \
escape character can be used to override the default interpretation of \,
^, : and =.
Each file will be written as <lc> <color code> <rc> <filename> <ec>. If
the <ec> code is undefined, the sequence <lc> <no> <rc> will be used
instead. This is generally more convenient to use, but less general.
The left, right and end codes are provided so you don't have to type
common parts over and over again and to support weird terminals; you will
generally not need to change them at all unless your terminal does not
use ISO 6429 color sequences but a different system.
If your terminal does use ISO 6429 color codes, you can compose the type
codes (i.e. all except the lllccc, rrrccc, and eeeccc codes) from numerical commands
separated by semicolons. The most common commands are:
0 to restore default color
1 for brighter colors
4 for underlined text
5 for flashing text
30 for black foreground
31 for red foreground
32 for green foreground
33 for yellow (or brown) foreground
34 for blue foreground
35 for purple foreground
36 for cyan foreground
37 for white (or gray) foreground
40 for black background
41 for red background
42 for green background
43 for yellow (or brown) background
44 for blue background
45 for purple background
46 for cyan background
47 for white (or gray) background
Not all commands will work on all systems or display devices.
A few terminal programs do not recognize the default end code properly.
If all text gets colorized after you do a directory listing, try changing
the nnnooo and fffiii codes from 0 to the numerical codes for your standard fore-
and background colors.
GNU File Utilities 5
LS(1L) Unix Programmer's Manual LS(1L)
BBBUUUGGGSSS
On BSD systems, the -_s option reports sizes that are half the correct
values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-UX systems. On HP-UX
systems, it reports sizes that are twice the correct values for files
that are NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX;
it also affects the HP-UX lllsss program.
Character set selection should be more system independent.
Using the colorization options disables the use of the tab character for
column spacing unless the -_T option is used; apparently some systems do
not like tabs and color codes in conjunction.
If there was a single standard for the English language it would not be
necessary to support redundant spellings.
GNU File Utilities 6