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- .SH
- B. Hardware
- .PP
- The
- 7th edition
- .UC UNIX
- operating system
- runs on
- a DEC PDP-11/45 or 11/70*
- .FS
- *PDP is a Trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.
- .FE
- with at least the following equipment:
- .IP
- 128K to 2M words of managed memory; parity not used.
- .IP
- disk: RP03, RP04, RP06, RK05 (more than 1 RK05) or equivalent.
- .IP
- console typewriter.
- .IP
- clock: KW11-L or KW11-P.
- .LP
- The following equipment is strongly recommended:
- .IP
- communications controller such as DL11 or DH11.
- .IP
- full duplex 96-character ASCII terminals.
- .IP
- 9-track tape or extra disk for system backup.
- .LP
- The system is normally distributed on 9-track tape.
- The minimum memory and disk space specified is enough to run
- and maintain
- .UC UNIX .
- More will be needed to keep all source on line, or to handle
- a large number of users,
- big data bases, diversified complements of devices, or large
- programs.
- The resident code
- occupies 12-20K words depending
- on configuration;
- system data occupies 10-28K words.
- .PP
- There is no commitment to provide 7th edition
- .UC UNIX
- on PDP-11/34, 11/40 and 11/60 hardware.
- .SH
- C. Software
- .PP
- Most of the programs available as
- .UC UNIX
- commands are listed.
- Source code and printed manuals are
- distributed for all of the listed software
- except games.
- Almost all of the code is written in C.
- Commands are self-contained and do not require extra setup
- information,
- unless specifically noted as ``interactive.''
- Interactive programs can be made to run from a prepared script
- simply by redirecting input.
- Most programs intended for interactive use
- (e.g., the editor)
- allow for an escape to
- command level (the Shell).
- Most file processing commands
- can also go from standard input to standard output
- (``filters'').
- The piping facility of the Shell may be used
- to connect such filters directly to the input or output
- of other programs.
- .NH
- Basic Software
- .PP
- This
- includes the time-sharing operating
- system with utilities, a machine language assembler and a
- compiler for the programming language C\(emenough
- software to
- write and run new applications
- and to maintain or modify
- .UC UNIX
- itself.
- .NH 2
- Operating System
- .sh UNIX
- The basic resident code
- on which everything else depends.
- Supports the system calls, and maintains the file system.
- A general description of
- .UC UNIX
- design
- philosophy and system facilities appeared in
- the Communications of the ACM, July, 1974.
- A more extensive survey is in the Bell System Technical Journal
- for July-August 1978.
- Capabilities include:
- .op
- Reentrant code for user processes.
- .op
- Separate instruction and data spaces.
- .op
- ``Group'' access permissions for cooperative projects,
- with overlapping memberships.
- .op
- Alarm-clock timeouts.
- .op
- Timer-interrupt sampling and interprocess monitoring
- for debugging and measurement.
- .OP
- Multiplexed I/O for machine-to-machine communication.
- .sh DEVICES
- All I/O is logically synchronous.
- I/O devices are simply files in the file system.
- Normally, invisible buffering makes all physical
- record structure and device characteristics transparent and exploits the
- hardware's ability to do overlapped I/O.
- Unbuffered physical record
- I/O is available for unusual applications.
- Drivers for these devices are
- available; others can be easily written:
- .op
- Asynchronous interfaces: DH11, DL11.
- Support for most common ASCII terminals.
- .op
- Synchronous interface: DP11.
- .op
- Automatic calling unit interface: DN11.
- .op
- Line printer: LP11.
- .op
- Magnetic tape: TU10 and TU16.
- .op
- DECtape: TC11.
- .op
- Fixed head disk: RS11, RS03 and RS04.
- .op
- Pack type disk: RP03, RP04, RP06;
- minimum-latency seek scheduling.
- .op
- Cartridge-type disk: RK05, one or more physical devices per
- logical device.
- .op
- Null device.
- .op
- Physical memory of PDP-11, or mapped memory in resident system.
- .op
- Phototypesetter: Graphic Systems System/1 through DR11C.
- .sh BOOT
- Procedures to get
- .UC UNIX
- started.
- .sh MKCONF
- Tailor device-dependent system code to hardware configuration.
- As distributed,
- .UC UNIX
- can
- be brought up directly on any acceptable CPU
- with any acceptable disk, any sufficient amount of core,
- and either clock.
- Other changes, such as optimal
- assignment of directories to devices, inclusion of floating
- point simulator, or installation of device names in file system,
- can then be made at leisure.
- .NH 2
- User Access Control
- .LP
- .sh LOGIN
- Sign on as a new user.
- .op
- Verify password and establish user's
- individual and group (project) identity.
- .op
- Adapt to characteristics of terminal.
- .op
- Establish working directory.
- .op
- Announce presence of mail (from MAIL).
- .op
- Publish message of the day.
- .op
- Execute user-specified profile.
- .op
- Start command interpreter or other initial program.
- .sh PASSWD
- Change a password.
- .op
- User can change his own password.
- .op
- Passwords are kept encrypted for security.
- .sh NEWGRP
- Change working group (project).
- Protects against unauthorized changes to projects.
- .NH 2
- Terminal Handling
- .LP
- .sh TABS
- Set tab stops appropriately for specified terminal type.
- .sh STTY
- Set up options for optimal control of a terminal.
- In so far as they are deducible from the input, these
- options are set automatically by LOGIN.
- .op
- Half vs. full duplex.
- .op
- Carriage return+line feed vs. newline.
- .op
- Interpretation of tabs.
- .op
- Parity.
- .op
- Mapping of upper case to lower.
- .op
- Raw vs. edited input.
- .op
- Delays for tabs, newlines and carriage returns.
- .NH 2
- File Manipulation
- .LP
- .sh CAT
- Concatenate one or more files onto standard output.
- Particularly used for unadorned printing, for
- inserting data into a pipeline,
- and for buffering output that comes in dribs and drabs.
- Works on any file regardless of contents.
- .sh CP
- Copy one file to another,
- or a set of files to a directory.
- Works on any file regardless of contents.
- .sh PR
- Print files with title, date, and page number on every page.
- .op
- Multicolumn output.
- .op
- Parallel column merge of several files.
- .sh LPR
- Off-line print.
- Spools arbitrary files to the line printer.
- .sh CMP
- Compare two files and report if different.
- .sh TAIL
- Print last
- .I n
- lines of input
- .op
- May print last
- .I n
- characters, or from
- .I n
- lines or characters to end.
- .sh SPLIT
- Split a large file into more manageable pieces.
- Occasionally necessary for editing (ED).
- .sh DD
- Physical file format translator,
- for exchanging data with foreign
- systems, especially IBM 370's.
- .sh SUM
- Sum the words of a file.
- .NH 2
- Manipulation of Directories and File Names
- .LP
- .sh RM
- Remove a file.
- Only the name goes away if any other names are linked to the file.
- .OP
- Step through a directory deleting files interactively.
- .OP
- Delete entire directory hierarchies.
- .sh LN
- ``Link'' another name (alias) to an existing file.
- .sh MV
- Move a file or files.
- Used for renaming files.
- .sh CHMOD
- Change permissions on one or more files.
- Executable by files' owner.
- .sh CHOWN
- Change owner of one or more files.
- .sh CHGRP
- Change group (project) to which a file belongs.
- .sh MKDIR
- Make a new directory.
- .sh RMDIR
- Remove a directory.
- .sh CD
- Change working directory.
- .sh FIND
- Prowl the directory
- hierarchy finding
- every file that meets
- specified criteria.
- .op
- Criteria include:
- .in +2
- .nf
- name matches a given pattern,
- creation date in given range,
- date of last use in given range,
- given permissions,
- given owner,
- given special file characteristics,
- boolean combinations of above.
- .in -2
- .fi
- .op
- Any directory may be considered to be the root.
- .op
- Perform specified command on each file found.
- .NH 2
- Running of Programs
- .LP
- .sh SH
- The Shell, or command language interpreter.
- .op
- Supply arguments to and run any executable program.
- .op
- Redirect standard input, standard output, and standard error files.
- .op
- Pipes:
- simultaneous execution with output of one process connected
- to the input of another.
- .OP
- Compose compound commands using:
- .in+2
- if ... then ... else,
- .br
- case switches,
- .br
- while loops,
- .br
- for loops over lists,
- .br
- break, continue and exit,
- .br
- parentheses for grouping.
- .in -2
- .op
- Initiate background processes.
- .op
- Perform Shell programs, i.e., command scripts with
- substitutable arguments.
- .op
- Construct argument lists from all file names
- satisfying specified patterns.
- .OP
- Take special action on traps and interrupts.
- .OP
- User-settable search path for finding commands.
- .OP
- Executes user-settable profile upon login.
- .OP
- Optionally announces presence of mail as it arrives.
- .op
- Provides variables and parameters with default setting.
- .sh TEST
- Tests for use in Shell conditionals.
- .op
- String comparison.
- .op
- File nature and accessibility.
- .op
- Boolean combinations of the above.
- .sh EXPR
- String computations for calculating command arguments.
- .OP
- Integer arithmetic
- .OP
- Pattern matching
- .sh WAIT
- Wait for termination of asynchronously running processes.
- .sh READ
- Read a line from terminal,
- for interactive Shell procedure.
- .sh ECHO
- Print remainder of command line.
- Useful for diagnostics or prompts in Shell programs,
- or for inserting data into a pipeline.
- .sh SLEEP
- Suspend execution for a specified time.
- .sh NOHUP
- Run a command immune to hanging up the terminal.
- .sh NICE
- Run a command in low (or high) priority.
- .sh KILL
- Terminate named processes.
- .sh CRON
- Schedule regular actions at specified times.
- .op
- Actions are arbitrary programs.
- .op
- Times are
- conjunctions of month, day of month, day of week, hour
- and minute.
- Ranges are specifiable for each.
- .sh AT
- Schedule a one-shot action for an arbitrary time.
- .sh TEE
- Pass data between processes and divert a copy into one or more files.
- .NH 2
- Status Inquiries
- .LP
- .sh LS
- List the names of one, several, or all files in one or more directories.
- .op
- Alphabetic or temporal sorting, up or down.
- .op
- Optional information:
- size,
- owner,
- group,
- date last modified,
- date last accessed,
- permissions,
- i-node number.
- .sh FILE
- Try to determine
- what kind of information is in a file by consulting
- the file system index and by reading the file itself.
- .sh DATE
- Print today's date and time.
- Has considerable knowledge
- of calendric and horological peculiarities.
- .op
- May set
- .UC UNIX 's
- idea of date and time.
- .sh DF
- Report amount of free space on file system devices.
- .sh DU
- Print a summary of total space occupied by all files in a hierarchy.
- .sh QUOT
- Print summary of file space usage by user id.
- .sh WHO
- Tell who's on the system.
- .op
- List of presently logged in users,
- ports and times on.
- .op
- Optional history of all logins and logouts.
- .sh PS
- Report on active processes.
- .op
- List your own or everybody's processes.
- .op
- Tell what commands are being executed.
- .op
- Optional status information:
- state and scheduling info,
- priority,
- attached terminal,
- what it's waiting for,
- size.
- .sh IOSTAT
- Print statistics about system I/O activity.
- .sh TTY
- Print name of your terminal.
- .sh PWD
- Print name of your working directory.
- .NH 2
- Backup and Maintenance
- .LP
- .sh MOUNT
- Attach a device containing
- a file system to
- the tree of directories.
- Protects against nonsense arrangements.
- .sh UMOUNT
- Remove the file system contained on a device
- from the tree of directories.
- Protects against removing a busy device.
- .sh MKFS
- Make a new file system on a device.
- .sh MKNOD
- Make an i-node (file system entry) for a special file.
- Special files are
- physical devices,
- virtual devices, physical memory, etc.
- .sh TP
- .sh TAR
- Manage file archives on magnetic tape or DECtape.
- TAR is newer.
- .op
- Collect files into an archive.
- .op
- Update DECtape archive by date.
- .op
- Replace or delete DECtape files.
- .op
- Print table of contents.
- .op
- Retrieve from archive.
- .sh DUMP
- Dump the file system
- stored on a specified device, selectively by date, or indiscriminately.
- .sh RESTOR
- Restore a dumped file system,
- or selectively retrieve parts thereof.
- .sh SU
- Temporarily become the super user with all the rights and privileges
- thereof.
- Requires a password.
- .sh DCHECK
- .sh ICHECK
- .sh NCHECK
- Check consistency of file system.
- .op
- Print gross statistics:
- number of files,
- number of directories,
- number of special files,
- space used,
- space free.
- .op
- Report duplicate use of space.
- .op
- Retrieve lost space.
- .op
- Report inaccessible files.
- .op
- Check consistency of directories.
- .op
- List names of all files.
- .sh CLRI
- Peremptorily expunge a file and its space from a file system.
- Used to repair damaged file systems.
- .sh SYNC
- Force all outstanding I/O on the system to completion.
- Used to shut down gracefully.
- .NH 2
- Accounting
- .LP
- The timing information on which the reports are based can be
- manually cleared or shut off completely.
- .sh AC
- Publish cumulative connect time report.
- .op
- Connect time by user or by day.
- .op
- For all users or for selected users.
- .sh SA
- Publish Shell accounting
- report.
- Gives usage information on each command executed.
- .op
- Number of times used.
- .op
- Total system time, user time and elapsed time.
- .op
- Optional averages and percentages.
- .op
- Sorting on various fields.
- .NH 2
- Communication
- .LP
- .sh MAIL
- Mail a message to one or more users.
- Also used to read and dispose of incoming mail.
- The presence of mail is announced by LOGIN
- and optionally by SH.
- .op
- Each message can be disposed of individually.
- .op
- Messages can be saved in files or forwarded.
- .sh CALENDAR
- Automatic reminder service for events of today and tomorrow.
- .sh WRITE
- Establish direct terminal communication with another user.
- .sh WALL
- Write to all users.
- .sh MESG
- Inhibit receipt of messages from WRITE and WALL.
- .sh CU
- Call up another time-sharing system.
- .OP
- Transparent interface to remote machine.
- .OP
- File transmission.
- .OP
- Take remote input from local file or put remote output
- into local file.
- .OP
- Remote system need not be
- .UC UNIX .
- .sh UUCP
- .UC UNIX
- to
- .UC UNIX
- copy.
- .OP
- Automatic queuing until line becomes available
- and remote machine is up.
- .OP
- Copy between two remote machines.
- .op
- Differences, mail, etc., between two machines.
- .NH 2
- Basic Program Development Tools
- .LP
- Some of these utilities are used as integral parts of
- the higher level languages described in section 2.
- .sh AR
- Maintain archives and libraries.
- Combines several files into one for housekeeping efficiency.
- .op
- Create new archive.
- .op
- Update archive by date.
- .op
- Replace or delete files.
- .op
- Print table of contents.
- .op
- Retrieve from archive.
- .sh AS
- Assembler.
- Similar to PAL-11, but different in detail.
- .op
- Creates object program consisting of
- .in+2
- .nf
- code, possibly read-only,
- initialized data or read-write code,
- uninitialized data.
- .in -2
- .fi
- .op
- Relocatable object code is directly executable without
- further transformation.
- .op
- Object code normally includes a symbol table.
- .op
- Multiple source files.
- .op
- Local labels.
- .op
- Conditional assembly.
- .op
- ``Conditional jump'' instructions become
- branches or branches plus jumps depending on distance.
- .sh Library
- The basic run-time library.
- These routines are used freely by all software.
- .op
- Buffered character-by-character I/O.
- .op
- Formatted input and output conversion (SCANF and PRINTF)
- for standard input and output, files, in-memory conversion.
- .op
- Storage allocator.
- .op
- Time conversions.
- .op
- Number conversions.
- .op
- Password encryption.
- .op
- Quicksort.
- .op
- Random number generator.
- .op
- Mathematical function library, including
- trigonometric functions and inverses,
- exponential, logarithm, square root,
- bessel functions.
- .sh ADB
- Interactive debugger.
- .op
- Postmortem dumping.
- .OP
- Examination of arbitrary files, with no limit on size.
- .op
- Interactive breakpoint debugging with the debugger as a separate
- process.
- .OP
- Symbolic reference to local and global variables.
- .op
- Stack trace for C programs.
- .OP
- Output formats:
- .in+2
- .nf
- 1-, 2-, or 4-byte integers in octal, decimal, or hex
- .br
- single and double floating point
- .br
- character and string
- .br
- disassembled machine instructions
- .br
- .fi
- .in-2
- .op
- Patching.
- .OP
- Searching for integer, character, or floating patterns.
- .OP
- Handles separated instruction and data space.
- .sh OD
- Dump any file.
- Output options include any combination of
- octal or decimal by words,
- octal by bytes,
- ASCII,
- opcodes,
- hexadecimal.
- .op
- Range of dumping is controllable.
- .sh LD
- Link edit.
- Combine relocatable object files.
- Insert required routines from specified libraries.
- .op
- Resulting code may be sharable.
- .op
- Resulting code may have separate instruction and data spaces.
- .sh LORDER
- Places object file names in proper order for loading,
- so that files depending on others come after them.
- .sh NM
- Print the namelist (symbol table) of an object program.
- Provides control over the style and order of
- names that are printed.
- .sh SIZE
- Report the core requirements
- of one or more object files.
- .sh STRIP
- Remove the relocation and symbol table information from
- an object file to save space.
- .sh TIME
- Run a command and report timing information on it.
- .sh PROF
- Construct a profile of time spent per routine
- from statistics gathered by time-sampling the
- execution of a program.
- Uses floating point.
- .op
- Subroutine call frequency and average times for C programs.
- .sh MAKE
- Controls creation of large programs.
- Uses a control file specifying source file dependencies
- to make new version;
- uses time last changed to deduce minimum amount of work necessary.
- .op
- Knows about CC, YACC, LEX, etc.
- .NH 2
- UNIX Programmer's Manual
- .LP
- .sh Manual
- Machine-readable version of the
- .UC UNIX
- Programmer's Manual.
- .op
- System overview.
- .op
- All commands.
- .op
- All system calls.
- .op
- All subroutines in C and assembler libraries.
- .op
- All devices and other special files.
- .op
- Formats of file system and kinds
- of files known to system software.
- .op
- Boot and maintenance procedures.
- .sh MAN
- Print specified manual section on your terminal.
- .NH 2
- Computer-Aided Instruction
- .LP
- .sh LEARN
- A program for interpreting CAI scripts, plus scripts
- for learning about
- .UC UNIX
- by using it.
- .op
- Scripts for basic files and commands,
- editor,
- advanced files and commands,
- .UC EQN ,
- .UC MS
- macros,
- C programming language.
-