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- MS-DOS 2.0
-
- TREE-STRUCTURED DIRECTORIES
-
- One of the most powerful features of MS-DOS 2.0 is its
- ability to use multiple directories in a tree-like-structure.
- The Columbia 1600-4 hard drive is limited to 318 files in its
- main directory, but it can handle thousands of files in
- subdirectories in a hierarchical, or tree-like structure.
-
- The concept of a tree-structured directory is similar to
- that of a family tree. There is one "root" directory and all
- other directories are like "children," able to trace their
- lineage back to their "first ancestor" (the root directory).
- You can have as many "generations" of directories as you
- like, but you can only move about in this "family" tree
- structure in a direct path that goes from "parent to child"
- or "child to parent". A path may go from "root" to "parent"
- to "child", but it cannot go directly to "child" without
- passing through "parent". Each directory can contain program
- and data files as well as its descendant sub-directories.
- Below is an example of a typical tree-like directory
- structure.
-
- @BEGIN(VERBATIM)
-
- ROOT DIRECTORY
- ------------------------------
- / | | \
- PROGRAMS BIN LANGUAGES USERS
- ---------- --- --------- -----------
- / | \ / | \
- WRITER CALC FGRAPHS BOB SUE JOE
- ------ ---- ------- --- --- ---
- | |
- PRINTING TEXT
- -------- ----
-
-
-
- Figure 1. Example Tree Structure
-
- @END(VERBATIM)
-
- Before loading numerous files on a hard disk it may be
- useful to plan a directory structure. Note the sub-directory
- named BIN in the example above. This type of directory is
- sometimes used to hold MS-DOS utilities so that the root
- directory contains only the names of its sub-directories and is
- not cluttered up with the many DOS files.
-
- MS-DOS provides commands to use this tree-like directory
- structure. They are:
- @BEGIN(VERBATIM)
- * MKDIR or MD - Make a new directory
- * CHDIR or CD - Change the default (present) directory
- * RMDIR or RD - Remove a directory
- * PATH - Layout a pathway to search through sub-directories
- for a file if it is not on the present directory
- * TREE - Display a listing of sub-directories
- * HUNT - Find the sub-directory location of a file
- @END(VERBATIM)
- When a hard drive system first boots up, regardless of the
- directory structure, it comes up in the boot (root) directory.
-
- To build a subdirectory (LANGUAGES, for example), type the
- command MKDIR LANGUAGES.
-
- You can copy files from the root directory into the
- subdirectory by typing COPY <filename> LANGUAGES.
-
- Move from the root directory to the subdirectory by typing
- CHDIR LANGUAGES. A DIR command from within a subdirectory will
- display the files in that subdirectory. From the root directory,
- DIR LANGUAGES will display the files in the subdirectory named
- LANGUAGES.
-
- The symbol "\" is known as the "path separator", and is
- used to separate the directories in a "path" from any file
- specified at the end of a path. The symbol "\" can also be used
- as the first item in a path to tell your system to start at the
- root directory and move down a path, instead of having to type
- all the directory names for a path that goes up the tree and back
- down again. As a general rule, the backslash symbol must be used
- whenever you are in a subdirectory and want to go to any other
- directory for a file, or when you are specifying a pathname.
-
- The MS-DOS 2.0 PATH command allows you to specify a "path"
- to be used in a search for a file. For example, if you type "PATH
- \LANGUAGE", MS-DOS 2.0 will first search the root directory, then
- the LANGUAGE directory for a file that it could not find in your
- present working directory. This predefined "path" will stay
- resident until you change it. You can see the defined "path" any
- time by typing PATH and pressing the Return key. If you are
- logged onto the A: drive and want to call BASIC from the
- LANGUAGES subdirectory on drive C:;, the drive name must be
- included in the PATH command:
-
- PATH C:\LANGUAGES
-
- Having defined the path (while still logged onto drive C:),
- you can switch to A: and call up BASIC by typing:
-
- C:BASICA
-
- This is very useful when you have a copy protected BASIC
- program on a floppy diskette, especially when there is not enough
- room on the floppy for the system files, the COMMAND.COM file and
- BASICA. After specifiying a path while logged onto C:, switching
- to A:, then calling BASIC, the BASIC prompt (OK) will be
- displayed on the screen. Load and run the program you need from
- Drive A:.
-
-
- @BEGIN(VERBATIM)
- The SUE sub-directory might look like this:
-
- Volume in drive C has label HARDDISK
- Directory of C:\USERS\SUE
-
- . <DIR> 11-22-83 11:23a
- .. <DIR> 11-22-83 11:23a
- TEXT <DIR> 11-23-83 11:23a
- FILE1 EXE 16435 9-10-83 4:31p
- 4 File(s) 6457039 bytes free
- @END(VERBATIM)
-
- There is one file (FILE1.EXE) and one sub-directory (TEXT)
- in the SUE subdirectory. The "." entry in this sub-directory
- stands for the working directory (in this case, the SUE
- subdirectory), and the ".." entry stands for the "parent"
- directory (in this case, the USERS subdirectory). Both "." and
- ".." are present in all sub-directories. The entry ".." can be
- used as a shortcut in a "path" to move to the parent directory.
- Thus, to change to the USERS directory from the SUE directory,
- type "CHDIR ..".
-
- To get a directory of all the directories on the disk, type
- @B(DIR ..) from the root directory. All the files which do not
- have extensions will be displayed, and if they are directories,
- MS-DOS 2.0 reports it with a <DIR> message beside the directory
- name.
-
- It is important to avoid confusing the path from root to
- subdirectory to file with the PATH command. The path between
- directories can be thought of as a pathWAY, while the PATH
- command is used primarily as a "roadmap" to let the MPC know
- which pathway to follow when looking for files.
-
- To help find your way around a complex directory structure,
- you will find the MS-DOS 2.0 TREE command useful. It lists all
- the directories on the disk and their sub-directories. The HUNT
- command will show you the sub-directory location of a file.
-
- "Getting around" in MS-DOS's tree structured directory may
- seem complicated at first. But as you use directories, you will
- grow accustomed to them, and you will appreciate the ability to
- organize and structure your files. The audio tutor cassette tape
- will guide you through a few practice exercises in using the
- structured directories, and the MS-DOS Reference Manual contains
- a detailed explanation of the directory structure in chapter 4 and
- a description of the commands that relate to it in chapter 5.
-