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- .th LS I 3/20/74
- .sh NAME
- ls \*- list contents of directory
- .sh SYNOPSIS
- .bd ls
- [
- .bd \*-ltasdruifg
- ] name ...
- .sh DESCRIPTION
- For each directory argument,
- .it ls
- lists the contents of the directory;
- for each file argument,
- .it ls
- repeats its name and any other information requested.
- The output is sorted alphabetically by default.
- When no argument is given, the current directory is listed.
- When several arguments are given,
- the arguments are first sorted appropriately,
- but file arguments appear
- before directories and their contents.
- There are several options:
- .s3
- .lp +4 4
- \fB\*-l\fR list in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner,
- size in bytes, and time of last modification
- for each file.
- (See below.)
- If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain
- the major and minor device numbers.
- .s3
- .lp +4 4
- \fB\*-t\fR sort by time modified (latest first) instead of
- by name, as is normal
- .s3
- .lp +4 4
- \fB\*-a\fR list all entries; usually those beginning with `\fB.\fR' are
- suppressed
- .s3
- .lp +4 4
- \fB\*-s\fR give size in blocks for each entry
- .s3
- .lp +4 4
- \fB\*-d\fR if argument is a directory, list only its name, not
- its contents (mostly used with
- .bd \*-l
- to get status
- on directory)
- .s3
- .lp +4 4
- \fB\*-r\fR reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic
- or oldest first as appropriate
- .s3
- .lp +4 4
- \fB\*-u\fR use time of last access instead of last
- modification for sorting (\fB\*-t\fR) or printing
- (\fB\*-l\fR)
- .s3
- .lp +4 4
- \fB\*-i\fR print i-number in first column
- of the report for each file listed
- .s3
- .lp +4 4
- \fB\*-f\fR force each argument to be interpreted as a directory
- and list the name found in each slot.
- This option turns off
- .bd "\*-l, \*-t, \*-s,"
- and
- .bd \*-r,
- and
- turns on
- .bd \*-a;
- the order is the order in which entries
- appear in the directory.
- .s3
- .lp +4 4
- \fB\-g\fR Give group ID instead of owner ID in long listing.
- .s3
- .i0
- The mode printed under the
- .bd \*-l
- option contains 11 characters
- which are interpreted
- as follows:
- the first character is
- .s3
- .lp +3 3
- \fBd\fR if the entry is a directory;
- .lp +3 3
- \fBb\fR if the entry is a block-type special file;
- .lp +3 3
- \fBc\fR if the entry is a character-type special file;
- .lp +3 3
- \fB\*-\fR if the entry is a plain file.
- .s3
- .i0
- The next 9 characters are interpreted
- as three sets of three bits each.
- The first set refers to owner permissions;
- the next to permissions to others in the same user-group;
- and the last to all others.
- Within each set the three characters indicate
- permission respectively to read, to write, or to
- execute the file as a program.
- For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted
- to mean permission to search the directory
- for a specified file.
- The permissions are indicated as follows:
- .s3
- .lp +3 3
- \fBr\fR if the file is readable
- .lp +3 3
- \fBw\fR if the file is writable
- .lp +3 3
- \fBx\fR if the file is executable
- .lp +3 3
- \fB\*-\fR if the indicated permission is not granted
- .s3
- .i0
- The group-execute permission character is given
- as
- .bd s
- if the file has set-group-ID mode;
- likewise the user-execute permission character is given
- as
- .bd s
- if the file has set-user-ID mode.
- .s3
- The last character of the mode is normally blank but is printed as
- ``t'' if the 1000 bit of the mode is on.
- See
- .it "chmod (I)"
- for the current meaning of this mode.
- .sh FILES
- /etc/passwd to get user ID's for
- \fBls \*-l\fR.
- .sh BUGS
-