Axion 3D Atlas/ATLAS.iso/stats/221.txt

Text File | 1998-01-23 | 15KB | 356 lines

{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\Sudan.bmp"}
{bigtext=160,120,"Sudan"}



{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Sudan, click {z,"19.014792,3.276219,45.090293,23.017164",here}{4}!

{2}Location:{4} Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea

{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 2,505,810 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 2.376 million sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US

{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 7,687 km
{3}border countries:{4} Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Eritrea 605
km, Ethiopia 1,606 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km, Zaire 628 km

{2}Coastline:{4} 853 km

{2}Maritime claims:{4}
contiguous zone: 18 nm
{3}continental shelf:{4} 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
{3}territorial sea:{4} 12 nm

{2}International disputes:{4} administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide with international
boundary; administrative boundary with Egypt does not coincide with international boundary
creating the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of 20,580 sq km, tensions over this disputed area
began to escalate in 1992 and remain high

{2}Climate:{4} tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October)

{2}Terrain:{4} generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west
{3}lowest point:{4} Red Sea 0 m
{3}highest point:{4} Kinyeti 3,187 m

{2}Natural resources:{4} petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten,
mica, silver, gold

{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 5%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 0%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 24%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 20%
{3}other:{4} 51%

{2}Irrigated land:{4} 18,900 sq km (1989 est.)

{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations threatened by excessive
hunting; soil erosion; desertification

{2}natural hazards:{4} dust storms

{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling

{2}Geographic note:{4} largest country in Africa; dominated by the Nile and its tributaries


{1}People{4}

{2}Population:{4} 31,547,543 (July 1996 est.)

{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 46% (male 7,389,616; female 7,080,044)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 52% (male 8,219,080; female 8,172,544)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 2% (male 387,961; female 298,298) (July 1996 est.)

{2}Population growth rate:{4} 3.48% (1996 est.)

{2}Birth rate:{4} 41.08 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Death rate:{4} 11.46 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Net migration rate:{4} 5.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.05 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.04 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 1.01 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 1.3 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 1.03 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 76 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 55.12 years
{3}male:{4} 54.2 years
{3}female:{4} 56.09 years (1996 est.)

{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 5.89 children born/woman (1996 est.)

{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Sudanese (singular and plural)
{3}adjective:{4} Sudanese

{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

{2}Religions:{4} Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian 5% (mostly in south
and Khartoum)

{2}Languages:{4} Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic
languages, English
{3}note:{4} program of Arabization in process

{2}Literacy:{4} age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
{3}total population:{4} 46.1%
{3}male:{4} 57.7%
{3}female:{4} 34.6%


{1}Government{4}

{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} Republic of the Sudan
{3}conventional short form:{4} Sudan
{3}local long form:{4} Jumhuriyat as-Sudan
{3}local short form:{4} As-Sudan
{3}former:{4} Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

{2}Type of government:{4} transitional - previously ruling military junta; presidential and National
Assembly elections held in March 1996; new constitution to be drafted by the National Assembly

{2}Capital:{4} Khartoum

{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 9 states (wilayat, singular - wilayat or wilayah*); A'ali an Nil (Upper Nile),
Al Wusta*, Al Istiwa'iyah* (Equatoria), Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al
Ghazal, Darfur, Kurdufan
{3}note:{4} on 14 February 1994, the 9 states comprising Sudan were divided into 26 new states; the
following spellings have been reported but not approved by the US Board on Geographic Names
(Bahr Aljebal, Blue Nile, Bohayrat, East Equatoria, Gedarif, Gezira, Jungle, Kassala, Khartoum,
North, North Bahr Alghazal, North Darfur, North Kordofan, Red Sea, River Nile, Sinnar, South
Darfur, South Kordofan, Unity, Upper Nile, Warab, West Bahr Alghazal, West Darfur, West
Kordofan, West Equatoria, White Nile)

{2}Independence:{4} 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK)

{2}National holiday:{4} Independence Day, 1 January (1956)

{2}Constitution:{4} 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim constitution of 10
October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989; new constitution to be drafted following
national elections held in March 1996

{2}Legal system:{4} based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the now
defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the northern states; the council
is still studying criminal provisions under Islamic law; Islamic law applies to all residents of the
northern states regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

{2}Suffrage:{4} NA years of age; universal, but noncompulsary

{2}Executive branch:{4}
chief of state and head of government: President Lt. General Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR
(since 16 October 1993) was elected to a five-year term by popular vote; election last held 6-17
March 1996 (next to be held NA 2001); results - President al-BASHIR won 75.7% of the vote and
defeated about forty other candidates; First Vice President Major General al-Zubayr Muhammad
SALIH (since 19 October 1993), Second Vice President (Police) Maj. General George KONGOR
AROP (since NA February 1994)
{3}note:{4} al-BASHIR, as chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation
(RCC), assumed power on 30 June 1989 and served concurrently as chief of state, chairman of
the RCC, prime minister, and minister of defense until 16 October 1993 when he was appointed
president by the RCC; upon its dissolution on 16 October 1993, the RCC's executive and
legislative powers were devolved to the president and the Transitional National Assembly (TNA),
Sudan's appointed legislative body, which has since been replaced by the National Assembly
which was elected in March 1996
{3}cabinet:{4} Cabinet was appointed by the president; note - on 30 October 1993, President al-BASHIR
announced a new, predominantly civilian cabinet, consisting of 20 federal ministers, most of whom
retained their previous cabinet positions; on 9 February 1995, he abolished three ministries and
redivided their portfolios to create several new ministries; these changes increased National
Islamic Front presence at the ministerial level and consolidated its control over the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs; President al-BASHIR's government is dominated by members of Sudan's National
Islamic Front, a fundamentalist political organization formed from the Muslim Brotherhood in 1986;
front leader Hasan al-TURABI dominates much of Khartoum's overall domestic and foreign
policies; President al-BASHIR is expected to name a new cabinet following the elections held in
March 1996

{2}Legislative branch:{4} unicameral
National Assembly: elections last held 6-17 March 1996 (next to be held NA); results - percent of
vote NA; seats - (400 total, 275 directly elected, and 125 elected by a supra assembly of interest
groups known as the National Congress); note - March 1996 elections were held on a nonparty
basis and parties are to be banned in the new National Assembly

{2}Judicial branch:{4} Supreme Court; Special Revolutionary Courts

{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} none; banned following 30 June 1989 coup

{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} National Islamic Front, Hasan al-TURABI

{2}International organization participation:{4} ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC,
ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGADD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador-designate Mahdi IBRAHIM
{3}chancery:{4} 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
{3}telephone:{4} [1] [phone] through 8570
{3}FAX:{4} [1] [phone]

{2}US diplomatic representation:{4} operations in Khartoum were suspended in February 1996;
Ambassador to Sudan Timothy M. CARNEY and several members of the mission have relocated
to Nairobi, Kenya and operate out of the US Embassy there; the embassy is located at the corner
of Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue; mailing address: P. O. Box 30137, Unit 64100, APO
AE 09831; telephone: [254] (2) 334141; FAX: [254] (2) 340838

{2}Flag:{4} three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle
based on the hoist side


{1}Economy{4}

{2}Economic overview:{4} Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse weather,
high inflation, a drop in remittances from abroad, and counterproductive economic policies. The
private sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and trading, with most private industrial
investment predating 1980. Agriculture employs 80% of the work force. Industry mainly processes
agricultural items. Sluggish economic performance over the past decade, attributable largely to
declining annual rainfall, has reduced levels of per capita income and consumption. A large foreign
debt and huge arrearages continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the International Monetary Fund
took the unusual step of declaring Sudan noncooperative because of its nonpayment of
arrearages to the Fund. After Sudan backtracked on promised reforms in 1992-93, the IMF
threatened to expel Sudan from the Fund. To avoid expulsion, Khartoum agreed to make
payments on its arrears to the Fund, liberalize exchange rates, and reduce subsidies, measures it
has partially implemented. The government's continued prosecution of the civil war and its growing
international isolation continued to inhibit growth in the nonagricultural sectors of the economy
during 1995. Agricultural production in 1995, while fairly good, was not up to the bumper crop level
of 1994.

{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $25 billion (1995 est.)

{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} 0% (1995 est.)

{2}GDP per capita:{4} $800 (1995 est.)

{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} 33%
{3}industry:{4} 17%
{3}services:{4} 50% (1992 est.)

{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 66% (1995 est.)

{2}Labor force:{4} 8.9 million (1993 est.)
{3}by occupation:{4} agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government 6%
{3}note:{4} labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.)

{2}Unemployment rate:{4} 30% (FY92/93 est.)

{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $382 million
{3}expenditures:{4} $1.06 billion, including capital expenditures of $91 million (1995 est.)

{2}Industries:{4} cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, petroleum
refining

{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} 6.8% (FY92/93 est.)

{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 500,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 1.3 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 42 kWh (1993)

{2}Agriculture:{4} cotton, oilseed, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic; sheep

{2}Exports:{4} $535 million (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} cotton 24%, livestock/meat 13%, gum arabic 11%
{3}partners:{4} EU 39%, Saudi Arabia 19%, Japan 9%, US 3% (1993)

{2}Imports:{4} $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1995 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} foodstuffs, petroleum products, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment,
medicines and chemicals, textiles
{3}partners:{4} EU 31%, Libya 19%, Egypt 5%, Saudi Arabia 5%, US 5% (1993)

{2}External debt:{4} $18 billion (yearend 1995 est.)

{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $387 million (1993)

{2}Currency:{4} 1 Sudanese pound (úSd) = 100 piastres

{2}Exchange rates:{4} Sudanese pounds (úSd) per US$1 - official rate: 750.0 (November 1995), 277.8
(1994), 153.8 (1993), 69.4 (1992), 5.4288 (1991); market rate: 571.02 (August 1995), 289.61
(1994), 159.31 (1993), 97.43 (1992), 6.96 (1991)
{3}note:{4} the market rate is a unified exchange rate determined by a committee of local bankers,
without official intervention, and is quoted uniformly by all commercial banks

{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year
{3}note:{4} prior to July 1995, Sudan had a fiscal year that began on 1 July and ended on 30 June; as a
transition to their new fiscal year, a six-month budget was implemented for 1 July - 31 December
1995; the new calendar year (1 January - 31 December) fiscal year became effective 1 January
1996


{1}Transportation{4}

{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 5,516 km
narrow gauge: 4,800 km 1.067-m gauge; 716 km 1.6096-m gauge plantation line

{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 19,885 km
{3}paved:{4} 1,989 km
{3}unpaved:{4} 17,896 km (1986 est.)

{2}Waterways:{4} 5,310 km navigable

{2}Pipelines:{4} refined products 815 km

{2}Ports:{4} Juba, Khartoum, Kusti, Malakal, Nimule, Port Sudan, Sawakin

{2}Merchant marine:{4}
{3}total:{4} 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 43,024 GRT/57,985 DWT
{3}ships by type:{4} cargo 3, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2 (1995 est.)

{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 56
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 8
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 3
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 7
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 13
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 25 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 1 (1995 est.)


{1}Communications{4}

{2}Telephones:{4} 77,215 (1983 est.)

{2}Telephone system:{4} large, well-equipped system by African standards, but barely adequate and
poorly maintained by modern standards
{3}domestic:{4} consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric
scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations
{3}international:{4} satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat

{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM 11, FM 0, shortwave 0

{2}Radios:{4} 6.67 million (1992 est.)

{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 3

{2}Televisions:{4} 2.06 million (1992 est.)


{1}Defense{4}

{2}Branches:{4} Army, Navy, Air Force, Popular Defense Force Militia

{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 7,152,884
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 4,399,445
{3}males reach military age (18) annually:{4} 329,460 (1996 est.)

{2}Defense expenditures:{4} $NA, NA% of GDP