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CTAGS(1) CTAGS(1) NAME ctags - Generate C language tag files for use with vi(1) SYNOPSIS ctags [ -aBdFnNsStTuwWx ] [ -f tagfile ] [ -h list ] [ -i types ] [ -I ignorelist ] [ -L listfile ] [ -o tagfile ] [ --help ] [ file(s) ] DESCRIPTION Ctags generates an index (or "tag") file of C language objects found in file(s) that allows these items to be quickly and easily located by a text editor or other util- ity. A "tag" signifies a C language object for which an index entry is available (or, alternatively, the index entry created for that object). Alternatively, ctags can generate a cross reference file which lists, in human readable form, information about the various objects found in a set of C language files. Tag index files are supported by the vi(1) editor and its derivatives (such as vim, elvis, stevie, and xvi) through the use of the ":ta" command, which locates the object associated with a name appearing in a source file and jumps to the file and line which defines the name. The following types of tags are supported by ctags: macro definitions (i.e. names created by #define) enumerated values (i.e. the values inside enum{...}) function definitions function prototypes or declarations (optional) class, enum, struct and union tags typedefs variables Ctags only generates tags for objects which have global scoping (file-wide visibility). This means that, with the exception of macro definitions, only objects defined out- side of brace enclosed function blocks are candidates for a tag. For every one of the qualified objects which are discovered in the source files supplied to ctags, a sepa- rate line is added to the tags file in the following for- mat: 1. tag name (a C language identifier) 2. a single tab character 3. the name of the file in which the object associ- ated with the tag is located 4. a single tab character 5. an Ex command to locate the tag within the file; generally either a search pattern (either /pat- tern/ or ?pattern?) or line number Note that, unless changed via -n or -N, line numbers are Darren Hiebert 5 October 1996 1 CTAGS(1) CTAGS(1) only used for tags from macro definitions, while patterns are used for all other tags. Note that the name of each source file will be recorded in the tag file exactly as it appears on the command line. Therefore, if the path you specified on the command line was relative to some directory, then it will be recorded in that same manner in the tag file. This version of ctags imposes no formatting requirements. Other versions of ctags tended to rely upon certain for- matting assumptions in order to help it resolve coding dilemmas caused by preprocessor conditionals. In general, ctags tries to be smart about conditional pre- processor directives. If a preprocessor conditional is encountered within a statement which defines a tag, ctags follows only the first branch of that conditional (except in the special case of "#if 0", in which case it follows only the last branch). The reason for this is that failing to pursue only one branch can result in ambiguous syntax, as in the following example: #ifdef TWO_ALTERNATIVES struct { #else union { #endif short a; long b; } Both branches cannot be followed, or braces become unbal- anced and ctags would be unable to make sense of the syn- tax. If the application of this heuristic fails to properly parse a file, generally due to complicated and inconsis- tent pairing within the conditionals, ctags will retry the file using a different heuristic which does not selec- tively follow conditional preprocessor branches, but instead falls back to relying upon a closing brace ("}") in column 1 as indicating the end of a block once any brace imbalance is detected within a #if conditional. Ctags will also try to specially handle arguments lists enclosed in double sets of parentheses in order to accept the following conditional construct: extern void foo __ARGS((int one, char two)); Any name immediately preceding the "((" will be automati- cally ignored and the previous name will be used. Darren Hiebert 5 October 1996 2 CTAGS(1) CTAGS(1) After creating or appending to the tag file, it is sorted by the tag name, removing identical tag lines. Note that the path recorded for filenames in the tag file and utilized by the editor to search for tags are identi- cal to the paths specified for file(s) on the command line. This means the if you want the paths for files to be relative to some directory, you must invoke ctags with the same pathnames for file(s). OPTIONS Note that spaces separating options from their parameters are optional. --help Prints to standard output a detailed usage descrip- tion. -a Append the tags to an existing tag file. -B Use backward searching patterns (?...?). -d Include macro definitions in the output file. This is equivalent to -i+d and is supported only for back- wards compatibility with other versions of ctags. Use of -i is preferred. -f tagfile Output tags to the specified file (default is "tags"). If tagfile is specified as "-", then the tag file is written to standard output instead. Ctags will stubbornly refuse to take orders if tagfile exists and its first line contains something other than a valid tags line. This will save your neck if you mistakenly type "ctags -o *.c", which would oth- erwise overwrite your first C file with the tags gen- erated by the rest! -F Use forward searching patterns (/.../) (default). -h list Specifies a list of file extensions used for headers, separated by either periods or commas. The default list is ".h.H.hpp.hxx.h++". -i types Specifies the list of tag types to include in the output file. Types is a group of letters designating the types of tags affected. Each letter or group of letters may be preceded by either a '+' sign (default, if omitted) to add it to those already included, a '-' sign to exclude it from the list (e.g. to exclude a default tag type), or an '=' sign to include its corresponding tag type at the Darren Hiebert 5 October 1996 3 CTAGS(1) CTAGS(1) exclusion of those not listed. The following tag types are supported: d macro definitions e enumerated values (values inside enum{...}) f function and method definitions g enum/struct/union tags (or new C++ types) p external function prototypes t typedefs v variable declarations In addition, the following two modifiers are accepted: P Prefix static tags (if included) in the tag file with the filename in which they appear, followed by a colon (Elvis style; not widely supported). S Include static tags (those not visible outside of a single source file). Function and vari- able definitions are considered static only when their definitions are preceded with the "static" keyword. All other types of tags are considered static when they appear in a non- header file (see the -h option). The default value of list is "=defgtvS" (i.e all tag types except for function prototypes; include static tags but do not prefix them). -I ignorelist Reads a list of names which are to be ignored while generating tags for the source files. The list may be supplied directly on the command line or found in a separate file. Normally, the parameter ignorelist is a list of names to be ignored, each separated with a comma, a semicolon, or white space (in which case the list should be quoted to keep the entire list as one command line argument). The parameter ignorelist will be interpreted as a filename if its first character is given as either a '.' or a pathname separator ('/' or '\'). In order to specify a file found in the cur- rent directory, use "./filename". This feature is useful when preprocessor macros are used in such a way that they cause syntactic confu- sion due to their presence. Some examples will illus- trate this point. /* creates a global version string in module */ MODULE_VERSION("$Revision: 1.25 $") In this example, the macro invocation looks to much like a function definition because it is not followed by a semicolon (indeed, it could even be followed by a global variable definition that would look exactly like a K&R style function parameter declaration). In fact, this seeming function definition would likely Darren Hiebert 5 October 1996 4 CTAGS(1) CTAGS(1) cause the rest of the file to be skipped over while trying to complete the definition. Ignoring "MOD- ULE_ID" would avoid such a problem. int foo ARGDECL2(void *, ptr, long int, nbytes) In this example, the macro "ARGDECL2" would be mis- takenly interpreted to be the name of the function instead of the correct name of "foo". Ignoring the name "ARGDECL2" results in the correct behavior. -L listfile Read from listfile a list of file names for which tags should be generated. If listfile is specified as "-", then file names are read from standard input. -n Places into the tag file line numbers in the source file where tags are located rather than patterns to be searched for. This has three advantages: 1. Significantly reduces the size of the resulting tag file. 2. Eliminates failures to find tags because the line defining the tag has changed, causing the pattern match to fail (note that some editors, such as vim, are able to recover in many such instances). 3. Eliminates finding identical matching, but incor- rect, source lines (see BUGS, below). However, this option has one significant drawback: changes to the source files can cause the line num- bers recorded in the tag file to no longer correspond to the lines in the source file, causing jumps to some tags to miss the target definition by one or more lines. Basically, this option is best used when the source code to which it is applied is not subject to change. See also the -N option. Selecting this option causes the following options to be ignored: -F, -B and -N. -N Uses search patterns for all tags, rather than the line numbers usually used for macro definitions. This has the advantage of not referencing obsolete line numbers when lines have been added or removed since the tag file was generated. See also the -n option. Selecting this option causes the following options to be ignored: -F, -B and -n. -o tagfile Alternative for -f. -s Include static tags in the output file, each prefixed with the name of the file in which it appears fol- lowed by a colon. This is equivalent to -i+SP and is supported only for backwards compatibility with other versions of ctags. Use of -i is preferred. Darren Hiebert 5 October 1996 5 CTAGS(1) CTAGS(1) -S Include static tags in the output file, but do not prefix them, thereby making them appear the same as global tags. This is equivalent to -i+S-P and is sup- ported only for backwards compatibility with other versions of ctags. Use of -i is preferred. -t Include typedefs in the output file. This is equiva- lent to -i+t and is supported only for backwards com- patibility with other versions of ctags. Use of -i is preferred. -T Include typedefs and class/enum/struct/union tags in the output file. This is equivalent to -i+tg and is supported only for backwards compatibility with other versions of ctags. Use of -i is preferred. -u Unsorted; do not sort the tags. Please note that this disables the warning messages normally enabled by -W, because sorted tags are used to detect duplicate tags. Note also that vi(1) requires sorted tags. -w Exclude warnings about duplicate tags (default). -W Generate warnings about duplicate tags. -x Print a tabular, human-readable cross reference (xref) file to standard output. The information con- tained in the output includes: the tag name; the tag type; the line number, file name, and source line (with extra white space condensed) of the file which defines the tag. No tag file is written and the fol- lowing options will be ignored: -a, -f, -i+P, -n, -o, -B and -F. Example applications for this feature are generating a listing of all functions (including statics) located in a source file (e.g. ctags -xi=fS file), or generating a list of all externally visible global variables located in a source file (e.g. ctags -xi=v file). ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES CTAGS If found, this variable will be assumed to contain a set of custom default options which are read when ctags starts, but before any command line options are read. Options in this variable should be in the same form as those on the command line. Command line options will override options speci- fied in this variable. Only options may be speci- fied with this variable; no source file names are read from its value. HOW TO USE WITH VI Vi will, by default, expect a tag file by the name "tags" in the current directory. Once the tag file is build, the following vi commands take exercise the tag indexing Darren Hiebert 5 October 1996 6 CTAGS(1) CTAGS(1) feature: vi -t tag Start vi and position the cursor at the file and line where "tag" is defined. Control-] Find the tag under the cursor. :ta tag Find a tag. Control-T Return to previous location before jump to tag (not widely implemented). BUGS Support for C++ features is quite limited. Because ctags does not look inside brace enclosed function blocks, local declarations of class/enum/struct/union tags and enumeration values within a function will not have tags generated for them. Note that because ctags generates search patterns for non- macro tags, it is entirely possible that the wrong line may be found by your editor if there exists another, iden- tical, line (whose context prevents it from generating a tag) which is identical to the line containing the tag. The following example demonstrates this condition: int variable; /* ... */ void foo(variable) int variable; { /* ... */ } Depending upon which editor you use and where in the code you happen to be, it is possible that the search pattern may locate the local parameter declaration in foo() before it finds the actual global variable definition, since the lines (and therefore their search patterns are identical). This can be avoided by use of the -n option. Because ctags is neither a preprocessor nor a compiler, some complex or obscure constructs can fool ctags into either missing a tag or improperly generating an inappro- priate tag. In particular, the use of preprocessor con- structs which alter the textual syntax of C can fool ctags, as demonstrated by the following example: #ifdef GLOBAL #define EXTERN #define INIT(assign) assign #else Darren Hiebert 5 October 1996 7 CTAGS(1) CTAGS(1) #define EXTERN extern #define INIT(assign) #endif EXTERN BUF *firstbuf INIT(= NULL); This looks too much like a declaration for a function called "INIT", which returns a pointer to a typedef "firstbuf", rather than the actual variable definition that it is, since this distinction can only be resolved by the preprocessor. The moral of the story: don't do this if you want a tag generated for it, or use the -I option to specify "INIT" as a keyword to be ignored. FILES tags The default tag file created by ctags. SEE ALSO The official Exuberant Ctags web site at: http://fly.hiwaay.net/~darren/ctags.html Also ex(1), vi(1), elvis, or, better yet, vim, the offi- cial editor of ctags. For more information on vim, see the VIM Pages web site at: http://www.math.fu-berlin.de/~guckes/vim/ AUTHOR Darren Hiebert, (darren@sirsi.com, darren@hiwaay.net, http://fly.hiwaay.net/~darren) MOTIVATION "Think ye at all times of rendering some service to every member of the human race." "All effort and exertion put forth by man from the full- ness of his heart is worship, if it is prompted by the highest motives and the will to do service to humanity." -- From the Baha'i Writings CREDITS This version of ctags is derived from and inspired by the ctags program by Steve Kirkendall (kirkenda@cs.pdx.edu) that comes with the Elvis vi clone (though almost none of the original code remains). Credit is also due Bram Moolenaar, the author of vim, who has devoted so much of his time and energy both to devel- oping the editor as a service to others, and to helping the orphans of Uganda. Darren Hiebert 5 October 1996 8