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- .h0 "\na.\n+b User Access Control"
- .sh LOGIN
- Sign on as a new user.
- .op
- Verify password and establish user's
- individual and group (project) identity.
- .op
- Adapt to characteristics of terminal.
- .op
- Establish working directory.
- .op
- Announce presence of mail (from MAIL).
- .op
- Publish message of the day.
- .op
- Start command interpreter or other initial program.
- .sh PASSWD
- Change a password.
- .op
- User can change his own password.
- .op
- Passwords are kept encrypted for better security.
- .sh NEWGRP
- Change working group (project).
- Protects against changes to unauthorized projects.
- .h0 "\na.\n+b File Manipulation"
- .sh CAT
- Concatenate one or more files onto standard output.
- Particularly used for unadorned printing, for
- inserting data into a pipeline,
- and for buffering output that comes in dribs and drabs.
- .op
- Usable as filter.
- .sh CP
- Copy one file to another.
- Works on any file without distinction as to contents.
- .sh PR
- Print files with title, date, and page number on every page.
- .op
- Multicolumn output.
- .op
- Parallel column merge of several files.
- .op
- Usable as a filter.
- .sh OPR
- Off line print.
- Spools arbitrary files to the line printer.
- .op
- Usable as a filter.
- .sh SPLIT
- Split a large file into more manageable pieces.
- Is occasionally necessary for editing (ED).
- ..
- .sh ED
- Interactive context editor.
- Can work on single lines, blocks of lines, or all pattern-selected
- lines in a given range.
- .op
- Finds lines by number or pattern.
- .op
- Random access to lines.
- .op
- Add, delete, change, copy or move lines.
- .op
- Permute or split contents of a line.
- .op
- Replace one or all instances of a pattern within a line.
- .op
- Combine or split files.
- .op
- Escape to Shell (U\s8NIX\s10 command language) during editing.
- .ne3
- .op
- Patterns may include:
- .in +2
- specified characters,
- .br
- don't care characters,
- .br
- choices among characters,
- .br
- repetitions of above,
- .br
- beginning of line,
- .br
- end of line.
- .in -2
- .op
- All operations may be done globally on
- every pattern-selected line in a given range.
- .sh Manual
- Introductory manual for ED.
- .sh DD
- Physical file format translator,
- for exchanging data with foreign
- systems, especially OS/360.
- .sh STTY
- Sets up options for optimal control of a terminal.
- In so far as they are deducible from the input, these
- options are set automatically by LOGIN.
- .op
- Half vs. full duplex.
- .op
- Carriage return+line feed vs. newline.
- .op
- Interpretation of tabs.
- .op
- Parity.
- .op
- Mapping of upper case to lower.
- .op
- Raw vs. edited input.
- .op
- Delays for tabs, newlines and carriage returns.
- .h0 "\na.\n+b Manipulation of Directories and File Names"
- .sh RM
- Remove a file.
- Only the name goes away if any other names are linked to the file.
- .sh LN
- \*(lqLink\*(rq another name (alias) to an existing file.
- .sh MV
- Move a file.
- .op
- Used for renaming files or directories.
- .sh CHMOD
- Change permissions on one or more files.
- Executable by files' owner.
- .sh CHOWN
- Change owner of one or more files.
- .sh CHGRP
- Change group (project) to which a file belongs.
- .sh MKDIR
- Make a new directory.
- .sh RMDIR
- Remove a directory.
- .sh CHDIR
- Change working directory.
- .sh FIND
- Prowl the directory
- hierarchy finding
- every file that meets
- specified criteria.
- .op
- These criteria are understood:
- .in +2
- .nf
- spelling of name matches a given pattern,
- creation date in given range,
- date of last use in given range,
- permissions,
- owner,
- characteristics of device files,
- boolean combinations of above.
- .in -2
- .fi
- .op
- Any directory may be considered to be the root.
- .op
- Specified commands may be performed on every file found.
- .sh DSW
- Interactively step through a directory,
- deleting or keeping files.
- .h0 "\na.\n+b Running of Programs"
- .sh SH
- The Shell, or command language interpreter.
- Provides \*(lqbackground\*(rq and macro capability when
- run with a file of commands as input.
- .br
- .op
- Any executable object file is automatically a command.
- .op
- Redirect standard input or standard output.
- .op
- Operators to compose compound commands:
- .in+2
- `;' for sequential execution,
- .br
- `|' for functional composition with output of one
- command taken directly as input to another running simultaneously,
- .br
- `&' for asynchronous operation,
- .br
- parentheses for grouping.
- .in -2
- .op
- Substitutable arguments.
- .op
- Construction of argument lists from all file names
- satisfying specified patterns.
- .op
- Collects command usage statistics.
- .sh IF
- A conditional statement for Shell programs.
- .op
- String comparison.
- .op
- Querying file accessibility.
- .sh GOTO
- A \*(lqgo-to\*(rq statement for Shell programs.
- .sh WAIT
- Wait for termination of asynchronously running processes.
- .sh EXIT
- Terminate a Shell program.
- Useful with IF.
- .sh ECHO
- Print remainder of command line.
- Useful for diagnostic or prompting data in Shell programs,
- or for inserting data into a pipeline.
- .sh SLEEP
- Suspend execution for a specified time.
- .sh NOHUP
- Run a command immune to hanging up the terminal.
- .sh NICE
- Run a command in low (or high) priority.
- .sh KILL
- Terminate named processes.
- .sh CRON
- A table of actions to be taken at specified times.
- .op
- Actions are arbitrary Shell (SH) scripts.
- .op
- Times are
- conjunctions of month, day of month, day of week, hour
- and minute.
- Ranges are specifiable for each.
- .sh TEE
- Pass data between processes and divert a copy into a file.
- Used as a filter.
- .h0 "\na.\n+b Status Inquiries"
- .sh LS
- List the names of one, several, or all files in one or more directories.
- .op
- Alphabetic or temporal sorting, up or down.
- .op
- Optional information:
- size,
- owner,
- group,
- date last modified,
- date last accessed,
- permissions,
- i-node number.
- .sh FILE
- Tries to determine
- what kind of information is in a file by consulting
- the file system index and by reading the file itself.
- .sh DATE
- System date routine.
- Has considerable knowledge
- of calendric and horological peculiarities.
- .op
- Print present date, day of week, local time.
- .op
- May set U\s8NIX\s10's idea of date and time.
- .sh DF
- Report amount of free space on file system devices.
- .sh DU
- Print a summary of total space occupied by all files in a hierarchy.
- .sh WHO
- Tell who's on the system.
- .op
- List of presently logged in users,
- ports and times on.
- .op
- Optional history of all logins and logouts.
- .sh PS
- Report on all active processes attached to a terminal.
- .op
- Gives all commands being executed.
- .op
- Can also report on other terminals.
- .op
- Extended status information available:
- .in+2
- .nf
- state and scheduling info,
- priority,
- attached terminal,
- what it's waiting for,
- size.
- .fi
- .in -2
- .fi
- .sh TTY
- Find name of your terminal.
- .sh PWD
- Print name of your working directory.
- .sh PFE
- Print type of last floating exception.
- .h0 "\na.\n+b Backup and Maintenance"
- .sh MOUNT
- Attach a device containing
- a file system to
- the tree of directories.
- Protects against nonsense arrangements.
- .sh UMOUNT
- Remove the file system contained on a device
- from the tree of directories.
- Protects against removing a busy device.
- .sh MKFS
- Make a new file system on a device.
- .sh MKNOD
- Make an i-node (file system entry) for a special file.
- Special files are
- physical devices,
- virtual devices, physical memory, etc.
- .sh TP
- Manage file archives on magnetic tape or DEC tape.
- .op
- Collect files into an archive.
- .op
- Update DECtape archive by date.
- .op
- Replace or delete DECtape files.
- .op
- Table of contents.
- .op
- Retrieve from archive.
- .sh DUMP
- Dump the file system
- stored on a specified device, selectively by date, or indiscriminately.
- .sh RESTOR
- Restore a dumped file system,
- or selectively retrieve parts thereof.
- .sh SU
- Temporarily become the super user with all the rights and privileges
- thereof.
- Requires a password.
- .sh DCHECK
- .sh ICHECK
- .sh NCHECK
- .sp -2
- Check consistency of file system.
- .op
- Gross statistics:
- .in +2
- .nf
- number of files,
- number of directories,
- number of special files,
- spaced used,
- space free.
- .in -2
- .fi
- .op
- Report of duplicate use of space.
- .op
- Retrieval of lost space.
- .op
- Report of inaccessible files.
- .op
- Check consistency of directories.
- .op
- List names of all files.
- .sh CLRI
- Peremptorily expunge a file and its space from a file system.
- Used in putting damaged file systems together again.
- .sh SYNC
- Force all outstanding I/O on the system to completion.
- Used to shut down gracefully.
- .h0 "\na.\n+b Accounting"
- .in0
- .sp
- These routines use floating point.
- The timing information on which the reports are based can be
- manually cleared or shut off completely.
- .sh AC
- Publish cumulative connect time report.
- .op
- Connect time by user or by day.
- .op
- For all users or for selected users.
- .sh SA
- Publish Shell accounting
- report.
- Gives usage information on each command executed.
- .op
- Number of times used.
- .op
- Total system time, user time and elapsed time.
- .op
- Optional averages and percentages.
- .op
- Sorting on various fields.
- .h0 "\na.\n+b Inter-user Communication"
- .sh MAIL
- Mail a message to one or more users.
- Also used to read and dispose of incoming mail.
- The presence of mail is announced by LOGIN.
- .sh WRITE
- Establish direct terminal communication with another user.
- .sh WALL
- Write to all users.
- .sh MESG
- Inhibit receipt of messages from WRITE and WALL.
-