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1991-06-18
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BASICS OF MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
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The characteristics of an organism are determined by pairs of genes known as
ALLELES. There are alternative versions of the genes in most pairs,eg in the
case of the trait,hair colour,there may be genes for brown hair and genes for
blond hair.
When both genes of a pair are identical the organism is said to be
HOMOZYGOUS for that pair.
When the genes of a pair are different the organism is said to be
HETEROZYGOUS for that pair.
Usually, when two different genes are present in a pair, one of them masks
the effect of the other. The gene which is masked is said to be RECESSIVE
and the masking gene is said to be DOMINANT. In some cases neither gene is
dominant to the other and the effect is intermediate. This is known as
co-dominance.
The characteristics displayed by an organism is called the PHENOTYPE.
The genetic constitution of the organism is called the GENOTYPE.
When organisms reproduce,the eggs and sperms only carry one gene from each
pair, so that following fertilization the offspring inherit one gene from
each parent.
The genes are located on structure called chromosomes (found in the nucleus
of cells). The chromosomes usually occur in pairs (Homologous pairs) and the
pairs of genes will be located one on each of a pair of chromosomes (at the
same relative position). As there are many more genes than there are
chromosomes genes for certain traits will be on the same chromosome and tend
to be inherited together. These genes are said to be LINKED.
One of the pairs of chromosomes are called the sex chromosomes. In the female
these are similar and referred to as X chromosomes. In males one of the
chromosomes is smaller and termed the Y chromosome. (ie females=XX males XY) The Y chromosome lacks many genes which are on the X chromosome so that a
male will only have one member of such gene pairs. The males thus always
exhibit the characteristics determined by these gene as there is no
partnering gene to dominate them.These genes which are only present on the X
chromosome are said to be SEX LINKED.
Examples of Crosses:
In garden peas there is a pair of genes controling height. The gene for tall
is dominant to the gene for dwarf.
Let the capital letter 'T' represent the gene for tall
Let the small letter 't' represent the gene for dwarf
Pure breeding plants will be homozygous ie TT (Tall) or tt (Dwarf)
Consider crossing a pure breeding tall with a pure breeding dwarf
Tall Dwarf
P1 TT x tt
| |
Gametes T T (sex cell only carry one gene of a pair)
\ /
F1 Tt (All offspring are tall but carry gene 't')
Now interbreed the F1 generation
Tall Tall
F1 Tt x Tt
/\ /\
Gametes T t T t (Half the sex cells carry gene for
tall half gene for dwarf)
Fusion of sex cells (FERTILIZATION) occurs randomly ie.
Male gametes
T t
Female T TT Tt
F2 gametes t Tt tt
Three quarters ot the offspring are tall and one quarter dwarf 3:1 ratio.
However, of the tall individuals, only one third will breed true 'TT', the
others are similar to their parents 'Tt'.
N.B The ratios are due to probability and will not always be exact.
If these genes for size were co-dominant then the 'Tt' individuals would be
medium height and the offspring ratio 1 Tall: 2 Medium: 1 Dwarf.
What will happen if you cross 'Tt'Tall with a dwarf(tt)?
Example of sex linkage:
Haemophilia in humans is sex linked and the condition is recessive.
Let H=Gene for normal blood clotting
Let h=Gene for haemophilia
Consider a haemophilic woman (rare) and a normal man
h h H
P1 X X x X Y (N.B No gene on Y chromosome)
| / \
h h H
Gametes X X X Y
| \ / | H h h
F1 X X X Y
Female Male
Normal Haemophilic
Find which traits in the program are sex linked and investigate the result
of other crosses.
For information on what happens when you are investigating 2 pairs of genes
at the same time and the effect of autosomal linkage you will need to consult
a text book as it would take up too much space here.
The chi-squared test determines the probability that any deviation from an
expected ratio is due to chance alone.
The significance level is usually taken at 0.05 (5%) but for greater
certainty it may be decreased to 0.01 (1%). This means that a probability
over 0.05 indicates that the deviation from the expected could be due to
chance alone whereas with a probability below 0.05 the deviation would only
be due to chance 1 in every 20 occurrences, ie the deviation from the expected
is significant.