Columbia Kermit/kermit.zip/archives/ck9197.zip/telnet.txt

Text File | 2000-02-01 | 43KB | 1,006 lines

TELNET FUNCTIONALITY FOR C-KERMIT 7.0 AND KERMIT 95 1.1.19

  Jeffrey Altman
  The Kermit Project
  Columbia University

Most recent update: Tue Jan  30, 2000


CONTENTS

  1. INTRODUCTION
  2. SUPPORTED TELNET OPTIONS
  3. TELNET OPTION MANAGEMENT
  4. TELNET COMMAND SUMMARY
  5. DIAGNOSING AND FIXING PROBLEMS CONNECTING TO TELNET SERVERS


1. INTRODUCTION

The Telnet protocol is one of the original protocols developed for the
ARPAnet, the precursor to today's Internet.  Telnet has evolved since
the early 1970s due to the extensibility provided by its "option" model.
To quote RFC854:

   "The purpose of the TELNET Protocol is to provide a fairly general,
   bi-directional, eight-bit byte oriented communications facility.  Its
   primary goal is to allow a standard method of interfacing terminal
   devices and terminal-oriented processes to each other.  It is
   envisioned that the protocol may also be used for terminal-terminal
   communication ("linking") and process-process communication
   (distributed computation)."

Not so long ago the requirements for a Telnet client were fairly minimal:
support echo management, window size notification, terminal type negotiation,
and perhaps the transmission of environment variables from the client to the
server.  Option negotiations were not time sensitive nor were they
interdependent.  Everyone was happy as long as each option specification was
followed and infinite negotiation loops were avoided.

This simplicity began to change with the introduction of telnet options
that provide for mutual authentication, data encryption, transport layer
security, and synchronization of remote processes.  The new options have order
and timing dependencies that require increased sophistication from both client
and server even though the original Telnet protocol specification did not
change.

Prior to C-Kermit 7.0 and K95 1.1.18, Kermit implemented Telnet protocol by
opening a connection to the host and then transmitting the options that it
supported.  What happened next was determined by how the connection was being
used.  If the user told Kermit to:

  TELNET <host>

then, immediately after the telnet options were transmitted, the terminal
emulator started and began reading the incoming data.  The rest of the Telnet
protocol implementation was purely reactive (with minor exceptions such as
window-size changes): when a Telnet option was received it would be processed
and a response sent if necessary.

However, if the user said:

  SET HOST <host>

then, after the telnet options were transmitted, Kermit would wait for the
next command from the user.  If a CONNECT command was next the behavior would
be the same as for TELNET <host>.  However, if Kermit was executing a script
containing a series of INPUT and OUTPUT commands, the incoming telnet option
negotiations would be processed while waiting for INPUT.

This was adequate when there were no ordering or timing requirements for the
Telnet negotiations.  But with the introduction of authentication,
encryption, transport-layer security, and the Kermit option for managing the
states of the Kermit server on both the workstation and host (see iksd.txt),
it is necessary for Telnet negotiations to take place before the TELNET
command enters the terminal emulator or the SET HOST command completes and
allows any subsequent INPUT and OUTPUT commands to execute.

The timing requirements for the telnet options supported by Kermit are as
follows:

 . START_TLS (Transport Layer Security) must be negotiated or refused before
   any other option.

 . AUTH (Authentication) must be negotiated or refused before ENCRYPT.  AUTH
   must also be negotiated before the login process is initiated.

 . ENCRYPT (Encryption) must be negotiated/refused in both directions before
   it is safe to transmit any data that might be considered private, including
   Telnet options such as terminal type, location, xdisplay, or environment
   variables.  ENCRYPT may not be negotiated if START_TLS has been negotiated
   or if AUTH has not been.

 . KERMIT (Internet Kermit Service) must wait for a response to any request
   for the peer to either turn on or off the Kermit Server capabilities in
   order to facilitate automatic uploading or downloading of files or
   processing of remote commands.

 . NEW_ENV (Transmission of Environment Variables to the Host) must be
   negotiated before the login process is initiated if the USER variable
   is to be requested from the client.

The result is that Kermit must, to the best of its ability, attempt to
process all of the above options before TELNET enters CONNECT mode or SET
HOST completes to process the next command.  Therefore it might take Kermit
longer to make a connection to a host than before.

The reality is actually far different.  Even if the CONNECT mode or first
INPUT command was executed sooner no user data could be received until the
Telnet negotiations were complete.  In addition, the timing of the initial
INPUT command used to require that the length of time it takes to process the
Telnet negotiations be factored in.  This is no longer necessary and was
inappropriate in the first place.  A login script should not have to be
modified for different connection types; the telnet negotiations should be
transparent to the script.  In C-Kermit 7.0 and Kermit 95 1.1.18 they are.


2. SUPPORTED TELNET OPTIONS

BINARY (Binary Transmission Mode)                  [RFC  856]

When a telnet session is initiated, the connection is in Network Virtual
Terminal (NVT) mode.  NVT mode provides for special treatment of the carriage
return (CR) control character to provide for deterministic parsing of the
input stream.  Every CR that is transmitted must be followed by a line feed
(LF) control character or a NUL control character.  This enables an NVT to
distiguish between the Carriage Return function and the End of Line indicator.
This works fine for textual data.  But in transmission of random binary data
there is the possibility that the sequence CR NUL might be misinterpreted.

Binary mode removes the ambiguity by removing the requirement that
CR be followed by either LF or NUL.  It is negotiatied separately
in each direction of data transmission.  Binary transmission mode is
not required for transferring files with Kermit protocol but it might be
required when transfering files with Xmodem, Ymodem, or Zmodem.

Binary mode is one of the most frequently misimplemented telnet options.
Many implementation will negotiate Binary mode in only one direction
but apply it in both.  Kermit provides workarounds for
these problems with its SET TELNET BUG BINARY-ME-MEANS-U-TOO and
SET TELNET BUG BINARY-U-MEANS-ME-TOO commands.

Kermit also provides the SET TELNET BINARY-TRANSFER-MODE command to
automatically enter binary mode at the start of a file transfer
and return to NVT mode when the transfer is completed.

ECHO (Echo Mode)                                   [RFC  857]

When a telnet session is initiated, data is not echoed by the receiver.
This means that a telnet client must echo each character locally as
it is being sent to the host.  While this reduces network traffic it
can cause problems with terminal emulation and echoing of sensitive data.

The echo option allows the each side to specify that it intends to
echo the data that it receives.  Normally this would be used to negotiate
that the server should echo the data it receives from the client.  While it
is possible for the client to state that it will echo the data received
from the server this makes no sense and if negotiatied could result in
an infinite loop of a single character being echoed back and forth.

As a piece of telnet trivia, the BSD 4.2 telnet client would echo
incoming data sent by the server if the host requested it.  Kermit
will always respond WONT ECHO to a DO ECHO request when it is the client.

SUPPRESS GO AHEAD (Suppress Go Ahead commands)     [RFC  858]

When a telnet session is initiated, all data transmitted by the sender is to
be followed by a Go Ahead (GA) command sequence.  This is to enable telnet to
be used over half-duplex (two-way alternate) connections, and it gives the
telnet partner permission to transmit.  But to our knowledge, all telnet
sessions used over the Internet are full duplex connections.  The Suppress Go
Ahead (SGA) option is negotiated in both directions to suppress the
transmission of the GA commands and treat the connection as full duplex
(two-way simultaneous).

LOGOUT (Logout user from host)                     [RFC  727]

Some operating systems such as VMS support the notion of a login session
that can continue across separate telnet connections.  If a telnet
connection is prematurely interrupted by a network failure, the user
may reconnect to a pre-existing session on their next login attempt.

The Telnet Logout option is sent by the telnet client just before the
tcp/ip socket is closed to indicate to the host that the connection is
being intentionally terminated by the user and is not being closed
due to a network error.

SEND LOCATION (Send Terminal Location)             [RFC  779]

The Send Location option provides the host with a method for requesting
the location of the telnet client.  When a location string has been
specified with the SET TELNET LOCATION command, Kermit transmits
this string to the host upon request.

TERMINAL TYPE (Negotiate Terminal Type)            [RFC 1091]

The Terminal Type option allows the client and server to
agree to a common terminal type that they both support.  C-Kermit
reports the value of the local TERM environment variable.  Since Kermit 95
supports more than 30 terminal types, it continues to offer additional
terminal tyeps to the host until the host accepts one.

NAWS (Negotiate About Window Size)                 [RFC 1073]

The Negotiate About Windows Size (NAWS) lets the client report its current
Window size to the host.  Every time the client's window size changes, the new
size is reported to the host automatically.  It is not possible for the host
to report a window size to the client.

XDISPLOC (Report X Window Display location)        [RFC 1096]

The X Windows display option is used to report to the host the address
of the local X Windows Server.  Kermit sends the contents of the
local DISPLAY environment variable or the string specified by the
SET TELNET ENVIRONMENT DISPLAY command.

AUTHENTICATION (Authenticate end user to host)     [Internet-Draft]

The AUTHENTICATION option is used to determine which if any authentication
method such as Kerberos 4, Kerberos 5, Secure Remote Password, etc, should
be used to authenticate the user to the host.

ENCRYPTION (Encrypt session)                       [Internet-Draft]

The ENCRYPTION option is used in conjunction with the AUTHENTICATE option
to encrypt all the data transmitted during the session.  The ENCRYPTION
option must be negotiated separately in each direction.

NEW ENVIRONMENT (Report Environment to host)       [RFC 1572]

The NEW ENVIRONMENT option is used by the client to reply to requests
from the server for either all or specified environment variables such
as DISPLAY, USERNAME, ACCOUNT, JOB, PRINTER, and SYSTEMTYPE.  When the
NEW ENVIRONMENT option is used to transmit the username, many telnet
servers skip their login or username prompt and go directly to the
password prompt.

START TLS (Transmit Telnet over TLS)               [Internet-Draft]

The START TLS option is used by the client and server to determine whether the
telnet session should be restarted after first establishing a TLSv1 session.
TLS provides strong encryption and optionally authenticates the client and the
server using X.509 certificates.  START_TLS can be used with the AUTHENTICATE
option.  When negotiatied START_TLS replaces the ENCRYPTION option.

KERMIT (Synchronize Kermit File Transfers)         [Internet-Draft]

The Kermit option (invented by the Kermit Project) is designed to
allow a Kermit file-transfer client and a Kermit server to synchronize
their operations.  This allows a change in "mode" of the server to
automatically switch the client into the complementary mode, and vice
versa.

FORWARD X (Transmit X Windows data over Telnet)    [Internet-Draft]

The FORWARD X option (invented by the Kermit Project) allows the
telnet server to redirect all output from X Windows clients and
transmit it across to telnet connection.  The telnet client then
forwards the data to the local X Windows server.  When the telnet
connection is encrypted, both the telnet data and X Windows session data
are protected.

3. TELNET OPTION MANAGEMENT

One of the benefits of processing all the Telnet options during the SET HOST
and TELNET commands is that it is now possible to configure policy
requirements for a valid connection.  This capability is necessary when the
connection must be secure (authenticated and encrypted) or else fail.
Policies are specified with the new command:

  SET TELOPT [ <switch> ] <option> <local-mode>
  SET TELOPT [ <switch> ] <option> <remote-mode>
  SET TELOPT [ <switch> ] <option> <local-mode> <remote-mode>

Which of the SET TELOPT command forms is used is dependent on the telnet
option.  Some options, such as authentication, terminal type and window size,
are negotiated in one direction and others, such as binary, encryption and
kermit are negotiated separately in each direction.  For each option, the
mode can be:

ACCEPTED
  Kermit does not offer the option but if the peer requests it
  Kermit agrees to use it.

REFUSED
  Kermit does not offer the option and if the peer requests it
  Kermit refuses to use it.

REQUESTED
  Kermit requests the option but agrees not to use it if the peer
  refuses it.

REQUIRED
  Kermit requests the option and terminates the connection if
  the peer refuses it.

The optional <switch> can be:

/CLIENT
  Specifies that the command is being used to set the configuration for when
  Kermit is the Telnet client.  This is the default when Kermit is not acting
  as an Internet Kermit Service.

/SERVER
  Specifies that the command is being used to set the configuration
  for when Kermit is the Telnet server.  Kermit is a telnet server when it
  is accepting incoming connections with SET HOST * or when it is acting as
  an Internet Kermit Service.  This is the default when Kermit is acting as
  an Internet Kermit Service.

The options that can be configured and their default settings, as viewed by
SHOW TELOPT, are:

       Telnet Option  Me (client)   U (client)  Me (server)   U (server)

              BINARY     ACCEPTED     ACCEPTED     ACCEPTED     ACCEPTED
                             WONT         WONT
                ECHO      REFUSED     ACCEPTED    REQUESTED      REFUSED
                             WONT         WONT
   SUPPRESS-GO-AHEAD     ACCEPTED     ACCEPTED    REQUESTED    REQUESTED
                             WONT         WONT
       SEND-LOCATION    REQUESTED      REFUSED      REFUSED      REFUSED
                             WONT         WONT
       TERMINAL-TYPE    REQUESTED      REFUSED      REFUSED    REQUESTED
                             WONT         WONT
                NAWS    REQUESTED      REFUSED      REFUSED    REQUESTED
                             WONT         WONT
            XDISPLOC      REFUSED      REFUSED      REFUSED      REFUSED
                             WONT         WONT
      AUTHENTICATION    REQUESTED      REFUSED      REFUSED    REQUESTED
                             WONT         WONT
          ENCRYPTION    REQUESTED    REQUESTED    REQUESTED    REQUESTED
                             WONT         WONT
     NEW-ENVIRONMENT    REQUESTED      REFUSED      REFUSED    REQUESTED
                             WONT         WONT
           start-tls     ACCEPTED      REFUSED      REFUSED    REQUESTED
                             WONT         WONT
              kermit    REQUESTED    REQUESTED    REQUESTED    REQUESTED
                             WONT         WONT
           forward-X      REFUSED     ACCEPTED      REFUSED      REFUSED
                             WONT         WONT

The second line listed for each option shows the currently negotiated state
of the option for the current connection.

The SET TELOPT command should be used instead of the older commands:

  SET TELNET AUTHENTICATION { ACCEPTED, REFUSED, REQUESTED, REQUIRED }
  SET TELNET BINARY-MODE    { ACCEPTED, REFUSED, REQUESTED, REQUIRED }
  SET TELNET ENCRYPTION     { ACCEPTED, REFUSED, REQUESTED, REQUIRED }
  SET TELNET ENVIRONMENT    { ON, OFF }
  SET TELNET NAWS           { ACCEPTED, REFUSED, REQUESTED, REQUIRED }
  SET TELNET XDISPLAY-LOC   { ACCEPTED, REFUSED, REQUESTED, REQUIRED }

which are now considered obsolete (but still supported).


4. TELNET COMMAND SUMMARY

TELNET /AUTH:<type> /ENCRYPT:<type> /USERID:<name> /PASSWORD:<string>
       <host> <port>
  The TELNET command is a shortcut for making interactive connections.
  It is the equivalent of specifying:

    SET TELOPT AUTH ...
    SET TELNET AUTH TYPE ...
    SET TELOPT ENCRYPT ...
    SET TELNET ENCRYPT TYPE ...
    SET LOGIN USERID ...
    SET LOGIN PASSWORD ...
    SET HOST /CONNECT <host> <port> /TELNET

  /AUTH:<type> is equivalent to SET TELNET AUTH TYPE <type> and
  SET TELOPT AUTH REQUIRED with the following exceptions.  If the type
  is AUTO, then SET TELOPT AUTH REQUESTED is executed and if the type
  is NONE, then SET TELOPT AUTH REFUSED is executed.

  /ENCRYPT:<type> is equivalent to SET TELNET ENCRYPT TYPE <type>
  and SET TELOPT ENCRYPT REQUIRED REQUIRED with the following exceptions.
  If the type is AUTO then SET TELOPT AUTH REQUESTED REQUESTED is executed
  and if the type is NONE then SET TELOPT ENCRYPT REFUSED REFUSED is
  executed.

  /USERID:[<name>]
  This switch is equivalent to SET LOGIN USERID <name> or SET TELNET
  ENVIRONMENT USER <name>.  If a string is given, it sent to host during
  Telnet negotiations; if this switch is given but the string is omitted, no
  user ID is sent to the host.  If this switch is not given, your current
  USERID value, \v(userid), is sent.  When a userid is sent to the host
  it is a request to login as the specified user.

  /PASSWORD:[<string>]
  This switch is equivalent to SET LOGIN PASSWORD.  If a string is given,
  it is treated as the password to be used (if required) by any Telnet
  Authentication protocol (Kerberos Ticket retrieval, Secure Remote
  Password, or X.509 certificate private key decryption.)  If no password
  switch is specified a prompt is issued to request the password if one
  is required for the negotiated authentication method.

For TCP/IP TELNET connections, which are in NVT (ASCII) mode by default:

SET LOGIN USERID <name>
  If a <name> is given, it sent to host during Telnet negotiations; if this
  switch is given but the string is omitted, no user ID is sent to the host.
  If this command is not given, your current USERID value, \v(userid), is
  sent.  When a userid is sent to the host it is a request to login as the
  specified user.

SET LOGIN PASSWORD <password>
  If a <password> is given, it is treated as the password to be used (if
  required) by any Telnet Authentication protocol (Kerberos Ticket retrieval,
  Secure Remote Password (SRP), or X.509 certificate private key decryption.)
  If no password is specified a prompt is issued to request the password if
  one is required for the negotiated authentication method.

SET TELNET AUTHENTICATION TYPE { AUTOMATIC, KERBEROS_IV, KERBEROS_V,
  NTLM, SSL, SRP, NONE } [ { ... } ... ]
  AUTOMATIC allows the host to choose the preferred type of authentication.
  Other values allow a specific authentication method to be used.  AUTOMATIC
  is the default.  Available options can vary depending on configuration;
  type SET TELNET AUTHENTICATION TYPE ? for a list.

  When the type is AUTOMATIC and Kermit is accepting incoming connections
  the supported authentication methods will be offered in the following
  order:

    NTLM (windows only)
    Kerberos 5
    Kerberos 4
    Secure Remote Password
    SSL

  This is the equivalent of the command:

    SET TELNET AUTH TYPE NTLM KRB5 KRB4 SRP SSL

SET TELNET AUTHENTICATION FORWARDING { ON, OFF }
  Set this to ON to forward Kerberos V ticket-granting-tickets to the host
  after authentication is complete.  OFF by default.

SET TELNET AUTHENTICATION ENCRYPT-FLAG { ANY, NONE, TELOPT }
  Use this command to specify which AUTH telopt encryption flags may be
  accepted in client mode or offered in server mode.  The default is ANY.

SET TELNET AUTHENTICATION HOW-FLAG { ANY, ONE-WAY, MUTUAL }
  Use this command to specify which AUTH telopt how flags may be
  accepted in client mode or offered in server mode.  The default is ANY.

SET TELNET BINARY-TRANSFER-MODE { ON, OFF }
  Set this command to ON if you want to force Kermit to negotiate
  Telnet Binary in both directions when performing file transfers.
  Default is OFF.  Alias SET TELNET BINARY-XFER-MODE.

SET TELNET BUG BINARY-ME-MEANS-U-TOO { ON, OFF }
  Set this to ON to try to overcome TELNET binary-mode misnegotiations by
  C-Kermit's TELNET partner.

SET TELNET BUG BINARY-U-MEANS-ME-TOO { ON, OFF }
  Set this to ON to try to overcome TELNET binary-mode misnegotiations by
  C-Kermit's TELNET partner.

SET TELNET BUG INFINITE-LOOP-CHECK { ON, OFF }
  Set this to ON to prevent Kermit from responding to a telnet negotiation
  sequence that enters an infinite loop.  The default is OFF because this
  should never occur.

SET TELNET BUG SB-IMPLIES-WILL-DO { ON, OFF }
  Set this to ON to allow Kermit to respond to telnet sub-negotiations if
  the peer forgets to respond to WILL with DO or to DO with WILL before
  sending a SB (subnegotiation).

SET TELNET DEBUG ON
  Displays all TELNET negotiations in full detail.

SET TELNET DELAY-SB { ON, OFF }
  When ON, telnet subnegotiation responses are delayed until after all
  authentication and encryption options are either successfully negotiated
  or refused.  This ensures that private data is protected.  When OFF, telnet
  subnegotiation responses are sent immediately.  The default is ON.

SET TELNET ECHO { LOCAL, REMOTE }
  C-Kermit's initial echoing state for TELNET connections, LOCAL by default.
  After the connection is made, TELNET negotiations determine the echoing.

SET TELNET ENCRYPTION TYPE { AUTOMATIC, CAST128_CFB64, CAST128_OFB64,
  CAST5_40_CFB64, CAST5_40_OFB64, DES_CFB64, DES_OFB64,
  DES3_CFB64, DES3_OFB64, NONE }
  AUTOMATIC allows the host to choose the preferred type of encryption.
  Other values allow a specific encryption method to be specified.
  AUTOMATIC is the default.  The list of options will vary depending
  on the encryption types selected at compilation time.

  When the type is AUTOMATIC and Kermit is accepting incoming connections
  the supported encryption methods will be offered in the following order:

    DES3_CFB64
    CAST128_CFB64
    DES_CFB64
    CAST5_40_CFB64
    DES3_OFB64
    CAST128_OFB64
    DES_OFB64
    CAST5_40_OFB64

SET TELNET ENVIRONMENT { variable-name [ value ] }
  This feature lets Kermit send the values of certain environment variables
  to the other computer if it asks for them.  The variable-name can be any
  of the "well-known" variables "USER", "JOB", "ACCT", "PRINTER",
  "SYSTEMTYPE", or "DISPLAY".  The default values are taken from your
  environment; use this command to change or remove them.

  The most commonly used variables and their default values are:

  USER:
    Telnet servers that request this value will use it as the name of the
    account to be accessed and will therefore not prompt you for a username.
    If a password is required to access the specified user's account only
    the password prompt will be issued.  The default value is the name of
    the user on the local machine.  This value may also be set with the
    command SET LOGIN USER <name>.

  DISPLAY:
    This variable is used to specify the location of the X Windows Server
    to be used by X Windows client applications executed on the remote host.
    This value is used by three telnet options: ENVIRONMENT, XDISPLOC, and
    FORWARD-X.  The default value is retrieved from the value of the DISPLAY
    environment variable in the local environment.

  PRINTER:
    This variable is used to specify the location of the LPR printer to be
    used for printing files on the host.  This variable is not set by
    default.

  SYSTEM:
    This variable is used to specify the operating system type of the local
    machine.  The default value is determined by Kermit.  Typical values
    are "UNIX", "VMS", "WIN32", and "OS2".

  See RFC1572 for further details.

SET TELNET LOCATION [ text ]
  Location string to send to the Telnet server if it asks.  By default this
  is picked up from the LOCATION environment variable.  Give this command
  with no text to disable this feature.

SET TELNET NEWLINE-MODE { NVT, BINARY-MODE } { OFF, ON, RAW }
  Determines how carriage returns are handled on TELNET connections.
  There are separate settings for NVT (ASCII) mode and binary mode.
  ON (default for NVT mode) means CRLF represents CR.
  OFF means CR followed by NUL represents CR.
  RAW (default for BINARY mode) means CR stands for itself.

SET TELNET PROMPT-FOR-USERID <prompt>
  Specifies a custom prompt to be used when prompting for a userid.
  Kermit will prompt for a userid if
    SET LOGIN USERID {}
  has been issued prior to a telnet authentication negotiation for
  an authentication type that requires the transmission of a name.
  (e.g. Secure Remote Password).

SET TELNET REMOTE-ECHO { ON, OFF }
  Applies only to incoming connections created with:
    SET HOST * <port> /TELNET
  This command determines whether Kermit will actually echo characters
  received from the remote when it has negotiated to do so.  The default
  is ON.  Remote echoing may be turned off when it is necessary to read
  a password with the INPUT command.

SET TELNET TERMINAL-TYPE name
  The terminal type to send to the remote TELNET host.  If none is given,
  your current SET TERMINAL TYPE value is sent, e.g. VT220.

SET TELNET TRANSFER-MODE { ON, OFF }
  When ON (OFF by default) and BINARY negotiations are not REFUSED Kermit
  will attempt to negotiate BINARY mode in each direction before the start
  of each file transfer.  After the transfer is complete BINARY mode will
  be restored to the pre-transfer state.

SET TELNET WAIT-FOR-NEGOTIATIONS { ON, OFF }
  Each Telnet option must be fully negotiated either On or Off before the
  session can continue.  This is especially true with options that require
  subnegotiations such as Authentication, Encryption, and Kermit; for
  proper support of these options Kermit must wait for the negotiations to
  complete.  Of course, Kermit has no way of knowing whether a reply is
  delayed or not coming at all, and so will wait forever before continuing
  the session.  If you know that Kermit's Telnet partner will not be sending
  the required replies, you should instruct Kermit to REFUSE specific
  options with the SET TELOPT command.  If you do not know which command
  the host is not responding to set this option of OFF.


5. DIAGNOSING AND FIXING PROBLEMS CONNECTING TO TELNET SERVERS

After we replaced the Telnet engine and added support for the new
functionality we found many Telnet servers that do not adhere to the Telnet
protocol as described in the IETF RFCs.  Here are some of the most common
bugs and the workarounds that Kermit provides the user to avoid them.

BUG: Telnet Server does not respond to telnet options.

Description:
  The telnet protocol requires that all initial requests for action (WILL or
  DO) must be responded to either in the affirmative (DO or WILL) or in the
  negative (DONT or WONT).  A negative response is required for all
  unrecognized options.  A failure to respond to a Telnet option may result
  in the peer waiting forever.

  This behavior is known to exist in the following telnet servers:

  AOS/VS II Release 2.20.00.39
  IBM OS/2 Warp 4.0 (all versions not configured with authentication modules)

Symptom:

  Kermit connects to the host, waits two minutes, and then reports a telnet
  protocol error followed by the list of outstanding negotiations.  Kermit
  has sent a Telnet option such as WILL AUTH and is waiting for the required
  response which never comes.  In C-Kermit you will see "Negotiations...."
  with many dots.  In K95 you will see the "spinner" twirl.

  Example:

  DNS Lookup...  Trying xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx...  Reverse DNS Lookup... (OK)
  Negotiations... ?Telnet Protocol Timeout
  ?Telnet waiting for response to WILL TERMINAL-TYPE
  ?Telnet waiting for response to WILL NAWS
  ?Telnet waiting for response to WILL AUTHENTICATION
  ?Telnet waiting for response to WILL NEW-ENVIRONMENT

  **** AOS/VS II  Release 2.20.00.39 / Press NEW-LINE to begin logging on ****

  Too slow - input timed out

Workaround:

  For each of the telnet options listed as missing a response issue a

    SET TELOPT <option> REFUSED [REFUSED]

  command.  For instance:

    SET TELOPT TERMINAL-TYPE REFUSED
    SET TELOPT NAWS REFUSED
    SET TELOPT AUTHENTICATION REFUSED
    SET TELOPT NEW-ENVIRONMENT REFUSED

BUG: Server sends a subnegotiation without negotiating the option

Description:
  The telnet protocol requires that subnegotiations not be sent until the
  peers have agreed to WILL or DO the specified option.  All subnegotiations
  received in a WONT or DONT state are to be ignored.

Symptom:
  There are two possibilities.  In the first, the host sends a subnegotiation
  such as

     IAC SB TERM_TYPE SEND IAC SE

  without Kermit attempting to use the telnet option.

     IAC WILL TERM_TYPE
     IAC DO TERM_TYPE

  In this case the subnegotiation request will be ignored and the
  subnegotiation response

     IAC SB TERM_TYPE IS <type> IAC SE

  will not be sent.  How this affects the sender of the illegal subnegotation
  is unknown.

  In the second scenario, Kermit sends

     IAC WILL TERM_TYPE

  but the host sends the subnegotiation without responding to the request with

     IAC DO TERM_TYPE

  This scenario degenerates into the previous bug.  (See "Telnet Server does
  not respond to telnet options it does not recognize.")

Workaround:
  For the first scenario, there is nothing that can be done.  Kermit is
  already ignoring the subnegotiations and there is nothing that Kermit
  can do to force the host to adhere to the protocol.  If you have a
  support contract with the maker of the Telnet Server, file a report.

  For the second scenario, Kermit implements a workaround which is on by
  default:

    SET TELNET BUG SB-IMPLIES-WILL-DO ON

  This causes Kermit to treat

     IAC SB TERM_TYPE SEND IAC SE

  as if it were

     IAC WILL TERM_TYPE
     IAC SB TERM_TYPE SEND IAC SE


BUG: Server sends DO TERM_TYPE but then never asks for the terminal type.

Description:
  Although it is not required by the Telnet Terminal-Type RFC, it makes
  sense that if a server asks the client to negotiate the terminal
  type, that it will actually go through with the negotiation.

Symptom:
  Kermit reports that Terminal Type negotiation is in use but the terminal
  type is not configured properly on the host.

Workaround:
  There isn't much that can be done other than to instruct Kermit to:

     SET TELOPT TERMINAL-TYPE REFUSE

  so that it doesn't appear to the user that the terminal type has
  indeed been negotiated.

BUG: Server negotiates BINARY mode in one direction but uses it in both.

Description:
  When either the client or the server says it WILL BINARY and the peer
  accepts, it is an indication that CR is to be sent without a following
  NUL or LF by the sender of WILL BINARY.  A misunderstanding about the
  meaning of this negotiation can prevent files from being transfered as
  the packet lengths and checksums will not match.

Symptom:
  File transfers fail, reporting checksum or packet length errors.

Workaround:
  Use SET TERMINAL DEBUG ON to determine which direction the host is
  negotiating BINARY mode in.

  Then use either:

    SET TELNET BUG BINARY-ME-MEANS-U-TOO ON

  or:

    SET TELNET BUG BINARY-U-MEANS-ME-TOO ON

  to instruct Kermit to follow the broken behavior.


PROBLEM: A connection is made to the Telnet Server but then it takes 30 to 60
  seconds for a login prompt, or disconnects without displaying a prompt.

Description:
  The host is trying to resolve a host name for the IP Address assigned to
  your computer and is unable to.  Check with your network administrator
  or ISP to make sure that the IP address you are using has a valid DNS
  entry for reverse lookups (IP address to name).


PROBLEM: The Telnet Server does not display a "login:" or "Username:" prompt
  and instead immediately displays the "Password:" prompt.

Description:
  The server you are connecting to supports the Telnet environment option
  and has been given your username on the workstation during the telnet
  option negotiations.

Workaround:
  If your username on the workstation is not the same as the username
  on the host, or if you are using a script that requires a username
  or login prompt, use the command:

    SET TELNET ENVIRONMENT USER {<username>}

  or:

    SET LOGIN USERID {<username>}

  to specify your name on the host; or disable this option with:

    SET TELOPT NEW-ENVIRONMENT REFUSED


BUG: The host echos input but never negotiates WILL ECHO.

Description:
  The Telnet protocol requires that all Telnet options be in a state of I
  DONT and you WONT until otherwise negotiated.  That means that unless a
  host says WILL ECHO it should not echo data; the client should echo it
  locally.

Symptom:
  Failure to follow the protocol definition can result in no echoing or
  double echoing.  This kind of confusion has been seen with two
  well-known sites:

    The USA Library of Congress
    Dow Jones News Retrieval

Workaround:
  SET TELNET ECHO REMOTE
  SET TELOPT ECHO REFUSE


BUG: BSDI BSD/OS 3.1 Telnetd improperly implements WILL BINARY mode.

Description:
  The BSDI telnetd when it negotiaties WILL BINARY (host to client) binary
  mode refuses to transmit CR control characters.  The man page for telnetd
  states, "Binary mode has no common interpretation except between similar
  operating systems (Unix in this case)."  The implementors clearly have
  misread RFC-856 (TELNET BINARY TRANSMISSION) which clearly states that
  the only affect that BINARY mode has on the channel is to disable NVT
  (network virtual terminal) handling of CR (CR no longer must be followed
  by NUL if it is not followed by LF) and that the 8th data bit must not
  be stripped.

Symptom:
  By refusing to transmit CR control characters and translate them to LF
  the BSDI telnetd causes end of lines to be misinterpreted by the
  terminal and for file transfers to become corrupted if the host is
  allowed to negotiate WILL BINARY.

Workaround:
  SET TELOPT BINARY ACCEPT REFUSE


PROBLEM:  The host supports Telnet AUTH but you wish to login manually

Description:
  You are using Kermit to connect to a host that supports Telnet
  Authentication except you need to login manually for one of the
  following reasons:

  . You do not have credentials that match the supported Telnet AUTH
    type.  For example, the host supports Kerberos 5 but you do not
    have a principal defined in the Kerberos realm even though you
    have a valid account on the host.

  . You wish to login to an Internet Kermit Service anonymously.

Workaround:
    SET TELOPT AUTH REFUSE


PROBLEM:  Applications on the host are unable to open the DISPLAY

Description:
  Some applications such as the editor 'emacs' are dual mode.  They execute
  either in terminal mode or as an X Windows client.  If the application
  terminates with an error that it is unable to open the DISPLAY it could
  be for one of the following reasons:

  . a DISPLAY environment variable is defined in the shell's script that is
    executed at login and it points to an invalid value;

  . there is a DISPLAY environment variable defined on the local machine
    which has been forwarded to the host by Kermit and the specified
    DISPLAY is unreachable.

  . a SET TELNET ENVIRONMENT DISPLAY command was issued prior to connecting
    to the host and the specified DISPLAY value is invalid.

Workaround:
  If you wish to use the application as an X Windows client you must
  have a working X Windows Server running on your local machine and specify
  a valid DISPLAY string for your server.  This can either be specified on
  the host via

     export DISPLAY=<host>:<display>[.<screen>]

  or by specifying the display in Kermit with the command

     SET TELNET ENVIRONMENT DISPLAY [<host>:]<display>[.<screen>]

  If your telnet server supports any of the following telnet options:

     . X-Display Location
     . Environment Variables
     . X-Windows Forwarding

  then Kermit will transmit the DISPLAY value to the host during the initial
  telnet negotiations.

  If you wish to use the application in terminal mode you can prevent Kermit
  from transmitting the local DISPLAY value to the host by issuing the
  following commands:

     SET TELOPT XDISPLOC REFUSE
     SET TELOPT FORWARD-X REFUSE
     SET TELNET ENVIRONMENT DISPLAY

PROBLEM: The Telnet Server is the Microsoft Windows 2000 Telnet Service

Description:
  The Microsoft Windows 2000 (and NT Services for Unix) Telnet Service is a
  bit of a challenge to work with due to limitations that are imposed by the
  Windows platform and the choices made by the developers.  The Telnet Service
  supports three terminal emulations (ANSI, VT100, and VTNT) and two types of
  end user login (Telnet AUTH NTLM and plaintext domain\username/password.)
  Depending on the choices that are made will determine the levels of
  functionality that can be obtained for the service.

  Terminal types:

  ANSI and VT100 are considered to be the same terminal type by Microsoft
  even though they have some very significant differences.  The Microsoft
  ANSI is closest to the Kermit 95 "ANSI-BBS" which should be used in
  preference to VT100 when communicating with this service.  The VTNT
  terminal type is Microsoft specific (and undocumented.)  Kermit 95
  implements a reverse engineered implementation.  VTNT uses raw Win32
  data structures to implement transmission of screen snapshots from the
  service to the client; and keystroke events from the client to the service.
  VTNT is the preferred terminal type to use with the Microsoft Telnet service
  provided that you do not need access to Kermit 95 keyboard verbs or any
  form of scripting.  If Keyboard verbs or scripting are required ANSI or
  VT100 must be used.

  When using ANSI or VT100 the Backspace key must send BS and not DEL.

  ANSI and VT100 do not support color whereas VTNT does.

  VTNT supports Unicode characters.  ANSI and VT100 only support the local
  ANSI code page.  You must configure the Kermit local and remote character
  sets to properly convert between ANSI code pages.

  End user login:

  The Microsoft provides two forms of end user login.  The first is via the
  use of "login:" and "password:" prompts.  The username is either the name
  of a user with a local account; or a domain\name which specifies a user
  with an account in the provided domain.  Since the login is performed over
  an unencrypted channel the password is easily stolen by monitoring the local
  network traffic.

  The second method is a proprietary (and undocumented) Telnet authentication
  method based upon the NT Lan Manager (NTLM) protocol.  This protocol has
  also been reverse engineered and implemented in Kermit 95.  NTLM only works
  if the client machine shares the same domain (or security authority) as the
  machine the service is running on.  NTLM does not produce a shared secret
  that can be used for encrypting the connection.  NTLM can only be
  implemented on Windows 9x, NT, or Windows 2000 so connections from other
  operating systems must use plaintext logins.

  If NTLM is used, the user can only log into the service with the identity
  they are logged into the local workstation.  If another username is desired
  NTLM must be disabled on the client (SET TELOPT AUTH REFUSE).

  Other quirks:

  The Microsoft Telnet Service implements Telnet NAWS (Negotiate About Window
  Size) but only listens to it when the connection is initially established.
  This has two side effects when used with Kermit.  First, the Telnet Service
  may completely ignore the screen size reported by Kermit if it is not sent
  immediately after the Telnet Service agrees to use NAWS.  Second, the Telnet
  Service will not recognize changes to the screen size after the connection
  is established.

  The Microsoft Telnet Service does not create a proper environment for the
  end user.  The user's profile, home directory and environment variables are
  not loaded onto the system.  Applications that require this information may
  fail to execute or otherwise run incorrectly.

  The Microsoft Telnet Service only allows a single telnet session to be
  running at any one time.

  The Microsoft Telnet Service provides no mechansim for performing file
  transfers.

  The Microsoft Telnet Service performs its job by taking snapshots of the
  console's active virtual window.  This means that it is possible for data
  to be lost due to scrolling or other screen updates between snapshots.
  This can play havoc with scripts and prevents Kermit from being able to
  store data into its scrollback buffers.

  Recommendations:

  If using Kermit 95 and scripts are not required:

     SET TERMINAL TYPE VTNT
     SET TELNET DELAY-SB OFF
     SET KEY \264 \8

  If scripts are required:

     SET TERMINAL TYPE ANSI
     SET TELNET DELAY-SB OFF
     SET KEY \264 \8

  If you are using Kermit 95 on a Windows platform and wish to login as
  a user other than yourself:

     SET TELOPT AUTH REFUSE

  or

     TELNET /AUTH:none <host>

  If you are using C-Kermit:

      SET TELNET TERMINAL ANSI
      SET TELNET DELAY-SB OFF

(End of TELNET.TXT)