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G-Kermit -- GNU Kermit -*- text -*- Version 1.00 : 25 December 1999 Author: Frank da Cruz The Kermit Project Columbia University 612 West 115th Street New York NY 10025-7799 USA fdc@columbia.edu CONTENTS... 1. OVERVIEW 2. INVOKING G-KERMIT 3. COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS 4. THE MECHANICS OF FILE TRANSFER 5. INTERRUPTING FILE TRANSFER 6. TEXT AND BINARY TRANSFER MODE 7. PATHNAMES 8. FILENAME CONVERSION 9. FILENAME COLLISIONS 10. KERMIT PROTOCOL DETAILS 11. PROBLEMS, BUGS, ERRORS 12. BUILDING G-KERMIT 13. INSTALLING G-KERMIT 14. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION NOTES 1. OVERVIEW G-Kermit is a Unix program for uploading and downloading files with the Kermit protocol. G-Kermit is a product of Kermit Project at Columbia University. It is free software under the GNU Public License. See the COPYING file for details. G-Kermit is: . Fast . Small . Portable . Easy to use . Interoperable . Low-maintenance . Stable and reliable Features include: . Text and binary file transfer on both 7-bit and 8-bit connections . Files can be transferred singly or in groups . Automatic startup configuration via GKERMIT environment variable . Configurability as an external protocol Kermit protocol features include: . Automatic peer recognition . Streaming on reliable connections . Selectable packet length, 40 to 9000 bytes (4000 default) . Single shifts for 8-bit data on 7-bit connections . Control-character prefixing for control-character transparency . Control-character unprefixing for increased speed (incoming only) . Compression of repeated bytes . Per-file and batch cancellation Features selectable on command line: . Text or binary mode transfer . Filename conversion on/off . Filename collision backup versus overwrite . Keep or discard incompletely received files . Packet length . Packet timeout . Flow control . Parity . Streaming . Messages . Debugging Features not included (see Section 14): . Making connections . Character-set translation . Interactive commands and scripting . File date-time stamps 2. INVOKING G-KERMIT G-Kermit is always on the "far end" of a connection, on a Unix system that you have made a connection to from a terminal emulator by dialup, network, or direct serial. If you have a direct or dialup serial connection into Unix, use the "stty -a" or "stty all" command to see if your Unix terminal driver is conditioned for the appropriate kind of flow control; if it isn't, very few applications (including gkermit) will work well, or at all. The command for setting terminal flow control varies from platform to platform, but it is usually something like this: $ stty crtscts (where "$ " is the shell prompt) for RTS/CTS hardware flow control, or: $ stty ixon ixoff for Xon/Xoff "software" flow control. When you have a network connection, flow control is usually nothing to worry about, since the network protocol (TCP or X.25) takes care of it automatically, but on certain platforms (such as HP-UX) the TCP/IP Telnet or Rlogin server uses this for flow control between itself and the underlying pseudoterminal in which your session runs, so Xon/Xoff might be required for these sessions too. The G-Kermit binary is called "gkermit". It should be stored someplace in your Unix PATH, such as /usr/local/bin/gkermit or somewhere in the /opt tree on System V R4. To run G-Kermit, just type "gkermit" followed by command- line options that tell it what to do. If no options are given, G-Kermit prints a usage message listing the available options: G-Kermit CU-1.00, Columbia University, 1999-12-25: POSIX. Usage: gkermit [ options ] Options: -r Receive files -s fn Send files -g fn Get files from server -a fn As-name for single file -i Image (binary) mode transfer -T Text mode transfer -P Path/filename conversion disabled -w Write over existing files with same name -K Keep incompletely received files -p x Parity: x = o[dd],e[ven],m[ark],s[pace],n[one] -e n Receive packet-length (40-9000) -b n Timeout (sec, 0 = none) -x Force Xon/Xoff (--x = Don't force Xon/Xoff) -S Disable streaming -X External protocol -q Quiet (suppress messages) -d [fn] Debug to ./debug.log [or specified file] -h Help (this message) More info: http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ <kermit@columbia.edu> If an option takes an argument, the argument is required; if an option does not take an argument, no argument may be given (exceptions: -d may or may not take an argument; -s can take 1 or more arguments). The action options are -r, -s, and -g. Only one action option may be given. If no action options are given, G-Kermit does nothing (except possibly printing its usage message or creating a debug.log file). Here are some examples (in which "$ " is the shell prompt): $ gkermit -s hello.c <-- Sends the hello.c file. $ gkermit -s hello.* <-- Sends all hello.* files. $ gkermit -r <-- Waits for you to send a file to it. $ gkermit -g hello.c <-- Gets the hello.c file from your computer. $ gkermit -g \*.c <-- Gets all *.c files from your computer. Options that do not take arguments can be "bundled" with other options. An option that takes an argument must always be followed by a space and then its argument(s). Examples: $ gkermit -is hello.o <-- Sends hello.o in binary mode. $ gkermit -dSr <-- Receives with debugging and no streaming. G-Kermit's exit status is 0 if all operations succeeded and 1 if there were any failures. If a group of files was transferred, the exit status is 1 if one or more files was not successfully transferred and 0 if all of them were transferred successfully. 3. COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS -r RECEIVE: This option tells G-Kermit to receive a file or files; that is, to passively wait for you to send files from your terminal emulator. -s fn SEND: This tells G-Kermit to send the file or files specified by fn, which can be a filename, a regular expression, or a list of filenames and/or regular expressions (wildcards). Regular expressions are interpreted and expanded by your shell into the list of names of files that is given to G-Kermit. For example "*.c" expands to a list of all files in the current directory whose names end with ".c". -g fn GET: This option tells G-Kermit to get a file (or files) from a Kermit server. It is useful only when your terminal emulator supports the Kermit autodownload feature AND it includes a Kermit server mode. It is equivalent to "gkermit -r", escaping back, telling your terminal emulator to send the given files, and then reconnecting to Unix. -a fn AS-NAME: When used with -s, this option tells G-Kermit to send the file whose name is given as the first -s argument under the name fn. For example, "gkermit -s game -a work" sends the file called "game" under the name "work", so the receiver will think its name is "work". When given with the -r or -g command, the incoming file (or the first incoming file if there is more than one) is stored under the name fn. In all cases, the given name is used as-is; it is not converted. -i IMAGE (binary) mode transfer. When used with -s, tells G-Kermit to send in binary mode. When used with -r, tells G-Kermit to receive in binary mode if the file sender does not specify the transfer mode (text or binary). When used with -g, tells G-Kermit to ask your terminal emulator's Kermit to send the given file in binary mode. See Section 6 for details. -T TEXT mode transfer (note uppercase T). When used with -s, tells G-Kermit to send in text mode. When used with -r, tells G-Kermit to receive in text mode if the file sender does not specify the transfer mode (text or binary). When used with -g, tells G-Kermit to ask your emulator's Kermit to send the given file in text mode. See Section 6 for details. -P PATH (filename) conversion disabled (note uppercase P). Normally when sending files, G-Kermit converts filenames to a form that should be acceptable to non-Unix platforms, primarily changing lowercase letters to uppercase, ensuring there is no more than one period, and replacing any "funny" characters by X or underscore (explained in Section 8). -w WRITEOVER. When receiving, and an incoming file has the same name as an existing file, write over the existing file. By default G-Kermit backs up the existing file by adding a suffix to its name (see Section 9). -K KEEP incompletely received files. Normally when receiving files, and a file transfer is interrupted, G-Kermit discards the partially received file so you won't think you have the whole file. Include -K on the command line to tell G-Kermit to keep partially received files, e.g. "gkermit -Kr". -p x PARITY: Use the given kind of parity, where x can be 'n' for None (which is the default, for use on 8-bit-clean connections); 's' for Space, 'e' for Even, 'o' for Odd, and 'm' for Mark. 's' might be needed on certain Telnet connections; 'e', 'o', and 'm' are only for serial connections; don't try them on TCP/IP connections. -e n PACKET LENGTH: Receive packet-length, where n can be any number between 40 and 9000. The default length on most platforms is 4000. Use this option to specify a different length; usually this would be necessary only if transfers fail using the default length due to some kind of buffering problem in the host or along the communication path. Example: "gkermit -e 240 -r". -b n TIMEOUT (sec, 0 = none). Specify the number of seconds to wait for a packet before timing out and retransmitting. By default, G-Kermit uses whatever timeout interval your terminal emulator's Kermit asks it to use. No need to change this unless the timeout action causes problems. -x XON/XOFF. Force Xon/Xoff flow control in the Unix terminal driver. Try this if uploads fail without it. But don't use it if you don't need to; on some platforms or connections it hurts rather than helps. --x Don't force Xon/Xoff; for use when G-Kermit was built with the SETXONXOFF compile-time option (Section 12), to override the automatic setting of Xon/Xoff in case it interferes with file transfers. -S STREAMING disabled. Streaming is a high-performance option to be used on reliable connections, such as in Telnet or Rlogin sessions. It is used if your terminal emulator's Kermit requests it. Use the -S option (note: uppercase S) to suppress this feature in case it causes trouble. Details in Section 10. -X EXTERNAL PROTOCOL. Include this option when invoking G-Kermit from another program that redirects G-Kermit's standard i/o, e.g. over a connection to another computer. If you omit this switch when using G-Kermit as an external protocol to another communications program, G-Kermit is likely to perform illegal operations and exit prematurely. If you include this switch when G-Kermit is NOT an external protocol to another program, file transfers will fail. G-Kermit has no way of determining automatically whether it is being used as an external protocol. -q QUIET. Suppresses messages. -d DEBUG. Use this for troubleshooting. It creates a file called debug.log in your current directory, to be used in conjunction with the source code, or sent to the Kermit support address for analysis. More about this in Section 11. -d fn DEBUG to specified file (rather than default ./debug.log). -h HELP: Displays the usage message shown above. You may supply options to G-Kermit on the command line or through the GKERMIT environment variable, which can contain any valid gkermit command-line options. These are processed before the actual command-line options and so can be overridden by them. Example for bash or ksh, which you can put in your profile if you want to always keep incomplete files, suppress streaming, suppress messages, and use Space parity: export GKERMIT="-K -S -q -p s" G-Kermit's options are compatible with C-Kermit's, with the following exceptions: -P (available only in C-Kermit 7.0 and later) -K (currently not used in C-Kermit) -b (used in C-Kermit for serial device speed) -S (used in C-Kermit to force an interactive command prompt) -x (used in C-Kermit to start server mode) --x (currently not used in C-Kermit) -X (currently not used in C-Kermit) 4. THE MECHANICS OF FILE TRANSFER To transfer files with G-Kermit you must be connected through a terminal emulator to the Unix system where G-Kermit is installed, meaning you are online to Unix and have access to the shell prompt (or to some menu that has an option to invoke G-Kermit), and your terminal emulator must support the Kermit file transfer protocol. The connection can be serial (direct or dialed) or network (Telnet, Rlogin, X.25, etc). 4.1. Sending Files When you tell G-Kermit to SEND a file (or files), e.g. with: $ gkermit -Ts oofa.txt it pauses for a second and then sends its first packet. What happens next depends on the capabilities of your terminal emulator: . If your emulator supports Kermit "autodownloads" then it receives the file automatically and puts you back in the terminal screen when done. . Otherwise, you'll need to take whatever action is required by your emulator to get its attention: a mouse action, a keystroke like Alt-x, or a character sequence like Ctrl-\ or Ctrl-] followed by the letter "c" (this is called "escaping back") and then tell it to receive the file. When the transfer is complete, you might have to instruct your emulator to go back to its terminal screen. During file transfer, most terminal emulators put up some kind of running display of the file transfer progress. 4.2. Receiving Files When you tell G-Kermit to RECEIVE, this requires you to escape back to your terminal emulator and instruct it to send the desired file(s). Autodownload is not effective in this case. When the transfer is complete, you'll need to instruct your emulator to return to its terminal screen. 4.3. Getting Files If your terminal emulator supports Kermit autodownloads AND server mode, you can use GET ("gkermit -g files...") rather than RECEIVE ("gkermit -r"), and the rest happens automatically, as when G-Kermit is sending. 5. INTERRUPTING FILE TRANSFER G-Kermit supports file and group interruption. The method for interrupting a transfer depends on your terminal emulator. For example, while the file-transfer display is active, you might type the letter 'x' to cancel the current file and go on to the next one (if any), and the letter 'z' to cancel the group. Or there might be buttons you can click with your mouse. When G-Kermit is in packet mode and your terminal emulator is in its terminal screen, you can also type three (3) Ctrl-C characters in a row to make G-Kermit exit and restore the normal terminal modes. 6. TEXT AND BINARY TRANSFER MODE When sending files in binary mode, G-Kermit sends every byte exactly as it appears in the file. This mode is appropriate for program binaries, graphics files, tar archives, compressed files, etc, and is G-Kermit's default file-transfer mode when sending. When receiving files in binary mode, G-Kermit simply copies each byte to disk. (Obviously the bytes are encoded for transmission, but the encoding and decoding procedures give a replica of the original file after transfer.) When sending files in text mode, G-Kermit converts the record format to the common one that is defined for the Kermit protocol, namely lines terminated by carriage return and linefeed (CRLF); the receiver converts the CRLFs to whatever line-end or record-format convention is used on its platform. When receiving files in text mode, G-Kermit simply strips carriage returns, leaving only a linefeed at the end of each line, which is the Unix convention. When receiving files, the sender's transfer mode (text or binary) predominates if the sender gives this information to G-Kermit in a Kermit File Attribute packet, which of course depends on whether your terminal emulator's Kermit protocol has this feature. Otherwise, if you gave a -i or -T option on the gkermit command line, the corresponding mode is used; otherwise the default mode (binary) is used. Furthermore, when either sending or receiving, G-Kermit and your terminal emulator's Kermit can inform each other of their OS type (Unix in G-Kermit's case). If your emulator supports this capability, which is called "automatic peer recognition", and it tells G-Kermit that its platform is also Unix, G-Kermit and the emulator's Kermit automatically switch into binary mode, since no record-format conversion is necessary in this case. Automatic peer recognition is disabled automatically if you include the -i (image) or -T (text) option. When sending, G-Kermit sends all files in the same mode, text or binary. There is no automatic per-file mode switching. When receiving, however, per-file switching occurs automatically based on the incoming Attribute packets, if any (explained below), that accompany each file, so if the file sender switches types between files, G-Kermit follows along. 7. PATHNAMES When SENDING a file, G-Kermit obtains the filenames from the command line. It depends on the shell to expand metacharacters (wildcards and tilde). G-Kermit uses the full pathname given to find and open the file, but then strips the pathname before sending the name to the receiver. For example: $ gkermit -s /etc/hosts results in an arriving file called "HOSTS" or "hosts" (the directory part, "/etc/", is stripped; see next section about capitalization). However, if a pathname is included in the -a option, the directory part is not stripped: $ gkermit -s /etc/hosts -a /tmp/hosts This example sends the /etc/hosts file but tells the receiver that its name is "/tmp/hosts". What the receiver does with the pathname is, of course, up to the receiver, which might have various options for dealing with incoming pathnames. When RECEIVING a file, G-Kermit does NOT strip the pathname, since incoming files normally do not include a pathname unless you told your terminal to include them or gave an "as-name" including a path when sending to G-Kermit. If the incoming filename includes a path, G-Kermit tries to store the file in the specified place. If the path does not exist, the transfer fails. The incoming filename can, of course, be superseded with the -a option. 8. FILENAME CONVERSION When sending a file, G-Kermit normally converts outbound filenames to common form: uppercase, no more than one period, and no funny characters. So, for example, gkermit.tar.gz would be sent as GKERMIT_TAR.GZ. When receiving a file, if the name is all uppercase, G-Kermit converts it to all lowercase. If the name contains any lowercase letters, G-Kermit leaves the name alone. Otherwise G-Kermit accepts filename characters as they are, since Unix allows filenames to contain practically any characters. If the automatic peer recognition feature is available in the terminal emulator, and G-Kermit recognizes the emulator's platform as Unix, G-Kermit automatically disables filename conversion and sends and accepts filenames literally. You can force literal filenames by including the -P option on the command line. 9. FILENAME COLLISIONS When G-Kermit receives a file whose name is the same as that of an existing file, G-Kermit backs up the existing file by adding a unique suffix to its name. The suffix is ".~n~", where n is a number between 1 and 999. This the same kind of backup suffix used by GNU EMACS and C-Kermit (both of which can be used to prune excess backup files). But since G-Kermit does not read directories (see Implementation Notes below), it can not guarantee that the number chosen will be higher than any other backup prefix number for the same file. In fact, the first free number, starting from 1, is chosen. If an incoming file already has a backup suffix, G-Kermit strips it before adding a new one, rather than creating a file that has two backup suffixes. To defeat the backup feature and have incoming files overwrite existing files of the same name, include the -w (writeover) option on the command line. If G-Kermit has not been been given the -w option and it fails to create a backup file, the transfer fails. 10. KERMIT PROTOCOL DETAILS Block check G-Kermit uses the 3-byte, 16-bit CRC by default. If the other Kermit does not agree, both Kermits automatically drop down to the single-byte 6-bit checksum that is required of all Kermit implementations. Attributes When sending files, G-Kermit conveys the file transfer mode and file size in bytes to the receiver in an Attribute (A) packet if the use of A-packets was negotiated. This allows the receiver to switch to the appropriate mode automatically, and to display the percent done, estimated time left, and/or a thermometer bar if it has that capability. When receiving, G-Kermit looks in the incoming A-packet, if any, for the transfer mode (text or binary) and switches itself accordingly on a per-file basis. Handling of the Eighth Bit G-Kermit normally treats the 8th bit of each byte as a normal data bit. But if you have a 7-bit connection, transfers of 8-bit files fail unless you tell one or both Kermits to use the appropriate kind of parity, in which case Kermit uses single-shift escaping for 8-bit bytes. Generally, telling either Kermit is sufficient; it tells the other. Use the -p option to tell G-Kermit which parity to use. Locking shifts are not included in G-Kermit. Control-Character Encoding G-Kermit escapes all control characters when sending (for example, Ctrl-A becomes #A). When receiving, it accepts both escaped and bare control characters, including NUL (0). However, unescaped control characters always present a danger, so if uploads to G-Kermit fail, tell your terminal emulator's Kermit to escape most or all control characters (in C-Kermit and Kermit 95 the command is SET PREFIXING CAUTIOUS or SET PREFIXING ALL). Packet Length All legal packet lengths, 40-9020, are supported although a lower maximum might be imposed on platforms where it is known that bigger ones don't work. When receiving, G-Kermit sends its receive packet length to the sender, and the sender must not send packets any longer than this length. The default length for most platforms is 4000 and it may be overridden with the -e command-line option. Sliding Windows G-Kermit does not support sliding windows. Streaming is used instead. If the other Kermit bids to use sliding windows, G-Kermit declines. Streaming If the terminal emulator's Kermit informs G-Kermit that it has a reliable connection (such as TCP/IP or X.25), and the emulator's Kermit supports streaming, then a special form of the Kermit protocol is used in which data packets are not acknowledged; this allows the sender to transmit a steady stream of (framed and checksummed) data to the receiver without waiting for acknowledgements, allowing the fastest possible transfers. Streaming overcomes such obstacles as long round trip delays, unnecessary retransmissions on slow network connections, and most especially the TCP/IP Nagle and Delayed ACK heuristics which are deadly to a higher-level ACK/NAK protocol. When streaming is in use on a particular connection, Kermit speeds are comparable to FTP. The drawback of streaming is that transmission errors are fatal; that's why streaming is only used on reliable connections, which, by definition, guarantee there will be no transmission errors. However, watch out for the relatively rare circumstance in which emulator thinks it has a reliable connection when it doesn't -- for example a Telnet connection to a terminal server, and a dialout from the terminal server to the host. Use the -S option on the command line to defeat streaming in such situations. Using all defaults on a TCP/IP connection on 10BaseT (10Mbps) Ethernet from a modern Kermit program like C-Kermit 7.0 or Kermit 95, typical transfer rates are 150-500Kcps. 11. PROBLEMS, BUGS, ERRORS If file transfers fail: . Make sure your terminal emulator is not unprefixing control characters; various control characters might cause trouble along the communication path. When in doubt, instruct the file sender to prefix all control characters. . Make sure your Unix terminal is conditioned for the appropriate kind of flow control. . Use command-line options to back off on performance and transparency; use -S to disable streaming, -e to select a shorter packet length, -p to select space or other parity, -b to increase or disable the timeout, and/or establish the corresponding settings on your emulator. When receiving files in text mode, G-Kermit strips all carriage returns, even if they aren't part of a CRLF pair. If you have a TCP/IP connection (e.g. Telnet or Rlogin) to Unix from a terminal emulator whose Kermit protocol does not support streaming, downloads from G-Kermit are likely to be as much as 10 or even 100 times slower than uploads if the TCP/IP stack engages in Nagle or Delayed ACK heuristics; typically, when your terminal emulator's Kermit protocol sends an acknowledgment, the TCP stack holds on to it for (say) 1/5 second before sending it, because it is "too small" to send right away. As noted in Section 9, the backup prefix is not guaranteed to be the highest number. For example, if you have files oofa.txt, oofa.txt.~1~, and oofa.txt.~3~ in your directory, and a new oofa.txt file arrives, the old oofa.txt is backed up to oofa.txt.~2~, rather than oofa.txt.~4~ as you might expect. This is because gkermit lacks directory reading capabilities, for reasons noted in Section 14, and without this, finding the highest existing backup number for a file is impractical. If you send a file to G-Kermit with streaming active when the connection is not truly reliable, all bets are off. A fatal error should occur promptly, but if huge amounts of data are lost, G-Kermit might never recognize a single data packet and therefore not diagnose a single error; yet your terminal emulator keeps sending packets since no acknowledgments are expected; the transfer eventually hangs at the end of file. Use -S on G-Kermit's command line to disable streaming in situations where the terminal emulator requests it in error. You can use G-Kermit's debug log for troubleshooting; this is useful mainly in conjunction with the source code. But even if you aren't a C programmer, it should reveal any problem in enough detail to help pinpoint the cause of the failure. "gkermit -d" (with no action options) writes a short debug.log file that shows the build options and settings. The debug log is also a packet log; to extract the packets from it, use: grep ^PKT debug.log Packets in the log are truncated to avoid wrap-around on your screen, and they have the Ctrl-A packet-start converted to ^ and A to avoid triggering a spurious autodownload when displaying the log on your screen. In certain circumstances it is not desirable or possible to use -d to create a log file called debug.log in the current directory; for example, if you don't have write access to the current directory, or you already have a debug.log file that you want to keep (or transfer). In this case, you can include a filename argument after -d: gkermit -d /tmp/testing.log -s *.c (This is an exception to the rule that option arguments are not optional.) If all else fails, you can contact the Kermit Project for technical support; see: http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/support for instructions. 12. BUILDING G-KERMIT G-Kermit is written to require the absolute bare minimum in system services and C-language features and libraries, and therefore should be portable to practically any Unix platform at all with any C compiler. The source files are: makefile The build procedure gwart.c Source code for a mini-lex substitute gproto.w G-Kermit protocol state machine to be preprocessed by gwart gkermit.h G-Kermit header file gkermit.c G-Kermit main module and routines gcmdline.c G-Kermit command-line parser gunixio.c Unix-specific i/o routines A simple makefile is provided, which can be used with make or gmake. There are three main targets in the makefile: posix Build for any POSIX.1 compliant platform (termios). This is the default target, used if you type "make" (or "gmake") alone. This target works for most modern Unixes, including GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, BSDI, HP-UX, Solaris, SunOS, Unixware, AIX, etc. sysv Build for almost any AT&T System V platform (termio). Examples include AT&T Unix releases, e.g. for the AT&T 7300, HP-UX versions prior to 7.00. bsd Build for any BSD (pre-4.4) or Unix V7 platform (sgtty). Examples include NeXTSTEP 3.x, OSF/1, and 4.3BSD or earlier. Note that the target names are all lowercase; "posix" is the default target (the one used if you just type "make"). If the build fails with a message like: gunixio.c: 65: Can't find include file termios.h *** Error code 1 then try "make sysv" or "make bsd". See the build list below for examples. Some special build targets are also provided: sysvx Like sysv but uses getchar()/putchar() for packet i/o rather than buffered nonblocking read()/write(); this is necessary for certain very old System V platforms (see description of USE_GETCHAR below). stty When none of the other targets compiles successfully, try this one, which runs the external stty program rather than trying to use API calls to get/set terminal modes (system("stty raw -echo") and system("stty -raw echo")). Several maintenance/management targets are also included: clean Remove object and intermediate files. install Install gkermit (read the makefile before using this). uninstall Uninstall gkermit from wherever "make install" installed it. The default compiler is cc. To override (e.g. to force the use of gcc on computers that have both cc and gcc installed, or that don't have cc), use: [g]make CC=gcc [<target>] No other tools beyond make, the C compiler and linker, a short list of invariant header files, and the standard C library are needed or used. The resulting binary should be 100K or less on all hardware platforms (and 64K or less on most; see list below). You may also specify certain build options by including a KFLAGS clause on the make command line, e.g.: make "KFLAGS=-DSETXONXOFF -DEXTRADEBUG" sysv By default, nonblocking buffered read() is used for packets; this technique works on most platforms but other options -- USE_GETCHAR and DUMBIO -- are provided when it doesn't work or when nonblocking i/o is not available. The build options include: __STDC__ Include this when the compiler requires ANSI prototyping but does does not define __STDC__ itself. Conversely, you might need to include -U__STDC__ if the compiler defines __STDC__ but does not support minimum ANSI features. ULONG=long Include this if compilation fails with "unknown type: unsigned long". CHAR=char Include this if compilation fails with "unknown type: unsigned char". SMALL Define this when building on or for a "small" platform, for example a 16-bit architecture. USE_GETCHAR Specifies that packet i/o should be done with (buffered) getchar() and putchar() rather than the default method of nonblocking, internally buffered read() and write(). Use this only when G-Kermit does not build or run otherwise, since if the default i/o code is not used, G-Kermit won't be able to do streaming. DUMBIO Specifies that packet i/o should be done with blocking single-byte read() and write(). Use this only when G-Kermit doesn't build or run, even with USE_GETCHAR. MAXRP=nnn Change the maximum receive-packet length to something other than the default, which is 9020. You should change this only to make it smaller; making it bigger is not supported by the Kermit protocol. DEFRP=nnn Change the default receive packet length to something other than the default, which is 4000. Making it any bigger than this is not advised. TINBUFSIZ=nnn On builds that use nonblocking buffered read(), override the default input buffer size of 4080. SETXONXOFF On some platforms, mainly those based on System V R4 and earlier, it was found that receiving files was impossible on TCP/IP connections unless the terminal driver was told to use Xon/Xoff flow control. If downloads work but uploads consistently fail (or fail consistently whenever streaming is used or the packet length is greater than a certain number like 100, or 775), try adding this option. When gkermit is built with this option, it is equivalent to the user always giving the -x option on the command line. (Most versions of HP-UX need this; it is defined automatically at compile time if __hpux is defined.) SIG_V The data type of signal handlers is void. This is set automatically for System V and POSIX builds. SIG_I The data type of signal handlers is int. This is set automatically for BSD builds. NOGETENV Add this to disable the feature in which G-Kermit gets options from the GKERMIT environment variable. NOSTREAMING Add this to disable streaming. EXTRADEBUG This adds a lot (a LOT) of extra information to the debug log regarding packet and character-level i/o. FULLPACKETS Show full packets in the debug log rather than truncating them. Any compiler warnings should be harmless. Examples include: "Passing arg 2 of `signal' from incompatible pointer" (or "Argument incompatible with prototype"): Because no two Unix platforms agree about signal handlers. Harmless because the signal handler does not return a value that is used. We don't want to open the door to platform-specific #ifdefs just to silence this warning. However, you can include -DSIG_I or -DSIG_V on the CC command line to override the default definitions. "<blah> declared but never used": Some function parameters are not used because they are just placeholders or compatibility items, or even required by prototypes in system headers. Others might be declared in system header files (like mknod, lstat, etc, which are not used by G-Kermit). "Do you mean equality?": No, in "while (c = *s++)" the assignment really is intentional. "Condition is always true": Yes, "while (1)" is always true. "Flow between cases": Intentional. "No flow into statement": In gproto.c, because it is a case statement generated by machine, not written by a human. The coding conventions are aimed at maximum portability. For example: . Only relatively short identifiers. . No long character-string constants. . Only #ifdef, #else, #endif, #define, and #undef preprocessor directives. . Any code that uses ANSI features is enclosed in #ifdef __STDC__..#endif. . No gmake-specific constructs in the makefile. Here are some sample builds (December 1999): Platform Size Target Notes Apple Mac OS X 1.0 gcc: 48K posix (AKA Rhapsody 5.5) AT&T 3B2/300 SVR2 cc: 49K sysv (4) AT&T 6300 PLUS cc: 58K sysv (6) AT&T 7300 UNIX PC cc: 40K sysv AT&T 7300 UNIX PC gcc: 55K sysv (23K with shared lib) BSDI 4.0.1 gcc: 34K posix DEC 5000 MIPS Ultrix 4.3 cc: 99K posix DEC Alpha Digital UNIX 3.2 cc: 98K bsd (AKA OSF/1) (1) DEC Alpha Tru64 UNIX 4.0e cc: 82K bsd (1) DEC PDP-11 2.11BSD cc: 40K bsd211 (7) DG/UX 5.4R3.10 cc: 52K posix DG/UX 5.4R4.11 gcc: 51K posix DYNIX/ptx 4.4.2 cc: 43K posix FreeBSD 2.2.7 gcc: 41K posix FreeBSD 3.3 gcc: 34K posix GNU/Linux RH 5.2 gcc: 35K posix (RH = Red Hat) GNU/Linux RH 6.1 gcc: 44K posix GNU/Linux SW 3.5 gcc: 34K posix (SW = Slackware) GNU/Linux SW 4.0 gcc: 36K posix GNU/Linux SW 7.0 gcc: 44K posix HP-UX 5.21 cc: 55K sysv (2) HP-UX 6.5 cc: 40K sysv (5) HP-UX 7.05 cc: 50K posix HP-UX 8.00 gcc: 33K posix HP-UX 9.05 cc: 57K posix HP-UX 10.01 cc: 57K posix HP-UX 10.20 cc: 61K posix IBM AIX 3.2 IBM cc: 62K posix IBM AIX 4.1.1 IBM cc: 67K posix IBM AIX 4.3.2 IBM cc: 69K posix Motorola 88K SV/88 R4.3 42K posix Motorola 68K SV/68 R3.6 56K sysv (4) NetBSD 1.4.1 gcc: 41K posix NeXTSTEP m68k 3.1 gcc: 77K bsd (3) NeXTSTEP m68k 3.3 gcc: 78K bsd (3) OpenBSD 2.5 gcc: 47K posix QNX 4.25 cc: 33K posix SCO XENIX 2.3.4 cc: 41K sysv (4) SCO UNIX 3.2v4.2 cc: 73K posix SCO UNIX 3.2v4.2 gcc: 61K posix SCO ODT 3.0 cc: 97K posix SCO OSR5.0.5 gcc: 42K posix SCO Unixware 2.1.3 cc: 38K posix SCO Unixware 7.0.1 cc: 37K posix SGI IRIX 5.3 cc: 86K posix SGI IRIX 6.5.4 cc: 91K posix SINIX 5.42 MIPS cc: 57K posix Solaris 2.4 cc: 50K posix Solaris 2.5.1 cc: 51K posix Solaris 2.6 cc: 52K posix Solaris 7 cc: 52K posix SunOS 4.1.3 cc: 57K posix SunOS 4.1.3 gcc: 64K posix Notes: (1) "make posix" builds without complaint on OSF/1 (Digital UNIX (Tru64)) but it doesn't work -- i/o hangs or program dumps core. "make bsd" works fine. (2) POSIX APIs not available in this antique OS (circa 1983). Also due to limited terminal input buffering capacity, streaming must be disabled and relatively short packets must be used when receiving: "gkermit -Se 250 -r". However, it can use streaming when sending. (3) POSIX APIs not available. (4) On System V R3 and earlier, EWOULDBLOCK is not defined, so we use EGAIN instead. No special build procedures needed. (5) Built with 'make -i "KFLAGS=-DDEFRP=512 -DUSE_GETCHAR" sysv'. It can be built without -DUSE_GETCHAR but doesn't work. (6) Use 'make "CC=cc -Ml" "KFLAGS=-DUSE_GETCHAR sysv'. It builds but doesn't work, reason unknown, but probably because it was never designed to be accessed remotely in the first place. (7) This is a 16-bit architecture. A special makefile target is needed because its make program does not expand the $(CC) value when invoking second-level makes. Packet and buffer sizes are reduced to keep static data within limits. Overlays are not needed. 13. INSTALLING G-KERMIT The makefile creates a binary called "gkermit". Simply move this binary to the desired directory, such as /usr/local/bin. It needs no special permissions other than read, write, and execute for the desired users and groups: no setuid, no setgid, or any other form of privilege. It should be called "gkermit" and not "kermit", since "kermit" is the binary name for C-Kermit, and the two are likely to be installed side by side on the same computer; even when they are not, consistent naming is better for support and sanity purposes. There is also a short man page: gkermit.nr You can view it with: nroff -man gkermit.nr | more Rename and store it appropriately. In addition, this file itself (README) should be made available in a public documentation directory as: gkermit.txt The makefile includes a SAMPLE 'install' target that does all this. Please read it before use to be sure the appropriate directories and permissions are indicated. There is also an 'uninstall' target to undo an installation. Obviously you need write access to the relevant directories before you can install or uninstall G-Kermit. 14. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION NOTES A primary objective in developing G-Kermit is that it can be released and used forever without constant updates to account for platform idiosyncracies and changes. For this reason, certain features have been deliberately omitted: . File timestamps. The methods for dealing with internal time formats are notoriously unportable and also a moving target, especially now with the 32-bit internal time format rollover looming in 2038 and the time_t data type changing out from under us. Furthermore, by excluding any date-handling code, G-Kermit is automatically Y2K, 2038, and Y10K compliant. . Internal wildcard expansion, recursive directory traversal, etc. Even after more than 30 years, there is still no standard and portable service in Unix for this. . Hardware flow control, millisecond sleeps, nondestructive input buffer peeking, threads, select(), file permissions, etc etc. Other features are omitted to keep the program small and simple, and to avoid creeping featurism: . Sliding windows. This technique is more complicated than streaming but not as fast, and furthermore would increase the program size by a factor of 5 or 10 due to buffering requirements. . An interactive command parser and scripting language (because users always want more and more commands and features). . Character set conversion (because users always want more and more character sets). Adding character set support would increase the program size by a factor of 2 to 4, depending on the selection of sets. . Making connections (because this requires huge amounts of tricky and unstable high-maintenance platform- and device-specific code for serial ports, modems, modem signals, network stacks, etc). All of the above can be found in C-Kermit, which is therefore bigger and more complicated, with more platform-specific code and #ifdef spaghetti. C-Kermit requires constant updates and patches to keep pace with changes in the underlying platforms, networking methods, and demands from its users for more features. The goal for G-Kermit, on the other hand, is simplicity and stability, so we don't need thousands of #ifdefs like we have in C-Kermit, and we don't need to tweak the code every time a new release of each Unix variety comes out. G-Kermit is meant to be PORTABLE and LONG-LASTING so the stress is on a MINIMUM of platform dependencies. If you make changes, please try to avoid adding anything platform-dependent or in any other way destabilizing. Bear in mind that the result of your changes should still build and run successfully on at least all the platforms where it was built originally. In any case, you are encouraged to send any changes back to the Kermit Project to be considered for addition to the master G-Kermit distribution. 15. FURTHER INFORMATION The Kermit protocol is specified in "Kermit, A File Transfer Protocol" by Frank da Cruz, Digital Press (1987). A correctness proof of the Kermit protocol appears in "Specification and Validation Methods", edited by Egon Boerger, Oxford University Press (1995). "Using C-Kermit" by Frank da Cruz and Christine M. Gianone, Digital Press (1997, or later edition) explains many of the terms and techniques referenced in this document in case you are not familiar with them, and also includes tutorials on data communications, extensive troubleshooting and performance tips, etc. Various other books on Kermit are available from Digital Press. Online resources include: http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ The Kermit Project website comp.protocols.kermit.misc The unmoderated Kermit newsgroup kermit-support@columbia.edu Technical support (End of G-Kermit README)