ftp.barnyard.co.uk/2015.02.ftp.barnyard.co.uk.tar/ftp.barnyard.co.uk/cpm/walnut-creek-CDROM/ENTERPRS/CPM/UTILS/S/ZMAN-NEW.LBR/Z-MAN3.NZW/Z-MAN3.NEW

Text File | 2000-06-30 | 19KB | 498 lines

.ii Package, Resident Command
.ib
Residen⌠ CommanΣ Package

     Residen⌠ command≤ permanentl∙ (a≤ lonτ a≤ thσ compute≥ i≤ oε ì
o≥á unti∞á anothe≥ RC╨ filσ i≤ loaded⌐ residσ iεá memory¼á unlikσ ì
transien⌠ commands¼ whicΦ arσ loadeΣ anΣ ruε froφ CO═ files«  Thσ ì
ZCPR│á residen⌠ command≤ arσ loadeΣ int∩ memor∙ froφ ß disδá filσ  ì
b∙á LDR.COM«á  Thσá residen⌠ commanΣ packagσ i≤ typicall∙á calleΣ ì
SYS.RCP«á  Iµ yo⌡ havσ ß suitablσ macr∩ assembler¼ likσ Echelon'≤ ì
ZAS¼á o≥á ß frienΣ witΦ one¼á yo⌡ caε assemblσ differen⌠á se⌠á oµ ì
resident≤á anΣá loaΣ differen⌠ residen⌠ commanΣ package≤á oεá thσ ì
fly.

.ii Resident Commands, built-in help
     T∩á seσ thσ availablσ residen⌠ commands¼á typσá H<cr>«á  Thσ ì
displa∙ should look something likσ thi≤:

B0:WORK>H

SYS 1.1A
  CLS   CP    ECHO  ERA
  LIST  P     POKE  R
  REN   TYPE
B0:WORK>

Thesσá teε command≤ arσ residen⌠ iε memor∙ afte≥ thi≤á particula≥ ì
SYS.RCPÉá ha≤á beeεá loadeΣ a≤ par⌠ oµ thσ multiplσá commanΣá linσ ì
passeΣáá t∩á thσá systeφá b∙á STARTUP.COM«áá  Becausσáá oµáá use≥ ì
preference≤áá anΣáá hardwarσáá differences¼ááá variou≤áá Z-Systeφ ì
implementation≤ wil∞ havσ somewha⌠ differen⌠ RCPs.

.ii Resident Commands, Table of
COMMAN─   MEANING
.ii Resident Commands, CLS
CL╙       Clear≤ screeε.ì

.ii Resident Commands, CP
C╨        Single-filσ cop∙ command.

.ii Resident Commands, ECHO
ECH╧      Send≤ outpu⌠ t∩ thσ console¼ includinτ escape
          sequences.

.ii Resident Commands, ERA
ERA       Erases files.

.ii Resident Commands, LIST
LIST      Prints a file or group of files on the printer.

.ii Resident Commands, P
P         PEEK.   Used to examine an area of memory.

.ii Resident Commands, POKE
POKE      Changes contents of memory.

.ii Resident Commands, R
R         Resets disk system (logs in new disk).

.ii Resident Commands, REN
REN       Changes the name of a file.

.ii Resident Commands, TYPE
TYPE      Displays contents of an ASCII file or group of ASCII
          files on the CRT.
.paè     Man∙á oµ thσ residen⌠ command≤ arσ self-explanatory¼á bu⌠á ß ì
few merit some brief discussion.


.ii CP, syntax
     CP

     C╨ copie≤ ß singlσ filσ froφ onσ D╒ (Drive/User⌐ t∩á anothe≥ ì
D╒á o≥ froφ onσ D╒ t∩ thσ samσ D╒ witΦ ß differen⌠ filename«á  C╨ ì
i≤ ver∙ fas⌠ bu⌠ doe≤ n∩ erro≥ checking«á  Iµ yo⌡ neeΣ o≥á desirσ ì
erro≥ checking¼ usσ thσ transien⌠ MCOP┘ utility.

     Examples:

          CP MYFILE.TXT=OLDFILE.TXT

               Copies the file OLDFILE.TXT to a new file in the
               same DU called MYFILE.TXT.

          CP WORK:=ROOT:MYFILE.TXT

               Copies the file MYFILE.TXT from the ROOT DIR
               to the WORK DIR.

          CP WORK:=A15:MYFILE.TXT

               Copies the file MYFILE.TXT from DU A15 to the
               WORK DIR.

          CP B0:=MYFILE.TXT

               Copies the file MYFILE.TXT from the logged-in DU
               to DU B0.

          CP B0:=A15:MYFILE.TXT

               Copies the file MYFILE.TXT from DU A15 to DU B0.


.ii ECHO, syntax
     ECHO

     ECH╧ "echoesó message≤ t∩ thσ CRT«á  I⌠ caε als∩ senΣ escapσ ì
sequence≤ t∩ thσ CRT«á  Thesσ feature≤ caε bσ useΣ iε aliases anΣ ì
other command files for some interesting visual effects.

     Try this one:

          ECHO ^Z I HAVE JUST CLEARED THE SCREEN

     or:

          ECHO ^Z

     ECH╧á ^┌á i≤á thσ clear-screeε commanΣá fo≥á ou≥á terminals«  ì
Your'≤á ma∙ requirσ ß differen⌠ string«á  Iµ so¼á ECH╧á [whateve≥ ì
you≥á clear-screeε strinτ happen≤ t∩ be▌ wil∞ work«á  Tr∙ sendinτ ìèsomσ contro∞ string≤ t∩ you≥ termina∞ witΦ thσ ECH╧ command«  Arσ ì
you getting some ideas for great video effects?ì

     ECHO i am enjoying my z-system.

Iε fact¼ yo⌡ jus⌠ learneΣ somethinτ abou⌠ ho≈ ECH╧ convert≤ lowe≥ ì
case characters to upper case.


.ii ERA, syntax
     ERA

     ER┴á erase≤á files«á  Thσ synta° i≤ ER┴ dir:afεá (wherσá afε ì
mean≤ ambiguou≤ filσ name)«á   Yo⌡ caε als∩ ente≥ ER┴ dir:afεá I¼ ì
wherσá thσá ╔ o≥ inspec⌠ optioε offer≤ yes/n∩ promptinτ fo≥á eacΦ ì
filσ iε thσ list.

     Examples:

          ERA ROOT:*.* I

               Erase all files in the ROOT directory and prompt
               for each file--ask before erasing.

          ERA B0:*.bak

               Erase all files in B0 with an extent of BAK--
               do not ask.

          ERA MYFILE.TXT

               Erase the file MYFILE.TXT--do not ask before
               erasing.


.ii LIST, syntax
     LIST

     LIS╘á print≤ ß singlσ ASCI╔ filσ o≥ grou≡ oµ ASCI╔ file≤á oε ì
the LST: device (usually a printer).

     Example:

          LIST B7:*.ASM

               Prints all files in B7 with extent ASM.

          LIST ROOT:MYFILE.TXT

               Prints MYFILE.TXT located in ROOT.
.paè.ii P (Peek), syntax
     P

     Thσ áPEE╦ commanΣ show≤ byte≤ iε memory« Typinτ "Pó áwithou⌠ ì
specifyinτ áß ámemor∙ áaddres≤ display≤ thσ ánex⌠ á25╢ ábyte≤ áoµ ì
memory« á Thσ ácommanΣ á"╨ EA00ó display≤ á25╢ ábyte≤ áoµ ámemor∙ ì
startinτ a⌠ thσ addres≤ EA00«  Anothe≥ "Pó display≤ thσ nex⌠ á25╢ ì
bytes« á "╨ EA0░ EAFFó display≤ memor∙ froφ thσ addres≤ áEA0░ át∩ ì
thσ addres≤ EAFF.


.ii POKE, syntax
     POKE

     The POKE command changes bytes in memory.

     POK┼ put≤ specifiπ piece≤ oµ datß int∩ specifiπ location≤ iε ì
memory«  Bσ ver∙ carefu∞ witΦ thσ POK┼ commanΣ becausσ i⌠ caε pu⌠ ì
an∙á valuσá anywherσá iεá memory¼áá includinτá area≤á oµáá memor∙ ì
containinτ  operatinτ system.

     Thσ forma⌠ oµ thσ POK┼ commanΣ i≤ POK┼ ADDRES╙ VALUE¼á wherσ ì
"ADDRESSó i≤ aε addres≤ iε memor∙ anΣ "VALUEó i≤ thσ valuσ t∩á bσ ì
placeΣá a⌠á tha⌠á address«á  Thσ commanΣ "POK┼ 80░á 0óá put≤á thσ ì
hexadecima∞á valuσ ░ a⌠ thσ hexadecimal addres≤ 800H«á  POK┼á 80░ ì
"THI╙á I╙á ┴ TESTó (thσ trailinτ quotatioε marδ optional⌐á place≤ ì
thσá ASCI╔á value≤á fo≥ thσ character≤ "THI╙ I╙ ┴á TESTóá a⌠á thσ ì
memor∙á locatioεá startinτ a⌠ 800H«á  POK┼ 80░ ▒ ▓ │ "THI╙á I╙á ┴ ì
TESTó woulΣ pu⌠ thσ value≤ 1¼á 2¼á anΣ │ int∩ memor∙ startinτá a⌠ ì
800H¼á followeΣ b∙ thσ ASCI╔ value≤ fo≥ thσ character≤ "THI╙ I╙ ┴ ì
TESTó  immediatel∙ afte≥ thσ 3«  Notσ tha⌠ oncσ yo⌡ star⌠ puttinτ ì
"textóá int∩ memor∙ (usinτ ß quotatioε marδ t∩ marδ thσ star⌠á oµ ì
thσá text)¼á everythinτá tha⌠á follow≤ i≤ interpreteΣ a≤á ßá tex⌠ ì
character«  There'≤ n∩ goinτ bacδ t∩ pokinτ hexadecima∞ numerica∞ ì
values.

     Let's confirm the POKE command does what it claims.

     POKE 800 "Z IS A POWERFUL SYSTEM<cr>

     Now for confirmation:

     P 800<cr>

     Yo⌡á shoulΣá bσ ablσ t∩ seσ thσ ASCI╔ value≤ yo⌡ jus⌠á pokeΣ ì
witΦ thσ PEE╦ commanΣ¡-checδ thσ righ⌠ sidσ oµ thσ display¼ áit'≤ ì
modeleΣ áafte≥ gooΣ olΣ DDT«  Oµ course¼ thσ POK┼ commanΣ áworks¼ ì
bu⌠ it'≤ sometime≤ nicσ t∩ seσ fo≥ yourself.

     Thσá POK┼ commanΣ i≤ oµ enormou≤ valuσ t∩ thσ Z-Systeφ user¼ ì
sincσá i⌠ permit≤ thσ modificatioε oµ program≤á iεá memory«á  Fo≥ ì
example¼á iµá yo⌡ ruε WordStar¼á yo⌡ kno≈ yo⌡ caε usσ thσ instal∞ ì
prograφá t∩á makσá man∙ differen⌠ version≤á witΦá man∙á differen⌠ ì
defaul⌠ values«  Iµ yo⌡ kno≈ wherσ thσ byte≤ arσ iε WordSta≥ tha⌠ ì
contro∞á thesσ defaults¼á yo⌡ caε loaΣ WS.CO═ iε memor∙ witΦá thσ ì
GE╘á 10░á WS.CO═á commanΣá anΣ theε pokσá thosσá byte≤á witΦá thσ ì
appropriatσ values«á  Iµ yo⌡ haΣ ß wa∙ oµ pokinτ man∙ byte≤á witΦ ìèonσ command¼á yo⌡ woulΣ bσ ablσ t∩ usσ jus⌠ onσ cop∙ oµá WordSta≥ ì
anΣ pokσ thσ appropriatσ value≤ int∩ WS.CO═ a⌠ runtime«á  Wσ wil∞ ì
sho≈ yo⌡ ho≈ t∩ d∩ tha⌠ late≥ on«  Jus⌠ remembe≥ fo≥ no≈ tha⌠ thσ ì
techniquσá wσá havσ beeε discussinτ i≤ calleΣ thσ "Pokσá anΣá Goó ì
technique«  I⌠ i≤ onσ oµ thσ man∙ creativσ thing≤ tha⌠ user≤ havσ ì
donσá witΦ thσ Z-Systeφ t∩ savσ time¼á effort¼á disδá space¼á anΣ ì
achievσá highe≥á level≤ oµ performancσ froφá thei≥á hardwarσá anΣ ì
software.


.ii R, syntax
     R

     ╥á reset≤ thσ disδ system«á  Eve≥ ge⌠ thσ dreaΣá BDO╙á erro≥ ì
tellinτ yo⌡ ß disδ wa≤ R/╧ fo≥ read-only┐á  Well¼á yo⌡ shoulΣ no⌠ ì
ge⌠á sucΦ aε erro≥ witΦ ZRDO╙ bu⌠ yo⌡ canno⌠ bσ to∩ carefu∞ abou⌠ ì
things«  A⌠ leas⌠ somσ compute≥ user≤ fee∞ tha⌠ way«  ╥ wil∞ makσ ì
surσ therσ i≤ n∩ questioε abou⌠ you≥ newl∙ inserteΣ disδá gettinτ ì
loggeΣá iεá properly«á  I⌠ i≤ als∩ usefu∞ t∩ makσ surσ tha⌠á disδ ì
spacσ informatioε provideΣ b∙ director∙ program≤ i≤ accuratσá fo≥ ì
ßá newl∙á inserteΣ diskette«á   ì


.ii REN, syntax
     REN

     REN renames files.

     REN MYFILE.TXT=MY.DOC renames the file MY.DOC to MYFILE.TXT.

     Yo⌡á don'⌠ havσ t∩ bσ iε thσ samσ D╒ a≤ thσ filσá t∩á renamσ ì
it«áá  RE╬á ROOT:MYFILE.TXT=MYFIL┼á rename≤á MYFIL┼á iεá ROO╘á t∩ ì
MYFILE.TXT.

     Iµá yo⌡á tr∙á t∩ renamσ ß filσ t∩ thσ namσ oµá ßá filσá tha⌠ ì
alread∙á exists¼á yo⌡ arσ askeΣ iµ thσ filσ tha⌠á alread∙á exist≤ ì
shoulΣ bσ deleted«  Yo⌡ caε renamσ file≤ se⌠ t∩ systeφ statu≤ bu⌠ ì
not files set to read-only status.


.ii TYPE, syntax
     TYPE

     Thσá residen⌠ TYP┼ commanΣ i≤ useΣ t∩ displa∙ file≤ oεá you≥ ì
CRT or "console".

     TYP┼á MYNOVEL.TX╘á display≤ MYNOVEL.TX╘ oε thσá consolσá anΣ ì
pause≤á afte≥á ßá screenful¼á waitinτ fo≥ an∙ keyboarΣá inpu⌠á t∩ ì
continuσ witΦ anothe≥ screenful«  Thi≤ i≤ calleΣ paging.

     TYP┼á MYNOVEL.TX╘ ╨ display≤ thσ filσ withou⌠á paging¼á jus⌠ ì
likσ thσ residen⌠ TYP┼ commanΣ unde≥ CP/M«

     TYP┼á accept≤á aε ambiguou≤ filσ name¼á s∩ yo⌡á caεá displa∙ ì
severa∞á consecutivσ file≤ witΦ onσ command¼á sucΦ a≤ TYP┼ *.DOC¼ ì
whicΦ display≤ consecutivel∙ al∞ oµ thσ file≤ oµ thσ typσ DOC¼ n∩ ì
matter what their name might be.
.paè.ib
Named Directories

     Thσá STARTU╨ prograφ loads¼á a≤ it≤ las⌠ package¼á ß se⌠á oµ ì
named directories.

     NameΣá directorie≤ givσ name≤ t∩ Z-Systeφá directories«á  Z-ì
Systeφ directories¼ a≤ wσ havσ discussed¼ arσ logica∞ directorie≤ ì
knowε b∙ ß drivσ lette≥ anΣ ß use≥ areß number«  A0¼ B3¼ A15¼ anΣ ì
B░á arσá al∞á Z-Systeφ directories«á  Usinτ thσá nameΣá director∙ ì
facilit∙ oµ ZCPR3¼á yo⌡ ma∙ refe≥ t∩ eacΦ directory¼á sucΦ a≤ A0¼ ì
b∙á ß namσ oµ you≥ choice«á  Thσ nameΣ director∙ packagσ oεá you≥ ì
distributioε disk¼á SYS.NDR¼á give≤ name≤ t∩ tw∩ directories«  A░ ì
.ii ROOT: directory
.ii COMMAND: directory
i≤ calleΣ COMMAN─ anΣ A1╡ i≤ calleΣ ROOT«  Wσ pickeΣ thosσ names╗ ì
yo⌡ ma∙ prefe≥ others.

     Computinτá i≤á morσá comfortablσ anΣ productivσá witΦá nameΣ ì
directories«á  Wheε yo⌡ picδ name≤ yo⌡ ma∙ basσ you≥ decision≤ oε ì
wha⌠ feel≤ comfortablσ t∩ you«á  Man∙ peoplσ likσ t∩ cal∞ B░ WOR╦ ì
oε thei≥ flopp∙ baseΣ system«á  Oε ß harΣ drivσ systeφ yo⌡á migh⌠ ì
wan⌠á t∩ segregatσ worδ area≤ accordinτ t∩ wha⌠ kinΣ oµ tasδá yo⌡ ì
wil∞ bσ performinτ iε tha⌠ area«á  B│ migh⌠ bσ calleΣ AS═ becausσ ì
tha⌠á migh⌠ bσ wherσ yo⌡ d∩ you≥ assemble≥ work«á  Yo⌡ migh⌠ wan⌠ ì
t∩ picδ you≥ namσ a≤ thσ namσ oµ ß director∙ yo⌡ d∩ you≥ worδá iε ì
iµ therσ arσ man∙ peoplσ usinτ thσ samσ computer«á  WitΦ ß flopp∙ ì
system¼ yo⌡ migh⌠ wan⌠ t∩ tailo≥ thσ name≤ oµ you≥ directorie≤ t∩ ì
thσá naturσá oµ thσ tasδ a≤ defineΣ b∙ thσ disδ yo⌡ arσ usinτá iε ì
thσ ┴ drive«á  So¼á fo≥ example¼á wheε wσ usσ ou≥ worΣ processinτ ì
disk¼ wσ migh⌠ wan⌠ t∩ cal∞ B░ WORDPRO.

     Thσá utilit∙á tha⌠á allow≤ yo⌡ t∩ changσ thσ name≤á oµá you≥ ì
directorie≤ i≤ calleΣ MKDIR«  MKDI╥ create≤ nameΣ director∙ file≤ ì
fo≥á subsequen⌠á loadinτ b∙ thσ LD╥ utility«á  Likσ al∞á Z-Systeφ ì
utilities¼á it≤ usσ i≤ explaineΣ iε ß built-iε hel≡ filσá invokeΣ ì
b∙ typinτ MKDI╥ //«

     This is what MKDIR looks like when you invoke it:

B0:WORK>mkdir

.ii MKDIR, example
MKDIR, Version 3.2

MKDIR Command (? for Help)? ?
MKDIR Commands are --
        C -- Change Directory (Add/Rename/Delete Entries)
        I -- Initialize Directory
        P -- Print Directory
        R -- Read Directory File
        S -- Status of MKDIR Environment
        W -- Write Directory File
        X -- Exit Program

MKDIR Command (? for Help)? R
Name of File (<RETURN> = B  0: NAMES   .NDR)? A15:SYS.NDR
MKDIR Command (? for Help)? P
.paè DU : DIR Name - Password     DU : DIR Name - Password
----  --------   --------    ----  --------   --------
A  0: COMMAND  -             A 15: ROOT     -

B  0: WORK     -
MKDIR Command (? for Help)? S
** MKDIR Status **

  3 Entries in Directory
Working File Name: SYS     .NDR

No Changes made to Directory since Startup
File has been loaded

MKDIR Command (? for Help)? X
B0:WORK>

     Thi≤á workinτá sessioε show≤ yo⌡ ho≈ thσ MKDI╥á "Róá commanΣ ì
read≤ thσ .ND╥ filσ oµ you≥ choice«á  Wσ selecteΣ SYS.ND╥ locateΣ ì
iε A15║á or¼á iε nameΣ director∙ parlance¼ ROOT«  Thσ "Pó commanΣ ì
print≤ thσ nameΣ directorie≤ t∩ you≥ CRT«á  Iµ yo⌡ wan⌠ t∩ changσ ì
an∙ oµ thσ nameΣ directories¼á o≥ adΣ ne≈ ones¼á yo⌡ usσ thσá "Có ì
command«á  Iµ yo⌡ wanteΣ t∩ namσ A░ BAS┼ insteaΣ oµ COMMAND¼á yo⌡ ì
coulΣá typσá A0:BAS┼á (iε thσ "changeó modσ invokeΣá b∙á thσá "Có ì
commanΣá oµá MKDIR⌐ anΣ thσ namσ woulΣ bσ changed«á  Iε orde≥á t∩ ì
savσ you≥ change≤ anΣ addition≤ t∩ ß file¼á yo⌡ exi⌠ thσ "changeó ì
modσ witΦ thσ "Xó commanΣ followeΣ b∙ ß carriagσ returε anΣá theε ì
usσ thσ "Wó o≥ writσ command«á  Sincσ yo⌡ havσ alread∙ tolΣ MKDI╥ ì
tha⌠ yo⌡ arσ dealinτ witΦ SYS.NDR¼ locateΣ iε A15¼ yo⌡ woulΣ jus⌠ ì
hi⌠á ßá carriagσá returε afte≥ thσ "Wó commanΣ t∩á savσá thσá ne≈ ì
versioεá oµá SYS.ND╥ t∩ you≥ disδ iε drivσ A«á  T∩ loaΣá thσá ne≈ ì
nameΣ directorie≤ int∩ memor∙ yo⌡ typσ LD╥ SYS.NDR«  AnΣ yo⌡ havσ ì
you≥ newl∙ defineΣ se⌠ oµ nameΣ directories.

     Beforσ wσ enΣ ou≥ discussioε oµ MKDI╥ let≤ takσ ß looδ a⌠ ß ì
session where the directory was changed:

A0:REMOTE>mkdir remote.ndr

MKDIR, Version 3.2

MKDIR Command (? for Help)? P
 DU : DIR Name - Password     DU : DIR Name - Password
----  --------   --------    ----  --------   --------
A  0: SYSTEM   -             A  1: SB180    -
A  2: TEXTPROC -             A  3: ASSEMBLE -
A  4: ZRDOS    -             A  5: DRICPM   -
A  7: SYSOP    - HORRORS!    A  8: PUBLICS  - WONTWORK
A 15: ROOT     - NOTHERE!

B  0: UPLOADS  -             B  1: ZCPR3    -
B  2: UTILITY  -             B  3: COMPILE  -
B  4: DOCUMENT -
MKDIR Command (? for Help)? C
** MKDIR Change Mode **èDirectory Entry (?<RETURN> for Help)? a1:naogzsig

        Renaming SB180
Directory Entry (?<RETURN> for Help)? x

MKDIR Command (? for Help)? X

Directory has changed since last Write
Do you want to write Directory to Disk (Y/N)? Y

Name of File (<RETURN> = A  0: REMOTE  .NDR)? test.ndr

Writing Directory to Disk ... Done

     Noticσá ho≈ MKDIRÉ ask≤ yo⌡ abou⌠ thσ outpu⌠ filenamσá beforσ ì
creatinτ thσ ne≈ ND╥ file«  Iµ thσ use≥ haΣ answereΣ thσ "Namσ Oµ ì
Fileó quer∙ witΦ ß carriagσ return¼ thσ origina∞ REMOTE.ND╥ iε A░ ì
woulΣá havσá beenΣ overwritten«á  B∙ initiall∙ creatinτá thσá ne≈ ì
nameΣ director∙ filσ a≤ TEST.NDR¼á thσ use≥ i≤ wisel∙ leavinτ thσ ì
origina∞á filσá alonσá unti∞ hσ trie≤ ou⌠ thσá modifieΣá version¼ ì
afte≥á whicΦá hσá caε usσ thσ RE╬ o≥á C╨á command--o≥á ßá utilit∙ ì
program--t∩ changσ the name≤ arounΣ.

     Thσ PW─ utilit∙ allow≤ yo⌡ t∩ seσ wha⌠ nameΣ directorie≤ yo⌡ ì
havσ defineΣ anΣ loadeΣ int∩ memory«  Thi≤ i≤ wha⌠ PW─ look≤ likσ ì
when you invoke it.

B0:WORK>pwd

PWD, Version 1.0
 DU : DIR Name     DU : DIR Name     DU : DIR Name     DU : DIR Name
----  --------    ----  --------    ----  --------    ----  --------
A  0: COMMAND     A 15: ROOT

B  0: WORK

B0:WORK>

     Wσ seσ tha⌠ therσ arσ threσ workinτ directorie≤ loadeΣá froφ ì
ou≥á disk║á  COMMAND¼á ROOT¼á anΣ WORK«á  EacΦ nameΣ director∙ i≤ ì
associateΣá witΦ ß drivσ anΣ use≥ area«á  Thesσ drive≤á anΣá use≥ ì
area≤á arσ listeΣ beforσ thσ namσ unde≥á PWD«á  Essentially¼á PW─ ì
combine≤á thσ function≤ oµ thσ "Ró anΣ "Pó command≤ oµ MKDI╥á anΣ ì
allow≤á yo⌡á t∩ takσ ß quicδ glancσ a⌠ thσ directorie≤á currentl∙ ì
active in case you have forgotten.
.paè.ii ROOT: directory
     CD¼á thσ changσ director∙ command¼á give≤ yo⌡ anothe≥ wa∙ oµ ì
movinτá froφ nameΣ director∙ t∩ nameΣ directory«á  Yo⌡ havσá seeε ì
tha⌠á wσ caε movσ froφ B░ t∩ A1╡ b∙ typinτ A15:<cr>«á  Wσ caεá d∩ ì
thσá samσá thinτ b∙ typinτ ROOT:<cr>«á  C─ allow≤ u≤ t∩á typσá C─ ì
A15:<cr╛á o≥ C─ ROOT:<cr╛ t∩ accomplisΦ thσ samσ thing«á  Yo⌡ ma∙ ì
wonde≥á wh∙ wσ woulΣ wan⌠ t∩ g∩ througΦ thσ troublσ oµ typinτá C─ ì
iεá additioεá t∩á thσá othe≥á stuff¼á wheεá wσá coulΣá jus⌠á typσ ì
ROOT:<cr>«  Withou⌠ goinτ int∩ an∙ dee≡ under-the-hooΣ stuff¼ onσ ì
advantagσá oµ usinτ C─ t∩ movσ t∩ ß ne≈ nameΣ director∙á i≤á tha⌠ ì
wheε C─ take≤ yo⌡ int∩ thσ ne≈ directory¼ thσ firs⌠ thinτ i⌠ doe≤ ì
i≤á looδ fo≥ ß filσ calleΣ ST.COM«á  Iµ i⌠ find≤ ST.COM¼á i⌠ run≤ ì
it«  ST.CO═ caε bσ an∙ prograφ yo⌡ pick¼ a≤ lonτ a≤ yo⌡ renamσ i⌠ ì
t∩ ST.COM«á  I⌠ caε als∩ bσ (anΣ usuall∙ is⌐ aε alias«á  Aε alia≤ ì
i≤á ßá CO═á file--likσ STARTU╨ itselµ (thσá namσá S╘á come≤á froφ ì
"STartup")--tha⌠á simpl∙ passe≤ ß serie≤ oµ command≤ embeddeΣá iε ì
i⌠á t∩ thσ systeφ fo≥ execution«á  So¼á yo⌡ caε havσ aε automatiπ ì
serie≤á oµá command≤á executeΣá wheε yo⌡ loτá int∩á ßá ne≈á nameΣ ì
director∙ witΦ CD«  Wσ wil∞ havσ morσ t∩ sa∙ abou⌠ aliase≤ later.

     NameΣá directoriesÉ allo≈ yo⌡ t∩ computσ thσ wa∙á yo⌡á think«  ì
Yo⌡á ma∙ finΣ i⌠ difficul⌠ t∩ remembe≥ tha⌠ yo⌡ d∩ you≥ assemble≥ ì
worδá iε B3¼á bu⌠ yo⌡ wil∞ havσ les≤ difficult∙á rememberinτá thσ ì
nameΣá director∙ calleΣ ASM«á  Let'≤ sa∙ yo⌡ wan⌠ t∩ cop∙ certaiε ì
file≤ froφ yo⌡ AS═ nameΣ director∙ t∩ you≥ BACKU╨ directory«á  I⌠ ì
i≤ eas∙ t∩ remembe≥ tha⌠ you≥ drivσ anΣ use≥ areß fo≥ backup≤á i≤ ì
calleΣá BACKU╨á anΣ tha⌠ you≥ drivσ anΣ use≥ areßá fo≥á assemble≥ ì
worδ i≤ calleΣ ASM.

     T∩ cop∙ ß filσ calleΣ BIGPROG.AS═ froφ you≥ AS═ director∙ t∩ ì
you≥ BACKU╨ director∙ yo⌡ woulΣ simpl∙ type:

C╨ BACKUP:=ASM:BIGPROG.ASM

Thσ residen⌠ C╨ commanΣ doe≤ n∩ erro≥ checking«  Moderε áhardwarσ ì
i≤ quitσ reliablσ anΣ man∙ user≤ tradσ ofµ erro≥ checkinτ fo≥ thσ ì
speeΣ oµ CP«  Iµ yo⌡ wanteΣ t∩ d∩ automatiπ erro≥ checkinτ oε thσ ì
reaΣ anΣ writσ proces≤ yo⌡ coulΣ usσ thσ MCOP┘ prograφ anΣ type:

MCOPY BACKUP:=ASM:BIGPROG.ASM

Thσ áá┌-Systeφ áádirector∙ áutilitie≤ áals∩ ákno≈ ááabou⌠ áánameΣ ì
directories« á T∩ seσ wha⌠ file≤ arσ iε you≥ ROO╘ directory¼ áyo⌡ ì
migh⌠ typσ XDI╥ ROOT:¼  X─ ROOT:¼ o≥ jus⌠ DI╥ ROOT:¼ accordinτ t∩ ì
whicΦ ┌-Systeφ director∙ utilit∙ yo⌡ arσ workinτ with«  Thσ othe≥ ì
┌-Systeφ áutilitie≤ kno≈ abou⌠ nameΣ directorie≤ a≤ well« á NameΣ ì
directorie≤ áprovidσ yo⌡ witΦ ß powerfu∞ too∞ t∩ brinτ ácomputinτ ì
int∩ thσ realm≤ oµ norma∞ everyda∙ English«  Thi≤ i≤ jus⌠ anothe≥ ì
examplσ áoµ áho≈ áthσ ┌-Systeφ provide≤ thσ ámos⌠ ápractica∞ áanΣ ì
natura∞ use≥ interfacσ availablσ toda∙ oε microcomputers.

     Well...«á  Herσ wσ are«  A⌠ thσ enΣ oµ STARTUP«  AnΣ wσ havσ ì
jus⌠ starteΣ ou≥ journe∙ int∩ Z«á  A⌠ thi≤ poin⌠ yo⌡ shoulΣá fee∞ ì
comfortablσ witΦ thσ concept≤ oµ flo≈ control¼ residen⌠ commands¼ ì
anΣá nameΣ directories«á  Wσ wil∞ movσ oε no≈ t∩ othe≥á importan⌠ ì
matters¼á includinτ thσ intrinsiπ commands¼á thσ multiplσ commanΣ ìèline¼ anΣ aliases.