Axion 3D Atlas/ATLAS.iso/stats/29.txt

Text File | 1998-01-23 | 15KB | 350 lines

{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\Boliv.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Bolivia"}



{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Bolivia, click {z,"-77.091571,-26.538508,-53.158053,-8.404123",here}{4}!

{2}Location:{4} Central South America, southwest of Brazil

{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 1,098,580 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 1,084,390 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly less than three times the size of Montana

{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 6,743 km
{3}border countries:{4} Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900
km

{2}Coastline:{4} 0 km (landlocked)

{2}Maritime claims:{4} none (landlocked)

{2}International disputes:{4} has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the
Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water rights

{2}Climate:{4} varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

{2}Terrain:{4} rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the
Amazon Basin
{3}lowest point:{4} Rio Paraguay 90 m
{3}highest point:{4} Cerro Illimani 6,882 m

{2}Natural resources:{4} tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold,
timber

{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 3%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 0%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 25%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 52%
{3}other:{4} 20%

{2}Irrigated land:{4} 1,650 sq km (1989 est.)

{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the international demand for
tropical timber are contributing to deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation
methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification; loss of biodiversity; industrial
pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation

{2}natural hazards:{4} cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to efficient fuel combustion, as well as to
physical activity by those unaccustomed to it from birth; flooding in the northeast (March-April)

{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law of
the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands; signed, but not
ratified - Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

{2}Geographic note:{4} landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake
(elevation 3,805 m), with Peru


{1}People{4}

{2}Population:{4} 7,165,257 (July 1996 est.)

{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 39% (male 1,422,313; female 1,390,885)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 56% (male 1,959,989; female 2,042,135)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 5% (male 153,111; female 196,824) (July 1996 est.)

{2}Population growth rate:{4} 1.82% (1996 est.)

{2}Birth rate:{4} 32.37 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Death rate:{4} 10.75 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Net migration rate:{4} -3.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.05 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.02 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 0.96 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.78 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 0.97 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 67.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 59.81 years
{3}male:{4} 56.94 years
{3}female:{4} 62.82 years (1996 est.)

{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 4.25 children born/woman (1996 est.)

{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Bolivian(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Bolivian

{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mestizo (mixed European and Indian ancestry)
25%-30%, European 5%-15%

{2}Religions:{4} Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist)

{2}Languages:{4} Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)

{2}Literacy:{4} age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
{3}total population:{4} 83.1%
{3}male:{4} 90.5%
{3}female:{4} 76%


{1}Government{4}

{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} Republic of Bolivia
{3}conventional short form:{4} Bolivia
{3}local long form:{4} Republica de Bolivia
{3}local short form:{4} Bolivia

{2}Type of government:{4} republic

{2}Capital:{4} La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)

{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca,
Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija

{2}Independence:{4} 6 August 1825 (from Spain)

{2}National holiday:{4} Independence Day, 6 August (1825)

{2}Constitution:{4} 2 February 1967

{2}Legal system:{4} based on Spanish law and Napoleonic Code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age, universal and compulsory (married); 21 years of age, universal and
compulsory (single)

{2}Executive branch:{4}
chief of state and head of government: President Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA Bustamente
(since 6 August 1993) and Vice President Victor Hugo CARDENAS Conde (since 6 August 1993)
were elected for four-year terms by popular vote; election last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held
NA May 1997); results - Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA (MNR) 34%, Hugo BANZER Suarez
(ADN/MIR alliance) 20%, Carlos PALENQUE Aviles (CONDEPA) 14%, Max FERNANDEZ Rojas
(UCS) 13%, Antonio ARANIBAR Quiroga (MBL) 5%; no candidate received a majority of the
popular vote; Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA won a congressional runoff election on 4 August
1993 after forming a coalition with Max FERNANDEZ and Antonio ARANIBAR; FERNANDEZ died
in a plane crash 26 November 1995
{3}cabinet:{4} Cabinet was appointed by the president from panel of candidates proposed by the Senate

{2}Legislative branch:{4} bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados): elections last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA
May 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (130 total) MNR 52, UCS 20, ADN 17,
MIR 17, CONDEPA 13, MBL 7, ARBOL 1, ASD 1, EJE 1, PCD 1
Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores): elections last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held
NA May 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) MNR 17, ADN 4, MIR 4,
CONDEPA 1, UCS 1

{2}Judicial branch:{4} Supreme Court (Corte Suprema), judges appointed for a 10-year term by National
Congress

{2}Political parties and leaders:{4}
Left parties: Free Bolivia Movement (MBL), Antonio ARANIBAR; April 9 Revolutionary Vanguard
(VR-9), Carlos SERRATE; Alternative of Democratic Socialism (ASD), Jerjes JUSTINIANO;
Revolutionary Front of the Left (FRI), Oscar ZAMORA; Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB); Socialist
Unzaguista Movement (MAS); Socialist Party One (PS-1); Bolivian Communist Party (PCB)
Center-Left parties: Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE
LOZADA; Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ Zamora, Oscar EID; Christian
Democrat (PCD), Jorge AGREDA
Center-Right party: Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN), Jorge LANDIVAR, Hugo BANZER
Populist parties: Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Johnny FERNANDEZ; Conscience of the
Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE Aviles; Popular Patriotic Movement (MPP), Julio
MANTILLA; Unity and Progress Movement (MUP), Ivo KULJIS
Evangelical: Bolivian Renovating Alliance (ARBOL), Hugo VILLEGAS
indigenous: Tupac Katari Revolutionary Liberation Movement (MRTK-L), Victor Hugo CARDENAS
Conde; Patriotic Axis of Convergence (EJE-P), Ramiro BARRANCHEA; National Katarista
Movement (MKN), Fernando UNTOJA

{2}International organization participation:{4} AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA,
NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Fernando Alvaro COSSIO
{3}chancery:{4} 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
{3}telephone:{4} [1] [phone] through 4412
{3}FAX:{4} [1] [phone]
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco

{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Curtis Warren KAMMAN
{3}embassy:{4} Avenida Arce 2780, San Jorge, La Paz
{3}mailing address:{4} P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032
{3}telephone:{4} [591] (2) 430251
{3}FAX:{4} [591] (2) 433900

{2}Flag:{4} three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered
on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered
in the yellow band


{1}Economy{4}

{2}Economic overview:{4} With its long history of semifeudal social controls, dependence on volatile
prices for its mineral exports, and bouts of hyperinflation, Bolivia has remained one of the poorest
and least developed Latin American countries. However, Bolivia has experienced generally
improving economic conditions since the PAZ Estenssoro administration (1985-89) introduced
market-oriented policies which reduced inflation from 11,700% in 1985 to about 20% in 1988.
PAZ Estenssoro was followed as president by Jaime PAZ Zamora (1989-93) who continued the
free-market policies of his predecessor, despite opposition from his own party and from Bolivia's
once powerful labor movement. By maintaining fiscal discipline, PAZ Zamora helped reduce
inflation to 9.3% in 1993, while GDP grew by an annual average of 3.25% during his tenure.
Inaugurated in August 1993, President SANCHEZ DE LOZADA has vowed to advance the
market-oriented economic reforms he helped launch as PAZ Estenssoro's planning minister. His
successes so far have included the signing of a free trade agreement with Mexico and progress
on his unique privatization plan. The main privatization bill was passed by the Bolivian legislature
in late March 1994. Since that time, the administration has privatized the electric power generation
sector, the state airline, the state telephone company, and the national railroad. The state mining
and petroleum companies are expected to be privatized in 1996.

{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $20 billion (1995 est.)

{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} 3.7% (1995 est.)

{2}GDP per capita:{4} $2,530 (1995 est.)

{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} NA%
{3}industry:{4} NA%
{3}services:{4} NA%

{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 12% (1995 est.)

{2}Labor force:{4} 3.54 million
{3}by occupation:{4} agriculture NA%, services and utilities 20%, manufacturing, mining and
construction 7% (1993)

{2}Unemployment rate:{4} urban rate 8% (1995 est.)

{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $3.75 billion
{3}expenditures:{4} $3.75 billion, including capital expenditures of $556.2 million (1995 est.)

{2}Industries:{4} mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing

{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} 5% (1994 est.)

{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 756,200 kW
{3}production:{4} 2.116 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 367 kWh (1994)

{2}Agriculture:{4} coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes; timber

{2}Illicit drugs:{4} world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Peru and Colombia) with an estimated
48,600 hectares under cultivation in 1995, a one percent increase in overall cultivation of coca
over 1994 levels; Bolivia, however, is the second-largest producer of harvested coca leaf; even
so, voluntary and forced eradication programs resulted in leaf production dropping from 89,800
metric tons in 1994 to 85,000 tons in 1995; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit;
intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and Brazil to the US and
other international drug markets; alternative crop program aims to reduce illicit coca cultivation

{2}Exports:{4} $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} metals 39%, natural gas 9%, soybeans 11%, jewelry 11%, wood 8%
{3}partners:{4} US 26%, Argentina 15% (1993 est.)

{2}Imports:{4} $1.21 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} capital goods 48%, chemicals 11%, petroleum 5%, food 5% (1993 est.)
{3}partners:{4} US 24%, Argentina 13%, Brazil 11%, Japan 11% (1993 est.)

{2}External debt:{4} $4.4 billion (November 1995)

{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $362 million (1993)

{2}Currency:{4} 1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos

{2}Exchange rates:{4} bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 4.9137 (December 1995), 4.8003 (1995), 4.6205
(1994), 4.2651 (1993), 3.9005 (1992), 3.5806 (1991)

{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year


{1}Transportation{4}

{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 3,691 km (single track)
narrow gauge: 3,652 km 1.000-m gauge; 39 km 0.760-m gauge (13 km electrified) (1995)

{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 46,311 km
{3}paved:{4} 1,940 km (including 27 km of expressways)
{3}unpaved:{4} 44,371 km (1991 est.)

{2}Waterways:{4} 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways

{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km

{2}Ports:{4} none; however, Bolivia has free port privileges in the maritime ports of Argentina, Brazil,
Chile, and Paraguay

{2}Merchant marine:{4}
{3}total:{4} 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,214 GRT/6,390 DWT (1995 est.)

{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 1,017
{3}with paved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 3
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 4
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 3
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 750
{3}with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 2
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 69
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 186 (1995 est.)


{1}Communications{4}

{2}Telephones:{4} 144,300 (1987 est.)

{2}Telephone system:{4} new subscribers face bureaucratic difficulties; most telephones are
concentrated in La Paz and other cities
{3}domestic:{4} microwave radio relay system being expanded
{3}international:{4} satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM 129, FM 0, shortwave 68

{2}Radios:{4} NA

{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 43

{2}Televisions:{4} 500,000 (1993 est.)


{1}Defense{4}

{2}Branches:{4} Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval Boliviana, includes Marines), Air Force
(Fuerza Aerea Boliviana), National Police Force (Policia Nacional de Bolivia)

{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 1,685,572
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 1,098,948
males reach military age (19) annually: 76,035 (1996 est.)

{2}Defense expenditures:{4} exchange rate conversion - $145 million; 1.9% of GDP (1996)