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HW5.PAS
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Pascal/Delphi Source File
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1984-04-29
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15KB
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442 lines
(*
title message decoding by optimal binary search tree building
using the hu-tucker algorithm
cs 321 homework 5
author robert a. van valzah 03/31/80
this program will build an optimal binary search tree given
a set of characters and frequencies of occurance. the tree
is constructed using the hu-tucker algorithm (see knuth, the
art of computer programming, volume 3/sorting and searching,
pp. 439-446). an input sequence of 1's and 0's is then de-
coded into a sequence of characters using this tree. the
resulting message is printed.
*)
const
nmax = 30; (* max number of characters *)
rl = 9; (* record length in words *)
dim = 810;(* nmax * rl * 3 *)
char = 0; (* character value offset *)
freq = 1; (* character frequence offset *)
lst = 2; (* pointer to left subtree offset *)
rst = 3; (* pointer to right subtree offset *)
lforst = 4; (* pointer to left brother offset *)
rforst = 5; (* pointer to right brother offset *)
lev = 6; (* node level number *)
lexp = 7; (* pointer to lexicographic predecessor *)
lexs = 8; (* pointer to lexicographic successor *)
nil = 0; (* zeroth element never used *)
sent = '$';(* sentinal character *)
maxint = 32767; (* kludge cause not defined by compiler *)
type
ary = array[0..dim] of word;
boolean = (false, true); (* kludge till compiler is done *)
var (* global variables *)
h : ary; (* the heap *)
hp : word; (* the heap pointer *)
lmost,
rmost : word; (* left and right most ends of the list *)
lexfirst : word; (* pointer to first node in lex order *)
procedure new(var p:word);
begin
hp:=hp+1;
p:=hp*rl;
if (p>dim-rl)
then put#1('heapover')
end; (* procedure new *)
(*
read a sequence of characters and weights from the standard
input file and create a node for each pair. the nodes are
linked into a doubly linked list to form a forest as they are
read.
*)
procedure readtree;
var
ch : word; (* node value *)
frq : word; (* frequency *)
p : word; (* pointer to new node *)
prev: word; (* pointer to previous node read (for linking) *)
procedure readnode;
var
c : word;
begin
get#0(ch); (* get node value character *)
if (ch<>sent)
then begin
get#0(c);
while (c=' ') do get#0(c);
frq:=0;
while (c>='0') and (c<='9') do begin
frq:=frq*10+c-'0';
get#0(c)
end (* while *)
end;
repeat get#0(c) until (c=10) (* ignore till lf found *)
end; (* readnode *)
begin
readnode; (* readln(ch, frq); *)
prev:=nil; (* no left forest for first node *)
repeat
new(var p);
if (prev=nil) then lmost:=p; (* record pointer to first node *)
h[p+char ]:=ch;
h[p+freq ]:=frq;
h[p+lst ]:=nil; (* leaves have no subtrees *)
h[p+rst ]:=nil;
h[p+lforst]:=prev; (* link to last node read created *)
h[p+lexp ]:=prev; (* predecessor is also last node created *)
if (prev<>nil) then begin (* on all but first node . . . *)
h[prev+rforst ]:=p; (* make previous right forest pointer and *)
h[prev+lexs ]:=p (* lexicographic successor point to the new node *)
end;
prev:=p;
readnode
until (ch=sent);
(* done reading nodes *)
rmost:=p; (* record pointer to right most node *)
h[p+rforst]:=nil; (* right most node has no right brother *)
h[p+lexs ]:=nil (* right most node has no lexicographic successor *)
end; (* procedure readtree *)
(*
given a forest of trees (all leaves when we start), build them
into a single tree using phase 1 of the hu-tucker algorithm.
the root of the resultant tree will be in lmost on exit.
the algorithm is implemented using two internal procedures.the
first (picklr) chooses two trees for combination, and the
second (combinelr) combines the two chosen trees to form new
internal node in the final tree. this process is repeated
unitl the forest contains only one tree.
*)
procedure build1tree;
var left, rite : word; (* pointers to nodes to be combined *)
(*
pick two trees from the forest which satisfy the following
rules:
let i and j be pointers to the left and right trees
i) no external nodes occur between i and j.
ii) the sum of the weights of i and j is minimal for all i
and j satisfying rule (i).
iii) the index i is minimal for all i satisfying rules (i),
(ii).
iv) the index j is minimal for all j satisfying rules (i),
(ii), (iii).
pointers to the two trees chosen will be left in left and
rite (respectivly).
one internal procedure is used to compare the minimum sum
found so far against the sum of the frequencies of the trees
under consideration.
*)
procedure picklr;
var i,j : word; (* pointers to left and right nodes which
are mininimum pair candidates *)
minsum : word; (* mininimum sum found so far *)
(*
compare the sum of the frequencies of nodes i and j. if
their sum is less than the minimum found so far, then
record the new minimum (in minsum) and the position of
i and j as the two best candidates for combining.
*)
procedure takemin;
begin
if (h[i+freq]+h[j+freq]<minsum) then begin
minsum:=h[i+freq]+h[j+freq];
rite:=j; left:=i
end
end; (* procedure takemin *)
begin (* procedure picklr *)
i:=lmost; (* start with leftmost tree in forest *)
minsum:=maxint;
while (h[i+rforst]<>nil) do begin (* more i's to test *)
j:= h[i+rforst];
(* compare to internal nodes till exeternal is found *)
while (h[j+char]=sent) do begin
takemin;
j:=h[j+rforst] (* on to the next tree *)
end;
(* j now points to only external node candidate *)
takemin;
i:=h[i+rforst ] (* move to next tree in forest *)
end (* while not out of i's *)
end; (* procedure picklr *)
(*
combine the two trees pointed to by left and rite to form a
new internal node in the final tree. link this new node
into the existing forest in place of the left tree. the
rite tree is deleted from the forest. pointers to the
leftmost and rightmost (lmost and rmost, respectivly) are
updated in the process. the frequency of the new new node
becomes the sum of the frequencies of its offspring.
*)
procedure combinelr;
var newn : word; (* pointer to new node created *)
begin
new(var newn); (* get pointer to new node on heap *)
h[newn+char]:=sent; (* init all internal nodes to sent char *)
h[newn+freq]:=h[left+freq]+h[rite+freq];
(* link to left and right subtrees (offspring) *)
h[newn+lst]:=left;
h[newn+rst]:=rite;
(* link new node into the forest in place of old left *)
(* first, make new node to point to its neighbors in the forest *)
h[newn+lforst ]:=h[left+lforst];
h[newn+rforst ]:=h[left+rforst];
(* second, make neighbors point to new node *)
if (h[left+lforst]<>nil)
then h[h[left+lforst ]+rforst ]:=newn;
h[h[left+rforst ]+lforst ]:=newn;
(* delete rite node *)
h[h[rite+lforst ]+rforst ]:=h[rite+rforst];
if (h[rite+rforst]<>nil) (* rite has a right neighbor *)
then h[h[rite+rforst ]+lforst ]:=h[rite+lforst];
(* update leftmost and rightmost pointers *)
if (lmost=left) then lmost:=newn;
if (rmost=rite) then rmost:=h[rite+lforst]
end; (* procedure combinelr *)
begin (* procedure build1tree *)
repeat
picklr;
combinelr;
put#1('.'); (* show progress on screen . . . *)
until (lmost=rmost) (* only one node left *)
end; (* procedure build1tree *)
(*
given the tree built in phase 1, traverse it (in order will do)
and assign a level to each node. then return to the original
forest of trees (all leaves when we start), build them into a
single tree using phase 3 of the hu-tucker algorithm. the root
of the resultant tree will be in lexfirst on exit.
the algorithm is implemented using two internal procedures.
the first (picklr) chooses two trees for combination, and the
second (combinelr) combines the two chosen trees to form a new
internal node in the final tree. this process is repeated
unitl the forest contains only one tree.
the procedure used is very similar to that used to build the
tree in phase 1.
*)
procedure build3tree;
var maxlev : word; (* largest level in tree *)
picklev: word; (* level of node now being picked *)
left : word; (* left most node to be replaced *)
(*
setlev will traverse the tree generated in phase 1 and
assign levels to each of the nodes. also, the deepest
level reached will be recorded in maxlev on exit.
*)
procedure setlev;
(*
traverse a node of a tree pointed to by the first
argument, assigning it the level passed in the second
argument.
*)
procedure travinord(p : word ; curlev : word);
begin
if (p<>nil) then begin
if (curlev>maxlev) then maxlev:=curlev;
travinord(h[p+lst], curlev+1);
h[p+lev]:=curlev;
travinord(h[p+rst], curlev+1)
end
end; (* procedure travinord *)
begin (* procedure setlev *)
maxlev:=0;
travinord(lmost, 0) (* root is leftmost node *)
end; (* procedure setlev *)
(*
pick two trees from the forest which satisfy the following
rules:
let i and j be pointers to the left and right trees:
i') the trees i and j must be adjacent in the working
sequence.
ii') the levels of trees i and j must be maximal among
all remaining levels.
iii') the index i is minimal for all i and j satisfying
rules (i'), (ii').
a pointer to the left most chosen will be left in left. the
right tree chosen is its lexicographic successor.
*)
procedure picklr;
var picked : boolean; (* true if one picked on this lev el *)
begin
picked:=false;
while (picked=false) do begin
left:=lexfirst; (* start with first node in lexicographic order *)
while (left<>nil) and (picked<>true) do
if (h[left+lev]=picklev)
then picked:=true
else left:=h[left+lexs];
if (picked=false) then picklev:=picklev-1
end (* while *)
end; (* procedure picklr *)
(*
combine the tree pointed to by left and its lexicographic
successor to form a new internal node in the final tree.
link this new node into the existing lexicographic sequence
in place of the left tree and its successor. the pointer to
the first node in the sequence (lexfirst), is updated in the
process.
*)
procedure combinelr;
var newn : word; (* pointer to new node created *)
rite : word; (* pointer to right node being combined *)
begin
new(var newn);
rite:=h[left+lexs]; (* right node is allways next in lex order *)
h[newn+char]:=sent; (* init all internal nodes to sent char *)
(* link left and right subtrees to new node *)
h[newn+lst]:=left;
h[newn+rst]:=rite;
(* level of new node is one less than level of its offspring *)
h[newn+lev]:=h[left+lev]-1;
h[newn+lexs]:=h[rite+lexs];
h[newn+lexp]:=h[left+lexp];
(* link new node in place of left node from left *)
if (h[left+lexp]<>nil) then (* left has a lex predecessor *)
h[h[left+lexp]+lexs]:=newn;
if (h[rite+lexs]<>nil) then (* right has a lex successor *)
h[h[rite+lexs]+lexp]:=newn;
if (left=lexfirst) then (* new node becomes lex first *)
lexfirst:=newn
end; (* procedure combinelr *)
begin (* procedure build3tree *)
setlev; (* compute node levels *)
put#1(13,10);
put#1('maxlev =',maxlev#,13,10);
picklev:=maxlev;
repeat
picklr;
combinelr;
put#1('.') (* show progress on screen . . . *)
until (picklev<=1) (* true when all nodes have been picked *)
end; (* procedure build3tree *)
(*
decode a sequence of 1's an 0's read from the standard input
file into a sequence of characters written to standard output.
this is done by starting at the root and taking a left when a
zero is read, a right when a one is read. this is continued
unitl a leaf is reached, when the character in that leaf is
printed. this process is repeated until end-of-file is found.
*)
procedure decode;
var eof : boolean;
ch : word; (* last one or zero read from input *)
p : word; (* pointer used to traverse tree *)
procedure getoz;
begin
get#0(ch);
while (ch=13) or (ch=10) or (ch=' ') do
get#0(ch);
if (ch=26) then eof:=true
end; (* procedure getoz *)
begin (* prodecure decode *)
put#1(13,10);
put#1('decoded ', 'message ',13,10);
eof:=false;
getoz;
while (eof=false) do begin
p:=lexfirst; (* start at root of phase 3 tree *)
while (h[p+char]=sent) do begin (* while at internal node *)
if (ch='0')
then p:=h[p+lst] (* left turn *)
else p:=h[p+rst]; (* right turn *)
getoz
end; (* while at internal node *)
put#1(h[p+char])
end (* while not eof *)
end; (* procedure decode *)
begin (* main line *)
hp:=0; (* initialize heap pointer *)
readtree;
lexfirst:=lmost; (* first node in lex order is leftmost *)
build1tree;
build3tree;
decode
end.