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RNFMAN1.RQF
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RNFMAN1.RNF
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Text File
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2000-06-30
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29KB
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635 lines
.REM LAST REVISED 7 June 1986
.REM This file has many good examples of RNF features. However, on most
.REM modern computers, you would use upper and lower case input,
.REM not upper-case only.
.CASEFLAG .FLAG .FLAGCAPS
.RIGHT 10
.MACRO INPAG = .SAV .RESPAG .S 3
.MACRO OUTPAG = .S 2 .RES
.MACRO LPAG = .IF $LP $$PAGE=$$PAGE+1 .T <RNF .RT .CHTTL
.MACRO RPAG = .IF #$LP .CHTTL .T <RNF .RT $$PAGE=$$PAGE+1
.MACRO CH * = .PAGE .RESPAG .BR # .BR .S 4 .CHA .B .CHB .S 3 $$HL=0;
.MACRO CHA = .C <CHAPTER $$CH=$$CH+1 .BR
.MACRO CHB = .C .CH1 .BR
.MACRO BDOT = .SAV .P -2 1 5 .LM +5
.MACRO DOT = .PP _.# .X
.MACRO EDOT = .RES .S 1
.VAR $LP
.RM 60
.TABS 30 $$RM .SP 1 .SAVPAG
.PAGESIZE 58 $$RM .LINES 66
.AP .P +0 1 4
.NONMP
##########
.PAGE
.FIG 20
.C .U <RNF
.B
.C ^TEXT ^PROCESSOR .NOU
.B .B
.C ^REFERENCE ^GUIDE
$$PAGE=0;
.MACRO FRCPAGE = .TOP .INPAG .LPAG .RPAG .OUTPAG .MID $LP=#$LP;
.MACRO CHTTL = ^INTRODUCTION
.CH <INTRODUCTION
<RNF IS A TEXT FORMATTING PROGRAM SIMILIAR TO THE
<RUNOFF PROGRAM ON THE <DEC<SYSTEM-20, OR NROFF AND TROFF ON <UNIX.
<RNF ACCEPTS (MOSTLY) FREE-FORMAT TEXT WHICH HAS BEEN PUT IN
A FILE AND EDITED BY ANY EDITOR, AND PRODUCES OUTPUT SUITABLE FOR
A LINE PRINTER OR A TYPEWRITER-LIKE TERMINAL DEVICE.
.HL 1 ^FEATURES
<RNF DOES ANY OR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING FOR THE USER:
.SAV .P -16 1 3 .LM 25 .TABS 25
^PAGINATION .T <RNF AUTOMATICALLY BREAKS TEXT UP INTO
PAGES, AND BY DEFAULT NUMBERS THEM SEQUENTIALLY.
^FILL .T ^USING THE MARGINS SET BY THE USER, <RNF
AUTOMATICALLY "FILLS" EACH LINE OF THE OUTPUT WITH AS MANY WORDS
AS IT CAN HOLD WITHOUT EXCEEDING THE RIGHT MARGIN. ^FILLING
STOPS AT THE END OF A PARAGRAPH, ETC.
^JUSTIFICATION .T <RNF WILL OPTIONALLY JUSTIFY FILLED LINES
ON THE RIGHT, SO THAT THE RIGHT MARGIN "LINES UP" EVENLY.
^CHAPTERING .T <RNF WILL FORMAT CHAPTER TITLES, AND
NUMBER CHAPTERS SEQUENTIALLY.
^SECTIONING .T <RNF WILL FORMAT SECTION HEADERS AND NUMBER
SECTIONS AND SUBSECTIONS SEQUENTIALLY.
^LISTS .T <RNF WILL FORMAT AND NUMBER LISTS AND
SUBLISTS.
.RES
^IN ADDITION TO THE FEATURES WHICH ARE BUILT IN,
<RNF PROVIDES AN EASY TO USE MACRO FACILITY WHICH PERMITS
THE USER TO DEFINE COMMANDS WHICH ARE CUSTOMIZED TO A PARTICULAR
APPLICATION.
.HL 1 <WORDS
<RNF INPUT IS A SERIES OF WORDS, WHERE A WORD IS ANY SEQUENCE
OF NON-BLANK CHARACTERS.
^BLANKS IN THE INPUT TEXT ARE NOT (USUALLY) SIGNIFICANT TO
<RNF, EXCEPT THAT THEY DELIMIT WORDS. <RNF INSERTS ONE
BLANK BETWEEN EACH WORD, AND TWO BLANKS AFTER WORDS WHICH
END SENTENCES.
^IF A SEQUENCE OF BLANKS MUST APPEAR IN THE OUTPUT, THE
SIGNIFICANT BLANK CHARACTER _# IS USED. ^FOR EXAMPLE,
BE_#_#_#_#TWEEN IS OUTPUT AS BE####TWEEN.
.HL 1 <LINES
^IN DEFAULT MODE, WORDS ARE
PICKED FROM THE INPUT ONE BY ONE AND PLACED INTO AN OUTPUT
LINE. ^WHEN AN OUTPUT LINE IS FULL, IT IS WRITTEN INTO THE
OUTPUT FILE.
^THE USER SETS THE LEFT AND RIGHT MARGINS OF THE OUTPUT PAGE
BY THE <.LM AND <.RM COMMANDS, RESPECTIVELY.
^TEXT ON THE OUTPUT LINE IS WRITTEN BEGINNING AT THE LEFT MARGIN
AND NOT PAST THE RIGHT MARGIN.
^FILLING MEANS THAT (UNLESS THE USER SPECIFICALLY DIRECTS OTHERWISE)
AS MANY WORDS AS POSSIBLE ARE USED TO FILL EACH OUTPUT LINE.
^JUSTIFICATION MEANS THAT BLANK CHARACTERS ARE ADDED BETWEEN
WORDS SO THAT THE LAST CHARACTER ON EACH LINE IS EXACTLY ON THE
RIGHT MARGIN.
^THE <.F AND <.J COMMANDS CONTROL FILLING AND JUSTIFICATION.
^THE DEFAULT LEFT MARGIN IS 1 AND THE DEFAULT RIGHT MARGIN IS
72. ^FOR ^ELITE TYPE (12 CHARACTERS PER INCH) THIS PRODUCES
A 6-INCH WIDE LINE, WHICH ALLOWS 1 AND 1/4 INCH MARGINS ON
STANDARD 8 AND 1/2 INCH PAPER. ^FOR ^PICA TYPE (10 CHARACTERS
PER INCH) <.LM 1 AND <.RM 60 PROVIDE THE SAME SIZE LINE.
^FOR MOST PURPOSES, IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE LEFT MARGIN BE
INITIALLY SET TO 1, AS THIS IS EASY TO WORK WITH AND REMEMBER.
^IF THE TEXT MUST BE SHIFTED TO THE RIGHT FOR OUTPUT ON A
TYPEWRITER PAGE, THE <.RIGHT COMMAND MAY BE USED.
.HL 1 <SPACING
^THE INPUT TO <RNF IS SINGLE SPACED. ^THE OUTPUT MAY BE SINGLE
SPACED, DOUBLE SPACED, OR TRIPLE SPACED AS THE USER CHOOSES.
^SPACING IS SET BY THE <.SP COMMAND.
^ONCE SET, <RNF WILL AUTOMATICALLY
CONTROL SPACING WITHOUT REQUIRING ANY FURTHER ACTION
ON THE PART OF THE USER. ^IF EXTRA SPACES OR NON-STANDARD SPACING
IS DESIRED, HOWEVER, <RNF PROVIDES COMMANDS FOR THESE, TOO.
^THE <.CR COMMAND PROVIDES THE EQUIVALENT OF A CARRIAGE RETURN
KEY ON AN ELECTRIC TYPEWRITER. ^THE <.CR ENDS THE CURRENT LINE
AND SPACES AS SET BY <.SP. ^THAT IS, IF SINGLE SPACING IS
SELECTED (<.SP 1), THE <.CR "RETURNS THE CARRIAGE" TO THE NEXT
LINE; IF DOUBLE SPACING IS SELECTED (<.SP 2), THE <.CR LEAVES
A SINGLE BLANK LINE AFTER THE CURRENT LINE, AND SO ON. ^THROUGHOUT
THIS MANUAL, THE ACTION OF THE <.CR IS REFERRED TO AS A "RETURN".
^MANY COMMANDS CAUSE A RETURN AS A PRELUDE TO FURTHER ACTION.
^THE <.S COMMAND CAUSES A RETURN, FOLLOWED BY ANY NUMBER OF EXTRA
RETURNS.
<.S AND <.S#1 MEAN THE SAME, I.E., A RETURN AND ONE EXTRA RETURN.
<.S#2 PROVIDES TWO EXTRA RETURNS, AND SO ON.
<.CR AND <.S ALWAYS HONOR THE SPACING SET BY <.SP. ^THE USER
CAN ESCAPE SPACING BY MEANS OF THE <.BR AND <.B COMMANDS.
<.BR PROVIDES A "BREAK"; IT RETURNS THE CARRIAGE AND PROCEEDS
ON THE NEXT LINE, REGARDLESS OF SPACING. <.B CAUSES ANY NUMBER
OF BLANK LINES AFTER THE CURRENT LINE. <.B AND <.B#1 MEAN THE
SAME: BREAK AND LEAVE ONE BLANK LINE AFTER THE CURRENT LINE.
<.B#2 LEAVES TWO BLANK LINES, AND SO ON.
^THUS, THE USER CAN CREATE SPACING INDEPENDENT TEXT BY USING
ONLY <.CR AND <.S COMMANDS FOR SPACING. <.BR AND <.B ARE USED
WHEN SPACING IS TO BE FIXED REGARDLESS OF THE <.SP SETTING.
.HL 1 <PARAGRAPHS
<RNF PROVIDES BOTH EXPLICIT AND AUTOMATIC PARAGRAPHING FACILITIES.
^THE <.P COMMAND CONTROLS THE INDENTATION, SPACING, AND LOCATION
OF EACH PARAGRAPH. ^THE <.PP COMMAND BEGINS A NEW PARAGRAPH.
^AUTOPARAGRAPHING, CONTROLLED BY THE <.AP COMMAND, CAUSES AN
IMPLICIT <.PP COMMAND EACH TIME EITHER A BLANK LINE OR A LINE
BEGINNING WITH BLANK IS ENCOUNTERED IN THE INPUT TEXT.
^THIS IS A CONVENIENT FORMAT FOR TEXT ENTRY, AND ALLOWS
EASY MODIFICATION.
^BY USE OF THE <.SP (^S^PACING) AND <.P COMMANDS, THE SAME INPUT
TEXT CAN BE USED FOR PRODUCING BOTH DOUBLE (OR TRIPLE) SPACED DRAFTS
AND SINGLE SPACED FINAL COPY.
^PARAGRAPHING IS SUFFICIENTLY FLEXIBLE TO BE USED FOR
"HANGING INDENTS".
^IN ADDITION, THE FACT THAT PARAGRAPH INDENTATION CAN BE
SPECIFIED RELATIVE TO THE LEFT MARGIN (EVEN IF IT IS LATER
CHANGED) ALLOWS PARAGRAPHING TO BE CONVENIENTLY USED IN
INDENTED TEXT.
.HL 1 <PAGES
^LINES ARE AUTOMATICALLY SEPARATED INTO PAGES BY <RNF.
^TWO COMMANDS CONTROL THE SIZE OF <RNF PAGES: <.PAGESIZE (^PAGE ^SIZE)
AND <.LINES.
^THE FIRST ARGUMENT OF <.PAGESIZE SPECIFIES THE NUMBER OF LINES WHICH
ARE ALLOWED ON A PAGE BEFORE AN AUTOMATIC PAGE THROW IS DONE.
^THIS NUMBER INCLUDES THE LINES IN THE HEADER AT THE TOP OF EACH
PAGE, AND THE NORMAL TEXT ON THE PAGE, BUT DOES NOT INCLUDE THE
LINES IN THE FOOTER (IF ANY) AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PAGE.
^THE <.LINES COMMAND SPECIFIES THE NUMBER OF LINES ON THE
ENTIRE PAGE. ^THIS NUMBER IS USED WHEN SIMULATING PAGE EJECTS
ON TERMINALS WITH CONTINUOUS FORMS.
^THE DEFAULT <.PAGESIZE FIRST ARGUMENT AND <.LINES ARE 58 AND 66,
RESPECTIVELY. ^THIS ALLOWS AT LEAST A 1 AND 1/3 INCH BOTTOM
MARGIN WITH 6 LINE PER INCH PRINTING, AND A 1 INCH MARGIN WITH
8 LINE PER INCH PRINTING ON STANDARD REDUCED FORMS.
^SOME TERMINALS USE REDUCED FORMS BUT PRINT 6 LINES PER INCH.
^THIS MEANS THERE ARE 51 LINES ON EACH PAGE; A <.PAGESIZE FIRST ARGUMENT
OF 44 WILL ALLOW A 1 INCH BOTTOM MARGIN.
.HL 2 ^EXPLICIT PAGING CONTROL
^THE <.PAGE COMMAND ALLOWS THE USER TO ADVANCE TO THE NEXT PAGE
EXPLICITLY. ^THE <.NMP AND <.PNO COMMANDS CONTROL PAGE NUMBERING,
AND THE <.TITLE, <.ST, AND <.ATITLE COMMANDS PROVIDE FOR PRINTING
TITLES AT THE TOP OF EACH PAGE.
.HL 2 ^PAGE ^FORMAT
^A PAGE IS DIVIDED INTO THREE AREAS:
.BDOT .DOT ^THE TOP, WHICH CONTAINS THE UPPER MARGIN AND OPTIONAL
TITLES AND PAGE NUMBER.
.DOT ^THE MIDDLE, WHICH CONTAINS THE TEXT OF THE DOCUMENT.
.DOT ^THE BOTTOM, WHICH MAY CONTAIN A FOOTER. (^BY DEFAULT, NO
FOOTER IS PRINTED.)
.EDOT
^THE DEFAULT HEADER CONSISTS OF AN OPTIONAL TITLE ON THE LEFT AND
THE PAGE NUMBER AS AN ^ARABIC NUMBER ON THE RIGHT OF THE FOURTH
LINE ON THE PAGE.
^THE SUBTITLE, IF ANY, IS BELOW THE TITLE ON THE FOLLOWING LINE.
^TWO BLANK LINES ARE LEFT BELOW THE HEADER.
^IF THIS DEFAULT FORMAT IS NOT SATISFACTORY FOR A SPECIFIC
DOCUMENT, THE USER MAY SUBSTITUTE ANY ARBITRARY HEADER AND
FOOTER TEXT BY MEANS OF A <.FRCPAGE MACRO DEFINITION (SEE ^CHAPTER 3)
AND USE OF THE PAGING INTRINSICS <.TOP, <.MID, AND <.BOTTOM.
^THE PAGE NUMBER USED BY <RNF MAY BE ACCESSED DIRECTLY THROUGH
THE PREDEFINED VARIABLE <$$PAGE (SEE ^CHAPTER 4).
.HL 1 ^UPPER ^CASE ^INPUT ^TEXT
^BY DEFAULT, <RNF DOES NOT CHANGE THE CASE OF ALPHABETIC CHARACTERS IN
THE INPUT.
^THE OPTION _.<CASECONVERT CAN BE USED TO SHIFT UPPER CASE TO LOWER.
^THE _.<FLAG OPTION ALLOWS
UPPER CASE OUTPUT TO BE INDICATED BY A PRECEDING ^. ^FOR
EXAMPLE, THE FOLLOWING INPUT
.I 9 <_^THIS <IS <AN <_^U_^P_^P_^E_^R/LOWER <CASE <LINE.
IS OUTPUT BY <RNF AS
.I 9 ^THIS IS AN <UPPER/<LOWER CASE LINE.
^THE _.<FLAGCAPS OPTION CAUSES THE _< CHARACTER TO INVERT THE CASE OF ALL
ALPHABETIC CHARACTERS WHICH FOLLOW IT IN THE SAME WORD.
^FOR EXAMPLE,
.I 9 <^SOME <_<UPPER <_<CASE <AND <SOME <LOWER <CASE.
.I 9 <SOME_<OF_<BOTH
ARE OUTPUT AS
.I 9 ^SOME <UPPER <CASE AND SOME LOWER CASE.
.I 9 SOME<OF<BOTH
^WHEN THESE OPTIONS ARE GIVEN, THE CHARACTERS _^ AND _< MUST
BE REPRESENTED IN INPUT AS ___^ AND ___<, RESPECTIVELY.
.MACRO CHTTL = ^COMMANDS
.CH <COMMANDS
^ANY SEQUENCE OF NON-BLANK CHARACTERS BEGINNING WITH A PERIOD
(.) ARE TAKEN BY <RNF TO BE A COMMAND. ^IF THE COMMAND IS NOT
RECOGNIZED, AN ERROR MESSAGE IS PRODUCED.
^MANY COMMANDS REQUIRE ARGUMENTS, I.E., WORDS WHICH FOLLOW
THE COMMAND AND MODIFY ITS ACTION IN SOME WAY.
^THE ONLY COMMANDS WHICH PERMIT A VARIABLE NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS
ARE <.TAB (OR <.TABS), <.B, AND <.S.
IF ANY OTHER COMMAND REQUIRES AN ARGUMENT, IT MUST BE SPECIFIED.
^COMMANDS MAY BE FREELY INTERSPERSED WITH TEXT. ^SOME COMMANDS
CAUSE A "RETURN" (THAT IS, ACT AS IF THEY WERE PRECEDED BY A
<.CR COMMAND) AS A PART OF THEIR ACTION. ^IF A COMMAND CAUSES
A RETURN, THIS IS INDICATED IN PARENTHESIS AFTER THE COMMAND
FORMAT.
^OTHER COMMANDS CAUSE A "BREAK" (THAT IS, ACT AS IF THEY WERE
PRECEDED BY A <.BR COMMAND) AS A PART OF THEIR ACTION.
^THESE ARE INDICATED BY (^BREAK) IN PARENTHESIS.
^NOTE THAT A BLANK MUST FOLLOW A COMMAND IF THERE IS MORE TEXT ON
THE SAME LINE. ^FOR EXAMPLE, THE SEQUENCE "<.B.I#5" IS IN ERROR;
IT MUST BE WRITTEN AS "<.B#.I#5".
.LM 9
.TAB 60
.P -4 2 4
<.AP
.B ^ANY BLANK LINE OR ANY LINE BEGINNING WITH A BLANK CHARACTER
BEGINS A NEW PARAGRAPH. ^SEE THE <.P AND THE <.PP COMMANDS.
<.NOAP TURNS AUTOPARAGRAPHING OFF AND IS THE DEFAULT. ^DO <NOT
USE THIS FEATURE (USE A BLANK LINE, OR BEGIN A LINE WITH A BLANK)
UNTIL AFTER THE FIRST LINE OF TEXT HAS BEEN WRITTEN. ^IF YOU
MUST AUTOPARAGRAPH IMMEDIATELY, WRITE
.NOFLAGSIG ##### .FLAGSIG FIRST.
<.ARRAY VARIABLENAME N
.B ^THIS COMMAND DECLARES AN ARRAY VARIABLE WITH THE NAME SPECIFIED
AND N+1 ELEMENTS. ^AN ELEMENT OF THE ARRAY IS LATER ACCESSED OR
CHANGED BY A REFERENCE OF THE FORM:
.B .I 9 VARIABLENAME[EXPRESSION]
.B WHERE EXPRESSION MAY BE IN THE RANGE 0 THROUGH N.
^THE ZEROETH ELEMENT OF THE ARRAY MAY BE REFERRED TO WITHOUT
A [0] SUBSCRIPT, AND IS COMMONLY USED AS AN INDEX INTO THE
REMAINDER OF THE ARRAY.
.B ^ALL ARRAY ELEMENTS HAVE THE INITIAL VALUE ZERO. ^ARRAY NAMES
MUST BE FORMED AS DEFINED FOR THE <.VAR COMMAND.
<.ASIS .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^TERMINATES THE CURRENT INPUT LINE AND ENTERS AS IS MODE BEGINNING
WITH THE NEXT INPUT LINE.
.B ^IN AS IS MODE, INPUT LINES ARE COPIED DIRECTLY TO THE OUTPUT
(EXCEPT THAT THE LEFT MARGIN, CHANGE BARS, AND <.RIGHT SPACING
ARE STILL HONORED).
.B ^AS IS MODE IS TERMINATED BY A LINE WITH AN EXCLAMATION MARK
(!) IN COLUMN 1. ^ALL CHARACTERS AFTER THE EXCLAMATION MARK ARE
IGNORED, AND NORMAL PROCESSING BEGINS WITH THE FOLLOWING LINE.
<.ATITLE
.B ^ENABLES AUTOTITLING, WHICH MAKES EACH NEW CHAPTER HEADING
THE TITLE FOR ALL BUT THE FIRST PAGE OF THE CHAPTER. ^THE
DEFAULT IS <.NOATITLE.
<.B .RT (^BREAK)
.BR .I -4 <.B N .RT (^BREAK)
.B ^ENDS THE CURRENT LINE AND WRITES IT WITHOUT FURTHER FILLING
OR JUSTIFICATION (CAUSES A BREAK), THEN WRITES N BLANK LINES.
<.B AND <.B#1 ARE EQUIVALENT.
<.BAR
.B ^ENABLES CHANGE BARS. ^ALL TEXT FOLLOWING THE <.BAR COMMAND
IS SHIFTED RIGHT THREE SPACES. ^SEE THE <.BB AND <.EB COMMANDS.
^THE DEFAULT IS <.NOBAR.
<.BB
.B ^BEGIN PLACING CHANGE BARS IN THE MARGIN
CREATED BY THE <.BAR COMMAND BEGINNING WITH THE LINE WHICH
CONTAINS THE FIRST WORD IN THE TEXT FOLLOWING THE <.BB COMMAND.
^SEE THE <.EB COMMAND.
<.BOLD
.B ^MAKE THE SUBSEQUENT WORDS BOLD, USING OVERPRINTING. ^TERMINATED
BY THE _.<NOBOLD COMMAND.
<.BOTTOM
.B ^SETS THE BEGINNING OF USER TEXT (ON THE PAGE) TO THE CURRENT
OUTPUT LINE NUMBER
AND RESTORES ANY OUTPUT LINES WHICH MIGHT HAVE
BEEN SAVED ON A FORCED PAGE EJECT (SEE <.FRCPAGE).
^IF ANY DEFERRED TEXT IS PENDING (SEE THE <.FIG COMMAND), AS MUCH OF IT
AS POSSIBLE IS OUTPUT BY <.BOTTOM. ^IF AS IS MODE WAS IN EFFECT AT
THE TIME OF THE LAST <.FRCPAGE, IT IS RESTORED.
.B ^THE <.BOTTOM
COMMAND IS TO BE USED ONLY WHEN OVERRIDING THE DEFAULT
HEADER FORMAT VIA MACROS.
.B ^THE <.B AND <.S COMMANDS HAVE NO EFFECT AT THE BEGINNING
OF USER TEXT ON A PAGE. ^THIS PREVENTS SPURIOUS BLANK LINES AT THE TOP
OF A TEXT PAGE.
<.BR .RT (^BREAK)
.B ^ENDS THE CURRENT OUTPUT LINE AND WRITES IT WITHOUT FURTHER
FILLING OR JUSTIFICATION. ^NO EXTRA BLANK LINES ARE LEFT BY
<.BR, REGARDLESS OF SPACING.
<.C TEXT .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^CENTERS THE TEXT WHICH FOLLOWS THE <.C COMMAND ON THE
SAME LINE. ^CENTERING IS BETWEEN THE CURRENT LEFT AND RIGHT
MARGINS.
<.CASECONVERT
.B ^INVERTS CASE OF INPUT LETTERS. ^FOR USE WITH TERMINALS OR COMPUTERS
WITHOUT LOWER CASE. ^SEE <.FLAG AND <.FLAGCAPS.
<.CH TITLE .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^BEGINS A NEW CHAPTER WITH THE TITLE WHICH FOLLOWS ON THE
SAME LINE. ^A NEW PAGE IS BEGUN, TITLES AND SUBTITLES ARE
CLEARED, A <.FIG 12 IS DONE, FOLLOWED BY THE WORD <CHAPTER
CENTERED, A <.B, FOLLOWED BY THE TITLE CENTERED. ^PAGE NUMBERING
IS NOT AFFECTED. ^IF <.ATITLE IS ON, THE CHAPTER TITLE IS
SET AS THE <.TITLE FOR SUCCEEDING PAGES.
<.CR .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^CAUSES A CARRIAGE RETURN, WHICH IS A <.BR FOLLOWED BY
SPACING MINUS ONE BLANK LINES.
.B ^NOTE THAT <.CR IS IMPLIED BEFORE ANY COMMAND FOR WHICH
(^RETURN) IS INDICATED.
<.DOT
.B ^CAUSES ALL FOLLOWING <.T OR <.RT COMMANDS TO FILL WITH DOTS
(PERIODS) INSTEAD OF SPACES. ^A BLANK IS ALWAYS LEFT BEFORE
AND AFTER THE STRING OF DOTS.
<.NODOTS RETURNS TO FILLING TABS WITH SPACES.
<.EB
.B ^END CHANGE BARS. ^THE LAST LINE FLAGGED IS THE ONE WHICH
CONTAINS THE WORD JUST PRECEDING THE <.EB COMMAND.
<.ENDLIST
.B ^END LIST. ^TERMINATES THE INNERMOST ACTIVE LIST. ^SEE
THE <.LIST COMMAND.
<.ESC
.B ^ENABLES THE ESCAPE CHARACTER __ (BACKARROW OR UNDERLINE).
^WHEN ENABLED, THE ESCAPE CHARACTER CAUSES THE CHARACTER WHICH
FOLLOWS IT TO BE COPIED TO THE OUTPUT TEXT WITHOUT SPECIAL
ACTION. ^FOR EXAMPLE, 23__. CAUSES 23_. TO BE TYPED WITHOUT
AN EXTRA TRAILING BLANK. ^THE DEFAULT IS <.ESC.
<.F
.B ^FILLS EACH OUTPUT LINE WITH AS MANY WORDS FROM THE INPUT
AS POSSIBLE WITHOUT EXCEEDING THE RIGHT MARGIN.
^BLANKS ARE REMOVED FROM THE INPUT. ^EACH WORD OF THE OUTPUT
IS FOLLOWED BY AT LEAST ONE BLANK, WHILE WORDS WHICH END IN
_., _!, OR _? ARE FOLLOWED BY AT LEAST TWO BLANKS.
<.NOF SUPPRESSES FILL.
<.FIG N
.B ^RESERVES N LINES FOR A FIGURE. ^IF THE LINES WILL FIT ON THE
CURRENT PAGE, <.FIG CAUSES A RETURN AND LEAVES N BLANK LINES.
^IF NOT, N BLANK LINES ARE LEFT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE NEXT
PAGE.
<.FLAG
.B ^CAUSES ^ TO BE RECOGNIZED AS A FLAG CHARACTER.
<.NOFLAG SUPPRESSES RECOGNITION AND IS THE DEFAULT.
<.FLAGCAPS
.B ^CAUSES THE _< CHARACTER TO INVERT THE CASE OF ANY LETTERS
IN A WORD WHICH FOLLOW IT. ^FOR EXAMPLE, <_<UP_<AND_<THEN_<DOWN
IS OUTPUT AS <UP<AND<THEN<DOWN.
<.NOFLAGCAPS SUPPRESSES SPECIAL ACTION FOR THE _< CHARACTER.
<.NOFLAGCAPS IS THE DEFAULT.
<.FLAGOVER
.B ^THE <.FLAGOVER COMMAND ENABLES RECOGNITION OF _\ (BACKSLASH)
AS THE STRIKEOVER CHARACTER. ^THE STRIKEOVER CHARACTER
IS WRITTEN BETWEEN THE CHARACTER TO BE OVERSTRUCK AND THE CHARACTER
WHICH IS TO OVERSTRIKE IT. ^FOR EXAMPLE, <STRIKEO_\/VER IS
OUTPUT AS <STRIKEO\/VER.
.B ^UNDERLINING COUNTS AS ONE OVERSTRIKE. ^ANY CHARACTER MAY BE
OVERSTRUCK UP TO THREE TIMES. ^OVERSTRIKING MAY BE USED ONLY
WITHIN A WORD; THE OVERSTRIKE CHARACTER HAS NO MEANING BY ITSELF
OR BEGINNING A WORD.
.B <.FLAGOVER IS THE DEFAULT. <.NOFLAGOVER TURNS IT OFF.
<.FLAGSIG
.B ^THE <.FLAGSIG COMMAND ENABLES RECOGNITION OF _# (SHARP)
AS THE SIGNIFICANT BLANK CHARACTER. <.FLAGSIG IS THE DEFAULT.
<.NOFLAGSIG TURNS IT OFF.
<.FRCPAGE
.B ^THIS COMMAND IS USED INTERNALLY BY <RNF TO FORCE A PAGE
EJECT. ^THAT IS, IF A LINE IS ABOUT TO BE WRITTEN WHICH WOULD
EXCEED THE PAGE SIZE, THE LINE IS SAVED, AND A <.FRCPAGE COMMAND
IS EXECUTED AS THOUGH IT HAD BEEN ENCOUNTERED IN THE INPUT
TEXT.
.B ^THE <.FRCPAGE COMMAND ITSELF INVOKES THE EQUIVALENT OF
<.TOP, PRINTS THE NEXT PAGE HEADER, AND INVOKES THE EQUIVALENT
OF <.MID.
.B ^THE USER MAY ADD A FOOTER OR REFORMAT THE PAGE HEADER BY
DEFINING A MACRO WITH THE NAME <.FRCPAGE. ^THIS REPLACES THE
<.FRCPAGE COMMAND, AND MUST INVOKE THE <.TOP AND <.MID COMMANDS
(AND OPTIONALLY THE <.BOTTOM COMMAND) EXPLICITLY. ^FOR CORRECT
OPERATION, THE .U FIRST .NOU WORD IN THE <.FRCPAGE MACRO MUST
BE EITHER <.BOTTOM OR <.TOP, AND THE LAST WORD SHOULD BE <.MID.
.B ^NOTE THAT <.FRCPAGE DOES NOT RETURN, NOR CAN IT, SINCE A
RETURN CAN CAUSE A PAGE EJECT, WHICH WILL CAUSE A <.FRCPAGE
TO BE INVOKED RECURSIVELY.
^THE <.PAGE COMMAND DOES RETURN, AND IN FACT IS DEFINED AS
<.BR <.FRCPAGE.
<.FMT N1 N2
.B ^FORMATS THE VALUE OF N2 ACCORDING TO THE FORMAT CODE SPECIFIED
BY N1. ^N1 AND N2 MAY BE EXPRESSIONS (SEE ^CHAPTER 4). ^N1 MUST
BE IN THE RANGE 0 THROUGH 4, AND HAS A MEANING AS FOLLOWS:
.SAV .LM +11 .TAB 20 .P -7 1 5
.B
.I -11 .U ^VALUE .T ^FORMATS#N2#AS... .NOU
0 .T ^ARABIC NUMBERS. ^THAT IS, <.FMT 0 IS A NO-OP EXCEPT
THAT IT FORCES OUTPUT OF N2.
1 .T ^ALPHABETIC CHARACTER OF VALUE CHR(N2). ^IN THE <ASCII
CHARACTER SET, N2=65 PRODUCES THE CHARACTER ^A, N2=66 PRODUCES
^B, ETC. ^ON THE <CYBER SET, N2=1 PRODUCES
THE CHARACTER <A, ETC. ^IN THE <ASCII CHARACTER SET,
THIS METHOD CAN BE USED TO PUT CONTROL CHARACTERS INTO THE OUTPUT,
FOR EXAMPLE, CHARACTERS USED FOR PRINTER CONTROL.
2 .T ^LOWER CASE ALPHABETIC CHARACTERS. ^ON THE <CYBER, N2=1 PRODUCES
THE CHARACTER A, ETC. (^IN THE <ASCII CHARACTER SET,
THE ACTION IS THE SAME AS THAT OF FORMAT 1.)
3 .T ^UPPER CASE ^ROMAN NUMERALS. (^THE NUMERALS PRODUCED
ONLY MAKE USE OF THE CHARACTERS <X, <V, AND <I.)
4 .T ^LOWER CASE ^ROMAN NUMERALS. (^THE NUMERALS PRODUCED
ONLY MAKE USE OF THE CHARACTERS X, V, AND I.)
.RES
<.HL N HEADING .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^BEGINS A NEW SECTION WITH THE HEADING SPECIFIED AND AUTOMATICALLY
NUMBERS IT. ^THE N IN THE <.HL COMMAND MUST BE IN THE RANGE 1 THROUGH
5. ^SECTION NUMBERS HAVE THE FORM I.J.K.L.M.
^IF A <.CH COMMAND PRECEEDED THE <.HL COMMAND, I IS THE CHAPTER NUMBER;
OTHERWISE IT IS THE NUMBER OF <.HL 1 COMMANDS.
^WITHIN ^CHAPTER 2, THE SEQUENCE <.HL#1, <.HL#2, <.HL#3, <.HL#3, <.HL#2,
<.HL#1 PRODUCES SECTIONS NUMBERED 2.1, 2.1.1, 2.1.1.1, 2.1.1.2, 2.1.2,
AND 2.2.
.B ^THREE BLANK LINES ARE LEFT BEFORE EACH SECTION, AND TWO BLANK
LINES FOLLOW THE SECTION HEADER.
<.I #N .RT (^RETURN)
.BR .I -4 <.I +N .RT (^RETURN)
.BR .I -4 <.I -N .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^INDENT THE FOLLOWING LINE. ^IF N IS SPEC^IFIED, IT INDICATES THE
COLUMN NUMBER AT WHICH THE LINE IS TO BEGIN. ^IF +N OR -N ARE
SPECIFIED, THE INDENT IS PLUS OR MINUS N CHARACTERS FROM THE LEFT
MARGIN.
<.IF EXPRESSION TEXT
.B ^THE <.IF COMMAND TESTS THE VALUE OF THE EXPRESSION. ^IF IT
IS ZERO, THE TEXT ON THE REMAINDER OF THE LINE IS SKIPPED; OTHERWISE
THE TEXT IS SCANNED NORMALLY. <.IF PROVIDES A SINGLE LINE CONDITIONAL
CAPABILITY.
.B ^FOR A DEFINITION OF EXPRESSIONS ACCEPTABLE TO <.IF, SEE
^CHAPTER 4, <VARIABLES.
<.INCLUDE FILENAME
.B ^PROCESS TEXT FROM THE NAMED FILE. ^WHEN <EOF IS REACHED ON THAT
FILE, RESUME PROCESSING THE CURRENT FILE. ^INCLUDE FILES CAN BE
ESPECIALLY USEFUL FOR A COMMONLY-USED MACRO LIBRARY. ^INCLUDE FILES
CANNOT BE NESTED.
<.J
.B ^JUSTIFY TEXT AT THE RIGHT MARGIN. ^THIS IS THE DEFAULT.
^JUSTIFICATION IS ACCOMPLISHED BY INSERTING EXTRA BLANKS BETWEEN
WORDS WHEN NECESSARY. (^NOTE THAT A SIGNIFICANT BLANK, THE
_# CHARACTER, IS NEVER EXPANDED.)# <.NOJ TURNS JUSTIFICATION OFF.
<.LE .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^BEGINS A LIST ELEMENT. ^THE ELEMENT IS AUTOMATICALLY NUMBERED
AND INDENTED. ^SEE THE <.LIST AND <.ENDLIST COMMANDS.
<.LINES N
.B ^SETS THE NUMBER OF LINES IN THE OUTPUT PAGE,
INCLUDING THE TOP AND BOTTOM MARGINS. <DEFAULT N IS 66. ^THE
CORRECT SETTING FOR 6 LINE PER INCH DEVICES USING 8 LINE PER INCH
PAPER IS 51.
<.LIST N .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^BEGINS A LIST WITH N SPACING. ^EACH ELEMENT OF THE LIST
IS AUTOMATICALLY NUMBERED BEGINNING AT 1. ^LISTS MAY BE NESTED
WITHIN LISTS, FOR UP TO 5 LEVELS. ^A LIST IS TERMINATED BY
A <.ENDLIST COMMAND. ^EACH LIST IS INDENTED ON THE RIGHT; THE
OUTERMOST LIST IS INDENTED 9 CHARACTERS, AND EACH INNER LIST
IS INDENTED 4 MORE.
<.LM N
.B ^SET THE LEFT MARGIN TO N.
^N MUST BE IN THE RANGE 1 THROUGH 136 (IN PARTICULAR, <.LM 0
IS FLAGGED AS AN ERROR).
^SEE <.RM ALSO.
<.MACRO NAME ##= TEXT
.BR .I -4 <.MACRO NAME N = TEXT
.BR .I -4 <.MACRO NAME * = TEXT
.B ^DEFINES A MACRO WITH THE NAME SPECIFIED EQUAL TO THE TEXT ON THE
REMAINDER OF THE SAME LINE. ^WHEN _.NAME IS ENCOUNTERED LATER, THE TEXT
IS SUBSTITUTED FOR IT.
.B ^IF N, AN INTEGER FROM 1 TO 7, IS SPECIFIED, IT INDICATES THE MACRO
HAS N ARGUMENTS. ^THIS IMPLICITLY DEFINES MACROS NAME1,NAME2...NAMEN,
WHICH HAVE A TEXT VALUE EQUAL TO THE N WORDS WHICH FOLLOW THE MACRO WHEN
IT IS INVOKED.
.B ^IF * IS SPECIFIED, IT INDICATES THAT THE MACRO HAS ONE ARGUMENT.
^THE ARGUMENT IS THE IMPLICITLY DEFINED MACRO NAME1, AND HAS A TEXT
VALUE EQUAL TO THE ENTIRE REST OF THE LINE ON WHICH THE MACRO IS
INVOKED.
.B ^FOR AN EXTENDED DISCUSSION AND EXAMPLES, SEE ^CHAPTER 3, <MACROS.
<.MID .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^THE <.MID COMMAND ENDS A USER-DEFINED <.FRCPAGE MACRO.
<.MID OUTPUTS ANY DEFERRED TEXT, FOLLOWED BY ANY LINES SAVED
PRIOR TO <.FRCPAGE, THEN SETS THE BEGINNING OF USER TEXT
TO THE CURRENT LINE. ^THIS LATTER SUPPRESSES BLANK LINES
AT THE "TOP OF THE PAGE" CAUSED BY EITHER <.S OR <.B.
<.NMP
.B ^NUMBER PAGES. ^THIS IS THE DEFAULT; <.NONMP TURNS IT OFF.
<.P #N S T
.BR .I -4 <.P +N S T
.BR .I -4 <.P -N S T
.B ^SETS PARAGRAPHING CONVENTIONS. ^N, S AND T ARE NUMBERS.
^N SETS THE PARAGRAPH INDENT AND WORKS LIKE THE <.I COMMAND.
^S SETS THE SPACING BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS, WHERE 1 IS SINGLE SPACED,
2 IS DOUBLE SPACED, ETC. ^T SETS AN AUTOMATIC <.TP T BEFORE
EACH PARAGRAPH. ^SEE ALSO THE <.PP AND <.AP COMMANDS.
<.PAGE .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^BEGINS A NEW PAGE. ^DO <NOT DO A <.PAGE BEFORE WRITING
TEXT FIRST. ^IF YOU MUST DO A PAGE EJECT BEFORE
ANY TEXT IS GENERATED USE .NOFLAGSIG ##### .FLAGSIG <.PAGE
<.PERIOD
.B ^LEAVE AN EXTRA BLANK AFTER _., _!, OR _?. ^THIS IS THE DEFAULT.
^IT MAY BE SUPPRESSED BY <.NOPERIOD.
<.PNO N
.B ^NUMBER THE NEXT PAGE N.
<.PP .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^BEGIN A NEW PARAGRAPH.
<.PAGESIZE L R
.B ^SETS THE PAGE SIZE TO L LINES OF TEXT, NOT COUNTING THE LINES
AT THE TOP MARGIN, AND THE PAGE NUMBER RIGHT MARGIN TO R.
^SEE ALSO THE <.LINES COMMAND.
<.REM TEXT
.B ^THE <.REM COMMAND AND ALL TEXT WHICH FOLLOWS IT ON THE SAME
INPUT LINE IS TREATED AS A REMARK (COMMENT). ^THE TEXT IS
NOT COPIED TO THE OUTPUT.
<.RES .RT (^BREAK)
.B ^RESTORES THE MARGINS, FILL AND JUSTIFY MODES, PARAGRAPH
SETTINGS, SPACING, AND TAB STOPS TO THEIR STATE AS OF THE
LAST <.SAV COMMAND.
<.RESPAG .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^LIKE <.RES; REPLACES THE MARGINS, FILL AND JUSTIFY MODES,
PARAGRAPH SETTINGS, SPACING, AND TAB STOPS TO THEIR STATE
AS OF THE LAST <.SAVPAG COMMAND. ^RESTORES THE PAGE ENVIRONMENT,
WHICH IS USED TO ALIGN TITLES AND PAGE NUMBERS.
<.RIGHT N .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^SHIFT OUTPUT TEXT RIGHT N SPACES. THE <.RIGHT SPACES PRECEDE
THOSE CAUSED BY THE <.BAR COMMAND.
<.RM N
.B ^SETS THE RIGHT MARGIN TO COLUMN N.
<.RT
.B ^RIGHT TAB. ^CAUSES THE FOLLOWING WORD TO BE RIGHT JUSTIFIED
(END IN) THE NEXT TAB STOP. ^SEE THE <.TABS AND <.T COMMANDS.
^THIS IS USEFUL FOR TABLES OF NUMERIC DATA.
<.S .RT (^RETURN)
.BR .I -4 <.S N .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^LEAVE N+1 TIMES SPACING BLANK LINES, WHERE SPACING IS SET BY THE
<.SP COMMAND. <.S DOES NOTHING AT THE BEGINNING OF A PAGE.
<.S AND <.S#1 ARE EQUIVALENT.
<.SAV
.B ^SAVE THE CURRENT MARGINS, FILL AND JUSTIFY MODES, PARAGRAPH
SETTINGS, SPACING, AND TAB STOPS -- WHICH ARE COLLECTIVELY
CALLED THE "ENVIRONMENT". ^THE ENVIRONMENT IS RESTORED BY
THE <.RES COMMAND. <.SAV AND <.RES CAN BE NESTED.
.B ^FOR MOST TEXT, THERE ARE TWO ACTIVE ENVIRONMENTS: THE
CURRENT VALUE AND THE "PAGE ENVIRONMENT". ^THE LATTER CONTROLS
THE PRINTING OF TITLES AND PAGE NUMBERS AT THE HEAD OF EACH
PAGE.
.B
^NOTE THAT <.HL, <.CH, OR <.RESPAG RESET THE ENVIRONMENT TO
THE PAGE ENVIRONMENT AND DISCARD ANY ACTIVE <.SAV<S. ^SEE THE
<.SAVPAG AND <.RESPAG COMMANDS.
<.SAVPAG
.B ^LIKE <.SAV, EXCEPT <.SAVPAG REPLACES THE PAGE ENVIRONMENT.
^IF NO EXPLICIT <.SAVPAG IS DONE, THE ENVIRONMENT AT THE
FIRST <.HL OR <.CH COMMAND BECOMES THE PAGE ENVIRONMENT.
<.SIG
.B ^TREAT SUCCESSIVE BLANK CHARACTERS AS WORDS, AND STOP ALL AUTOMATIC
BLANK PLACEMENT. ^USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH <.NOJ AND <.NOF, IT
PERMITS A SORT OF "AS IS" MODE IN WHICH, HOWEVER, COMMANDS AND FLAGS
ARE RECOGNIZED.
<.NOSIG IS THE DEFAULT.
<.SP N
.B ^SET THE SPACING BETWEEN LINES FORCED OUT BY FILLING TO N, WHERE
1 IS SINGLE SPACING, 2 IS DOUBLE SPACING, ETC.
<.ST TEXT .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^THE TEXT WHICH FOLLOWS THE <.ST COMMAND ON THE SAME LINE IS USED
AS A SUBTITLE ON THE NEXT AND SUCCEEDING PAGES.
<.STD
.B ^SETS <.F, <.NOFLAG, <.NOFLAGCAPS, <.ESC, <.PERIOD, <.J,
<.UL, <.NOSIG, AND AUTOMATIC RETURNS BEFORE THE <.C, <.TITLE, <.ST,
AND <.I COMMANDS. <.SIG IS THE DEFAULT; <.NOSIG DOES THE OPPOSITE.
<.SUP
.B ^SUPPRESSES (THROWS AWAY) ANY TEXT ALREADY IN THE CURRENT OUTPUT
LINE, AND ANY TEXT ON THE SAME INPUT LINE AS THE <.SUP COMMAND.
<.T
.B ^BEGIN THE NEXT WORD AT THE NEXT TAB STOP. ^SEE ALSO THE <.TABS
AND <.RT COMMANDS.
<.TABS T1 T2 _... T15
.B ^SET UP TO 15 TAB STOPS IN COLUMNS T1, T2, ETC. ^THE TAB STOPS
MUST BE IN ASCENDING ORDER. ^TABBING IS DONE BY THE <.T AND <.RT
COMMANDS.
<.TITLE TEXT .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^SETS THE TEXT WHICH FOLLOWS <.TITLE ON THE SAME LINE AS THE
TITLE ON THE NEXT AND SUCCEEDING PAGES.
<.TOP
.B ^SPACES TO THE TOP OF THE NEXT PAGE
AND RESETS THE LINE COUNTER.
.B <.TOP IS ONLY TO BE USED WHEN OVERRIDING THE DEFAULT PAGE
HANDLING. ^THE <.PAGE COMMAND IS USED FOR EJECTING A PAGE NORMALLY.
<.TP N .RT (^RETURN)
.B ^TESTS WHETHER N LINES REMAIN ON THE CURRENT PAGE. ^IF NOT,
<.TP EJECTS A PAGE. ^NOTE THAT <.TP IS AFFECTED BY SPACING
IN THAT THE ACTUAL NUMBER OF LINES TESTED FOR IS N TIMES
SPACING MINUS ONE.
<.U
.B ^UNDERLINE THE NEXT AND SUCCEEDING WORDS IN THE OUTPUT TEXT.
^TERMINATED BY THE <.NOU COMMAND.
<.UL
.B <.UL SPECIFIES THAT OUTPUT IS TO BE PRODUCED IN UPPER/LOWER CASE
(<ASCII MODE). ^THIS IS THE DEFAULT. <.NOUL PRODUCES OUTPUT
IN ALL UPPER CASE.
<.VAR VARIABLENAME
.B ^DECLARES A VARIABLE WITH THE NAME SPECIFIED.
^VARIABLE NAMES MUST BEGIN WITH A _$, AND OTHERWISE CONSIST OF
LETTERS, NUMBERS, OR _$ CHARACTERS. ^THE SECOND CHARACTER
OF A VARIABLE NAME MAY NOT BE A DIGIT. ^THE VARIABLE HAS THE
INITIAL VALUE ZERO.
<.X
.B ^EXTEND THE PRECEDING WORD ON THE OUTPUT LINE WITH THE FOLLOWING
WORD. ^WORDS JOINED BY <.X ARE OUTPUT ON THE SAME LINE WITH NO
BLANKS BETWEEN THEM. <.X IS PRIMARILY USEFUL FOR JOINING TEXT
GENERATED BY A MACRO TO PUNCTUATION ON EITHER SIDE OF IT.
.MACRO CHTTL = ^MACROS
.CH <MACROS
^USER-DEFINED <RNF MACROS PROVIDE A MEANS OF:
.BDOT
.DOT ^EXTENDING THE SET OF <RNF COMMANDS BY ADDING MACROS TAILORED
TO A SPECIFIC APPLICATION.
.DOT ^ABBREVIATING COMMONLY USED SERIES OF <RNF COMMANDS.
.DOT ^ABBREVIATING COMMONLY USED PHRASES OR LONG WORDS.
.EDOT
^FOR EXAMPLE, THE FOLLOWING MACRO DEFINITIONS WERE USED TO PRODUCE
THE DOTTED LIST ABOVE:
.MACRO EX = .SAV .LM +9 .NOF .NOJ .S 1
.MACRO EEX = .RES .S 1
.EX <.MACRO <BDOT = <.SAV <.P -2 1 5 <.LM +5
<.MACRO <DOT = <.PP __._# <.X
<.MACRO <EDOT = <.RES <.S 1
.EEX
WHILE THE FOLLOWING TWO MACROS WERE USED TO FORMAT THE ABOVE
(AND FOLLOWING) EXAMPLES:
.EX <.MACRO <EX = <.SAV <.LM +9 <.NOF <.NOJ <.S 1