Axion 3D Atlas/ATLAS.iso/stats/39.txt

Text File | 1998-01-23 | 13KB | 335 lines

{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\Burma.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Burma"}



{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Burma, click {z,"84.493052,11.984590,107.723218,29.598496",here}{4}!

{2}Location:{4} Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between
Bangladesh and Thailand

{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 678,500 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 657,740 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly smaller than Texas

{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 5,876 km
{3}border countries:{4} Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand
1,800 km

{2}Coastline:{4} 1,930 km

{2}Maritime claims:{4}
contiguous zone: 24 nm
{3}continental shelf:{4} 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
{3}exclusive economic zone:{4} 200 nm
{3}territorial sea:{4} 12 nm

{2}International disputes:{4} none

{2}Climate:{4} tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to
September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast
monsoon, December to April)

{2}Terrain:{4} central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands
{3}lowest point:{4} Andaman Sea 0 m
{3}highest point:{4} Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m

{2}Natural resources:{4} petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some
marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas

{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 15%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 1%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 1%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 49%
{3}other:{4} 34%

{2}Irrigated land:{4} 10,180 sq km (1989)

{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and
water treatment contribute to disease

{2}natural hazards:{4} destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during
rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts

{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea, Tropical
Timber 94

{2}Geographic note:{4} strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes


{1}People{4}

{2}Population:{4} 45,975,625 (July 1996 est.)

{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 37% (male 8,637,102; female 8,308,282)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 59% (male 13,577,232; female 13,571,312)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 4% (male 853,403; female 1,028,294) (July 1996 est.)

{2}Population growth rate:{4} 1.84% (1996 est.)

{2}Birth rate:{4} 30.01 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Death rate:{4} 11.66 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Net migration rate:{4} 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.06 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.04 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 1 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.83 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 1.01 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 80.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 56.14 years
{3}male:{4} 54.46 years
{3}female:{4} 57.92 years (1996 est.)

{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 3.83 children born/woman (1996 est.)

{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Burmese (singular and plural)
{3}adjective:{4} Burmese

{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian
2%, other 5%

{2}Religions:{4} Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, animist
beliefs 1%, other 2%

{2}Languages:{4} Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages

{2}Literacy:{4} age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
{3}total population:{4} 83.1%
{3}male:{4} 88.7%
{3}female:{4} 77.7%


{1}Government{4}

{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} Union of Burma
{3}conventional short form:{4} Burma
{3}local long form:{4} Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union
of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar)
{3}local short form:{4} Myanma Naingngandaw
{3}former:{4} Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma

{2}Type of government:{4} military regime

{2}Capital:{4} Rangoon (regime refers to the capital as Yangon)

{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular -
pyine); Chin State, Ayeyarwady*, Bago*, Kachin State, Kayin State, Kayah State, Magway*,
Mandalay*, Mon State, Rakhine State, Sagaing*, Shan State, Tanintharyi*, Yangon*

{2}Independence:{4} 4 January 1948 (from UK)

{2}National holiday:{4} Independence Day, 4 January (1948)

{2}Constitution:{4} 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); national convention started
on 9 January 1993 to draft a new constitution; chapter headings and three of 15 sections have
been approved

{2}Legal system:{4} does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age; universal

{2}Executive branch:{4}
chief of state and head of government: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Law and Order
Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)
State Law and Order Restoration Council: military junta which assumed power 18 September
1988

{2}Legislative branch:{4}
People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw): election last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never
convened; results - NLD 80%; seats - (485 total) NLD 396, NUP 10, other 79

{2}Judicial branch:{4} limited; remnants of the British-era legal system in place, but there is no
guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not independent of the executive

{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA; pro-regime),
THAN AUNG, secretary; National Unity Party (NUP), pro-regime, THA KYAW; National League for
Democracy (NLD), AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary; and eight minor legal parties

{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma
(NCGUB), headed by the elected prime minister SEIN WIN - consists of individuals legitimately
elected to the People's Assembly but not recognized by the military regime; the group fled to a
border area and joined with insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government; Kachin
Independence Army (KIA); United Wa State Army (UWSA); Karen National Union (KNU); several
Shan factions, including the Mong Tai Army (MTA); All Burma Student Democratic Front (ABSDF)

{2}International organization participation:{4} AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU,
Mekong Group, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTrO

{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador U THAUNG
{3}chancery:{4} 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
{3}telephone:{4} [1] [phone], 9045
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} New York

{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marilyn A. MEYERS
{3}embassy:{4} 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (GPO 521)
{3}mailing address:{4} Box B, APO AP 96546
{3}telephone:{4} [95] (1) 82055, 82182 (operator assistance required)
{3}FAX:{4} [95] (1) 80409

{2}Flag:{4} red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in white, 14 five-pointed
stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative
divisions


{1}Economy{4}

{2}Economic overview:{4} Burma has a mixed economy with about 75% private activity, mainly in
agriculture, light industry, and transport, and with about 25% state-controlled activity, mainly in
energy, heavy industry, and foreign trade. Government policy in the last seven years, 1989-95,
has aimed at revitalizing the economy after three decades of tight central planning. Thus, private
activity has markedly increased; foreign investment has been encouraged, so far with moderate
success; and efforts continue to increase the efficiency of state enterprises. Published estimates
of Burma's foreign trade are greatly understated because of the volume of black market trade. A
major ongoing problem is the failure to achieve monetary and fiscal stability. Although Burma
remains a poor Asian country, its rich resources furnish the potential for substantial long-term
increases in income, exports, and living standards.

{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $47 billion (1995 est.)

{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} 6.8% (1995 est.)

{2}GDP per capita:{4} $1,000 (1995 est.)

{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} 60%
{3}industry:{4} 10%
{3}services:{4} 30% (1995 est.)

{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 38% (1994 est.)

{2}Labor force:{4} 16.007 million (1992)
{3}by occupation:{4} agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%, other 4.1%
(FY88/89 est.)

{2}Unemployment rate:{4} NA%

{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $5.3 billion
{3}expenditures:{4} $10 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1995 est.)

{2}Industries:{4} agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products; petroleum
refining; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer

{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} 4.9% (FY92/93 est.)

{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 845,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 3.5 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 46 kWh (1995 est.)

{2}Agriculture:{4} paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; hardwood

{2}Illicit drugs:{4} world's largest illicit producer of opium (2,340 metric tons in 1995) and source for over
60% of US heroin imports; minor producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; Rangoon's
antinarcotic programs hindered by lack of resources, government commitment; growing role in
methamphetamine production for regional consumption

{2}Exports:{4} $879 million (FY94/95 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} pulses and beans, teak, rice, hardwood
{3}partners:{4} Singapore, China, Thailand, India, Hong Kong

{2}Imports:{4} $1.5 billion (FY94/95 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} machinery, transport equipment, construction materials, food products, consumer
goods
{3}partners:{4} Japan, China, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia

{2}External debt:{4} $5.5 billion (FY94/95 est.)

{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $61 million (1993)

{2}Currency:{4} 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas

{2}Exchange rates:{4} kyats (K) per US$1 - 5.8475 (January 1996), 5.9170 (1995), 5.9749 (1994),
6.1570 (1993), 6.1045 (1992), 6.2837 (1991); unofficial - 120

{2}Fiscal year:{4} 1 April - 31 March


{1}Transportation{4}

{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 3,569 km
narrow gauge: 3,569 km 1.000-m gauge (1995)

{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 26,861 km
{3}paved:{4} 3,181 km
{3}unpaved:{4} 23,680 km (1988 est.)

{2}Waterways:{4} 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels

{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km

{2}Ports:{4} Bassein, Bhamo, Chauk, Mandalay, Moulmein, Myitkyina, Rangoon, Akyab (Sittwe), Tavoy

{2}Merchant marine:{4}
{3}total:{4} 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 444,957 GRT/610,420 DWT
{3}ships by type:{4} bulk 11, cargo 15, chemical tanker 5, container 1, oil tanker 3, passenger-cargo 3,
vehicle carrier 2 (1995 est.)

{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 74
{3}with paved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 2
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 2
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 13
{3}with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 10
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 28
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 2
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 17 (1995 est.)


{1}Communications{4}

{2}Telephones:{4} 122,195 (1993 est.)

{2}Telephone system:{4} meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and
government; international service is good
{3}domestic:{4} NA
{3}international:{4} satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM 2, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1985 est.)
{3}note:{4} radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most populous areas

{2}Radios:{4} NA

{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 1 (1988 est.)

{2}Televisions:{4} 88,000 (1992 est.)


{1}Defense{4}

{2}Branches:{4} Army, Navy, Air Force

{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 11,759,636
females age 15-49: 11,588,181
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 6,291,986
females fit for military service: 6,184,667
{3}males reach military age (18) annually:{4} 473,255
females reach military age (18) annually: 454,786 (1996 est.)
{3}note:{4} both sexes liable for military service

{2}Defense expenditures:{4} exchange rate conversion - $135 million, NA% of GDP (FY95/96)