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{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\Peru.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Peru"}
{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Peru, click {z,"-87.194935,-19.082634,-61.551880,0.487408",here}{4}!
{2}Location:{4} Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador
{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 1,285,220 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 1.28 million sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly smaller than Alaska
{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 6,940 km
{3}border countries:{4} Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 2,900 km, Ecuador
1,420 km
{2}Coastline:{4} 2,414 km
{2}Maritime claims:{4}
{3}continental shelf:{4} 200 nm
{3}territorial sea:{4} 200 nm
{2}International disputes:{4} three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute
{2}Climate:{4} varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west
{2}Terrain:{4} western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland
jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
{3}lowest point:{4} Pacific Ocean 0 m
{3}highest point:{4} Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
{2}Natural resources:{4} copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash
{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 3%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 0%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 21%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 55%
{3}other:{4} 21%
{2}Irrigated land:{4} 12,500 sq km (1989 est.)
{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} deforestation; overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil
erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal
and mining wastes
{2}natural hazards:{4} earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
{2}Geographic note:{4} shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia
{1}People{4}
{2}Population:{4} 24,523,408 (July 1996 est.)
{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 35% (male 4,360,379; female 4,214,970)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 61% (male 7,480,747; female 7,375,825)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 4% (male 497,775; female 593,712) (July 1996 est.)
{2}Population growth rate:{4} 1.74% (1996 est.)
{2}Birth rate:{4} 24.33 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Death rate:{4} 6.13 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Net migration rate:{4} -0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.05 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.03 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 1.01 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.84 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 1.01 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 52.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 69.13 years
{3}male:{4} 66.97 years
{3}female:{4} 71.39 years (1996 est.)
{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 3.04 children born/woman (1996 est.)
{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Peruvian(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Peruvian
{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%, white 15%,
black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
{2}Religions:{4} Roman Catholic
{2}Languages:{4} Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara
{2}Literacy:{4} age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
{3}total population:{4} 88.7%
{3}male:{4} 94.5%
{3}female:{4} 83%
{1}Government{4}
{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} Republic of Peru
{3}conventional short form:{4} Peru
{3}local long form:{4} Republica del Peru
{3}local short form:{4} Peru
{2}Type of government:{4} republic
{2}Capital:{4} Lima
{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1
constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa,
Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad,
Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna,
Tumbes, Ucayali
{3}note:{4} the 1979 constitution mandated the creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) to
function eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have
been constituted from 23 of the 24 departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres Avelino
Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau
(from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La
Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from
Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas),
San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has been
delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of
Lima; because of inadequate funding from the central government and organizational and political
difficulties, the regions have yet to assume major responsibilities; the 1993 constitution retains the
regions but limits their authority; the 1993 constitution also reaffirms the roles of departmental and
municipal governments
{2}Independence:{4} 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
{2}National holiday:{4} Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
{2}Constitution:{4} 31 December 1993
{2}Legal system:{4} based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age; universal
{2}Executive branch:{4}
chief of state and head of government: President Alberto Kenyo FUJIMORI Fujimori (since 28 July
1990) was elected for a five-year term by universal suffrage; election last held 9 April 1995 (next
to be held NA 2000); results - Alberto FUJIMORI 64.42%, Javier PEREZ de CUELLAR 21.80%,
Mercedes CABANILLAS 4.11%, other 9.67%
{3}cabinet:{4} Council of Ministers was appointed by the president
{3}note:{4} Prime Minister Alberto PANDOLFI Arbulu (since 3 April 1996) does not exercise executive
power; this power is in the hands of the president
{2}Legislative branch:{4} unicameral
Congress: elections last held 9 April 1995 (next to be held NA April 2000); results - C90/NM
52.1%, UPP 14%, 11 other parties 33.9%; seats - (120 total, when installed on 28 July 1995)
C90/NM 67, UPP 17, APRA 8, FIM 6, (CODE)-Pais Posible 5, AP 4, PPC 3, Renovacion 3, IU 2,
OBRAS 2, MIA 1, FRENATRACA 1, FREPAP 1
{2}Judicial branch:{4} Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), judges are appointed by
the National Council of the Judiciary
{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} Change 90-New Majority (C90/NM), Alberto FUJIMORI; Union for
Peru (UPP), Javier PEREZ de CUELLAR; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA),
Agustin MANTILLA Campos; Independent Moralizing Front (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega;
Democratic Coordinator (CODE) - Pais Posible, Jose BARBA Caballero and Alejandro TOLEDO;
Popular Action Party (AP), Raul DIEZ CANSECO; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA
Reyes; Renovacion, Rafael REY Rey; Civic Works Movement (OBRAS), Ricardo BELMONT;
United Left (IU), Agustin HAYA de la TORRE; Independent Agrarian Movement (MIA), Rolando
SALVATERRIE; Peru 2000-National Front of Workers and Peasants (FRENATRACA), Roger
CACARES; Popular Agricultural Front (FREPAP), Ezequiel ATAUCUSI
{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN
Reynoso (imprisoned); Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor SERPA and Victor POLAY
(imprisoned)
{2}International organization participation:{4} AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Ricardo V. LUNA MENDOZA
{3}chancery:{4} 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
{3}telephone:{4} [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869
{3}FAX:{4} [1] (202) 659-8124
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey),
and San Francisco
{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Alvin P. ADAMS, Jr.
{3}embassy:{4} Avenida Encalada, Cuadra 17, Monterrico, Lima
{3}mailing address:{4} P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031
{3}telephone:{4} [51] (12) 21-1202
{3}FAX:{4} [51] (12) 21-3543
{2}Flag:{4} three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered
in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of
quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
{1}Economy{4}
{2}Economic overview:{4} The Peruvian economy has become increasingly market-oriented, with major
privatizations completed since 1990 in the mining, electricity, and telecommunications industries.
In the 1980s, the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita output, and mounting
external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World Bank support in the mid-1980s because of
its huge debt arrears. An austerity program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government
took office in July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic activity,
but the slide came to a halt late that year, and in 1991 output rose 2.4%. After a burst of inflation
as the austerity program eliminated government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to
the single-digit level and by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since mid-1987. Lima
obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders in September 1991, although it faced
$14 billion in arrears on its external debt. By working with the IMF and World Bank on new
financial conditions and arrangements, the government succeeded in ending its arrears by March
1993. In 1992, GDP fell by 2.8%, in part because a warmer-than-usual El Nino current resulted in
a 30% drop in the fish catch, but the economy rebounded as strong foreign investment helped
push growth to 6% in 1993, about 13% in 1994, and 6.8% in 1995.
{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $87 billion (1995 est.)
{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} 6.8% (1995 est.)
{2}GDP per capita:{4} $3,600 (1995 est.)
{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} NA%
{3}industry:{4} NA%
{3}services:{4} NA%
{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 10.2% (1995 est.)
{2}Labor force:{4} 8 million (1992)
{3}by occupation:{4} agriculture, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, transport, services
{2}Unemployment rate:{4} 15%; extensive underemployment (1992 est.)
{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $8.5 billion
{3}expenditures:{4} $9.3 billion including capital expenditures of $NA (1996 est.)
{2}Industries:{4} mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto
assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} NA%
{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 4,190,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 11.2 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 448 kWh (1993)
{2}Agriculture:{4} coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; poultry, red meats,
dairy products, wool; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990)
{2}Illicit drugs:{4} world's largest coca leaf producer with about 115,300 hectares under cultivation in
1995; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine base; at least 85% of coca
cultivation is for illicit production; most of cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for
processing into cocaine for the international drug market, but exports of finished cocaine are
increasing
{2}Exports:{4} $5.6 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} copper, zinc, fishmeal, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined silver, coffee,
cotton
{3}partners:{4} US 19%, Japan 9%, Italy, Germany
{2}Imports:{4} $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals
{3}partners:{4} US 21%, Colombia, Argentina, Japan, Germany, Brazil
{2}External debt:{4} $22.4 billion (1994 est.)
{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $363 million (1993)
{2}Currency:{4} 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centimos
{2}Exchange rates:{4} nuevo sol (S/.) per US$1 - 2.350 (January 1996), 2.253 (1995), 2.195 (1994),
1.988 (1993), 1.246 (1992), 0.773 (1991)
{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year
{1}Transportation{4}
{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 2,041 km
standard gauge: 1,726 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 315 km 0.914-m gauge (1994)
{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 69,942 km
{3}paved:{4} 13,538 km
{3}unpaved:{4} 56,404 km (1987 est.)
{2}Waterways:{4} 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca
{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
{2}Ports:{4} Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Matarani, Paita, Puerto Maldonado, Salaverry, San Martin, Talara,
Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas
{3}note:{4} Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are all on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its
tributaries
{2}Merchant marine:{4}
{3}total:{4} 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 77,584 GRT/144,030 DWT
{3}ships by type:{4} bulk 2, cargo 7 (1995 est.)
{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 230
{3}with paved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 5
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 15
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 12
{3}with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 6
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 96
{3}with unpaved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 1
{3}with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 2
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 22
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 71 (1995 est.)
{1}Communications{4}
{2}Telephones:{4} 779,306 (1990 est.)
{2}Telephone system:{4} adequate for most requirements
{3}domestic:{4} nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth
stations
{3}international:{4} satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM 273, FM 0, shortwave 144
{2}Radios:{4} 5.7 million (1992 est.)
{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 140
{2}Televisions:{4} 2 million (1993 est.)
{1}Defense{4}
{2}Branches:{4} Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru; includes Naval Air,
Marines, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), National Police
{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 6,441,513
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 4,347,460
males reach military age (20) annually: 255,067 (1996 est.)
{2}Defense expenditures:{4} exchange rate conversion - $998 million, 1.6% of GDP (1996)