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{bigtext=26,120,"Serbia and Montenegro"}
{4}Note: Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state, but this
entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics
represents its continuation.
{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Serbia and Montenegro, click {z,"14.698021,39.315727,26.686477,48.527907",here}{4}!
{2}Location:{4} Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and
Herzegovina
{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 102,350 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 102,136 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly larger than Kentucky
{3}note:{4} Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making it slightly larger than Maine;
Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 sq km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly
larger than Connecticut
{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 2,246 km
{3}border countries:{4} Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro), Bosnia and
Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia
(north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km
{3}note:{4} the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
{2}Coastline:{4} 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
{2}Maritime claims:{4} NA
{2}International disputes:{4} disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated
areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian republic
{2}Climate:{4} in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed
rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate
along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
inland
{2}Terrain:{4} extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins;
to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no
islands off the coast
{3}lowest point:{4} Adriatic Sea 0 m
{3}highest point:{4} Daravica 2,656 m
{2}Natural resources:{4} oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome
{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 30%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 5%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 20%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 25%
{3}other:{4} 20%
{2}Irrigated land:{4} NA sq km
{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas
such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from
industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube
{2}natural hazards:{4} destructive earthquakes
{2}international agreements:{4} NA
{2}Geographic note:{4} controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the
Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
{1}People{4}
{2}Population:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 10,614,558 (July 1996 est.)
Montenegro: 635,442 (July 1996 est.)
Serbia: 9,979,116 (July 1996 est.)
{2}Age structure:{4}
Montenegro - 0-14 years: 22% (male 71,075; female 67,402)
Montenegro - 15-64 years: 67% (male 215,889; female 213,290)
Montenegro - 65 years and over: 11% (male 27,868; female 39.918) (July 1996 est.)
Serbia - 0-14 years: 21% (male 1,104,274; female 1,026,994)
Serbia - 15-64 years: 66% (male 3,332,809; female 3,293,788)
Serbia - 65 years and over: 13% (male 515,001; female 706,250) (July 1996 est.)
{2}Population growth rate:{4}
Montenegro: 0.39% (1996 est.)
Serbia: 0.39% (1996 est.)
{2}Birth rate:{4}
Montenegro: 11.86 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Serbia: 13.98 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Death rate:{4}
Montenegro: 7.76 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Serbia: 10.25 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Net migration rate:{4}
Montenegro: -0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Serbia: 0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Sex ratio:{4}
Montenegro - at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
Montenegro - under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
Montenegro - 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
Montenegro - 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
Montenegro - all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Serbia - at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
Serbia - under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
Serbia - 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
Serbia - 65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
Serbia - all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
{2}Infant mortality rate:{4}
Montenegro: 27.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Serbia: 22.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
Montenegro - total population: 74.88 years
Montenegro - male: 70.86 years
Montenegro - female: 79.11 years (1996 est.)
Serbia - total population: 71.98 years
Serbia - male: 68.97 years
Serbia - female: 75.22 years (1996 est.)
{2}Total fertility rate:{4}
Montenegro: 1.53 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Serbia: 2 children born/woman (1996 est.)
{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Serbian and Montenegrin
{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%
{2}Religions:{4} Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%
{2}Languages:{4} Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
{2}Literacy:{4} NA
{1}Government{4}
{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} none
{3}conventional short form:{4} Serbia and Montenegro
{3}local long form:{4} none
{3}local short form:{4} Srbija-Crna Gora
{3}note:{4} Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia," but
the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that
none of the successor republics represents its continuation
Serbia: SR
Montenegro: MW
{2}Type of government:{4} republic
{2}Capital:{4} Belgrade
{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 nominally autonomous
provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
{2}Independence:{4} 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as self-proclaimed
successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - SFRY)
{2}National holiday:{4} St. Vitus Day, 28 June
{2}Constitution:{4} 27 April 1992
{2}Legal system:{4} based on civil law system
{2}Suffrage:{4} 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
{2}Executive branch:{4}
{3}chief of state:{4} President Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993) was elected for a four-year term by the
Federal Assembly; note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990);
Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990); Federal Assembly
elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993
{3}head of government:{4} Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992) was nominated
by the president; Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Uros KLIKOVAC
(since 15 September 1994), and Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September 1995)
{3}cabinet:{4} Federal Executive Council
{2}Legislative branch:{4} bicameral Federal Assembly
Chamber of Republics: elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total, 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin) seats by party NA;
note - seats are filled on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of the legislatures of the
republics of Montenegro and Serbia
Chamber of Citizens: elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
percent of votes by party NA; seats - (138 total, 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) SPS 47, SRS 34,
Depos 20, DPSCG 17, DS 5, SP 5, NS 4, DZVM 3, other 3
{2}Judicial branch:{4} Savezni Sud (Federal Court), judges are elected by the Federal Assembly;
Constitutional Court, judges are elected by the Federal Assembly
{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} Serbian Socialist Party (SPS, former Communist Party), Slobodan
MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO),
Vuk DRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party (DS), Zoran DJINDJIC; Democratic Party of
Serbia (Depos), Vojlslav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPSCG),
Momir BULATOVIC, president; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Milan PAROSKI; Liberal
Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians
(DZVM), Andras AGOSTON; League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan
ATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo (LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president; Party of
Democratic Action (SDA), Sulejman UGLJANIN; Civic Alliance of Serbia (GSS), Vesna PESIC,
chairman; Socialist Party of Montenegro (SP), leader NA
{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} NA
{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4} the US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full
diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
continues to function in the US
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador (vacant); Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Zoran POPOVIC
{3}chancery:{4} 2410 California St. NW, Washington, DC 20008
{3}telephone:{4} [1] (202) 462-6566
{2}US diplomatic representation:{4} the US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic
relations
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador (vacant); Chief of Mission Rudolf V. PERINA
{3}embassy:{4} address NA, Belgrade
{3}mailing address:{4} Unit 1310, APO AE 09213-1310
{3}telephone:{4} [381] (11) 645655
{3}FAX:{4} [381] (11) 645332
{1}Economy{4}
{2}Economic overview:{4} The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 has been followed by
highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important
interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has
dropped sharply, particularly in 1993. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its
sister republics for large amounts of energy supplies and manufactures. Wide differences in
climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuated this
interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small
number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as
industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting
all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the
economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a communist
government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform.
Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices were
relatively stable in 1994. Reliable statistics are hard to come by; the GDP estimate of $2,000 per
capita is extremely rough. The economy is recovering extremely slowly following the suspension
of UN sanctions in December 1995.
{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $20.6 billion (1995 est.)
{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} 4% (1995 est.)
{2}GDP per capita:{4} $2,000 (1995 est.)
{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} NA%
{3}industry:{4} NA%
{3}services:{4} NA%
{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 20% (1994 est.)
{2}Labor force:{4} 2,640,909
{3}by occupation:{4} industry, mining 40% (1990)
{2}Unemployment rate:{4} more than 40% (1994 est.)
{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $NA
{3}expenditures:{4} $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
{2}Industries:{4} machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and weapons;
electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc,
chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore,
limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum
products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} NA%
{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 10,400,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 34 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 2,400 kWh (1994 est.)
{2}Agriculture:{4} cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats
{2}Illicit drugs:{4} transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the
Balkan route
{2}Exports:{4} $NA
{3}commodities:{4} prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslavia exported machinery and transport
equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials
{3}partners:{4} prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners were the other former Yugoslav
republics, Italy, Germany, other EC, the FSU countries, East European countries, US
{2}Imports:{4} $NA
{3}commodities:{4} prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslavia imported machinery and transport
equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw
materials including coking coal for the steel industry
{3}partners:{4} prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners were the other former Yugoslav
republics, the FSU countries, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries,
US
{2}External debt:{4} $4.2 billion (1993 est.)
{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $NA
{2}Currency:{4} 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
{2}Exchange rates:{4} Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - official rate: 1.5; black market rate: 2 to 3
(early 1995)
{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year
{1}Transportation{4}
{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 3,960 km
standard gauge: 3,960 km 1.435-m gauge (1,341 km electrified) (1992)
{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 46,019 km
{3}paved:{4} 26,949 km
{3}unpaved:{4} 19,070 km (1990 est.)
{2}Waterways:{4} NA km
{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km
{2}Ports:{4} Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat
{2}Merchant marine:{4}
Montenegro: total 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 326,133 GRT/544,600 DWT (controlled by
Montenegrin beneficial owners)
{3}ships by type:{4} bulk 9, cargo 8, container 3, short-sea passenger ferry 1
{3}note:{4} ships operate under the flags of Malta, Panama, and Cyprus; no ships remain under
Yugoslav flag (1995 est.)
Serbia: total 2 bulk ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,916 GRT/77,103 DWT (controlled by
Serbian beneficial owners)
{3}note:{4} all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; no ships remain under Yugoslav flag
(1995 est.)
{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 44 (Serbia 39, Montenegro 5)
{3}with paved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 5 (Serbia 3, Montenegro 2)
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 5 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 1)
{3}with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 14 (Serbia 14, Montenegro 0)
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 14 (Serbia 12, Montenegro 2) (1995 est.)
{1}Communications{4}
{2}Telephones:{4} 700,000
{2}Telephone system:{4}
{3}domestic:{4} NA
{3}international:{4} satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM 26, FM 9, shortwave 0
{2}Radios:{4} 2.015 million
{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 18
{2}Televisions:{4} 1 million
{1}Defense{4}
{2}Branches:{4} People's Army (includes Ground Forces with internal and border troops, Naval Forces,
and Air and Air Defense Forces), Civil Defense
{2}Manpower availability:{4}
Montenegro - males age 15-49: 173,942
Montenegro - males fit for military service: 140,728
Montenegro - males reach military age (19) annually: 5,226
Serbia - males age 15-49: 2,546,549
Serbia - males fit for military service: 2,041,239 (1996 est.)
{2}Defense expenditures:{4} 245 billion dinars, 4% to 6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of
defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading
results