ftp.barnyard.co.uk/2015.02.ftp.barnyard.co.uk.tar/ftp.barnyard.co.uk/cpm/walnut-creek-CDROM/MBUG/MBUG158.ARC/SC21-1.LBR/CC.DYC/CC.DYC

Text File | 1979-12-31 | 10KB | 238 lines

                    Small - C  Documentation

                    Version 2.10    10/8/84


                             by


                      F. A. Scacchitti
                      25 Glenview Lane
                      Rochester, NY 14609
                      (716) 482 - 7159


Thi≤á documen⌠á i≤ intendeΣ t∩ supplemen⌠ J«á E«á Hendrix'≤á "Thσ ì
Smal∞á ├ Handbookó anΣ wil∞ onl∙ discus≤ thσ difference≤á betweeε ì
thi≤ versioε oµ Smal∞ ├ anΣ tha⌠ describeΣ iε thσ Manual«á I⌠á i≤ ì
recommendeΣá thσá use≥á purchasσ hi≤ manua∞ fo≥ ßá morσá completσ ì
treatmen⌠ oµ Smal∞ C.


Fo≥ informatioε regardinτ thσ content≤ anΣ structurσ oµ thσ Smal∞ ì
├ librar∙, refe≥ t∩ thσ filσ CLIB.DOC and Hendrix's Manual.


Thi≤á compile≥á wa≤ originall∙ obtaineΣ froφ Micr∩ Cornucopißá iε ì
Decembe≥ 198│ a≤ versioε 2.03A«á Thσ package¼á a≤ received¼á  wa≤ ì
pu⌠ togethe≥ b∙ Bil∞ Randlσ anΣ se⌠ u≡ fo≥ usσ witΦá ASM.COM«á I⌠ ì
wa≤á upgradeΣ t∩ usσ Microsoft'≤ M80/L8░ t∩ takσ advantagσ oµ thσ ì
feature≤á oµá thi≤ packagσ anΣ subsequentl∙ i⌠á wa≤á cleaneΣá up¼ ì
upgradeΣá t∩ usσ thσ hasΦ searchinτ functioε anΣ ß dynamiπ memor∙ ì
scheme«á Refe≥á t∩ thσ filσ CC.DE╞ fo≥ ßá completσá chronologica∞ ì
histor∙á oµá change≤ anΣ detail≤ regardinτ module≤á o≥á function≤ ì
changed«á I⌠á i≤á assumeΣ thσ use≥ i≤ somewha⌠ familia≥ witΦá thσ ì
M80/L8░ software.


Thi≤á compile≥ contain≤ mos⌠ oµ thσ function≤ anΣ improvement≤ oµ ì
J« E« Hendrix'≤ Versioε 2.▒ compiler« Iε additioε t∩ hi≤ upgrade≤ ì
thσ followinτ havσ beeε installed:

     * - Abort via Control-X when the -p option is used

     * - Global initialization option -i

     * - No boot option -n

     * - static Type Specifiers for global declarations

     * - Conditional operator {expr1 ? expr2 : expr3}

     * - 4k file buffers for input, output and include files

     * - Special runtime package for compiler supportèFEATURES and ENHANCEMENTS


* - Abort via Control-X when the -p option is used

Thi≤ featurσ allow≤ thσ use≥ t∩ abor⌠ thσ compile≥ anΣ returεá t∩ ì
CP/═ wheε pauseΣ duσ t∩ error«á Thσ compile≥ ma∙ bσ compileΣ witΦ ì
POL╠á defineΣ t∩ allo≈ operato≥ interruptioε anΣ abortinτá durinτ ì
compilation«á However¼á ╔á personall∙á fel⌠ thi≤ woulΣ slo≈á dowε ì
compilσ timσ anΣ preferreΣ ß simple≥ abor⌠ feature¼ wherσ ╔ coulΣ ì
abor⌠á iµá thσá erro≥ encountereΣ woulΣ affec⌠ thσá res⌠á oµá thσ ì
compilation.


* - Global initialization option -i

Thi≤á featurσ decrease≤ compilatioε time¼á especiall∙ wheεá largσ ì
array≤ arσ declareΣ globally«á Mos⌠ version≤ oµ thσ compile≥á (a⌠ ì
leas⌠á thσá one≤ I'vσ seen)¼á b∙ default¼á initializσ al∞á globa∞ ì
variable≤ t∩ zer∩ b∙ generatinτ eithe≥ D┬ ░ o≥ D╫ 0«á Array≤á arσ ì
initializeΣ viß D┬ 0¼ 0¼ 0¼ 0¼ 0¼ 0¼ « « « « « « « « « .
Thi≤á add≤ significantl∙ t∩ compilσ timσ iµ thσ use≥ ha≤ declareΣ ì
largσá globa∞á arrays«á Thσá compile≥á no≈ issue≤á ßá D╙á εá thu≤ ì
allocatinτ ε byte≤ oµ uninitializeΣ memory«á Iµ thσ -Θ switcΦá i≤ ì
used¼á memor∙á wil∞á bσá initializeΣ t∩ zeroe≤ a≤á before«á A≤á ß ì
furthu≥á examplσ, thσ Eratosthene≤ Primσ Numbe≥á Sievσá take≤á 8░ ì
second≤ t∩ compilσ wheε thσ -Θ switcΦ i≤ useΣ bu⌠ onl∙ 1╖ second≤ ì
iµá i⌠ isn't«á Aε additiona∞ 5╡ second≤ i≤ requireΣ witΦ eacΦ fo≥ ì
assembl∙ anΣ linking.


* - No boot option -n

Thi≤á featurσ allow≤ rapiΣ returε t∩ thσ CP/═ promp⌠á oεá prograφ ì
completioεá a⌠ ß cos⌠ oµ 800Φ byte≤ oµ codσ space«á I⌠ i≤ useΣ iε ì
conjunctioε witΦ thσ runtimσ packagσ iε thσ ├ librar∙ (CLIB.REL)« ì
Iµá thσ thσ -ε switcΦ i≤ useΣ anΣ thσ prograφ contain≤á ßá main(⌐ ì
function¼á D┬ ZZZCC╨ ▒ wil∞ bσ generateΣ b∙ thσ compile≥ prio≥ t∩ ì
thσá EN─ statement«á Iµ i⌠ isn'⌠ specifieΣ thσ compile≥ generate≤ ì
D┬á ZZZCC╨á 0«á Thσ globa∞ variablσ ZZZCC╨ determine≤á wherσá thσ ì
stacδ shoulΣ bσ placeΣ anΣ thσ returε patΦ t∩ CP/M«á Iε short¼ iµ ì
thσ -ε optioε i≤ useΣ thσ stacδ i≤ placeΣ a⌠ thσ basσ oµ thσá CC╨ ì
anΣ thσ prograφ return≤ t∩ CP/═ viß ß returε instruction«á Iµ thσ ì
-εá optioε isn'⌠ specifieΣ thσ stacδ i≤ placeΣ a⌠ thσ basσ oµ thσ ì
BDO╙ anΣ returε i≤ performeΣ viß ß warφ boot«á Refe≥ t∩á CLIB.DO├ ì
anΣ ULINK.MA├ fo≥ detail≤ regardinτ operatioε oµ thi≤ feature.


* - static Type Specifiers for global declarations

Globa∞á variable≤á arσ morσ rapidl∙ accesseΣ (botΦá fetchinτá anΣ ì
storing⌐á anΣ requirσ les≤ codσ t∩ acces≤ thaεá loca∞á variables« ì
Refe≥áá t∩á Chapte≥á 1╣á oµá Hendrix'≤á manua∞á fo≥á ßáá completσ ì
explanation«á Mos⌠ Smal∞ ├ compiler≤ makσ al∞ globa∞ declaration≤ ì
public«á Thi≤á obviousl∙á present≤ ß probleφ (especiall∙ fo≥á thσ ìèvariable≤ π anΣ i⌐ iε takinτ ful∞ advantagσ oµ thi≤ feature«á Thσ ì
statiπ typσ specifie≥ implie≤ tha⌠ thσ variablσ shoulΣ bσá memor∙ ì
resident¼ ye⌠ knowε onl∙ t∩ thσ modulσ i⌠ i≤ compileΣ in« Thi≤ i≤ ì
accomplisheΣá simpl∙á b∙á generatinτá ß singlσá coloεá fo≥á type≤ ì
specifieΣ a≤ statiπ anΣ thσ origina∞ doublσ coloε fo≥ thosσá tha⌠ ì
arσ not.


* - Conditional operator {expr1 ? expr2 : expr3}

Thi≤á i≤ jus⌠ anothe≥ enhancemen⌠ t∩ brinτ Smal∞ ├ close≥ t∩á Biτ ì
C«á Thi≤á operato≥á i≤ describeΣ quitσ thoroughl∙ iεá Kernigaεá ª ì
Ritchie'≤á "Thσá ├ Programminτ Languageó anΣ work≤ a≤á specified« ì
Thσá use≥á shoulΣá tr∙ thσ example≤ iεá thie≥á manual«á Thσá codσ ì
generateΣá b∙ thi≤ operato≥ i≤ almos⌠ exactl∙ thσ samσ a≤ aεá if-ì
elsσ statement¼ howeve≥ iµ doe≤ leaΣ t∩ morσ succinc⌠ anΣ elegan⌠ ì
codσ a⌠ thσ sourcσ level.


* - 4k file buffers for input, output and include files

Anothe≥á enhancemen⌠á whicΦ reduce≤ compilσ time«á Mos⌠á Smal∞á ├ ì
compiler≤ usσ 12╕ bytσ filσ buffer≤ fo≥ filσ I/O« Thi≤ i≤ readil∙ ì
noticeΣá wheεá onσá start≤ t∩ compilσ anΣ listen≤á t∩á thσá disk≤ ì
churn¼á churn¼ churn¼ churε anΣ then¼ churε somσ more« Obviously¼ ì
wheεá churning¼á yo⌡ ain'⌠ compiling«á Onσ wa∙ t∩ eliminatσá thi≤ ì
timσ wastinτ activit∙ i≤ t∩ increasσ thσ sizσ oµ thσ filσ buffer≤ ì
sucΦá tha⌠á large≥á portion≤ oµ sourcσ anΣá outpu⌠á codσá ma∙á bσ ì
handled« Aε added¼ bu⌠ unproven¼ featurσ i≤ les≤ wea≥ anΣ tea≥ oε ì
thσ disδ drives.

* - Special runtime package for compiler support

Thσ Runtimσ Modulσ useΣ witΦ thi≤ compile≥ wa≤ originall∙ writteε ì
iε ├ anΣ containeΣ assembl∙ languagσ enhancements.(╔ thinδ !⌐ Thσ ì
presen⌠á modulσ CCRTL.MA├ contain≤ mos⌠ oµ thσ routine≤á requireΣ ì
b∙á thσá compile≥ anΣ i≤ structureΣ arounΣ thσ 4δá filσá buffers« ì
LimiteΣá I/╧á redirection¼á argv/argπ handlinτ anΣ specia∞á abor⌠ ì
feature≤ arσ included«á Thσ resultan⌠ sizσ oµ thσ compile≥á afte≥ ì
linkinτá CCRTL.REL¼áá CC1.REL¼á CC2.REL¼á CC3.REL¼á CC4.REL¼á anΣ ì
searchinτá CLIB.RE╠ t∩ picδ u≡ ß fe≈ necessar∙ functioε i≤ ╝ 29K« ì
Smaller than most.


Threσ submi⌠ file≤ arσ includeΣ witΦ thσ source¼ CCM.SUB¼ CCR.SU┬ ì
anΣ CCC.SUB« Thesσ file≤ wil∞ producσ m8░ sourcσ files(.mac)¼ l8░ ì
sourcσá files(.rel⌐ anΣ ß fina∞ objec⌠ file(.com)¼á respectively« ì
Thσá use≥ i≤ encourageΣ t∩ examinσ and/o≥ modif∙ thesσá file≤á t∩ ì
mee⌠ hi≤ o≥ he≥ owε particula≥ needs.

Onσá fina∞á note¼á iε casσ yo⌡ haven'⌠ haΣá acces≤á t∩á Hendrix'≤ ì
manual«á I⌠ i≤ no⌠ necessar∙ t∩ specif∙ externa∞ function≤ iε thσ ì
source«á Thσá compile≥á generate≤á thσ necessar∙á codσá t∩á causσ ì
module≤á iεá CLIB.RE╠á t∩á automaticall∙ bσá linkeΣá wheεá i⌠á i≤ ì
searched by L80.èUSING THE COMPILER

Thσ majo≥ differencσ betweeε usinτ thi≤ compile≥ anΣ Hendrix'≤ i≤ ì
thi≤ compile≥ doe≤ no⌠ creatσ ß defaul⌠ outpu⌠ file« Iµ n∩ outpu⌠ ì
filσ i≤ specified¼ thσ outpu⌠ wil∞ g∩ t∩ thσ consolσ wherσ i⌠ ma∙ ì
bσ stoppeΣ anΣ starteΣ viß Contro∞ ╙ anΣ Contro∞ Q« Iµ thσ outpu⌠ ì
i≤á suspendeΣ b∙ Contro∞ S¼á Contro∞ ├ ma∙ bσ useΣ t∩á abor⌠á thσ ì
compile«á Thσá compile≥ i≤ invokeΣ b∙ runninτ thσ prograφá cc.coφ ì
followeΣ b∙ thσ desireΣ option≤ (iε thσ runstring)« Somσ example≤ ì
follow:

cc
     compile console input to console output

cc test.c
     compile test.c direct output to console

cc test.c -p -a -l2
     compile test.c direct output and source to console
                       pause on errors and sound bell

cc test.c >test.mac
     compile test.c direct output and source to console
                       pause on errors and sound bell

cc test.c >test.mac -p -a
     compile test.c direct output to the file test.mac
                       pause on errors and sound bell

cc test.c new.c >test.mac -l2 -i
     compile test.c and new.c direct output to test.mac
                      display source on screen
                      initialize global variables to zero

cc test.c >test.mac -o -n -l1
     compile test.c direct output to test.mac
                      optimize for size over speed
                      generate no boot flag
                      insert source in output file as comments



COMPILER OPTIONS (SWITCHES)


     -a   sound alarm on errors
     -i   initialize global variables to zero
     -l1  insert as comments in output file *
     -l2  display source on screen as compile progresses *
     -n   set noboot flag
     -o   optimize for size over speed
     -p   pause on errors


* only one of these may be specifiedèCOMPILING THE COMPILER

Compilinτ thσ compile≥ i≤ n∩ differen⌠ theε compilinτ an∙ othe≥ π ì
program«á Wha⌠ i≤ differen⌠ thaε norma∞ i≤ thσ linkinτ procedure« ì
Thσ filσ CCRTL.RE╠ (├ Compile≥ Ruε Timσ Library⌐ shoulΣ bσ linkeΣ ì
firs⌠á t∩ ensurσ tha⌠ modulσ satisfie≤ it≤ entr∙ point≤ prio≥á t∩ ì
searchinτ CLIB.REL.

Thσ submi⌠ filσ CCCC.SU┬ provide≤ aε examplσ oµ prope≥ compiling¼ ì
assembling and linking of of this compiler.


FUTURE OF THE COMPILER

Needles≤á t∩ sa∙ Smal∞ ├ ha≤ comσ ß lonτ wa∙ sincσ Roε Caiε firs⌠ ì
presenteΣá i⌠ iε Ma∙ oµ 1980«á I⌠ i≤ m∙ firφ belieµ tha⌠ i⌠á wil∞ ì
continuσá t∩ gro≈ unti∞ i⌠ reache≤ ß higΦ leve∞ oµá compatabilit∙ ì
witΦ ├ a≤ describeΣ b∙ ╦ ª R«á Iε it'≤ presen⌠ form¼á i⌠ i≤ quitσ ì
competetivσá witΦ man∙ oµ thσ CP/═ 8░ compiler≤ presentl∙ oεá thσ ì
market.